## Opening

Opening — How libvips opens files

libvips has at least four different ways of opening image files, each best for different file types, file sizes and image use cases. libvips tries hard to pick the best strategy in each case and mostly you don’t need to know what it is doing behind the scenes, except unfortunately when you do.

This page tries to explain what the different strategies are and when each is used. If you are running into unexpected memory, disc or CPU use, this might be helpful. `vips_image_new_from_file()` has the official documentation.

#### Caching

libvips caches recent operations. This means that if a file changes between one load and the next, the second load will return the old image, even though the file has been replaced.

You can force libvips to load a file and ignore any cached value by setting the `revalidate` flag, see #VipsForeignLoad.

#### Direct access

This is the fastest and simplest one. The file is mapped directly into the process’s address space and can be read with ordinary pointer access. Small files are completely mapped; large files are mapped in a series of small windows that are shared and which scroll about as pixels are read. Files which are accessed like this can be read by many threads at once, making them especially quick. They also interact well with the computer’s operating system: your OS will use spare memory to cache recently used chunks of the file.

For this to be possible, the file format needs to be a simple dump of a memory array. libvips supports direct access for vips, 8-bit binary ppm/pbm/pnm, analyse and raw.

libvips has a special direct write mode where pixels can be written directly to the file image. This is used for the draw operators.

#### Random access via load library

Some image file formats have libraries which allow true random access to image pixels. For example, libtiff lets you read any tile out of a tiled tiff image very quickly. Because the libraries allow true random access, libvips can simply hook the image load library up to the input of the operation pipeline.

These libraries are generally single-threaded, so only one thread may read at once, making them slower than simple direct access. Additionally, tiles are often compressed, meaning that each time a tile is fetched it must be decompressed. libvips keeps a cache of recently-decompressed tiles to try to avoid repeatedly decompressing the same tile.

libvips can load tiled tiff, tiled OpenEXR, FITS and OpenSlide images in this manner.

#### Full decompression

Many image load libraries do not support random access. In order to use images of this type as inputs to pipelines, libvips has to convert them to a random access format first.

For small images (less than 100mb when decompressed), libvips allocates a large area of memory and decompresses the entire image to that. It then uses that memory buffer of decompressed pixels to feed the pipeline. For large images, libvips decompresses to a temporary file on disc, then loads that temporary file in direct access mode (see above). Note that on open libvips just reads the image header and is quick: the image decompress happens on the first pixel access.

You can control this process with environment variables, command-line flags and API calls as you choose, see vips_image_new_from_file(). They let you set the threshold at which libvips switches between memory and disc and where on disc the temporary files are held.

This is the slowest and most memory-hungry way to read files, but it’s unavoidable for many file formats. Unless you can use the next one!

#### Sequential access

This a fairly recent addition to libvips and is a hybrid of the previous two.

Imagine how this command might be executed:

    $ vips flip fred.jpg jim.jpg vertical

meaning, read `fred.jpg`, flip it up-down, and write as `jim.jpg`.

In order to write `jim.jpg` top-to-bottom, it’ll have to read `fred.jpg` bottom-to-top. Unfortunately libjpeg only supports top-to-bottom reading and writing, so libvips must convert `fred.jpg` to a random access format before it can run the flip operation.

However many useful operations do not require true random access. For example:

    $ vips shrink fred.png jim.png 10 10

meaning shrink `fred.png` by a factor of 10 in both axes and write as `jim.png`.

You can imagine this operation running without needing `fred.png` to be completely decompressed first. You just read 10 lines from `fred.png` for every one line you write to `jim.png`.

To help in this case, libvips has a hint you can give to loaders to say “I will only need pixels from this image in top-to-bottom order”. With this hint set, libvips will hook up the pipeline of operations directly to the read-a-line interface provided by the image library, and add a small cache of the most recent 100 or so lines.

This is done automatically in command-line operation. In programs, you need to set `access` to #VIPS_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL in calls to functions like vips_image_new_from_file().