# Libzita-resampler

- Introduction
- The algorithm
- API description
- API reference

## Introduction

Libzita-resampler is a C++ library for resampling audio signals. It is designed to be used within a real-time processing context, to be fast, and to provide high-quality sample rate conversion.

From version 1.8.0, libzita-resampler can be compiled to use SSE2 instructions. This will reduce CPU load by a factor of at least 2. An ARM NEON option will be provided in some future release.

The library operates on signals represented in single-precision floating point format. For multichannel operation both the input and output signals are assumed to be stored as interleaved samples.

The API allows a trade-off between quality and CPU load. For the latter a range of approximately 1:6 is available. Even at the highest quality setting libzita-resampler will be faster than most similar libraries providing the same quality, e.g. libsamplerate.

In many real-time resampling applications (e.g. an audio player), processing is driven by the ouput sample rate: each processing period requires a fixed number of output samples, and the input side has to adapt, providing whatever number of samples required. The inverse situation (less common, but possible) would be e.g. a recording application that writes an audio file at a rate that is different from the hardware sample rate. In that case the number of input samples is fixed for each processing period. The API provided by libzita-resampler is fully symmetric in this respect - it handles both situations in the exactly the same way, using the same application code.

Libzita-resampler provides two classes:

The Resampler class performs resampling at a fixed ratio F_out / F_in which is required to be ≥ 1/64 and be reducible to the form b / a with a, b integer and b ≤ 1000. This includes all the 'standard' ratios, e.g. 96000 / 44100 = 320 / 147. These restrictions allow for a more efficient implementation.

The VResampler class provides an arbitrary ratio r in the range 1/64 ≤ r ≤ 64 and which can variable within a range of 0.95 to 16.0 w.r.t. the originally configured one. The lower limit here is necessary because this class still uses a fixed multiphase filter, with only the phase step being variable. This class was developed for converting between two nominally fixed sample rates with a ratio which is not known exactly and may even drift slowly, e.g. when combining sound cards wich do not have a common word clock. This resampler is somewhat less efficient than the fixed ratio one since it has to interpolate filter coefficients, but the difference is marginal when used on multichannel signals.

Both classes provide essentially the same API, with only small differences where necessary.

## The algorithm

Libzita-resampler implements constant bandwidth resampling. In contrast to e.g. cubic interpolation it does not consider the actual shape of the waveform represented by the input samples, but rather operates in the spectral domain.

Let

- F_in, F_out be the input and output sample rates,
- F_min the lower of the two,
- F_lcm their lowest common multiple,
- b = F_lcm / F_in,
- a = F_lcm / F_out
.

Then the calculation performed by zita-resampler is equivalent to:

- upsampling to a rate of F_lcm by inserting b - 1 zero-valued samples after each input sample,
- low-pass filtering of the upsampled signal to remove everything above F_min / 2,
- retaining only the first of each series of a filtered samples.

This is of course not how things are implemented in the resampler code. Only those samples that are actually output are computed, and the inserted zeros are never used. In practice this means there is a set of b different FIR filters that each output one sample in turn, in round-robin fashion. All these filters have the same frequency response, but different delays that correspond to the relative position in time of the input and output samples.

A real-world filter can't be perfect, it is always a compromise between complexity (CPU load) and performance. In the context of resampling this compromise manifests itself as deviations from the ideally flat frequency response, and as aliasing - the same phenomenon that occurs with AD and DA conversion. For aliasing, two cases need to be considered:

Upsampling. In this case F_min = F_in, and input signals below but near to F_in / 2 will also appear in the output just above this frequency. This is similar to DA conversion.

Downsampling. In this case F_min = F_out, and input signals above but near to F_out / 2 will also appear in the output just below this frequency. This is similar to AD conversion.

In the design of zita-resampler it was assumed that in most cases conversion will be between the 'standard' audio sample rates (44.1, 48, 88.2, 96, 192 kHz), and that consequently frequency response errors and aliasing will occur only above the upper limit of the audible frequency range. Given this assumption, some pragmatic trade-offs can be made.

The filter used by libzita-resampler is dimensioned to reach an attenuation of 60dB at the Nyquist frequency. The initialisation function takes a parameter named hlen that is in fact half the length of the symmetrical FIR filter expressend in samples at the rate F_min. The valid range for hlen is 16 to 96. The figure below shows the filter responses for hlen = 32, 48, and 96. The x axis is F / F_min, the y axis is in dB. The lower part of the traces is the mirrored continuation of the response above the Nyquist frequency, i.e. the aliasing. Note that 20 kHz corresponds to x = 0.416 for a sample rate of 48 kHz, and to x = 0.454 for a sample rate of 44.1 kHz.

The same traces with a reduced vertical range, showing the passband response.

From these figures it should be clear that hlen = 32 should provide very high quality for F_min equal to 48 kHz or higher, while hlen = 48 should be sufficient for an F_min of 44.1 kHz. The validity of these assumptions was confirmed by a series of listening tests. If fact the conclusion of these test was that even at 44.1 kHz the subjects (all audio specialists or musicians) could not detect any significant difference between hlen values of 32 and 96.

## API description

The constructors of both classes do not initialise the object for a particular resampling rate, quality or number of channels - this is done by a separate function member which can be used as many times as necessary. This means you can allocate (V)Resampler objects before the actual resampling parameters are known.

The setup () member initialises a resampler for a combination of input sample rate, output sample rate, number of channels, and filter length. This function allocates and computes the filter coefficient tables and is definitely not RT-safe. The actual tables will be shared with other resampler instances if possible - the library maintains a reference-counted collection of them. After the initialisation by setup (), the process () member can be called repeatedly to actually resample audio signals. This function is RT-safe and can be used within e.g. a JACK callback. The clear () member restores the object to the initial state it has after construction, and is also called from the destructor. You can safely call setup () again without first calling clear () - doing this avoids recomputation of the filter coefficients in some cases.

Both classes have four public data members which are used as input and output parameters of process (), in the same way as you would use a C struct to pass parameters. These are:

          unsigned int     inp_count;   // number of frames in the input buffer
          unsigned int     out_count;   // number of frames in the output buffer
          float           *inp_data;    // pointer to first input frame
          float           *out_data;    // pointer to first output frame

As process () does its work, it increments the pointers and decrements the counts. The call returns when either of the counts is zero, i.e. when the input buffer is empty or the output buffer is full. You should then take appropriate action and if necessary call process () again.

When process () returns, the four parameter values exactly reflect those parts of both buffers that have not yet been used. One of them will be fully used, with the corresponding count being zero. The remaining part of the other, pointed to by the returned pointer, can always be replaced before the next call to process (), but this is entirely optional.

When for example inp_count is zero, you have to fill the input buffer again, or provide a new one, and re-initialise the input count and pointer. If at that time out_count is not zero, you can either leave the output parameters as they are for the next call to process (), or you could read the part of the output buffer that has been filled and then re-use it from the start, or provide a completely different one.

The same applies to the input buffer when it is not empty on return of process (): it can be left alone, re-used or replaced. A number of input samples is stored internally between process () calls as part of the resampler state, but this never includes samples that have not yet been used to compute an output sample. So you can 'revise' the input data, starting from the frame pointed to by the returned inp_data, up to the last moment.

All this means that both classes will interface easily with fixed input and output buffers, with dynamically generated input signals, and also with lock-free circular buffers.

Either of the two pointers can be NULL. When inp_data is zero, the effect is to insert zero-valued input samples, as if you had supplied a zero-filled buffer of length inp_count. When out_data is zero, input samples will be consumed, the internal state of the resampler will advance normally and out_count will decrement, but no output samples are written (in fact they are not even computed).

Note that libzita-resampler does not automatically insert zero-valued input samples at the start and end of the resampling process. The API makes it easy to add such padding, and doing this is left entirely up to the user.

The inpsize () member returns the length of the FIR filter expressed in input samples. At least this number of samples is required to produce an output sample. If k is the value returned by this function, then

- inserting k / 2 - 1 zero-valued samples at the start will align the first input and output samples,
- inserting k - 1 zero valued samples will ensure that the output includes the full filter response for the first input sample.

Similar considerations apply at the end of the input data:

- inserting k / 2 zero-valued samples at the end will ensure that the last output sample produced will correspond to a position as close as possible but not past the last input sample,
- inserting k - 1 zero valued samples will ensure that the output includes the full filter response for the last input sample.

The inpdist () member returns the distance or delay expressed in sample periods at the input rate, between the first output sample that will be ouput by the next call to process () and the first input sample that will be read (i.e. that is not yet part of the internal state).
In the picture below, the red dots represent input samples and the blue ones are the output. Solid dots are samples already used or output. After a call to process () the resampler object remains in a state ready to produce the next output sample, except that it may have to input one or more new samples first. The filter is aligned with the next output sample. In this case one more input sample is required to compute it, and the input distance is 2.7.

After a resampler is prefilled with inpsize () / 2 - 1 samples as described above, inpdist () will be zero - the first output sample corresponds exactly to the first input. Note that without prefilling the distance is negative, which means that the first output sample corresponds to some point past the start of the input data.

The test programs supplied with the library sources provide some examples of how to use both classes. For an another example using VResampler you can have a look at zita_ajbridge or zita_njbridge.

## API reference

Public function members of the Resampler and VResampler classes. Functions listed without a class prefix are available for both classes.

- Resampler ()
- ~Resampler ()
- VResampler ()
- ~VResampler ()
- Reampler::setup ()
- VResampler::setup ()
- clear ()
- reset ()
- process ()
- nchan ()
- inpsize ()
- inpdist ()
- VResampler::set_rratio ()
- VResampler::set_rrfilt ()

Public data members of the Resampler and VResampler classes.

- inp_count
- out_count
- inp_data
- out_data

Resampler (void);
~Resampler (void);

Description: Constructor and destructor. The constructor just creates an object that takes almost no memory but needs to be configured by setup () before it can be used. The destructor calls clear ().
RT-safe: No

VResampler (void);
~VResampler (void);

Description: Constructor and destructor. The constructor just creates an object that takes almost no memory but needs to be configured by setup () before it can be used. The destructor calls clear ().
RT-safe: No

int Resampler::setup (unsigned int fs_inp, unsigned int fs_out, unsigned int nchan, unsigned int hlen);

Description: Configures the object for a combination of input / output sample rates, number of channels, and filter length.
If the parameters are OK, creates the filter coefficient tables or re-uses existing ones, allocates some internal resources, and returns via reset ().
Parameters:

fs_inp, fs_out: The input and output sample rates. The ratio fs_out / fs_inp must be ≥ 1/64 and reducible to the form b / a with a, b integer and b ≤ 1000.
nchan: Number of channels, must not be zero.
hlen: Half the length of the filter expressed in samples at the lower of input and output rates. This parameter determines the 'quality' as explained here. For any fixed combination of the other parameters, cpu load will be roughly proportional to hlen. The valid range is 16 ≤ hlen ≤ 96.

Returns: Zero on success, non-zero otherwise.
Remark: It is perfectly safe to call this function again without having called clear () first. If only the number of channels is changed, doing this will avoid recalculation of the filter tables even if they are not shared.
RT-safe: No

int VResampler::setup (double ratio, unsigned int nchan, unsigned int hlen);

Description: Configures the object for a combination of resampling ratio, number of channels, and filter length.
If the parameters are OK, creates the filter coefficient tables or re-uses existing ones, allocates some internal resources, and returns via reset ().
Parameters:

ratio: The resampling ratio wich must be between 1/64 and 64.
nchan: Number of channels, must not be zero.
hlen: Half the length of the filter expressed in samples at the lower of the input and output rates. This parameter determines the 'quality' as explained here. For any fixed combination of the other parameters, cpu load will be roughly proportional to hlen. The valid range is 16 ≤ hlen ≤ 96.

Returns: Zero on success, non-zero otherwise.
Remark: It is perfectly safe to call this function again without having called clear () first. If only the number of channels is changed, doing this will avoid recalculation of the filter tables even if they are not shared.
RT-safe: No

void clear (void);

Description: Deallocates resources (if not shared) and returns the object to the unconfigured state as after construction. Also called by the destructor.
RT-safe: No

int reset (void);

Description: Resets the internal state of the resampler. Any stored input samples are cleared, the filter phase and the four public data members are set to zero. This should be called before starting resampling a new stream with the same configuration as the previous one.
Returns: Zero if the resampler is configured , non-zero otherwise.
RT-safe: Yes.

int process (void);

Description: Resamles the input signal until either the input buffer is empty or the output buffer is full. Information on the input and output buffers is passed to this function using the four public data members described below. The same four values are updated on return.
Returns: Zero if the resampler is configured, non-zero otherwise.
RT-safe: Yes.

int nchan (void);

Description: Accessor.
Returns: The number of channels the resampler is configured for, or zero if it is unconfigured. Input and output buffers are assumed to contain this number of channels in interleaved format.
RT-safe: Yes

int inpisze (void);

Description: Accessor.
Returns: If the resampler is configured, the length of the finite impulse filter expressed in samples at the input sample rate, or zero otherwise. This value may be used to determine the number of silence samples to insert at the start and end when resampling e.g. an impulse response. See here for more about this. This function was called 'filtlen ()' in previous releases.
RT-safe: Yes

double inpdist (void);

Description: Accessor.
Returns: If the resampler is configured, the distance between the next output sample and the next input sample, expressed in sample periods at the input rate, zero otherwise. See here for more about this.
RT-safe: Yes

void VResampler::set_rratio (double ratio);

Description: Sets the resampling ratio relative to the one configured by setup (). The valid range is 0.95 ≤ ratio ≤ 16.
Parameters:

ratio: The relative resampling ratio.

RT-safe: Yes

void VResampler::set_rrfilt (double time);

Description: Sets the time constant of the first order filter applied on values set by set_rratio (). The time is expressed as sample periods at the output rate. The default is zero, which means changes are applied instantly.
Parameters:

time: The filter time constant.

RT-safe: Yes

unsigned int inp_count;

Description: Data member, input / output parameter of the process () function. This value is always equal to the number of frames in the input buffer that have not yet been read by the process () function. It should be set to the number of available frames before calling process ().

unsigned int out_count;

Description: Data member, input / output parameter of the process () function. This value is always equal to the number of frames in the output buffer that have not yet been written by the process () function. It should be set to the size of the output buffer before calling process ().

float *inp_data;

Description: Data member, input / output parameter of the process () function. If not zero (NULL), this points to the next frame in the input buffer that will be read by process (). If set to zero (NULL), the resampler will proceed normally but use zero-valued samples as input (still counted by inp_count).

float *out_data;

Description: Data member, input / output parameter of the process () function. If not zero (NULL), this points to the next frame in the output buffer that will be written by process (). If set to zero (NULL), the resampler will proceed normally but the output is discarded (but still counted by out_count).