LINUX(1)

NAME
linux — User-mode Linux

SYNOPSIS

linux [options ...]

DESCRIPTION

This manual page briefly documents User-mode Linux.

This manual page was written for the Debian GNU/Linux distribution because the original program does not have a manual page. Check linux --help for an up-to-date synopsis.

OPTIONS

mem=memory
    This controls how much "physical" memory the kernel allocates for the system. The size is specified as a number followed by one of 'k', 'K', 'm', 'M', which have the obvious meanings. This is not related to the amount of memory in the physical machine. It can be more, and the excess, if it's ever used, will just be swapped out.

iomem=name,file
    Configure file as a named IO memory region named name.

gdb-pid=pid
    gdb-pid is used to attach an external debugger to UML. This may be an already-running gdb or a debugger-like process like strace.

debugtrace
    Causes the tracing thread to pause until it is attached by a debugger and continued. This is mostly for debugging crashes early during boot, and should be pretty much obsoleted by the debug switch.

honeypot
    This makes UML put process stacks in the same location as they are on the host, allowing exploits such as stack smashes to work against UML.

debug
    Starts up the kernel under the control of gdb. See the kernel debugging tutorial and the debugging session pages in the user-mode-linux-doc package for more information.

root=file
    This is actually used by the generic kernel in exactly the same way as in any other kernel. If you configure a number of block devices and want to boot off something other than ubd0, you would use something like "root=/dev/ubd5". Another notation is the use of the major and the minor number of the device, i.e. root=98:0, for ubd0.

    To use hostfs for the root filesystem, use the syntax "root=/dev/root rootflags=/ rootfstype=hostfs"

umid=name
    This is used to assign a unique identity to this UML machine This is used for naming the pid file and management console socket. I.e. to access to the management console for an already running image (i.e. umid=test), just launch uml_mconsole test from the host command line.

uml_dir=directory
    The location to place the pid and umid files.

initrd=file
    This is used to boot UML from an initrd image. The argument is the name of the file containing the image.

jail
    Enables the protection of kernel memory from processes

con[0-9]*=description
    Attach a console to a host channel. Examples of channels include ttys, ptys, pts terminals, xterms, and file descriptors.

    tty This will make UML attach the device to the specified tty. If the tty that you specify is the slave end of a tty/pty pair, something else must have already opened the corresponding pty in order for this to work.

        con1=tty:/dev/tty3

    pty This will cause UML to allocate a free host pty for the device. The pty will be announced in the boot log. You would attach to it via the corresponding tty.

        con1=pty

    pts terminal
        This is similar to pty above, but the specified UML device will be attached to a free pts device on the host. Look at the boot log to see which one.

        con1=pts

    xterm
        UML will run an xterm and the device will be attached to it.

        con1=xterm

    file descriptors
        If you set up a file descriptor on the UML command line, you can attach a UML device to it. This is most commonly used to put the main console back on stdin and stdout after assigning all the other consoles to something else.

        con0=fd:0,fd:1 con=xterm

    You can also specify different input and output channels for a device by putting a comma between them:

    ssl3=tty:/dev/tty2,xterm

    See Setting up Serial Lines and Consoles (link to URL file:///usr/share/doc/user-mode-linux-doc/html/input.html) for a more information.

ssl[0-9]*=description
    Attach a serial line to a host channel. The same options are supported as for consoles, described above.

fake_ide
    Create ide0 entries that map onto ubd devices.

ubd[0-7][r][s]=file

        ubd0r=/tmp/debian-woody.ext2

        ubd0rs=/tmp/debian-woody.ext2

        ubd0=/tmp/chroot

    This is used to associate a device with a file or in the underlying filesystem. Usually, there is a filesystem in the file, but that's not required. Swap devices containing swap files can be specified like this. Also, a file which doesn't contain a filesystem can have its contents read in the virtual machine by running dd on the device. Appending an 'r' will cause that device to be mounted read-only. Appending an 's' tells UML to open the file using O_SYNC (synchronous I/O).

    The ubd option can no longer be used to specify a hostfs root filesystem. See the "root" option for a more correct method.

udb This option is here solely to catch ubd -> udb typos, which can be to impossible to catch visually unless you specifically look for them. The only result of any option starting with 'udb' is an error in the boot output.

fakehd
    Change the ubd device name to "hd", allowing programs within UML to access UBD devices as if they were normal IDE disks.

eth[0-9]+=transport,options
    Configure a network device. Formats and examples follow (one for each configured transport).

        eth[0-9]+=ethertap,device,ethernet_address,tap_ip_address

        eth0=ethertap,tap0,,192.168.0.1

        eth[0-9]+=tuntap,,ethernet_address,ip_address

        eth0=tuntap,,fe:fd:0:0:0:1,192.168.0.1

        eth[0-9]+=daemon,ethernet_address,type,control_socket,data_socket

        eth0=daemon,,unix,/var/run/uml-utilities/uml_switch.ctl

        eth[0-9]+=slip,slip_ip

        eth0=slip,192.168.0.1

        eth[0-9]+=mcast,ethernet_address,address,port,ttl

        eth0=mcast,,224.2.3.4:5555,3

mode=tt
    When both CONFIG_MODE_TT and CONFIG_MODE_SKAS are enabled, this option forces UML to run in tt (tracing thread) mode. It is not the default because it's slower and less secure than skas mode.

mode=skas0
    Disables SKAS3 usage, so that SKAS0 is used, unless you specify mode=tt. Note that this was recently added - on older kernels you must use simply "skas0".

skas0
    Disables SKAS3 usage, so that SKAS0 is used, unless you specify mode=tt.

mconsole=notify:socket
    Requests that the mconsole driver send a message to the named Unix socket containing the name of the mconsole socket. This also serves to notify outside processes when UML has booted far enough to respond to mconsole requests.

aio=2.4
    This is used to force UML to use 2.4-style AIO even when 2.6 AIO is available. 2.4 AIO is a single thread that handles one request at a time, synchronously. 2.6 AIO is a thread which uses the 2.6 AIO interface to handle an arbitrary number of pending requests. 2.6 AIO is not available in tt mode, on 2.4 hosts, or when UML is built with /usr/include/linux/aio_abi.h not available. Many distributions don't include aio_abi.h, so you will need to copy it from a kernel tree to your /usr/include/linux in order to build an AIO-capable UML.

hostfs=rootdir,flags
    This is used to set hostfs parameters. The root directory argument is used to confine all hostfs mounts to within the specified directory tree on the host. If this isn't specified, then a user inside UML can mount anything on the host that's accessible to the user that's running it. The only flag currently supported is 'append', which specifies that all files opened by hostfs will be opened in append mode.

xterm=terminal emulator,title switch,exec switch
    Specifies an alternate terminal emulator to use for the debugger, consoles, and serial lines when they are attached to the xterm channel. The values are the terminal emulator binary, the switch it uses to set its title, and the switch it uses to execute a subprocess, respectively. The title switch must have the form exec switch must have the form '<switch> command arg1 arg2 The default values are 'xterm=xterm,-T,-e'. Values for gnome-terminal are 'xterm=gnome-terminal,-t,-x'.

noptraceldt
    Turns off usage of PTRACE_LDT, even if host supports it. To support PTRACE_LDT, the host needs to be patched using the current skas3 patch.

noptracefaultinfo
    Turns off usage of PTRACE_FAULTINFO, even if host supports it. To support PTRACE_FAULTINFO, the host needs to be patched using the current skas3 patch.

noprocmm
    Turns off usage of /proc/mm, even if host supports it. To support /proc/mm, the host needs to be patched using the current skas3 patch.

nosysemu
    Turns off syscall emulation patch for ptrace (SYSEMU) on. SYSEMU is a performance-patch introduced by Laurent Vivier. It changes behaviour of ptrace() and helps reducing host context switch rate. To make it working, you need a kernel patch for your host, too. See http://perso.wanadoo.fr/laurent.vivier/UML/ for further information.

--help
    Prints syntax information.

--version
    Prints the version number of the kernel.

--showconfig
    Prints the configuration used to build the kernel. To print all the options used to build the "linux" uml kernel and save them in "config_file" you can use

    linux --showconfig > config_file

SEE ALSO

The UserModeLinux-HOWTO (link to URL file:///usr/share/doc/user-mode-linux-doc/html/UserModeLinux-HOWTO.html)

AUTHOR

User-mode Linux was written by Jeff Dike and others.

This manual page was written by Matt Zimmerman mdz@debian.org for the Debian GNU/Linux system, based on linux --help and the user-mode-linux website.