wav2cdr(1)                                                          wav2cdr(1)

-e .ll 7.3i

NAME
       wav2cdr  -  converts  input in (or similar to) wav format to cdr format
       suitable for writing onto audio CDs.

SYNOPSIS
       wav2cdr [options ...] [infile [outfile]] [--cut cutnumber ...]

VERSION
       This man page describes wav2cdr version 2.3.4.

DESCRIPTION
       wav2cdr is a conversion program for audio data which  adopts  automati-
       cally to big and little endian machines. Its primary use was to convert
       wav to cdr, but it is a little more flexible now and  can  handle  some
       file formats and perform some operations on the data. These formats are
       possible (reading and writing):

           wav   MS Windows sound
           cdr   audio CD
           raw   fixed sampling rate, channels, and bytes per sample
                 (= that of cdr); byte order must be specified

       These operations can be performed on the data (combinations are  possi-
       ble as long as they are meaningful):

           Scaling (volume change), integer arithmetic
           Scaling (volume change), floating point arithmetic
           Cutting of the input into pieces / tracks
           Conversion to mono and back to stereo
           Swapping of the 2 channels
           Adding silence to (or removing from, see cutting) the
             start and/or end
           Generation of cut numbers along silent intervals, e.g.
             to break up a record into tracks
           Information about non-silent intervals
           Fading in and out

OPTIONS
       --cut NUM NUM [NUM...]
              Cut  the  input into pieces, cutting at positions NUM.  See sec-
              tions about argument scanning and splitting below.

       --endsilence, --es DUR
              Adds the given amount of silence to the end of each output file.

       --fadein LEN
              Fade in at the start over a duration of LEN.  The syntax for LEN
              is  the  same  as  for  a cut number, see section about argument
              scanning below.  If cutting is active, fade-in is applied to the
              beginning of each cut.

              Fading  in  is performed by increasing the amplitude for CD sec-
              tors by an amount derived from  LEN  over  a  duration  of  LEN.
              --fadein  3  would  result  in the amplitude of the first sector
              lowered to 1/4, of the second sector to 2/4, and the third  sec-
              tor  to 3/4. The fourth sector is unchanged and has then reached
              full amplitude.

       --fadeout LEN
              Fade out at the end over a duration of LEN.  The syntax for  LEN
              is  the  same  as  for  a cut number, see section about argument
              scanning below.  If cutting is active, fad-out is applied to the
              end of each cut.

              The  computation is similar to --fadein. --fadein 3 would result
              in the last 3 CD sectors having their amplitudes lowered to 3/4,
              2/4,  and 1/4. The (non-existant) following sector is assumed to
              be silent.

              To add silent sector(s) to the end of the audio file, use --end-
              silence.

              Fading out can only be performed if the input size can be deter-
              mined (i.e. the input must be seekable and cannot be a pipe). If
              cutting  is  active,  the end of the cut is always known and the
              fade-out can be applied.

              If the fade-out starts before the fade-in is finished, both will
              overlap, producing sensible results.

       --fscale FLOAT
              Scale data by FLOAT, i.e. multiply by FLOAT (1.0 does nothing).

       -h, -u, --usage
              Display usage.

       --help Display  extensive  help.  (The  information is derived from and
              equivalent to this manual page.)

       --inbig, -I
              Input data is big endian (MSB, LSB) (Motorola).

       --incdr
              Read cdr format (default is wav). Sets the correct byte order.

       --infile, -r NAME
              Input filename. Defaults to stdin. '-' = stdin.

       --inlittle, -i
              Input data is little endian (LSB, MSB) (Intel).

       --inraw
              Read raw format. Byte  order  should  be  specified  with  -i/-I
              (default big).

       --inwav
              Read wav format (default). Sets the correct byte order.

       --iscale NUM
              Scale data to NUM percent (100 does nothing).

       --monostereo
              Convert input to mono and immediately back to stereo. The result
              is 2 channels with the same data. This can  be  useful  in  some
              cases.

       --noswapchannels
              Don't swap channels. (default)

       --outfile, -w NAME
              Write  output  to  file NAME.  The track number is appended as a
              2-digit number.  The default is to write output  to  stdout.   A
              NAME  of '-' means stdout.  When cutting is active and more than
              one cut is made, output can not be written to stdout and the use
              of this option is mandatory.

       --outbig, -O
              Output data in big endian (MSB, LSB) (Motorola) byte order.

       --outlittle, -o
              Output data in little endian (LSB, MSB) (Intel) byte order.

       --quiet
              Suppress progress output.  The name of this option might be mis-
              leading: it does not prevent  copious  output  in  other  places
              which might be turned on by --verbose.

       --silencecuts
              Generate  cut  numbers for cutting out silent intervals. This is
              useful when digitising a whole record and then cutting  it  into
              tracks. The cut numbers are output on stdout and can be fed back
              into --cut.  After cutting, every second track (those with  even
              numbers) contains a silent interval and can be deleted.

              Together  with  --verbose,  the  silence value of each sector is
              printed as well (can't be fed back into --cut then).  This  most
              likely produces some VERY long lines.

              Silence is detected by applying a threshold (--silencethresh) to
              a value computed for each CD sector; the value must be below the
              threshold  for  a  minimum number of sectors (delay --silencede-
              lay). Currently, the average is computed first (this is  the  DC
              component);  then  the average of the absolute of the difference
              between each sample and the DC component. The difference between
              these  2  averages is compared with the threshold. Check whether
              the cuts really fall  into  the  silent  intervals,  and  adjust
              threshold  and  duration  if  not (or edit the cut numbers manu-
              ally).

              The silence delay period is part of the signal interval, not the
              silence  interval.  This  means  that each non-silent period has
              --silencedelay silence at the start  and  at  the  end.  If  the
              silent  interval  between two signal intervals is less than (2 *
              silence delay), the silent part at the start of the second  sig-
              nal period will be shortened.

       --silencedelay DELAY
              The  duration  for which the "input" must be below the threshold
              in order to be detected as a silent interval.  In  other  words,
              the  number  of  sectors  which  must  be silent before a silent
              interval is detected. Ignored without --silencecuts.  The  delay
              can be specified with units in the same way as for --cut, and is
              truncated to full CD sectors. Default is 30C (=0.4s).

       --silenceinfo
              Similar to --silencecuts, but  it  generates  more  information.
              Silent  and non-silent intervals are listed in a tabular format.
              The output format is useful for documentation, but not for feed-
              ing back into --cut.  With --verbose, the silence values of each
              CD sector are shown as well.  This produces lots of output,  but
              it is useful for finding a suitable --silencethresh.

       --silencethresh THRESHOLD
              Threshold  for silence detection. Ignored without --silencecuts.
              Default is 10. Always select a threshold  as  low  as  possible.
              When  cutting  a  record into tracks, the threshold must be high
              enough to recognise the crackling  between  pieces  as  silence.
              When  the  threshold  is too high, a little at the beginning and
              end of each piece might be chopped off.

              As a special case, if the threshold is set to 0 the usual numer-
              ical  computation of the silence value is bypassed, and the sec-
              tor is deemed to be silent if all samples are 0.

       --startsilence, --ss DUR
              Adds the given amount of silence to the  start  of  each  output
              file.

       --swapchannels
              Swap the left with the right channel.

       --tocdr
              Write data in cdr format (default). Sets the correct byte order.

       --toraw
              Write  data  in  raw format. Byte order should be specified with
              -o/-O (default big).

       --towav
              Write data in wav format. Sets the correct byte order.

       --verbose
              Produce more output. Currently only used  by  --silencecuts  and
              --silenceinfo.

       --version, -V
              Display version information.

       --     Stop argument processing.  Remaining arguments can only be file-
              names, or cut numbers if cutting is used.

Command line option scanning:
       From left to right. Later settings may override previous  ones.  Beware
       to  switch  file formats before byte ordering, or a byte order might be
       rejected for the (then active) format. When not using cutting,  remain-
       ing  arguments  are  used  to  fill up input and output filenames. When
       using cutting, remaining arguments are assumed to be cut numbers.  When
       using  negative  cut  numbers, use -- to terminate option processing or
       the negative numbers can be mistaken as options (this is  a  must  with
       GNU getopt()).

       All options which take an argument denoting a time accept the following
       number format. The number may be in  decimal,  octal  (leading  0),  or
       hexadecimal  (leading 0x or 0X). A one-letter unit may be following. If
       there is space between the number and the unit, both must be quoted, as
       in "55 C". These units are recognised: b (bytes), C (audio CD sectors),
       s (seconds). When no unit is given, C is assumed. The progress  display
       might  only  show numbers in some of these units. Fractions for seconds
       are allowed.

       Negative cut numbers are only allowed if the input size can  be  deter-
       mined  (which will not be possible if the input comes from a pipe), and
       are shown as the equivalent positive ones. If the last cut number is  0
       it  means the end of the file. If the input file size can not be deter-
       mined the longest possible input (about 405 minutes) is substituted.

       A filename of '-' is taken as stdin/stdout.

       If wav2cdr was compiled to use GNU getopt(), argument scanning is  more
       powerful and long options can be shortened to significance. Options are
       also re-ordered; this is nice but can be a trap. Use --  if  in  doubt,
       and don't mix options with filename or cut number arguments.

Data formats:
       All data handling currently assumes signed 16-bit integers, interleaved
       for 2 channels, at a sampling rate of that of a CD. Only wav files with
       these  parameters  can be read correctly. cdr files are in that format,
       and only raw formats with these parameters can be processed.  The  only
       flexibility  allowed  for raw is the byte order, which can be specified
       for both reading and writing. The byte ordering  for  wav  and  cdr  is
       fixed.

Channel swapping:
       Left  and right channel are swapped, which is the same as swapping con-
       secutive 16 bit values with each other. Also see 'CDR Format' below.

Scaling / Volume change:
       Scaling can be performed with either integer or floating  point  arith-
       metic.   Integer arithmetic is faster but possibly not as precise. Val-
       ues will saturate (i.e. be clipped),  rather  than  be  truncated.  The
       speed  of  this  operation depends on the endianness of the input data,
       output data, and host. It is slowest when  bytes  have  to  be  swapped
       before  scaling  and  swapped  back  after.  Negative scale factors are
       allowed but might be of dubious value.

Mono / stereo:
       Input data can be converted to mono and then back to stereo. The result
       is 2 channels with the same data. This can be useful in some cases.

Output file naming:
       Unless  output  is  to stdout, the resulting filename is the name given
       with --outfile. A period and a 2-digit track number are appended.

Input data splitting:
       Input data can be split into pieces resp. tracks.  Currently  cuts  can
       only  be  placed at multiples of audio CD sectors (at the sector bound-
       aries), whether the input format is cdr or not.

       The cuts are placed at the given positions, which must be in  ascending
       order  (or  equal).  Negative  numbers  are counted from the end of the
       input data. This only works if the input is seekable  (Unix  pipes  are
       not).  Sectors  of  the  input  are numbered from 0. Bytes of a header,
       which the input format might have, are not counted.

       Any number of cuts can be made, but only 99 tracks can be put on a  CD.
       All  sectors before the first but not including the first sector number
       are discarded, as well as all sectors after and including the last sec-
       tor  number.  At least 2 sector numbers (cut numbers) must be given, in
       which case one piece is cut out.

       If there are only 2 cut numbers (1 track to cut out) data can be  writ-
       ten to stdout or file. More than one track can only be written to file,
       the track number will be added as an extension  to  the  filename.   To
       avoid the track number to be appended to the filename when only one cut
       is made, don't use --outfile but write to stdout and use  output  redi-
       rection.

        Example (assuming 50000 sectors in the input):
           wav2cdr < INPUT --outfile NAME --cut 500 20000 40000
                sectors     0-  499: discarded
                          500-19999: saved to NAME.01
                        20000-39999: saved to NAME.02
                        40000-49999: discarded

Cutting out silent intervals:
       Assuming  a  digitised record is stored in record.wav, and is to be cut
       into tracks.

         wav2cdr < record.wav > cuts --silencecuts --silencedelay 2s
         wav2cdr < record.wav --of tracks --cut `cat cuts`

       Will store the tracks of the record in track.01,  track.02,  ...,  with
       the  delay for cutting at a silent part set to 2 seconds. The threshold
       used is the default. Note the `` syntax works under Unix  and  in  this
       case puts the contents of file "cuts" on the command line.

Information about silences and actual sound parts:
       --silenceinfo  can  be  used in the same way as --silencecuts.  It pro-
       duces output like

       (stdin):
        silnc         0 b,      0 C,    0 s, 00:00.00 min
         DIFF    811440 b,    345 C,    4 s, 00:04.22 min
          -->    811440 b,    345 C,    4 s, 00:04.22 min

        AUDIO    811440 b,    345 C,    4 s, 00:04.22 min
         DIFF  20603520 b,   8760 C,  116 s, 01:56.05 min
          -->  21414960 b,   9105 C,  121 s, 02:01.02 min

       showing the beginning, length ("DIFF"), and end ("-->") of both  silent
       ("silnc")  and  and  non-silent ("AUDIO") intervals. This is useful for
       examining existing tracks, but it can not be used with --cut.

Messages:
       Progress messages and statistics are written to stderr when writing  to
       stdout,  and to stdout when writing to file. It is currently not possi-
       ble to suppress this, other than by redirection to the bit bucket.

Writing wav format:
       Only wav files with 2 channels, 16 bits per sample, and audio  CD  sam-
       pling  rate can be written. If the input data is different, the result-
       ing wav file is incorrect. Scaling can be performed when  writing  wav.
       Cutting  can only be performed in multiples of an audio CD sector size.
       When writing wav the output must be seekable (e.g. no pipes).

CDR Format:
       Raw sample data at a sampling rate of %li Hz. The channels are inter-
       leaved.   The  numbers are 16 bit signed integers with this byte order:
       MSByte Left, LSByte Left, MSByte Right, LSByte Right.  The  track  size
       must be a multiple of the sector size of %i bytes.  There are %i sec-
       tors per second.

BUGS / LIMITATIONS
       All operations can only be performed on a minimum of 1 CD  block  or  a
       multiple thereof.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (C)
       Nov, Dec 1997, Jan, Mar, Apr, May 1998, Feb, May, Jun, Jul,
       Aug 1999, Oct 2000, Jan 2006 by
       Volker Kuhlmann  <VolkerKuhlmann@gmx.de>
       formerly c/o EEE Dept, University of Canterbury
       Christchurch, New Zealand

       Permission  granted to use and distribute this software free of charge,
       provided any improvements are sent back to the author. Comments and bug
       reports welcome.  All rights reserved. Standard disclaimer applies.

AUTHOR
       Volker Kuhlmann (nlu+10
