The ugrep file pattern searcher

[ README | User Guide (https://ugrep.com) | Indexing (https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep-indexer) | Benchmarks (https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep-benchmarks) | Q&A (https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep/discussions/categories/q-a) ]

option -Q opens a query TUI to search files as you type!

Why use ugrep?
--------------

- ugrep is compatible to GNU/BSD grep, but much faster and with a ton of new features

- ugrep is a drop-in replacement for BSD and GNU grep ([copy or symlink `ug` to `grep`, and to `egrep` and to `fgrep`](#grep)), unlike other popular grep claiming to be "grep alternatives" or "replacements" when those actually implement incompatible command-line options and use an incompatible regex matcher, i.e. Perl regex only versus POSIX BRE (grep) and ERE (egrep) when ugrep supports all regex modes

- [ugrep is typically faster](https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep-benchmarks) than rg, ag, and GNU grep

- full Unicode extended regex pattern syntax with multi-line pattern matching without any special command-line options

- includes an interactive TUI with built-in help, Google-like search with AND/OR/NOT patterns, fuzzy search, search (nested) zip/7z/tar/pax/cpio archives, tarballs and compressed files gz/Z/bz/bz2/lzma/xz/lz4/zstd/brotli, search and hexdump binary files, search documents such as PDF, doc, docx, and output in JSON, XML, CSV or your own customized format

- includes a file indexer to speed up searching slow and cold file systems

Development roadmap
-------------------

- quality assurance by [testing and validation](https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep-testing) to make sure ugrep is reliable

- make ugrep run even faster with future updates and post [reproducible performance results](https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep-benchmarks)

- consider new features requested by users when useful to support a broad use case

Overview
--------

### Commands

- `ug` is for interactive use, which loads an optional .ugrep configuration file with your preferences located in the working directory or home directory, `ug+` also searches pdfs, documents, e-books, image metadata

- `ugrep` for batch use like GNU grep without a .ugrep configuration file, `ugrep+` also searches pdfs, documents, e-books, image metadata

### What does ugrep add that GNU grep does not support?

- Matches Unicode patterns by default and automatically searches UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32 encoded files

- Matches multiple lines with `\n` or `\R` in regex patterns, *no special options are required to do so!*

- Built-in help: `ug --help`, where `ug --help WHAT` displays options related to `WHAT` you are looking for

  💡 `ug --help regex`, `ug --help globs`, `ug --help fuzzy`, `ug --help format`.

- User-friendly with customizable [configuration files](#config) used by the `ug` command intended for interactive use that loads a .ugrep configuration file with your preferences

      ug PATTERN ...                         ugrep --config PATTERN ...

  💡 `ug --save-config ...options-you-want-to-save...` saves a .ugrep config file in the working directory so that the next time you run `ug` there it uses these options.  Do this in your home directory to save a .ugrep config file with options you generally want to use.

- Interactive [query TUI](#query), press F1 or CTRL-Z for help and TAB/SHIFT-TAB to navigate to dirs and files

      ug -Q                                  ug -Q -e PATTERN

  💡 `-Q` replaces `PATTERN` on the command line to let you enter patterns interactively in the TUI.  In the TUI use ALT+letter keys to toggle short "letter options" on/off, for example ALT-n (option `-n`) to show/hide line numbers.

- Search the contents of [archives](#archives) (zip, tar, pax, jar, cpio, 7z) and [compressed files](#archives) (gz, Z, bz, bz2, lzma, xz, lz4, zstd, brotli)

      ug -z PATTERN ...                      ug -z --zmax=2 PATTERN ...

  💡 specify `-z --zmax=2` to search compressed files and archives nested within archives.  The `--zmax` argument may range from 1 (default) to 99 for up to 99 decompression and de-archiving steps to search nested archives

- Search with Google-like [Boolean query patterns](#bool) using `-%` patterns with `AND` (or just space), `OR` (or a bar `|`), `NOT` (or a dash `-`), using quotes to match exactly, and grouping with `( )` (shown on the left side below); or with options `-e` (as an "or"), `--and`, `--andnot`, and `--not` regex patterns (shown on the right side below):

      ug -% 'A B C' ...                      ug -e 'A' --and 'B' --and 'C' ...
      ug -% 'A|B C' ...                      ug -e 'A' -e 'B' --and 'C' ...
      ug -% 'A -B -C' ...                    ug -e 'A' --andnot 'B' --andnot 'C' ...
      ug -% 'A -(B|C)'...                    ug -e 'A' --andnot 'B' --andnot 'C' ...
      ug -% '"abc" "def"' ...                ug -e '\Qabc\E' --and '\Qdef\E' ...

  where `A`, `B` and `C` are arbitrary regex patterns (use option `-F` to search strings)

  💡 specify option `-%%` (`--bool --files`) to apply the Boolean query to files as a whole: a file matches if all Boolean conditions are satisfied by matching patterns file-wide.  Otherwise, Boolean conditions apply to single lines by default, since grep utilities are generally line-based pattern matchers.  Option `--stats` displays the query in human-readable form after the search completes.

- Search pdf, doc, docx, e-book, and more with `ug+` [using filters](#filter) associated with filename extensions:

      ug+ PATTERN ...

  or specify `--filter` with a file type to use a filter utility:

      ug --filter='pdf:pdftotext % -' PATTERN ...
      ug --filter='doc:antiword %' PATTERN ...
      ug --filter='odt,docx,epub,rtf:pandoc --wrap=preserve -t plain % -o -' PATTERN ...
      ug --filter='odt,doc,docx,rtf,xls,xlsx,ppt,pptx:soffice --headless --cat %' PATTERN ...
      ug --filter='pem:openssl x509 -text,cer,crt,der:openssl x509 -text -inform der' PATTERN ...
      ug --filter='latin1:iconv -f LATIN1 -t UTF-8' PATTERN ...

  💡 the `ug+` command is the same as the `ug` command, but also uses filters to search PDFs, documents, and image metadata

- Display horizontal context with option `-o` (`--only-matching`) and context options `-ABC`, e.g. to find matches in very long lines, such as Javascript and JSON sources:

      ug -o -C20 -nk PATTERN longlines.js

  💡 `-o -C20` fits all matches with context in 20 characters before and 20 charactess after a match (i.e. 40 Unicode characters total), `-nk` outputs line and column numbers.

- Find approximate pattern matches with [fuzzy search](#fuzzy), within the specified Levenshtein distance

      ug -Z PATTERN ...                      ug -Z3 PATTTERN ...

  💡 `-Zn` matches up to `n` extra, missing or replaced characters, `-Z+n` matches up to `n` extra characters, `-Z-n` matches with up to `n` missing characters and `-Z~n` matches up to `n` replaced characters.  `-Z` defaults to `-Z1`.

- Fzf-like search with regex (or fixed strings with `-F`), fuzzy matching with up to 4 extra characters with `-Z+4` and words only with `-w`, using `-%%` for file-wide Boolean searches

      ug -Q -%% -l -w -Z+4 --sort=best

  💡 `-l` lists the matching files in the TUI, press `TAB` then `ALT-y` to view a file, `SHIFT-TAB` and `Alt-l` to go back to view the list of matching files ordered by best match

- Search [binary files](#binary) and display hexdumps with binary pattern matches (Unicode text or `-U` for byte patterns)

      ug --hexdump -U BYTEPATTERN ...        ug --hexdump TEXTPATTERN ...
      ug -X -U BYTEPATTERN ...               ug -X TEXTPATTERN ...
      ug -W -U BYTEPATTERN ...               ug -W TEXTPATTERN ...

  💡 `--hexdump=4chC1` displays `4` columns of hex without a character column `c`, no hex spacing `h`, and with one extra hex line `C1` before and after a match.

- Include files to search by [file types or file "magic bytes"](#magic) or exclude them with `^`

      ug -t TYPE PATTERN ...                 ug -t ^TYPE PATTERN ...
      ug -M 'MAGIC' PATTERN ...              ug -M '^MAGIC' PATTERN ...

- Include files and directories to search that match [gitignore-style globs](#globs) or exclude them with `^`

      ug -g 'FILEGLOB' PATTERN ...           ug -g '^FILEGLOB' PATTERN ...
      ug -g 'DIRGLOB/' PATTERN ...           ug -g '^DIRGLOB/' PATTERN ...
      ug -g 'PATH/FILEGLOB' PATTERN ...      ug -g '^PATH/FILEGLOB' PATTERN ...
      ug -g 'PATH/DIRGLOB/' PATTERN ...      ug -g '^PATH/DIRGLOB/' PATTERN ...

- Include files to search by [filename extensions](#magic) (suffix) or exclude them with `^`, a shorthand for `-g"*.EXT"`

      ug -O EXT PATTERN ...                  ug -O ^EXT PATTERN ...

- Include [hidden files (dotfiles) and directories](#hidden) to search (omitted by default)

      ug -. PATTERN ...                      ug -g'.*,.*/' PATTERN ...

  💡 specify `hidden` in your .ugrep to always search hidden files with `ug`.

- Exclude files specified by [.gitignore](#ignore) etc.

      ug --ignore-files PATTERN ...          ug --ignore-files=.ignore PATTERN ...

  💡 specify `ignore-files` in your .ugrep to always ignore them with `ug`.  Add additional `ignore-files=...` as desired.

- Search patterns excluding [negative patterns](#not) ("match this but not that")

      ug -e PATTERN -N NOTPATTERN ...        ug -e '[0-9]+' -N 123 ...

- Use [predefined regex patterns](#source) to search source code, javascript, XML, JSON, HTML, PHP, markdown, etc.

      ug PATTERN -f c++/zap_comments -f c++/zap_strings ...
      ug PATTERN -f php/zap_html ...
      ug -f js/functions ... | ug PATTERN ...

- Sort matching files by [name, best match, size, and time](#sort)

      ug --sort PATTERN ...                  ug --sort=size PATTERN ...
      ug --sort=changed PATTERN ...          ug --sort=created PATTERN ...
      ug -Z --sort=best PATTERN ...          ug --no-sort PATTERN ...

- Output results in [CSV, JSON, XML](#json), and [user-specified formats](#format)

      ug --csv PATTERN ...                   ug --json PATTERN ...
      ug --xml PATTERN ...                   ug --format='file=%f line=%n match=%O%~' PATTERN ...

  💡 `ug --help format` displays help on format `%` fields for customized output.

- Search with PCRE's Perl-compatible regex patterns and display or replace [subpattern matches](#replace)

      ug -P PATTERN ...                      ug -P --format='%1 and %2%~' 'PATTERN(SUB1)(SUB2)' ...

- Replace patterns in the output with [-P and --replace](#replace) replacement text, optionally containing `%` [formatting fields](#format), using `-y` to pass the rest of the file through:

      ug --replace='TEXT' PATTERN ...        ug -y --replace='TEXT' PATTERN ...
      ug --replace='(%m:%o)' PATTERN ...     ug -y --replace='(%m:%o)' PATTERN ...
      ug -P --replace='%1' PATTERN ...       ug -y -P --replace='%1' PATTERN ...

  💡 `ug --help format` displays help on format `%` fields to optionally use with `--replace`.

- Search files with a specific [encoding](#encoding) format such as ISO-8859-1 thru 16, CP 437, CP 850, MACROMAN, KOI8, etc.

      ug --encoding=LATIN1 PATTERN ...


Table of contents
-----------------

- [How to install](#install)
- [Performance comparisons](#speed)
- [Using ugrep within Vim](#vim)
- [Using ugrep within Emacs](#emacs)
- [Using ugrep to replace GNU/BSD grep](#grep)
  - [Equivalence to GNU/BSD grep](#equivalence)
  - [Short and quick command aliases](#aliases)
  - [Notable improvements over grep](#improvements)
- [Tutorial](#tutorial)
  - [Examples](#examples)
  - [Advanced examples](#advanced)
  - [Displaying helpful info](#help)
  - [Configuration files](#config)
  - [Interactive search with -Q](#query)
  - [Recursively list matching files with -l, -R, -r, --depth, -g, -O, and -t](#recursion)
  - [Boolean query patterns with -%, -%%, --and, --not](#bool)
  - [Search this but not that with -v, -e, -N, -f, -L, -w, -x](#not)
  - [Search non-Unicode files with --encoding](#encoding)
  - [Matching multiple lines of text](#multiline)
  - [Displaying match context with -A, -B, -C, and -y](#context)
  - [Searching source code using -f, -O, and -t](#source)
  - [Searching compressed files and archives with -z](#archives)
  - [Find files by file signature and shebang "magic bytes" with -M, -O and -t](#magic)
  - [Fuzzy search with -Z](#fuzzy)
  - [Search hidden files with -.](#hidden)
  - [Using filter utilities to search documents with --filter](#filter)
  - [Searching and displaying binary files with -U, -W, and -X](#binary)
  - [Ignore binary files with -I](#nobinary)
  - [Ignoring .gitignore-specified files with --ignore-files](#ignore)
  - [Using gitignore-style globs to select directories and files to search](#globs)
  - [Including or excluding mounted file systems from searches](#fs)
  - [Counting the number of matches with -c and -co](#count)
  - [Displaying file, line, column, and byte offset info with -H, -n, -k, -b, and -T](#fields)
  - [Displaying colors with --color and paging the output with --pager](#color)
  - [Output matches in JSON, XML, CSV, C++](#json)
  - [Customize output with --format](#format)
  - [Replacing matches with -P --replace and --format using backreferences](#replace)
  - [Limiting the number of matches with -1,-2...-9, -K, -m, and --max-files](#max)
  - [Matching empty patterns with -Y](#empty)
  - [Case-insensitive matching with -i and -j](#case)
  - [Sort files by name, best match, size, and time](#sort)
  - [Tips for advanced users](#tips)
  - [More examples](#more)
- [Man page](#man)
- [Regex patterns](#patterns)
  - [POSIX regular expression syntax](#posix-syntax)
  - [POSIX and Unicode character classes](#posix-classes)
  - [POSIX and Unicode character categories](#posix-categories)
  - [Perl regular expression syntax](#perl-syntax)
- [Troubleshooting](#bugs)

How to install
--------------

### MacOS

Install the latest ugrep with [Homebrew](https://brew.sh):

    $ brew install ugrep

or install with [MacPorts](https://www.macports.org):

    $ sudo port install ugrep

This installs the `ugrep` and `ug` commands, where `ug` is the same as `ugrep`
but also loads the configuration file .ugrep when present in the working
directory or home directory.

### Windows

Install with [Winget](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/package-manager/)
`winget install Genivia.ugrep`

Or install with [Chocolatey](https://community.chocolatey.org/packages/ugrep)
`choco install ugrep`

Or install with [Scoop](https://scoop.sh) `scoop install ugrep`

Or download the full-featured `ugrep.exe` executable as release artifact from
<https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep/releases>.  The zipped release contains the
main `ugrep.exe` binary as well as `ug.exe`. The `ug` command, intended for
interactive use, loads and reads in settings from the _`.ugrep`_ configuration
file (when present in the working directory or home directory).

Add `ugrep.exe` and `ug.exe` to your execution path: go to *Settings* and
search for "Path" in *Find a Setting*.  Select *environment variables* ->
*Path* -> *New* and add the directory where you placed the `ugrep.exe` and
`ug.exe` executables.


>[!TIP]
> _Practical hints on using `ugrep.exe` and `ug.exe` on the Windows command line:_
>
>- when quoting patterns and arguments on the command line, do not use single
>`'` quotes but use `"` instead; most Windows command utilities consider
>the single `'` quotes part of the command-line argument!
>- file and directory globs are best specified with option `-g/GLOB` instead of
>the usual `GLOB` command line arguments to select files and directories to
>search, especially for recursive searches;
>- when specifying an empty pattern `""` to match all input, this may be ignored
>by some Windows command interpreters such as Powershell, in that case you
>must specify option `--match` instead;
>- to match newlines in patterns, you may want to use `\R` instead of `\n` to
>match any Unicode newlines, such as `\r\n` pairs and single `\r` and `\n`.

### Alpine Linux

    $ apk add ugrep ugrep-doc

Check <https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=ugrep> for version info.

### Arch Linux

    $ pacman -S ugrep

Check <https://archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/ugrep> for version info.

### CentOS

First enable the [EPEL repository](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/epel/),
then you can install ugrep.

    $ dnf install ugrep

Check <https://packages.fedoraproject.org/pkgs/ugrep/ugrep/> for version info.

### Debian

    $ apt-get install ugrep

Check <https://packages.debian.org/ugrep> for version info.  To build and try
`ugrep` locally, see "All platforms" build steps further below.

### Fedora

    $ dnf install ugrep

Check <https://packages.fedoraproject.org/pkgs/ugrep/ugrep/> for version info.

### Gentoo

    $ emerge sys-apps/ugrep

Check <https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/sys-apps/ugrep> for version info.

### FreeBSD

    $ pkg install ugrep

Check <https://www.freshports.org/textproc/ugrep> for version info.

### Haiku

    $ pkgman install cmd:ugrep

Check <https://github.com/haikuports/haikuports/tree/master/app-text/ugrep> for
version info.  To build and try `ugrep` locally, see "All platforms" build
steps further below.

### NetBSD

You can use the standard NetBSD package installer (pkgsrc):
<http://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/textproc/ugrep/README.html>

### OpenBSD

    $ pkg_add ugrep

Check <https://openports.pl/path/sysutils/ugrep> for version info.

### OpenSUSE

    $ zypper install ugrep

Check <https://build.opensuse.org/package/show/utilities/ugrep> for version info.

### RHEL

First enable the [EPEL repository](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/epel/),
then you can install ugrep.

    $ dnf install ugrep

Check <https://packages.fedoraproject.org/pkgs/ugrep/ugrep/> for version info.

### Other platforms: step 1 download

Clone `ugrep` with

    $ git clone https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep

Or visit <https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep/releases> to download a specific release.

### Other platforms: step 2 consider optional dependencies

You can always add these later, when you need these features:

- Option `-P` (Perl regular expressions) requires either the PCRE2 library
  (recommended) or the Boost.Regex library (optional fallback).  If PCRE2 is
  not installed, install PCRE2 with e.g. `sudo apt-get install -y libpcre2-dev`
  or [download PCRE2](https://www.pcre.org) and follow the installation
  instructions.  Alternatively,
  [download Boost.Regex](https://www.boost.org/users/download) and run
  `./bootstrap.sh` and `sudo ./b2 --with-regex install`.  See
  [Boost: getting started](https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_72_0/more/getting_started/unix-variants.html).

- Option `-z` (compressed files and archives search) requires the
  [zlib](https://www.zlib.net) library installed.  It is installed on most
  systems.  If not, install it, e.g. with `sudo apt-get install -y libz-dev`.
  To search `.bz` and `.bz2` files, install the
  [bzip2](https://www.sourceware.org/bzip2) library (recommended), e.g. with
  `sudo apt-get install -y libbz2-dev`.  To search `.lzma` and `.xz` files,
  install the [lzma](https://tukaani.org/xz) library (recommended), e.g. with
  `sudo apt-get install -y liblzma-dev`.  To search `.lz4` files, install the
  [lz4](https://github.com/lz4/lz4) library (optional, not required), e.g.
  with `sudo apt-get install -y liblz4-dev`.  To search `.zst` files, install
  the [zstd](http://facebook.github.io/zstd) library (optional, not required),
  e.g. with `sudo apt-get install -y libzstd-dev`.  To search `.br` files,
  install the [brotli](https://github.com/google/brotli) library (optional, not
  required), e.g. with `sudo apt-get install -y libbrotli-dev`.  To search
  `.bz3` files, install the [bzip3](https://github.com/kspalaiologos/bzip3)
  library (optional, not required), e.g. with `sudo apt-get install -y bzip3`.

>[!TIP]
>Even if your system has command line utilities, such as `bzip2`, that
>does not necessarily mean that the development libraries such as `libbz2` are
>installed.  The *development libraries* should be installed.
>
>Some Linux systems may not be configured to load dynamic libraries from
>`/usr/local/lib`, causing a library load error when running `ugrep`.  To
>correct this, add `export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/lib"`
>to your `~/.bashrc` file.  Or run `sudo ldconfig /usr/local/lib`.

### Other platforms: step 3 build

Execute the `./build.sh` script to build `ugrep`:

    $ cd ugrep
    $ ./build.sh

This builds the `ugrep` executable in the `ugrep/src` directory with
`./configure` and `make -j`, verified with `make test`.  When all tests pass,
the `ugrep` executable is copied to `ugrep/bin/ugrep` and the symlink
`ugrep/bin/ug -> ugrep/bin/ugrep` is added for the `ug` command.

Note that `ug` is the same as `ugrep` but also loads the configuration file
.ugrep when present in the working directory or home directory.  This means
that you can define your default options for `ug` in .ugrep.

Alternative paths to installed or local libraries may be specified with
`./build.sh`.  To get help on the available build options:

    $ ./build.sh --help

You can build static executables by specifying:

    $ ./build.sh --enable-static

This may fail if libraries don't link statically, such as brotli.  In that case
try `./build.sh --enable-static --without-brotli`.

You can build `ugrep` with customized defaults enabled, such as a pager:

    $ ./build.sh --enable-pager

Options to select defaults for builds include:

- `--help` display build options
- `--enable-static` build static executables, if possible
- `--enable-hidden` always search hidden files and directories
- `--enable-pager` always use a pager to display output on terminals
- `--enable-pretty` colorize output to terminals and add filename headings
- `--disable-auto-color` disable automatic colors, requires ugrep option `--color=auto` to show colors
- `--disable-mmap` disable memory mapped files
- `--disable-sse2` disable SSE2 and AVX optimizations
- `--disable-avx2` disable AVX2 and AVX512BW optimizations, but compile with SSE2 when supported
- `--disable-neon` disable ARM NEON/AArch64 optimizations
- `--with-grep-path` the default `-f` path if `GREP_PATH` is not defined
- `--with-grep-colors` the default colors if `GREP_COLORS` is not defined

After the build completes, copy `ugrep/bin/ugrep` and `ugrep/bin/ug` to a
convenient location, for example in your `~/bin` directory. Or, if you may want
to install the `ugrep` and `ug` commands and man pages:

    $ sudo make install

This also installs the pattern files with predefined patterns for option `-f`
at `/usr/local/share/ugrep/patterns/`.  Option `-f` first checks the working
directory for the presence of pattern files, if not found checks environment
variable `GREP_PATH` to load the pattern files, and if not found reads the
installed predefined pattern files.

### Troubleshooting

#### Git and timestamps

Unfortunately, git clones do not preserve timestamps which means that you may
run into "WARNING: 'aclocal-1.15' is missing on your system." or that
autoheader was not found when running `make`.

To work around this problem, run:

    $ autoreconf -fi
    $ ./build.sh

#### Compiler warnings

GCC 8 and greater may produce warnings of the sort *"note: parameter passing
for argument ... changed in GCC 7.1"*.  These warnings should be ignored.

### Dockerfile for developers

A Dockerfile is included to build `ugrep` in a Ubuntu container.

Developers may want to use sanitizers to verify the **ugrep** code when making
significant changes, for example to detect data races with the
[ThreadSanitizer](https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ThreadSanitizer.html):

    $ ./build.sh CXXFLAGS='-fsanitize=thread -O1 -g'

We checked `ugrep` with the clang AddressSanitizer, MemorySanitizer,
ThreadSanitizer, and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer.  These options incur
significant runtime overhead and should not be used for the final build.

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

Performance comparisons
-----------------------

Please note that the **ugrep** and **ug** commands search binary files by
default and do not ignore .gitignore specified files, which will not make
recursive search performance comparisons meaningful unless options `-I` and
`--ignore-files` are used.  To make these options the default for **ug**,
simply add `ignore-binary` and `ignore-files` to your .ugrep configuration
file.

For an up-to-date performance comparison of the latest ugrep, please see the
[ugrep performance benchmarks](https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep-benchmarks).
Ugrep is faster than GNU grep, Silver Searcher, ack, sift.  Ugrep's speed beats
ripgrep in most benchmarks.

Using ugrep within Vim
----------------------

First, let's define the `:grep` command in Vim to search files recursively.  To
do so, add the following lines to your `.vimrc` located in the root directory:

    if executable('ugrep')
        set grepprg=ugrep\ -RInk\ -j\ -u\ --tabs=1\ --ignore-files
        set grepformat=%f:%l:%c:%m,%f+%l+%c+%m,%-G%f\\\|%l\\\|%c\\\|%m
    endif

This specifies `-j` [case insensitive searches](#case) with the Vim `:grep`
command.  For case sensitive searches, remove `\ -j` from `grepprg`.  Multiple
matches on the same line are listed in the quickfix window separately.  If this
is not desired, remove `\ -u` from `grepprg`.  With this change, only the first
match on a line is shown.  Option `--ignore-files` skips files specified in
`.gitignore` files, when present.  To limit the depth of recursive searches to
the current directory only, append `\ -1` to `grepprg`.

You can now invoke the Vim `:grep` command in Vim to search files on a
specified `PATH` for `PATTERN` matches:

    :grep PATTERN [PATH]

If you omit `PATH`, then the working directory is searched.  Use `%` as `PATH`
to search only the currently opened file in Vim:

    :grep PATTERN %

The `:grep` command shows the results in a
[quickfix](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/quickfix.html#:grep) window
that allows you to quickly jump to the matches found.

To open a quickfix window with the latest list of matches:

    :copen

Double-click on a line in this window (or select a line and press ENTER) to
jump to the file and location in the file of the match.  Enter commands `:cn`
and `:cp` to jump to the next or previous match, respectively.  To update the
search results in the quickfix window, just grep them.  For example, to
recursively search C++ source code marked `FIXME` in the working directory:

    :grep -tc++ FIXME

To close the quickfix window:

    :cclose

You can use **ugrep** options with the `:grep` command, for example to
select single- and multi-line comments in the current file:

    :grep -f c++/comments %

Only the first line of a multi-line comment is shown in quickfix, to save
space.  To show all lines of a multi-line match, remove `%-G` from
`grepformat`.

A popular Vim tool is [ctrlp.vim](http://kien.github.io/ctrlp.vim), which is
installed with:

    $ cd ~/.vim
    $ git clone https://github.com/kien/ctrlp.vim.git bundle/ctrlp.vim

CtrlP uses **ugrep** by adding the following lines to your `.vimrc`:

    if executable('ugrep')
        set runtimepath^=~/.vim/bundle/ctrlp.vim
        let g:ctrlp_match_window='bottom,order:ttb'
        let g:ctrlp_user_command='ugrep "" %s -Rl -I --ignore-files -3'
    endif

where `-I` skips binary files, option `--ignore-files` skips files specified in
`.gitignore` files, when present, and option `-3` restricts searching
directories to three levels (the working directory and up to two levels below).

Start Vim then enter the command:

    :helptags ~/.vim/bundle/ctrlp.vim/doc

To view the CtrlP documentation in Vim, enter the command:

    :help ctrlp.txt

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

Using ugrep within Emacs
------------------------

Thanks to [Manuel Uberti](https://github.com/emacs-mirror/emacs/commits?author=manuel-uberti),
you can now use **ugrep** in Emacs.  To use **ugrep** instead of GNU grep
within Emacs, add the following line to your `.emacs.d/init.el` file:

    (setq-default xref-search-program ‘ugrep)

This means that Emacs commands such as `project-find-regexp` that rely on
[Xref](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Xref.html) can
now leverage the power of **ugrep**.

Furthermore, it is possible to use `grep` in the [Emacs grep
commands](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Grep-Searching.html).
For instance, you can run `lgrep` with `ugrep` by customizing `grep-template`
to something like the following:

    (setq-default grep-template "ugrep --color=always -0Iinr -e <R>")

If you do not have Emacs version 29 (or greater) you can download and build
Emacs from the [Emacs master branch](https://github.com/emacs-mirror/emacs),
or enable Xref integration with **ugrep** manually:

    (with-eval-after-load 'xref
     (push '(ugrep . "xargs -0 ugrep <C> --null -ns -e <R>")
           xref-search-program-alist)
     (setq-default xref-search-program 'ugrep))

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

Using ugrep to replace GNU/BSD grep
-----------------------------------

**ugrep** supports all standard GNU/BSD grep command-line options and improves
many of them too.  See [notable improvements over grep](#improvements).

In fact, executing `ugrep` with options `-U`, `-Y`, `-.` and `--sort` makes it
behave like `egrep`, permitting empty patterns to match and search hidden files
instead of ignoring them.  See [grep equivalence](#equivalence).

- You can create [convenient grep aliases](#aliases) with or without options
  `-Y`, `-.` and `--sort` or include other options as desired.  If you really
  must stick exactly to GNU/BSD grep ASCII/LATIN1 patterns, use options `-U`
  and `--grep` to disable Unicode pattern matching and to reassign options `-z`
  and `-Z` to `--null-data` and `--null`, respectively.

- You can also create `grep`, `egrep` and `fgrep` executables by symlinking or
  copying `ugrep` to those names.  When the `ugrep` (or `ugrep.exe`) executable
  is copied as `grep` (`grep.exe`), `egrep` (`egrep.exe`), `fgrep`
  (`fgrep.exe`), then options `-Y` and `-.` are automatically enabled together
  with either `-G` for `grep`, `-E` for `egrep` and `-F` for `fgrep`.  In
  addition, when copied as `zgrep`, `zegrep` and `zfgrep`, option
  `--decompress` is enabled.  For example, when `ugrep` is copied as `zegrep`,
  options `--decompress`, `-E`, `-Y`, `-.` and `--sort` are enabled.

- Likewise, symlinks and hard links can be used to create `grep`, `egrep` and
  `fgrep` replacements in the usual installation directories.  For example:

      sudo ln -s `which ugrep` /opt/local/bin/grep
      sudo ln -s `which ugrep` /opt/local/bin/egrep
      sudo ln -s `which ugrep` /opt/local/bin/fgrep
      sudo ln -s `which ugrep` /opt/local/bin/zgrep
      sudo ln -s `which ugrep` /opt/local/bin/zegrep
      sudo ln -s `which ugrep` /opt/local/bin/zfgrep

  The `/opt/local/bin` here is an example and may or may not be in your `$path`
  and may or may not be found, so please adjust as necessary.  **Caution:**
  *bash does not obey the linked name when executing the program, reverting to
  the name `ugrep` instead, which negates all internal compatibility settings.
  To avoid this, copy the executables instead of linking!*

When linking or copying `ugrep` to `grep`, `egrep`, `fgrep`, `zgrep`, `zegrep`,
`zfgrep`, options `-z` and `-Z` are reassigned for compatibility to GNU/BSD
grep options `--null-data` and `--null`, respectively.

### Equivalence to GNU/BSD grep

When the `ugrep` executable file is symlinked or copied to `grep`, `egrep`,
`fgrep`, `zgrep`, `zegrep` and `zfgrep` executables, then those executables
will behave as GNU grep equivalents.  This behavior is implicit and automatic,
essentially using the following translations:

    grep   = ugrep -G -Y -. --sort
    egrep  = ugrep -E -Y -. --sort
    fgrep  = ugrep -F -Y -. --sort

    zgrep  = ugrep -z -G -Y -. --sort
    zegrep = ugrep -z -E -Y -. --sort
    zfgrep = ugrep -z -F -Y -. --sort

please note that:

- `-Y` enables empty matches, so for example the pattern `a*` matches every
  line instead of a sequence of `a`'s.  By default in ugrep, the pattern `a*`
  matches a sequence of `a`'s.  Moreover, in ugrep the pattern `a*b*c*` matches
  what it is supposed to match by default.  See [improvements](#improvements).
- `-.` searches hidden files (dotfiles).  By default, hidden files are ignored,
  like most Unix utilities.
- `--sort` specifies output sorted by pathname, showing sorted matching files
  first followed by sorted recursive matches in subdirectories.  Otherwise,
  matching files are reported in no particular order to improve performance;
- options `-z` and `-Z` are reassigned to `--null-data` and `--null` and no
  longer enable `--decompress` and `--fuzzy` searching modes.

There is one minor difference with GNU/BSD grep:

- GNU/BSD grep defaults to `-Dread` and `-dread` which are not recommended, see
  [improvements](#improvements) for an explanation.

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Short and quick command aliases

Commonly-used aliases to add to `.bashrc` to increase productivity:

    alias uq     = 'ug -Q'                # interactive TUI search (uses .ugrep config)
    alias uz     = 'ug -z'                # compressed files and archives search (uses .ugrep config)
    alias ux     = 'ug -U --hexdump'      # binary pattern search (uses .ugrep config)

    alias ugit   = 'ug -R --ignore-files' # works like git-grep & define your preferences in .ugrep config

    alias grep   = 'ug -G'                # search with basic regular expressions (BRE) like grep
    alias egrep  = 'ug -E'                # search with extended regular expressions (ERE) like egrep
    alias fgrep  = 'ug -F'                # find string(s) like fgrep
    alias zgrep  = 'ug -zG'               # search compressed files and archives with BRE
    alias zegrep = 'ug -zE'               # search compressed files and archives with ERE
    alias zfgrep = 'ug -zF'               # find string(s) in compressed files and/or archives

    alias xdump  = 'ugrep -X ""'                 # hexdump files without searching (don't use .ugrep config)
    alias zmore  = 'ugrep+ -z -I -+ --pager ""'  # view compressed, archived and regular files (don't use .ugrep config)

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Notable improvements over grep

- **ugrep** starts an interactive query TUI with option `-Q`.
- **ugrep** matches patterns across multiple lines when patterns match `\n`.
- **ugrep** matches full Unicode by default (disabled with option `-U`).
- **ugrep** supports Boolean patterns with AND, OR and NOT (option `--bool`).
- **ugrep** supports gitignore with option `--ignore-files`.
- **ugrep** supports fuzzy (approximate) matching with option `-Z`.
- **ugrep** supports user-defined global and local configuration files.
- **ugrep** searches compressed files and archives with option `-z`.
- **ugrep** searches cpio, jar, pax, tar, zip and 7z archives with option `-z`.
- **ugrep** searches cpio, jar, pax, tar, zip and 7z archives recursively
  stored within archives with `-z` and `--zmax=NUM` for up to `NUM` levels deep.
- **ugrep** searches pdf, doc, docx, xls, xlsx, epub, and more with `--filter`
  using third-party format conversion utilities as plugins.
- **ugrep** searches a directory when the FILE argument is a directory, like
  most Unix/Linux utilities; use option `-r` to search directories recursively.
- **ugrep** does not match hidden files by default like most Unix/Linux
  utilities (hidden dotfile file matching is enabled with `-.`).
- **ugrep** regular expression patterns are more expressive than GNU grep and
  BSD grep POSIX ERE and support Unicode pattern matching.  Extended regular
  expression (ERE) syntax is the default (i.e. option `-E` as egrep, whereas
  `-G` enables BRE).
- **ugrep** spawns threads to search files concurrently to improve search
  speed (disabled with option `-J1`).
- **ugrep** produces hexdumps with `-W` (output binary matches in hex with text
  matches output as usual) and `-X` (output all matches in hex).
- **ugrep** can output matches in JSON, XML, CSV and user-defined formats (with
  option `--format`).
- **ugrep** option `-f` uses `GREP_PATH` environment variable or the predefined
  patterns installed in `/usr/local/share/ugrep/patterns`.  If `-f` is
  specified and also one or more `-e` patterns are specified, then options
  `-F`, `-x`, and `-w` do not apply to `-f` patterns.  This is to avoid
  confusion when `-f` is used with predefined patterns that may no longer work
  properly with these options.
- **ugrep** options `-O`, `-M`, and `-t` specify file extensions, file
  signature magic byte patterns, and predefined file types, respectively.  This
  allows searching for certain types of files in directory trees, for example
  with recursive search options `-R` and `-r`.  Options `-O`, `-M`, and `-t`
  also applies to archived files in cpio, jar, pax, tar, zip and 7z files.
- **ugrep** option `-k`, `--column-number` to display the column number, taking
  tab spacing into account by expanding tabs, as specified by option `--tabs`.
- **ugrep** option `-P` (Perl regular expressions) supports backreferences
  (with `--format`) and lookbehinds, which uses the PCRE2 or Boost.Regex
  library for fast Perl regex matching with a PCRE-like syntax.
- **ugrep** option `-b` with option `-o` or with option `-u`, ugrep displays
  the exact byte offset of the pattern match instead of the byte offset of the
  start of the matched line reported by GNU/BSD grep.
- **ugrep** option `-u`, `--ungroup` to not group multiple matches per line.
  This option displays a matched input line again for each additional pattern
  match on the line.  This option is particularly useful with option `-c` to
  report the total number of pattern matches per file instead of the number of
  lines matched per file.
- **ugrep** option `-Y` enables matching empty patterns.  Grepping with
  empty-matching patterns is weird and gives different results with GNU grep
  versus BSD grep.  Empty matches are not output by **ugrep** by default, which
  avoids making mistakes that may produce "random" results.  For example, with
  GNU/BSD grep, pattern `a*` matches every line in the input, and actually
  matches `xyz` three times (the empty transitions before and between the `x`,
  `y`, and `z`).  Allowing empty matches requires **ugrep** option `-Y`.
  Patterns that start with `^` or end with `$`, such as `^\h*$`, match empty.
  These patterns automatically enable option `-Y`.
- **ugrep** option `-D, --devices=ACTION` is `skip` by default, instead of
  `read`.  This prevents unexpectedly hanging on named pipes in directories
  that are recursively searched, as may happen with GNU/BSD grep that `read`
  devices by default.
- **ugrep** option `-d, --directories=ACTION` is `skip` by default, instead of
  `read`.  By default, directories specified on the command line are searched,
  but not recursively deeper into subdirectories.
- **ugrep** offers *negative patterns* `-N PATTERN`, which are patterns of the
  form `(?^X)` that skip all `X` input, thus removing `X` from the search.
  For example, negative patterns can be used to skip strings and comments when
  searching for identifiers in source code and find matches that aren't in
  strings and comments.  Predefined `zap` patterns use negative patterns, for
  example, use `-f cpp/zap_comments` to ignore pattern matches in C++ comments.
- **ugrep** ignores the `GREP_OPTIONS` environment variable, because the
  behavior of **ugrep** must be portable and predictable on every system.  Also
  GNU grep abandoned `GREP_OPTIONS` for this reason.  Please use the `ug`
  command that loads the .ugrep configuration file located in the working
  directory or in the home directory when present, or use shell aliases to
  create new commands with specific search options.

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

Tutorial
--------

### Examples

To perform a search using a configuration file `.ugrep` placed in the working
directory or home directory (note that `ug` is the same as `ugrep --config`):

    ug PATTERN FILE...

To save a `.ugrep` configuration file to the working directory, then edit this
file in your home directory to customize your preferences for `ug` defaults:

    ug --save-config

To search the working directory and recursively deeper for `main` (note that
`-r` recurse symlinks is enabled by default if no file arguments are
specified):

    ug main

Same, but only search C++ source code files recursively, ignoring all other
files:

    ug -tc++ main

Same, using the interactive query TUI, starting with the initial search pattern
`main` (note that `-Q` with an initial pattern requires option `-e` because
patterns are normally specified interactively and all command line arguments
are considered files/directories):

    ug -Q -tc++ -e main

To search for `#define` (and `# define` etc) using a regex pattern in C++ files
(note that patterns should be quoted to prevent shell globbing of `*` and `?`):

    ug -tc++ '#[\t ]*define'

To search for `main` as a word (`-w`) recursively without following symlinks
(`-r`) in directory `myproject`, showing the matching line (`-n`) and column
(`-k`) numbers next to the lines matched:

    ug -r -nkw main myproject

Same, but only search `myproject` without recursing deeper (note that directory
arguments are searched at one level by default):

    ug -nkw main myproject

Same, but search `myproject` and one subdirectory level deeper (two levels)
with `-2`:

    ug -2 -nkw main myproject

Same, but only search C++ files in `myproject` and its subdirectories with
`-tc++`:

    ug -tc++ -2 -nkw main myproject

Same, but also search inside archives (e.g. zip and tar files) and compressed
files with `-z`:

    ug -z -tc++ -2 -nkw main myproject

Search recursively the working directory for `main` while ignoring gitignored
files (e.g.  assuming `.gitignore` is in the working directory or below):

    ug --ignore-files -tc++ -nkw main

To list all files in the working directory and deeper that are not ignored by
`.gitignore` file(s):

    ug --ignore-files -l ''

To display the list of file name extensions and "magic bytes" (shebangs)
that are searched corresponding to `-t` arguments:

    ug -tlist

To list all shell files recursively, based on extensions and shebangs with `-l`
(note that `''` matches any non-empty file):

    ug -l -tShell ''

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Advanced examples

To search for `main` in source code while ignoring strings and comment blocks
you can use *negative patterns* with option `-N` to skip unwanted matches in
C/C++ quoted strings and comment blocks:

    ug -r -nkw -e 'main' -N '"(\\.|\\\r?\n|[^\\\n"])*"|//.*|/\*(.*\n)*?.*\*+\/' myproject

This is a lot of work to type in correctly!  If you are like me, I don't want
to spend time fiddling with regex patterns when I am working on something more
important.  There is an easier way by using **ugrep**'s predefined patterns
(`-f`) that are installed with the `ugrep` tool:

    ug -r -nkw 'main' -f c/zap_strings -f c/zap_comments myproject

This query also searches through other files than C/C++ source code, like
READMEs, Makefiles, and so on.  We're also skipping symlinks with `-r`.  So
let's refine this query by selecting C/C++ files only using option `-tc,c++`
and include symlinks to files and directories with `-R`:

    ug -R -tc,c++ -nkw 'main' -f c/zap_strings -f c/zap_comments myproject

What if you only want to look for the identifier `main` but not as a function
`main(`?  In this case, use a negative pattern for this to skip unwanted
`main\h*(` pattern matches:

    ug -R -tc,c++ -nkw -e 'main' -N 'main\h*\(' -f c/zap_strings -f c/zap_comments myproject

This uses the `-e` and `-N` options to explicitly specify a pattern and a
negative pattern, respectively, which is essentially forming the pattern
`main|(?^main\h*\()`, where `\h` matches space and tab.  In general, negative
patterns are useful to filter out pattern matches that we are not interested
in.

As another example, let's say we may want to search for the word `FIXME` in
C/C++ comment blocks.  To do so we can first select the comment blocks with
**ugrep**'s predefined `c/comments` pattern AND THEN select lines with `FIXME`
using a pipe:

    ug -R -tc,c++ -nk -f c/comments myproject | ug -w 'FIXME'

Filtering results with pipes is generally easier than using AND-OR logic that
some search tools use.  This approach follows the Unix spirit to keep utilities
simple and use them in combination for more complex tasks.

Let's produce a sorted list of all identifiers found in Java source code while
skipping strings and comments:

    ug -R -tjava -f java/names myproject | sort -u

This matches Java Unicode identifiers using the regex
`\p{JavaIdentifierStart}\p{JavaIdentifierPart}*` defined in
`patterns/java/names`.

With traditional grep and grep-like tools it takes great effort to recursively
search for the C/C++ source file that defines function `qsort`, requiring
something like this:

    ug -R --include='*.c' --include='*.cpp' '^([ \t]*[[:word:]:*&]+)+[ \t]+qsort[ \t]*\([^;\n]+$' myproject

Fortunately, with **ugrep** we can simply select all function definitions in
files with extension `.c` or `.cpp` by using option `-Oc,cpp` and by using a
predefined pattern `functions` that is installed with the tool to produce
all function definitions.  Then we select the one we want:

    ug -R -Oc,cpp -nk -f c/functions | ug 'qsort'

Note that we could have used `-tc,c++` to select C/C++ files, but this also
includes header files when we want to only search `.c` and `.cpp` files.

We can also skip files and directories from being searched that are defined in
`.gitignore`.  To do so we use `--ignore-files` to exclude any files and
directories from recursive searches that match the globs in `.gitignore`, when
one or more `.gitignore` files are found:

    ug -R -tc++ --ignore-files -f c++/defines

This searches C++ files (`-tc++`) in the working directory for `#define`
lines (`-f c++/defines`), while skipping files and directories declared in
`.gitignore`.  If you find this too long to type then define an alias to search
GitHub directories:

    alias ugit='ugrep -R --ignore-files'
    ugit -tc++ -f c++/defines

To highlight matches when pushed through a chain of pipes we should use
`--color=always`:

    ugit --color=always -tc++ -f c++/defines | ugrep -w 'FOO.*'

This returns a color-highlighted list of all `#define FOO...` macros in C/C++
source code files, skipping files defined in `.gitignore`.

Note that the complement of `--exclude` is not `--include`, because exclusions
always take precedence over inclusions, so we cannot reliably list the files
that are ignored with `--include-from='.gitignore'`.  Only files explicitly
specified with `--include` and directories explicitly specified with
`--include-dir` are visited.  The `--include-from` from lists globs that are
considered both files and directories to add to `--include` and
`--include-dir`, respectively.  This means that when directory names and
directory paths are not explicitly listed in this file then it will not be
visited using `--include-from`.

Because ugrep checks if the input is valid UTF-encoded Unicode (unless `-U` is
used), it is possible to use it as a filter to ignore non-UTF output produced
by a program:

    program | ugrep -I ''

If the program produces valid output then the output is passed through,
otherwise the output is filtered out option `-I`.  If the output is initially
valid for a very large portion but is followed by invalid output, then ugrep
may initially show the output up to but excluding the invalid output after
which further output is blocked.

To filter lines that are valid ASCII or UTF-encoded, while removing lines that
are not:

    program | ugrep '[\p{Unicode}--[\n]]+'

Note that `\p{Unicode}` matches `\n` but we don't want to matche the whole
file!  Just lines with `[\p{Unicode}--[\n]]+`.

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Displaying helpful info

The ugrep man page:

    man ugrep

To show a help page:

    ug --help

To show options that mention `WHAT`:

    ug --help WHAT

To show a list of `-t TYPES` option values:

    ug -tlist

In the interactive query TUI, press F1 or CTRL-Z for help and options:

    ug -Q

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Configuration files

    --config[=FILE], ---[FILE]
            Use configuration FILE.  The default FILE is `.ugrep'.  The working
            directory is checked first for FILE, then the home directory.  The
            options specified in the configuration FILE are parsed first,
            followed by the remaining options specified on the command line.
            The ug command automatically loads a `.ugrep' configuration file,
            unless --config=FILE or --no-config is specified.
    --no-config
            Do not load the default .ugrep configuration file.
    --save-config[=FILE] [OPTIONS]
            Save configuration FILE to include OPTIONS.  Update FILE when
            first loaded with --config=FILE.  The default FILE is `.ugrep',
            which is automatically loaded by the ug command.  When FILE is a
            `-', writes the configuration to standard output.  Only part of the
            OPTIONS are saved that do not cause searches to fail when combined
            with other options.  Additional options may be specified by editing
            the saved configuration file.  A configuration file may be modified
            manually to specify one or more config[=FILE] to indirectly load
            the specified FILEs, but recursive config loading is not allowed.

#### The ug command versus the ugrep command

The `ug` command is intended for context-dependent interactive searching and is
equivalent to the `ugrep --config` command to load the configuration file
`.ugrep` when present in the working directory or, when not found, in the home
directory:

    ug PATTERN ...
    ugrep --config PATTERN ...

The `ug` command also sorts files by name per directory searched.  A
configuration file contains `NAME=VALUE` pairs per line, where `NAME` is the
name of a long option (without `--`) and `=VALUE` is an argument, which is
optional and may be omitted depending on the option.  Empty lines and lines
starting with a `#` are ignored:

    # Color scheme
    colors=cx=hb:ms=hiy:mc=hic:fn=hi+y+K:ln=hg:cn=hg:bn=hg:se=
    # Disable searching hidden files and directories
    no-hidden
    # ignore files specified in .ignore and .gitignore in recursive searches
    ignore-files=.ignore
    ignore-files=.gitignore

Command line options are parsed in the following order: first the (default or
named) configuration file is loaded, then the remaining options and
arguments on the command line are parsed.

Option `--stats` displays the configuration file used after searching.

#### Named configuration files

Named configuration files are intended to streamline custom search tasks, by
reducing the number of command line options to just one `---FILE` to use the
collection of options specified in `FILE`.  The `--config=FILE` option and its
abbreviated form `---FILE` load the specified configuration file located in the
working directory or, when not found, located in the home directory:

    ug ---FILE PATTERN ...
    ugrep ---FILE PATTERN ...

An error is produced when `FILE` is not found or cannot be read.

Named configuration files can be used to define a collection of options that
are specific to the requirements of a task in the development workflow of a
project.  For example to report unresolved issues by checking the source code
and documentation for comments with FIXME and TODO items.  Such named
configuration file can be localized to a project by placing it in the project
directory, or it can be made global by placing it in the home directory.  For
visual feedback, a color scheme specific to this task can be specified with
option `colors` in the configuration `FILE` to help identify the output
produced by a named configuration as opposed to the default configuration.

#### Saving a configuration file

The `--save-config` option saves a `.ugrep` configuration file to the working
directory using the current configuration loaded with `--config`.  This saves
the current configuration combined with additional options when specified also.
Only those options that cannot conflict with other options and options that
cannot negatively impact search results will be saved.

The `--save-config=FILE` option saves the configuration to the specified `FILE`.
The configuration is written to standard output when `FILE` is a `-`.

Alternatively, a configuration file may be manually created or modified.  A
configuration file may include one or more `config[=FILE]` to indirectly load
the specfified `FILE`, but recursive config loading is prohibited.  The
simplest way to manuall create a configuration file is to specify `config` at
the top of the file, followed by the long options to override the defaults.

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Interactive search with -Q

    -Q[=DELAY], --query[=DELAY]
            Query mode: start a TUI to perform interactive searches.  This mode
            requires an ANSI capable terminal.  An optional DELAY argument may
            be specified to reduce or increase the response time to execute
            searches after the last key press, in increments of 100ms, where
            the default is 3 (300ms delay).  No whitespace may be given between
            -Q and its argument DELAY.  Initial patterns may be specified with
            -e PATTERN, i.e. a PATTERN argument requires option -e.  Press F1
            or CTRL-Z to view the help screen.  Press F2 or CTRL-Y to invoke a
            command to view or edit the file shown at the top of the screen.
            The command can be specified with option --view, or defaults to
            environment variable PAGER when defined, or EDITOR.  Press Tab and
            Shift-Tab to navigate directories and to select a file to search.
            Press Enter to select lines to output.  Press ALT-l for option -l
            to list files, ALT-n for -n, etc.  Non-option commands include
            ALT-] to increase context.  See also options --no-confirm, --delay,
            --split and --view.
    --no-confirm
            Do not confirm actions in -Q query TUI.  The default is confirm.
    --delay=DELAY
            Set the default -Q key response delay.  Default is 3 for 300ms.
    --split
            Split the -Q query TUI screen on startup.
    --view[=COMMAND]
            Use COMMAND to view/edit a file in -Q query TUI by pressing CTRL-Y.

This option starts a user interface to enter search patterns interactively:
- Press F1 or CTRL-Z to view a help screen and to enable or disable options.
- Press Alt with a key corresponding to a ugrep option letter or digit to
  enable or disable the ugrep option.  For example, pressing Alt-c enables
  option `-c` to count matches.  Pressing Alt-c again disables `-c`.  Options
  can be toggled with the Alt key while searching or when viewing the help
  screen.  If Alt/Meta keys are not working (e.g. X11 xterm), then press
  CTRL-O followed by the key corresponding to the option.  Alt keys may work
  in xterm by adding `xterm*metaSendsEscape: true` to ~/.Xdefaults`.
- Press Alt-g to enter or edit option `-g` file and directory matching globs, a
  comma-separated list of gitignore-style glob patterns.  Presssing ESC returns
  control to the query pattern prompt (the globs are saved).  When a glob is
  preceded by a `!` or a `^`, skips files whose name matches the glob When a
  glob contains a `/`, full pathnames are matched.  Otherwise basenames are
  matched.  When a glob ends with a `/`, directories are matched.
- The query TUI prompt switches between `Q>` (normal), `F>` (fixed strings),
  `G>` (basic regex), `P>` (Perl matching), and `Z>` (fuzzy matching).
  When the `--glob=` prompt is shown, a comma-separated list of gitignore-style
  glob patterns may be entered.  Presssing ESC returns control to the pattern
  prompt.
- Press CTRL-T to split the TUI screen to preview a file in the bottom pane.
- Press CTRL-Y to view a file with a pager specified with `--view`.
- Press Enter to switch to selection mode to select lines to output when ugrep
  exits.  Normally, ugrep in query mode does not output any results unless
  results are selected.  While in selection mode, select or deselect lines with
  Enter or Del, or press A to select all results.
- The file listed or shown at the top of the screen, or beneath the cursor in
  selection mode, is edited by pressing F2 or CTRL-Y.  A file viewer or editor
  may be specified with `--view=COMMAND`.  Otherwise, the `PAGER` or `EDITOR`
  environment variables are used to invoke the command with CTRL-Y.  Filenames
  must be enabled and visible in the output to use this feature.
- Press TAB to chdir one level down into the directory of the file listed
  or viewed at the top of the screen.  If no directory exists, the file itself
  is selected to search.  Press Shift-TAB to go back up one level.
- Press CTRL-] to toggle colors on and off.  Normally ugrep in query mode uses
  colors and other markup to highlight results.  When colors are turned off,
  selected results are also not colored in the output produced by ugrep when
  ugrep exits.  When colors are turned on (the default), selected results are
  colored depending on the `--color` option.
- The query engine is optimized to limit system load by performing on-demand
  searches to produce results only for the visible parts shown in the
  interface.  That is, results are shown on demand, when scrolling down and
  when exiting when all results are selected.  When the search pattern is
  modified, the previous search query is cancelled when incomplete.  This
  effectively limits the load on the system to maintain a high degree of
  responsiveness of the query engine to user input.  Because the search results
  are produced on demand, occasionally you may notice a flashing "Searching..."
  message when searching files.
- To display results faster, specify a low `DELAY` value such as 1.  However,
  lower values may increase system load as a result of repeatedly initiating
  and cancelling searches by each key pressed.
- To avoid long pathnames to obscure the view, `--heading` is enabled by
  default.  Press Alt-+ to switch headings off.

Query TUI key mapping:

key(s)           | function
---------------- | -------------------------------------------------
`Alt-key`        | toggle ugrep command-line option corresponding to `key`
`Alt-/`xxxx`/`   | insert Unicode hex code point U+xxxx
`Esc` `Ctrl-C`   | go back or exit
`Ctrl-Q`         | quick exit and output the results selected in selection mode
`Tab`            | chdir to the directory of the file shown at the top of the screen or select file
`Shift-Tab`      | chdir one level up or deselect file
`Enter`          | enter selection mode and toggle selected lines to output on exit
`Up` `Ctrl-P`    | move up
`Down` `Ctrl-N`  | move down
`Left` `Ctrl-B`  | move left
`Right` `Ctrl-F` | move right
`PgUp` `Ctrl-G`  | move display up by a page
`PgDn` `Ctrl-D`  | move display down by a page
`Alt-Up`         | move display up by 1/2 page (MacOS `Shift-Up`)
`Alt-Down`       | move display down by 1/2 page (MacOS `Shift-Down`)
`Alt-Left`       | move display left by 1/2 page (MacOS `Shift-Left`)
`Alt-Right`      | move display right by 1/2 page (MacOS `Shift-Right`)
`Home` `Ctrl-A`  | move cursor to the beginning of the line
`End` `Ctrl-E`   | move cursor to the end of the line
`Ctrl-K`         | delete after cursor
`Ctrl-L`         | refresh screen
`Ctrl-O`+`key`   | toggle ugrep command-line option corresponding to `key`, same as `Alt-key`
`Ctrl-R` `F4`    | jump to bookmark
`Ctrl-S`         | jump to the next dir/file/context
`Ctrl-T` `F5`    | toggle split screen (`--split` starts a split-screen TUI)
`Ctrl-U`         | delete before cursor
`Ctrl-V`         | verbatim character
`Ctrl-W`         | jump back one dir/file/context
`Ctrl-X` `F3`    | set bookmark
`Ctrl-Y` `F2`    | view or edit the file shown at the top of the screen
`Ctrl-Z` `F1`    | view help and options
`Ctrl-^`         | chdir back to the starting working directory
`Ctrl-]`         | toggle color/mono
`Ctrl-\`         | terminate process

To interactively search the files in the working directory and below:

    ug -Q

Same, but restricted to C++ files only and ignoring `.gitignore` files:

    ug -Q -tc++ --ignore-files

To interactively search all makefiles in the working directory and below:

    ug -Q -g 'Makefile*' -g 'makefile*'

Same, but for up to 2 directory levels (working and one subdirectory level):

    ug -Q -2 -g 'Makefile*' -g 'makefile*'

To interactively view the contents of `main.cpp` and search it, where `-y`
shows any nonmatching lines as context:

    ug -Q -y main.cpp

To interactively search `main.cpp`, starting with the search pattern `TODO` and
a match context of 5 lines (context can be interactively enabled and disabled,
this also overrides the default context size of 2 lines):

    ug -Q -C5 -e TODO main.cpp

To view and search the contents of an archive (e.g. zip, tarball):

    ug -Q -z archive.tar.gz

To interactively select files from `project.zip` to decompress with `unzip`,
using ugrep query selection mode (press Enter to select lines):

    unzip project.zip `zipinfo -1 project.zip | ugrep -Q`

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Recursively list matching files with -l, -R, -r, -S, --depth, -g, -O, and -t

    -L, --files-without-match
            Only the names of files not containing selected lines are written
            to standard output.  Pathnames are listed once per file searched.
            If the standard input is searched, the string ``(standard input)''
            is written.
    -l, --files-with-matches
            Only the names of files containing selected lines are written to
            standard output.  ugrep will only search a file until a match has
            been found, making searches potentially less expensive.  Pathnames
            are listed once per file searched.  If the standard input is
            searched, the string ``(standard input)'' is written.
    -R, --dereference-recursive
            Recursively read all files under each directory.  Follow all
            symbolic links to files and directories, unlike -r.
    -r, --recursive
            Recursively read all files under each directory, following symbolic
            links only if they are on the command line.  Note that when no FILE
            arguments are specified and input is read from a terminal,
            recursive searches are performed as if -r is specified.
    -S, --dereference-files
            When -r is specified, symbolic links to files are followed, but not
            to directories.  The default is not to follow symbolic links.
    --depth=[MIN,][MAX], -1, -2, -3, ... -9, -10, -11, -12, ...
            Restrict recursive searches from MIN to MAX directory levels deep,
            where -1 (--depth=1) searches the specified path without recursing
            into subdirectories.  Note that -3 -5, -3-5, and -35 search 3 to 5
            levels deep.  Enables -r if -R or -r is not specified.
    -g GLOBS, --glob=GLOBS
            Search only files whose name matches the specified comma-separated
            list of GLOBS, same as --include='glob' for each `glob' in GLOBS.
            When a `glob' is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files whose name
            matches `glob', same as --exclude='glob'.  When `glob' contains a
            `/', full pathnames are matched.  Otherwise basenames are matched.
            When `glob' ends with a `/', directories are matched, same as
            --include-dir='glob' and --exclude-dir='glob'.  A leading `/'
            matches the working directory.  This option may be repeated and may
            be combined with options -M, -O and -t to expand searches.  See
            `ugrep --help globs' and `man ugrep' section GLOBBING for details.
    -O EXTENSIONS, --file-extension=EXTENSIONS
            Search only files whose filename extensions match the specified
            comma-separated list of EXTENSIONS, same as --include='*.ext' for
            each `ext' in EXTENSIONS.  When `ext' is preceded by a `!' or a
            `^', skip files whose filename extensions matches `ext', same as
            --exclude='*.ext'.  This option may be repeated and may be combined
            with options -g, -M and -t to expand the recursive search.
    -t TYPES, --file-type=TYPES
            Search only files associated with TYPES, a comma-separated list of
            file types.  Each file type corresponds to a set of filename
            extensions passed to option -O and filenames passed to option -g.
            For capitalized file types, the search is expanded to include files
            with matching file signature magic bytes, as if passed to option
            -M.  When a type is preceded by a `!' or a `^', excludes files of
            the specified type.  This option may be repeated.
    --stats
            Output statistics on the number of files and directories searched,
            and the inclusion and exclusion constraints applied.

If no FILE arguments are specified and input is read from a terminal, recursive
searches are performed as if `-r` is specified.  To force reading from standard
input, specify `-` as the FILE argument.

To recursively list all non-empty files in the working directory:

    ug -r -l ''

To list all non-empty files in the working directory but not deeper (since a
FILE argument is given, in this case `.` for the working directory):

    ug -l '' .

To list all non-empty files in directory `mydir` but not deeper (since a FILE
argument is given):

    ug -l '' mydir

To list all non-empty files in directory `mydir` and deeper while following
symlinks:

    ug -R -l '' mydir

To recursively list all non-empty files on the path specified, while visiting
subdirectories only, i.e. directories `mydir/` and subdirectories at one
level deeper `mydir/*/` are visited (note that `-2 -l` can be abbreviated to
`-l2`):

    ug -2 -l '' mydir

To recursively list all non-empty files in directory `mydir`, not following any
symbolic links (except when on the command line such as `mydir`):

    ug -rl '' mydir

To recursively list all Makefiles matching the text `CPP`:

    ug -l -tmake 'CPP'

To recursively list all `Makefile.*` matching `bin_PROGRAMS`:

    ug -l -g'Makefile.*' 'bin_PROGRAMS'

To recursively list all non-empty files with extension .sh, with `-Osh`:

    ug -l -Osh ''

To recursively list all shell scripts based on extensions and shebangs with
`-tShell`:

    ug -l -tShell ''

To recursively list all shell scripts based on extensions only with `-tshell`:

    ug -l -tshell ''

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Boolean query patterns with -%, -%%, --and, --not

    --bool, -%, -%%
            Specifies Boolean query patterns.  A Boolean query pattern is
            composed of `AND', `OR', `NOT' operators and grouping with `(' `)'.
            Spacing between subpatterns is the same as `AND', `|' is the same
            as `OR' and a `-' is the same as `NOT'.  The `OR' operator binds
            more tightly than `AND'.  For example, --bool 'A|B C|D' matches
            lines with (`A' or `B') and (`C' or `D'), --bool 'A -B' matches
            lines with `A' and not `B'.  Operators `AND', `OR', `NOT' require
            proper spacing.  For example, --bool 'A OR B AND C OR D' matches
            lines with (`A' or `B') and (`C' or `D'), --bool 'A AND NOT B'
            matches lines with `A' without `B'.  Quoted subpatterns are matched
            literally as strings.  For example, --bool 'A "AND"|"OR"' matches
            lines with `A' and also either `AND' or `OR'.  Parentheses are used
            for grouping.  For example, --bool '(A B)|C' matches lines with `A'
            and `B', or lines with `C'.  Note that all subpatterns in a Boolean
            query pattern are regular expressions, unless -F is specified.
            Options -E, -F, -G, -P and -Z can be combined with --bool to match
            subpatterns as strings or regular expressions (-E is the default.)
            This option does not apply to -f FILE patterns.  The double short
            option -%% enables options --bool --files.  Option --stats displays
            the Boolean search patterns applied.  See also options --and,
            --andnot, --not, --files and --lines.
    --files
            Boolean file matching mode, the opposite of --lines.  When combined
            with option --bool, matches a file if all Boolean conditions are
            satisfied.  For example, --bool --files 'A B|C -D' matches a file
            if some lines match `A', and some lines match either `B' or `C',
            and no line matches `D'.  See also options --and, --andnot, --not,
            --bool and --lines.  The double short option -%% enables options
            --bool --files.
    --lines
            Boolean line matching mode for option --bool, the default mode.
    --and [[-e] PATTERN] ... -e PATTERN
            Specify additional patterns to match.  Patterns must be specified
            with -e.  Each -e PATTERN following this option is considered an
            alternative pattern to match, i.e. each -e is interpreted as an OR
            pattern.  For example, -e A -e B --and -e C -e D matches lines with
            (`A' or `B') and (`C' or `D').  Note that multiple -e PATTERN are
            alternations that bind more tightly together than --and.  Option
            --stats displays the search patterns applied.  See also options
            --not, --andnot, and --bool.
    --andnot [[-e] PATTERN] ...
            Combines --and --not.  See also options --and, --not, and --bool.
    --not [-e] PATTERN
            Specifies that PATTERN should not match.  Note that -e A --not -e B
            matches lines with `A' or lines without a `B'.  To match lines with
            `A' that have no `B', specify -e A --andnot -e B.  Option --stats
            displays the search patterns applied.  See also options --and,
            --andnot, and --bool.
    --stats
            Output statistics on the number of files and directories searched,
            and the inclusion and exclusion constraints applied.

Note that the `--and`, `--not`, and `--andnot` options require `-e PATTERN`.

The `-%` option makes all patterns Boolean-based, supporting the following
logical operations listed from the highest level of precedence to the lowest:

operator | alternative | result
-------- | ----------- | -------
`"x"`    |             | match `x` literally and exactly as specified (using the standard regex escapes `\Q` and `\E`)
`( )`    |             | Boolean expression grouping
`-x`     | `NOT x`     | inverted match, i.e. matches if `x` does not match
`x\|y`   | `x OR y`    | matches lines with `x` or `y`
`x y`    | `x AND y`   | matches lines with both `x` and `y`

- `x` and `y` are subpatterns that do not start with the special symbols `|`,
  `-`, and `(` (use quotes or a `\` escape to match these);

- `-` and `NOT` are the same and take precedence over `OR`, which means that
  `-x|y` == `(-x)|y` for example.

- `|` and `OR` are the same and take precedence over `AND`, which means that
  `x y|z` == `x (y|z)` for example;

The `--stats` option displays the Boolean queries in human-readable form
converted to CNF (Conjunctive Normal Form), after the search is completed.
To show the CNF without a search, read from standard input terminated by an
EOF, like `echo | ugrep -% '...' --stats`.

Subpatterns are color-highlighted in the output, except those negated with
`NOT` (a `NOT` subpattern may still show up in a matching line when using an
OR-NOT pattern like `x|-y`).  Note that subpatterns may overlap.  In that
case only the first matching subpattern is color-highlighted.

Multiple lines may be matched when subpatterns match newlines.  There is one
exception however: subpatterns ending with `(?=X)` lookaheads may not match
when `X` spans multiple lines.

Empty patterns match any line (grep standard).  Therefore, `-% 'x|""|y'`
matches everything and `x` and `y` are not color-highlighted.  Option `-y`
should be used to show every line as context, for example `-y 'x|y'`.

Fzf-like interactive querying (Boolean search with fixed strings with fuzzy
matching to allow e.g. up to 4 extra characters matched with `-Z+4` in words
with `-w`), press TAB and ALT-y to view a file with matches.  Press SHIFT-TAB
and ALT-l to go back to the list of matching files:

    ug -Q -%% -l -w -F -Z+4 --sort=best

To recursively find all files containing both `hot` and `dog` anywhere in the
file with option `--files`:

    ug -%% 'hot dog'
    ug --files -e hot --and dog

To find lines containing both `hot` and `dog` in `myfile.txt`:

    ug -% 'hot dog' myfile.txt
    ug -e hot --and dog myfile.txt

To find lines containing `place` and then also `hotdog` or `taco` (or both) in
`myfile.txt`:

    ug -% 'hotdog|taco place' myfile.txt
    ug -e hotdog -e taco --and place myfile.txt

Same, but exclude lines matching `diner`:

    ug -% 'hotdog|taco place -diner' myfile.txt
    ug -e hotdog -e taco --and place --andnot diner myfile.txt

To find lines with `diner` or lines that match both `fast` and `food` but not `bad` in `myfile.txt`:

    ug -% 'diner|(fast food -bad)' myfile.txt

To find lines with `fast food` (exactly) or lines with `diner` but not `bad` or `old` in `myfile.txt`:

    ug -% '"fast food"|diner -bad -old' myfile.txt

Same, but using a different Boolean expression that has the same meaning:

    ug -% '"fast food"|diner -(bad|old)' myfile.txt

To find lines with `diner` implying `good` in `myfile.txt` (that is, show lines
with `good` without `diner` and show lines with `diner` but only those with
`good`, which is logically implied!):

    ug -% 'good|-diner' myfile.txt
    ug -e good --not diner myfile.txt

To find lines with `foo` and `-bar` and `"baz"` in `myfile.txt` (not that `-`
and `"` should be matched using `\` escapes and with `--and -e -bar`):

    ug -% 'foo \-bar \"baz\"' myfile.txt
    ug -e foo --and -e -bar --and '"baz"' myfile.txt

To search `myfile.cpp` for lines with `TODO` or `FIXME` but not both on the
same line, like XOR:

    ug -% 'TODO|FIXME -(TODO FIXME)' myfile.cpp
    ug -e TODO -e FIXME --and --not TODO --not FIXME myfile.cpp

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Search this but not that with -v, -e, -N, -f, -L, -w, -x

    -e PATTERN, --regexp=PATTERN
            Specify a PATTERN to search the input.  An input line is selected
            if it matches any of the specified patterns.  This option is useful
            when multiple -e options are used to specify multiple patterns, or
            when a pattern begins with a dash (`-'), or to specify a pattern
            after option -f or after the FILE arguments.
    -f FILE, --file=FILE
            Read newline-separated patterns from FILE.  White space in patterns
            is significant.  Empty lines in FILE are ignored.  If FILE does not
            exist, the GREP_PATH environment variable is used as path to FILE.
            If that fails, looks for FILE in /usr/local/share/ugrep/pattern.
            When FILE is a `-', standard input is read.  This option may be
            repeated.
    -L, --files-without-match
            Only the names of files not containing selected lines are written
            to standard output.  Pathnames are listed once per file searched.
            If the standard input is searched, the string ``(standard input)''
            is written.
    -N PATTERN, --neg-regexp=PATTERN
            Specify a negative PATTERN to reject specific -e PATTERN matches
            with a counter pattern.  Note that longer patterns take precedence
            over shorter patterns, i.e. a negative pattern must be of the same
            length or longer to reject matching patterns.  Option -N cannot be
            specified with -P.  This option may be repeated.
    -v, --invert-match
            Selected lines are those not matching any of the specified
            patterns.
    -w, --word-regexp
            The PATTERN is searched for as a word, such that the matching text
            is preceded by a non-word character and is followed by a non-word
            character.  Word-like characters are Unicode letters, digits and
            connector punctuations such as underscore.
    -x, --line-regexp
            Select only those matches that exactly match the whole line, as if
            the patterns are surrounded by ^ and $.

See also [Boolean query patterns with -%, -%%, --and, --not](#bool) for
more powerful Boolean query options than the traditional GNU/BSD grep options.

To display lines in file `myfile.sh` but not lines matching `^[ \t]*#`:

    ug -v '^[ \t]*#' myfile.sh

To search `myfile.cpp` for lines with `FIXME` and `urgent`, but not `Scotty`:

    ugrep FIXME myfile.cpp | ugrep urgent | ugrep -v Scotty

Same, but using `-%` for Boolean queries:

    ug -% 'FIXME urgent -Scotty' myfile.cpp

To search for decimals using pattern `\d+` that do not start with `0` using
negative pattern `0\d+` and excluding `555`:

    ug -e '\d+' -N '0\d+' -N 555 myfile.cpp

To search for words starting with `disp` without matching `display` in file
`myfile.py` by using a "negative pattern" `-N '/<display\>'` where `-N`
specifies an additional negative pattern to skip matches:

    ug -e '\<disp' -N '\<display\>' myfile.py

To search for lines with the word `display` in file `myfile.py` skipping this
word in strings and comments, where `-f` specifies patterns in files which are
predefined patterns in this case:

    ug -n -w 'display' -f python/zap_strings -f python/zap_comments myfile.py

To display lines that are not blank lines:

    ug -x -e '.*' -N '\h*' myfile.py

Same, but using `-v` and `-x` with `\h*`, i.e. pattern `^\h*$`:

    ug -v -x '\h*' myfile.py

To recursively list all Python files that do not contain the word `display`,
allowing the word to occur in strings and comments:

    ug -RL -tPython -w 'display' -f python/zap_strings -f python/zap_comments

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Search non-Unicode files with --encoding

    --encoding=ENCODING
            The encoding format of the input.  The default ENCODING is binary
            and UTF-8 which are the same.  Note that option -U specifies binary
            PATTERN matching (text matching is the default.)

Binary, ASCII and UTF-8 files do not require this option to search them.  Also
UTF-16 and UTF-32 files do not require this option to search them, assuming
that UTF-16 and UTF-32 files start with a UTF BOM
([byte order mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_order_mark)) as usual.
Other file encodings require option `--encoding=ENCODING`:

encoding               | parameter
---------------------- | --------------
ASCII                  | *n/a*
UTF-8                  | *n/a*
UTF-16 with BOM        | *n/a*
UTF-32 with BOM        | *n/a*
UTF-16 BE w/o BOM      | `UTF-16` or `UTF-16BE`
UTF-16 LE w/o BOM      | `UTF-16LE`
UTF-32 w/o BOM         | `UTF-32` or `UTF-32BE`
UTF-32 w/o BOM         | `UTF-32LE`
Latin-1                | `LATIN1` or `ISO-8859-1`
ISO-8859-1             | `ISO-8859-1`
ISO-8859-2             | `ISO-8859-2`
ISO-8859-3             | `ISO-8859-3`
ISO-8859-4             | `ISO-8859-4`
ISO-8859-5             | `ISO-8859-5`
ISO-8859-6             | `ISO-8859-6`
ISO-8859-7             | `ISO-8859-7`
ISO-8859-8             | `ISO-8859-8`
ISO-8859-9             | `ISO-8859-9`
ISO-8859-10            | `ISO-8859-10`
ISO-8859-11            | `ISO-8859-11`
ISO-8859-13            | `ISO-8859-13`
ISO-8859-14            | `ISO-8859-14`
ISO-8859-15            | `ISO-8859-15`
ISO-8859-16            | `ISO-8859-16`
MAC (CR=newline)       | `MAC`
MacRoman (CR=newline)  | `MACROMAN`
EBCDIC                 | `EBCDIC`
DOS code page 437      | `CP437`
DOS code page 850      | `CP850`
DOS code page 858      | `CP858`
Windows code page 1250 | `CP1250`
Windows code page 1251 | `CP1251`
Windows code page 1252 | `CP1252`
Windows code page 1253 | `CP1253`
Windows code page 1254 | `CP1254`
Windows code page 1255 | `CP1255`
Windows code page 1256 | `CP1256`
Windows code page 1257 | `CP1257`
Windows code page 1258 | `CP1258`
KOI8-R                 | `KOI8-R`
KOI8-U                 | `KOI8-U`
KOI8-RU                | `KOI8-RU`

Note that regex patterns are always specified in UTF-8 (includes ASCII).  To
search binary files with binary patterns, see
[searching and displaying binary files with -U, -W, and -X](#binary).

To recursively list all files that are ASCII (i.e. 7-bit):

    ug -L '[^[:ascii:]]'

To recursively list all files that are non-ASCII, i.e. UTF-8, UTF-16, and
UTF-32 files with non-ASCII Unicode characters (U+0080 and up):

    ug -l '[^[:ascii:]]'

To check if a file contains non-ASCII Unicode (U+0080 and up):

    ug -q '[^[:ascii:]]' myfile && echo "contains Unicode"

To remove invalid Unicode characters from a file (note that `-o` may not work
because binary data is detected and rejected and newlines are added, but
`--format="%o%` does not check for binary and copies the match "as is"):

    ug "[\p{Unicode}\n]" --format="%o" badfile.txt

To recursively list files with invalid UTF content (i.e. invalid UTF-8 byte
sequences or files that contain any UTF-8/16/32 code points that are outside
the valid Unicode range) by matching any code point with `.` and by using a
negative pattern `-N '\p{Unicode}'` to ignore each valid Unicode character:

    ug -l -e '.' -N '\p{Unicode}'

To display lines containing laughing face emojis:

    ug '[😀-😏]' emojis.txt

The same results are obtained using `\x{hhhh}` to select a Unicode character
range:

    ug '[\x{1F600}-\x{1F60F}]' emojis.txt

To display lines containing the names Gödel (or Goedel), Escher, or Bach:

    ug 'G(ö|oe)del|Escher|Bach' GEB.txt wiki.txt

To search for `lorem` in lower or upper case in a UTF-16 file that is marked
with a UTF-16 BOM:

    ug -iw 'lorem' utf16lorem.txt

To search utf16lorem.txt when this file has no UTF-16 BOM, using `--encoding`:

    ug --encoding=UTF-16 -iw 'lorem' utf16lorem.txt

To search file `spanish-iso.txt` encoded in ISO-8859-1:

    ug --encoding=ISO-8859-1 -w 'año' spanish-iso.txt

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Matching multiple lines of text

    -o, --only-matching
            Output only the matching part of lines.  If -A, -B or -C is
            specified, fits the match and its context on a line within the
            specified number of columns.

Multiple lines may be matched by patterns that match newline characters.  Use
option `-o` to output the match only, not the full lines(s) that match.

To match a `\n` line break, include `\n` in the pattern to match the LF
character.  If you want to match `\r\n` and `\n` line breaks, use `\r?\n` or
simply use `\R` to match any Unicode line break `\r\n`, `\r`, `\v`, `\f`, `\n`,
U+0085, U+2028 and U+2029.

To match C/C++ `/*...*/` multi-line comments:

    ug '/\*(.*\n)*?.*\*+\/' myfile.cpp

To match C/C++ comments using the predefined `c/comments` patterns with
`-f c/comments`, restricted to the matching part only with option `-o`:

    ug -of c/comments myfile.cpp

Same as `sed -n '/begin/,/end/p'`: to match all lines between a line containing
`begin` and the first line after that containing `end`, using lazy repetition:

    ug -o '.*begin(.|\n)*?end.*' myfile.txt

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Displaying match context with -A, -B, -C, -y, and --width

    -A NUM, --after-context=NUM
            Output NUM lines of trailing context after matching lines.  Places
            a --group-separator between contiguous groups of matches.  If -o is
            specified, output the match with context to fit NUM columns after
            the match or shortens the match.  See also options -B, -C and -y.
    -B NUM, --before-context=NUM
            Output NUM lines of leading context before matching lines.  Places
            a --group-separator between contiguous groups of matches.  If -o is
            specified, output the match with context to fit NUM columns before
            the match or shortens the match.  See also options -A, -C and -y.
    -C NUM, --context=NUM
            Output NUM lines of leading and trailing context surrounding each
            matching line.  Places a --group-separator between contiguous
            groups of matches.  If -o is specified, output the match with
            context to fit NUM columns before and after the match or shortens
            the match.  See also options -A, -B and -y.
    -y, --any-line
            Any line is output (passthru).  Non-matching lines are output as
            context with a `-' separator.  See also options -A, -B, and -C.
    --width[=NUM]
            Truncate the output to NUM visible characters per line.  The width
            of the terminal window is used if NUM is not specified.  Note that
            double wide characters in the output may result in wider lines.
    -o, --only-matching
            Output only the matching part of lines.  If -A, -B or -C is
            specified, fits the match and its context on a line within the
            specified number of columns.

To display two lines of context before and after a matching line:

    ug -C2 'FIXME' myfile.cpp

To show three lines of context after a matched line:

    ug -A3 'FIXME.*' myfile.cpp:

To display one line of context before each matching line with a C function
definition (C names are non-Unicode):

    ug -B1 -f c/functions myfile.c

To display one line of context before each matching line with a C++ function
definition (C++ names may be Unicode):

    ug -B1 -f c++/functions myfile.cpp

To display any non-matching lines as context for matching lines with `-y`:

    ug -y -f c++/functions myfile.cpp

To display a hexdump of a matching line with one line of hexdump context:

    ug -C1 -UX '\xaa\xbb\xcc' a.out

Context within a line is displayed with option `-o` with a context option:

    ug -o -C20 'pattern' myfile.cpp

Same, but with pretty output with headings, line numbers and column numbers
(`-k`) and showing context:

    ug --pretty -oC20 'pattern' myfile.cpp

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Searching source code using -f, -g, -O, and -t

    -f FILE, --file=FILE
            Read newline-separated patterns from FILE.  White space in patterns
            is significant.  Empty lines in FILE are ignored.  If FILE does not
            exist, the GREP_PATH environment variable is used as path to FILE.
            If that fails, looks for FILE in /usr/local/share/ugrep/pattern.
            When FILE is a `-', standard input is read.  This option may be
            repeated.
    --ignore-files[=FILE]
            Ignore files and directories matching the globs in each FILE that
            is encountered in recursive searches.  The default FILE is
            `.gitignore'.  Matching files and directories located in the
            directory of the FILE and in subdirectories are ignored.  When
            FILE is a full pathname, FILE is read ahead of the recursive
            search and globs are globally applied to ignore files and
            directories.  When FILE is a `-', standard input is read.
            Globbing is the same as for --exclude-from=FILE, except that
            --ignore-files excludes files and also directories when globs
            match.  This option may be repeated.
    -g GLOBS, --glob=GLOBS
            Search only files whose name matches the specified comma-separated
            list of GLOBS, same as --include='glob' for each `glob' in GLOBS.
            When a `glob' is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files whose name
            matches `glob', same as --exclude='glob'.  When `glob' contains a
            `/', full pathnames are matched.  Otherwise basenames are matched.
            When `glob' ends with a `/', directories are matched, same as
            --include-dir='glob' and --exclude-dir='glob'.  A leading `/'
            matches the working directory.  This option may be repeated and may
            be combined with options -M, -O and -t to expand searches.  See
            `ugrep --help globs' and `man ugrep' section GLOBBING for details.
    -O EXTENSIONS, --file-extension=EXTENSIONS
            Search only files whose filename extensions match the specified
            comma-separated list of EXTENSIONS, same as --include='*.ext' for
            each `ext' in EXTENSIONS.  When `ext' is preceded by a `!' or a
            `^', skip files whose filename extensions matches `ext', same as
            --exclude='*.ext'.  This option may be repeated and may be combined
            with options -g, -M and -t to expand the recursive search.
    -t TYPES, --file-type=TYPES
            Search only files associated with TYPES, a comma-separated list of
            file types.  Each file type corresponds to a set of filename
            extensions passed to option -O and filenames passed to option -g.
            For capitalized file types, the search is expanded to include files
            with matching file signature magic bytes, as if passed to option
            -M.  When a type is preceded by a `!' or a `^', excludes files of
            the specified type.  This option may be repeated.
    --stats
            Output statistics on the number of files and directories searched,
            and the inclusion and exclusion constraints applied.

The file types are listed with `ugrep -tlist`.  The list is based on
established filename extensions and "magic bytes".  If you have a file type
that is not listed, use options `-O` and/or `-M`.  You may want to define an
alias, e.g. `alias ugft='ugrep -Oft'` as a shorthand to search files with
filename suffix `.ft`.

To recursively display function definitions in C/C++ files (`.h`, `.hpp`, `.c`,
`.cpp` etc.) with line numbers with `-tc++`, `-o`, `-n`, and `-f c++/functions`:

    ug -on -tc++ -f c++/functions

To recursively display function definitions in `.c` and `.cpp` files with line
numbers with `-Oc,cpp`, `-o`, `-n`, and `-f c++/functions`:

    ug -on -Oc,cpp -f c++/functions

To recursively list all shell files with `-tShell` to match filename extensions
and files with shell shebangs, except files with suffix `.sh`:

    ug -l -tShell -O^sh ''

To recursively list all non-shell files with `-t^Shell`:

    ug -l -t^Shell ''

To recursively list all shell files with shell shebangs that have no shell
filename extensions:

    ug -l -tShell -t^shell ''

To search for lines with `FIXME` in C/C++ comments, excluding `FIXME` in
multi-line strings:

    ug -n 'FIXME' -f c++/zap_strings myfile.cpp

To read patterns `TODO` and `FIXME` from standard input to match lines in the
input, while excluding matches in C++ strings:

    ug -on -f - -f c++/zap_strings myfile.cpp <<END
    TODO
    FIXME
    END

To display XML element and attribute tags in an XML file, restricted to the
matching part with `-o`, excluding tags that are placed in (multi-line)
comments:

    ug -o -f xml/tags -f xml/zap_comments myfile.xml

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Searching compressed files and archives with -z

    -z, --decompress
            Search compressed files and archives.  Archives (.cpio, .pax, .tar)
            and compressed archives (e.g. .zip, .7z, .taz, .tgz, .tpz, .tbz,
            .tbz2, .tb2, .tz2, .tlz, .txz, .tzst) are searched and matching
            pathnames of files in archives are output in braces.  When used
            with option --zmax=NUM, searches the contents of compressed files
            and archives stored within archives up to NUM levels.  When -g, -O,
            -M, or -t is specified, searches archives for files that match the
            specified globs, filename extensions, file signature magic bytes,
            or file types, respectively; a side-effect of these options is that
            the compressed files and archives searched are only those with
            filename extensions that match known compression and archive types.
            Supported compression formats: gzip (.gz), compress (.Z), zip, 7z,
            bzip2 (.bz, .bz2, .bzip2, .tbz, .tbz2, .tb2, .tz2),
            xz (.xz, .txz) and lzma (requires suffix .lzma, .tlz),
            zstd (.zst, .zstd, .tzst),
            lz4 (requires suffix .lz4),
            brotli (requires suffix .br).
    --zmax=NUM
            When used with option -z (--decompress), searches the contents of
            compressed files and archives stored within archives by up to NUM
            expansion stages.  The default --zmax=1 only permits searching
            uncompressed files stored in cpio, pax, tar, zip and 7z archives;
            compressed files and archives are detected as binary files and are
            effectively ignored.  Specify --zmax=2 to search compressed files
            and archives stored in cpio, pax, tar, zip and 7z archives.  NUM
            may range from 1 to 99 for up to 99 decompression and de-archiving
            steps.  Increasing NUM values gradually degrades performance.

Files compressed with gzip (`.gz`), compress (`.Z`), bzip2 (`.bz`, `.bz2`,
`.bzip2`), lzma (`.lzma`), xz (`.xz`), lz4 (`.lz4`), zstd (`.zst`, `.zstd`),
brotli (`.br`) and bzip3 (`.bz3`) are searched with option `-z` when the
corresponding libraries are installed and compiled with ugrep.  This option
does not require files to be compressed.  Uncompressed files are searched also,
although slower.

Other compression formats can be searched with **ugrep** [filters](#filter).

Archives (cpio, jar, pax, tar, zip and 7z) are searched with option `-z`.
Regular files in an archive that match are output with the archive pathnames
enclosed in `{` and `}` braces.  Supported tar formats are v7, ustar, gnu,
oldgnu, and pax.  Supported cpio formats are odc, newc, and crc.  Not supported
is the obsolete non-portable old binary cpio format.  Archive formats cpio,
tar, and pax are automatically recognized with option `-z` based on their
content, independent of their filename suffix.

By default, uncompressed archives stored within zip archives are also searched:
all cpio, pax, and tar files stored in zip and 7z archives are automatically
recognized and searched.  However, by default, compressed files stored within
archives are not recognized, e.g. zip files stored within tar files are not
searched but rather all compressed files and archives are searched as if they
are binary files without decompressing them.

Specify `--zmax=NUM` to search archives that contain compressed files and
archives for up to `NUM` levels deep.  The value of `NUM` may range from 1 to
99 for up to 99 decompression and de-archiving steps to expand up to 99 nested
archives.  Larger `--zmax=NUM` values degrade performance.  It is unlikely you
will ever need 99 as `--zmax=2` suffices for most practical use cases, such as
searching zip files stored in tar files.

When option `-z` is used with options `-g`, `-O`, `-M`, or `-t`, archives and
compressed and uncompressed files that match the filename selection criteria
(glob, extension, magic bytes, or file type) are searched only.  For example,
`ugrep -r -z -tc++` searches C++ files such as `main.cpp` and zip and tar
archives that contain C++ files such as `main.cpp`.  Also included in the
search are compressed C++ files such as `main.cpp.gz` and `main.cpp.xz` when
present.  Also any cpio, pax, tar, zip and 7z archives when present are
searched for C++ files that they contain, such as `main.cpp`.  Use option
`--stats` to see a list of the glob patterns applied to filter file pathnames
in the recursive search and when searching archive contents.

When option `-z` is used with options `-g`, `-O`, `-M`, or `-t` to search cpio,
jar, pax, tar, zip and 7z archives, archived files that match the filename
selection criteria are searched only.

The gzip, compress, zip, bzip2, xz, and zstd formats are automatically
detected, which is useful when reading compressed data from standard input,
e.g. input redirected from a pipe.  Other compression formats require a
filename suffix: `.lzma` for lzma, `.lz4` for lz4, `.br` for brotli and `.bz3`
for bzip3.  Also the compressed tar archive shorthands `.taz`, `.tgz` and
`.tpz` for gzip, `.tbz`, `.tbz2`, `.tb2`, and `.tz2` for bzip2, `.tlz` for
lzma, `.txz` for xz, and `.tzst` for zstd are recognized.  To search these
formats with ugrep from standard input, use option `--label='stdin.bz2'` for
bzip2, `--label='stdin.lzma'` for lzma, `--label='stdin.lz4` for lz4 and so on.
The name `stdin` is arbitrary and may be omitted:

format    | filename suffix         | tar/pax archive short suffix    | suffix required? | detect on stdin  | library      |
--------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ------------ |
gzip      | `.gz`                   | `.taz`, `.tgz`, `.tpz`          | no               | automatic        | libz         |
compress  | `.Z`                    | `.taZ`, `.tZ`                   | no               | automatic        | *built-in*   |
zip       | `.zip`, `.zipx`, `.ZIP` |                                 | no               | automatic        | libz         |
bzip2     | `.bz`, `.bz2`, `.bzip2` | `.tb2`, `.tbz`, `.tbz2`, `.tz2` | no               | automatic        | libbz2       |
xz        | `.xz`                   | `.txz`                          | no               | automatic        | liblzma      |
zstd      | `.zst`, `.zstd`         | `.tzst`                         | no               | automatic        | libzstd      |
7zip      | `.7z`                   |                                 | yes              | `--label=.7z`    | *built-in*   |
brotli    | `.br`                   |                                 | yes              | `--label=.br`    | libbrotlidec |
bzip3     | `.bz3`                  |                                 | yes              | `--label=.bz3`   | libbzip3     |
lzma      | `.lzma`                 | `.tlz`                          | yes              | `--label=.lzma`  | liblzma      |
lz4       | `.lz4`                  |                                 | yes              | `--label=.lz4`   | liblz4       |

The gzip, bzip2, xz, lz4 and zstd formats support concatenated compressed
files.  Concatenated compressed files are searched as one single file.

Supported zip compression methods are stored (0), deflate (8), bzip2 (12), lzma
(14), xz (95) and zstd (93).  The bzip2, lzma, xz and zstd methods require
ugrep to be compiled with the corresponding compression libraries.

Searching encrypted zip archives is not supported (perhaps in future releases,
depending on requests for enhancements).

Searching 7zip archives takes a lot more RAM and more time compared to other
methods.  The 7zip LZMA SDK implementation does not support streaming,
requiring a physical seekable 7z file.  This means that 7z files cannot be
searched when nested within archives.  Best is to avoid 7zip.  Support for 7zip
can be disabled with `./build.sh --disable-7zip` to build ugrep.

Option `-z` uses threads for task parallelism to speed up searching larger
files by running the decompressor concurrently with a search of the
decompressed stream.

To list all non-empty files stored in a `package.zip` archive, including the
contents of all cpio, pax, tar, zip and 7z files that are stored in it:

    ug --zmax=2 -z -l '' package.zip

Same, but only list the Python source code files, including scripts that invoke
Python, with option `-tPython` (`ugrep -tlist` for details):

    ug --zmax=2 -z -l -tPython '' package.zip

To search Python applications distributed as a tar file with their dependencies
includes as wheels (zip files with Python code), searching for the word
`my_class` in `app.tgz`:

    ug --zmax=2 -z -tPython -w my_class app.tgz

To recursively search C++ files including compressed files for the word
`my_function`, while skipping C and C++ comments:

    ug -z -r -tc++ -Fw my_function -f cpp/zap_comments

To search lzma, lz4, brotli, and bzip3 compressed data on standard input,
option `--label` may be used to specify the extension corresponding to the
compression format to force decompression when the bzip2 extension is not
available to ugrep, for example:

    cat myfile.lz4 | ugrep -z --label='stdin.lz4' 'xyz'

To search file `main.cpp` in `project.zip` for `TODO` and `FIXME` lines:

    ug -z -g main.cpp -w -e 'TODO' -e 'FIXME' project.zip

To search tarball `project.tar.gz` for C++ files with `TODO` and `FIXME` lines:

    ug -z -tc++ -w -e 'TODO' -e 'FIXME' project.tar.gz

To search files matching the glob `*.txt` in `project.zip` for the word
`license` in any case (note that the `-g` glob argument must be quoted):

    ug -z -g '*.txt' -w -i 'license' project.zip

To display and page through all C++ files in tarball `project.tgz`:

    ug --pager -z -tc++ '' project.tgz

To list the files matching the gitignore-style glob `/**/projects/project1.*`
in `projects.tgz`, by selecting files containing in the archive the text
`December 12`:

    ug -z -l -g '/**/projects/project1.*' -F 'December 12' projects.tgz

To view the META-INF/MANIFEST.MF data in a jar file with `-Ojar` and `-OMF` to
select the jar file and the MF file therein (`-Ojar` is required, otherwise the
jar file will be skipped though we could read it from standard input instead):

    ug -z -h -OMF,jar '' my.jar

To extract C++ files that contain `FIXME` from `project.tgz`, we use `-m1`
with `--format="'%z '"` to generate a space-separated list of pathnames of file
located in the archive that match the word `FIXME`:

    tar xzf project.tgz `ugrep -z -l -tc++ --format='%z ' -w FIXME project.tgz`

To perform a depth-first search with `find`, then use `cpio` and `ugrep` to
search the files:

    find . -depth -print | cpio -o | ugrep -z 'xyz'

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Find files by file signature and shebang "magic bytes" with -M, -O and -t

    --ignore-files[=FILE]
            Ignore files and directories matching the globs in each FILE that
            is encountered in recursive searches.  The default FILE is
            `.gitignore'.  Matching files and directories located in the
            directory of the FILE and in subdirectories are ignored.  When
            FILE is a full pathname, FILE is read ahead of the recursive
            search and globs are globally applied to ignore files and
            directories.  When FILE is a `-', standard input is read.
            Globbing is the same as for --exclude-from=FILE, except that
            --ignore-files excludes files and also directories when globs
            match.  This option may be repeated.
    -M MAGIC, --file-magic=MAGIC
            Only files matching the signature pattern MAGIC are searched.  The
            signature \"magic bytes\" at the start of a file are compared to
            the MAGIC regex pattern.  When matching, the file will be searched.
            When MAGIC is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files with matching
            MAGIC signatures.  This option may be repeated and may be combined
            with options -O and -t to expand the search.  Every file on the
            search path is read, making searches potentially more expensive.
    -O EXTENSIONS, --file-extension=EXTENSIONS
            Search only files whose filename extensions match the specified
            comma-separated list of EXTENSIONS, same as --include='*.ext' for
            each `ext' in EXTENSIONS.  When `ext' is preceded by a `!' or a
            `^', skip files whose filename extensions matches `ext', same as
            --exclude='*.ext'.  This option may be repeated and may be combined
            with options -g, -M and -t to expand the recursive search.
    -t TYPES, --file-type=TYPES
            Search only files associated with TYPES, a comma-separated list of
            file types.  Each file type corresponds to a set of filename
            extensions passed to option -O and filenames passed to option -g.
            For capitalized file types, the search is expanded to include files
            with matching file signature magic bytes, as if passed to option
            -M.  When a type is preceded by a `!' or a `^', excludes files of
            the specified type.  This option may be repeated.
    -g GLOBS, --glob=GLOBS
            Search only files whose name matches the specified comma-separated
            list of GLOBS, same as --include='glob' for each `glob' in GLOBS.
            When a `glob' is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files whose name
            matches `glob', same as --exclude='glob'.  When `glob' contains a
            `/', full pathnames are matched.  Otherwise basenames are matched.
            When `glob' ends with a `/', directories are matched, same as
            --include-dir='glob' and --exclude-dir='glob'.  A leading `/'
            matches the working directory.  This option may be repeated and may
            be combined with options -M, -O and -t to expand searches.  See
            `ugrep --help globs' and `man ugrep' section GLOBBING for details.
    --stats
            Output statistics on the number of files and directories searched,
            and the inclusion and exclusion constraints applied.

To recursively list all files that start with `#!` shebangs:

    ug -l -M'#!' ''

To recursively list all files that start with `#` but not with `#!` shebangs:

    ug -l -M'#' -M'^#!' ''

To recursively list all Python files (extension `.py` or a shebang) with
`-tPython`:

    ug -l -tPython ''

To recursively list all non-shell files with `-t^Shell`:

    ug -l -t^Shell ''

To recursively list Python files (extension `.py` or a shebang) that have
import statements, including hidden files with `-.`:

    ug -l. -tPython -f python/imports

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Fuzzy search with -Z

    -Z[best][+-~][MAX], --fuzzy=[best][+-~][MAX]
            Fuzzy mode: report approximate pattern matches within MAX errors.
            The default is -Z1: one deletion, insertion or substitution is
            allowed.  If `+`, `-' and/or `~' is specified, then `+' allows
            insertions, `-' allows deletions and `~' allows substitutions.  For
            example, -Z+~3 allows up to three insertions or substitutions, but
            no deletions.  If `best' is specified, then only the best matching
            lines are output with the lowest cost per file.  Option -Zbest
            requires two passes over a file and cannot be used with standard
            input or Boolean queries.  Option --sort=best orders matching files
            by best match.  The first character of an approximate match always
            matches a character at the beginning of the pattern.  To fuzzy
            match the first character, replace it with a `.' or `.?'.  Option
            -U applies fuzzy matching to ASCII and bytes instead of Unicode
            text.  No whitespace may be given between -Z and its argument.

The beginning of a pattern always matches the first character of an approximate
match as a practical strategy to prevent many false "randomized" matches for
short patterns.  This also greatly improves search speed.  Make the first
character optional to optionally match it, e.g. `p?attern` or use a dot as
the start of the pattern to match any wide character (but this is slow).

Line feed (`\n`) and NUL (`\0`) characters are never deleted or substituted to
ensure that fuzzy matches do not extend the pattern match beyond the number of
lines specified by the regex pattern.

Option `-U` (`--ascii` or `--binary`) restricts fuzzy matches to ASCII and
binary only with edit distances measured in bytes.  Otherwise, fuzzy pattern
matching is performed with Unicode patterns and edit distances are measured in
Unicode characters.

Option `--sort=best` orders files by best match.  Files with at least one exact
match anywhere in the file are shown first, followed by files with approximate
matches in increasing minimal edit distance order.  That is, ordered by the
minimum error (edit distance) found among all approximate matches per file.

To recursively search for approximate matches of the word `foobar` with `-Z`,
i.e.  approximate matching with one error, e.g. `Foobar`, `foo_bar`, `foo bar`,
`fobar` and other forms with one missing, one extra or one deleted character:

    ug -Z 'foobar'

Same, but matching words only with `-w` and ignoring case with `-i`:

    ug -Z -wi 'foobar'

Same, but permit up to 2 insertions with `-Z+2`, no deletions/substitutions
(matches up to 2 extra characters, such as `foos bar`), insertions-only offers
the fastest fuzzy matching method:

    ug -Z+3 -wi 'foobar'

Same, but sort matches from best (at least one exact match or fewest fuzzy
match errors) to worst:

    ug -Z+3 -wi --sort=best 'foobar'

**Note:** because sorting by best match requires two passes over the input
files, the efficiency of concurrent searching is significantly reduced.

Same, but with customized formatting to show the edit distance "cost" of the
approximate matches with format field `%Z` and `%F` to show the pathname:

    ug -Z+3 -wi --format='%F%Z:%O%~' --sort=best 'foobar'

Same, but this time count the matches with option `-c` and display them with a
custom format using `%m`, where `%Z` is the *average* cost per match:

    ug -c -Z+3 -wi --format='%F%Z:%m%~' --sort=best 'foobar'

**Note:** options `-c` and `-l` do not report a meaningful `%Z` value in the
`--format` output, because `%Z` is the edit distance cost of a single match.

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Search hidden files with -.

    --hidden, -.
            Search hidden files and directories.

To recursively search the working directory, including hidden files and
directories, for the word `login` in shell scripts:

    ug -. -tShell 'login'

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Using filter utilities to search documents with --filter

    --filter=COMMANDS
            Filter files through the specified COMMANDS first before searching.
            COMMANDS is a comma-separated list of `exts:command arguments',
            where `exts' is a comma-separated list of filename extensions and
            `command' is a filter utility.  Files matching one of `exts' are
            filtered.  A `*' matches any file.  The specified `command' may
            include arguments separated by spaces.  An argument may be quoted
            to include spacing, commas or a `%'.  A `%' argument expands into
            the pathname to search.  For example, --filter='pdf:pdftotext % -'
            searches PDF files.  The `%' expands into a `-' when searching
            standard input.  When a `%' is not specified, the filter command
            should read from standard input and write to standard output.
            Option --label=.ext may be used to specify extension `ext' when
            searching standard input.  This option may be repeated.
    --filter-magic-label=LABEL:MAGIC
            Associate LABEL with files whose signature "magic bytes" match the
            MAGIC regex pattern.  Only files that have no filename extension
            are labeled, unless +LABEL is specified.  When LABEL matches an
            extension specified in --filter=COMMANDS, the corresponding command
            is invoked.  This option may be repeated.

The `--filter` option associates one or more filter utilities with specific
filename extensions.  A filter utility is selected based on the filename
extension and executed by forking a process:  the utility's standard input
reads the open input file and the utility's standard output is searched.  When
a `%` is specified as an option to the utility, the `%` is expanded to the
pathname of the file to open and read by the utility.

When a specified utility is not found on the system, an error message is
displayed.  When a utility fails to produce output, e.g. when the specified
options for the utility are invalid, the search is silently skipped.

Filtering does not apply to files stored in archives and compressed files.  A
filter is usually applied to a file that is physically stored in the file
system.  Archived files are not physically stored.

Common filter utilities are `cat` (concat, pass through), `head` (select first
lines or bytes) `tr` (translate), `iconv` and `uconv` (convert), and more
advanced utilities, such as:

- [`pdftotext`](https://pypi.org/project/pdftotext) to convert pdf to text
- [`antiword`](https://github.com/rsdoiel/antiword) to convert doc to text
- [`pandoc`](https://pandoc.org) to convert .docx, .epub, and other document
  formats
- [`exiftool`](https://exiftool.sourceforge.net) to read meta information
  embedded in image and video media formats.
- [`soffice`](https://www.libreoffice.org) to convert office documents
- [`csvkit`](https://pypi.org/project/csvkit) to convert spreadsheets
- [`openssl`](https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Command_Line_Utilities) to
  convert certificates and key files to text and other formats

The `ugrep+` and `ug+` commands use the `pdftotext`, `antiword`, `pandoc` and
`exiftool` filters, when installed, to search pdfs, documents, e-books, and
image metadata.

Also decompressors may be used as filter utilities, such as `unzip`, `gunzip`,
`bunzip2`, `unlzma`, `unxz`, `lzop` and `7z` that decompress files to standard
output when option `--stdout` is specified.  For example:

    ug --filter='lzo:lzop -d --stdout -' ...
    ug --filter='gz:gunzip -d --stdout -' ...
    ug --filter='7z:7z x -so %' ...

The `--filter='lzo:lzop -d --stdout -'` option decompresses files with
extension `lzo` to standard output with `--stdout` with the compressed stream
being read from standard input with `-`.  The `--filter='7z:7z x -so -si`
option decompresses files with extension `7z` to standard output `-so` while
reading standard input `-si` with the compressed file contents.

Note that **ugrep** option `-z` is typically faster to search compressed files
compared to `--filter`.

The `--filter` option may also be used to run a user-defined shell script to
filter files.  For example, to invoke an action depending on the filename
extension of the `%` argument.  Another use case is to pass a file to more than
one filter, which can be accomplished with a shell script containing the line
`tool1 $1; tool2 $1`.  This filters the file argument `$1` with `tool1`
followed by `tool2` to produce combined output to search for pattern matches.
Likewise, we can use a script with the line `tool1 $1 | tool2` to stack two
filters `tool1` and `tool2`.

The `--filter` option may also be used as a predicate to skip certain files
from the search.  As the most basic example, consider the `false` utility that
exits with a nonzero exit code without reading input or producing output.
Therefore, `--filter='swp: false'` skips all `.swp` files from recursive
searches.  The same can be done more efficiently with `-O^swp`.  However,
the `--filter` option could invoke a script that determines if the filename
passed as a `%` argument meets certain constraints.  If the constraint is met
the script copies standard input to standard output with `cat`.  If not, the
script exits.

**Warning:** option `--filter` should not be used with utilities that modify
files.  Otherwise searches may be unpredicatable.  In the worst case files may
be lost, for example when the specified utility replaces or deletes the file
passed to the command with `--filter` option `%`.

To recursively search files including PDF files in the working directory
without recursing into subdirectories (with `-1`), for matches of `drink me`
using the `pdftotext` filter to convert PDF to text without preserving page
breaks:

    ug -r -1 --filter='pdf:pdftotext -nopgbrk % -' 'drink me'

To recursively search text files for `eat me` while converting non-printable
characters in .txt and .md files using the `cat -v` filter:

    ug -r -ttext --filter='txt,md:cat -v' 'eat me'

The same, but specifying the .txt and .md filters separately:

    ug -r -ttext --filter='txt:cat -v, md:cat -v' 'eat me'

To search the first 8K of a text file:

    ug --filter='txt:head -c 8192' 'eat me' wonderland.txt

To recursively search and list the files that contain the word `Alice`,
including .docx and .epub documents using the `pandoc` filter:

    ug -rl -w --filter='docx,epub:pandoc --wrap=preserve -t plain % -o -' 'Alice'

**Important:** the `pandoc` utility requires an input file and will not read
standard input.  Option `%` expands into the full pathname of the file to
search.  The output format specified is `markdown`, which is close enough to
text to be searched.

To recursively search and list the files that contain the word `Alice`,
including .odt, .doc, .docx, .rtf, .xls, .xlsx, .ppt, .pptx documents using the
`soffice` filter:

    ug -rl -w --filter='odt,doc,docx,rtf,xls,xlsx,ppt,pptx:soffice --headless --cat %' 'Alice'

**Important:** the `soffice` utility will not output any text when one or more
LibreOffice GUIs are open.  Make sure to quit all LibreOffice apps first.  This
looks like a bug, but the LibreOffice developers do not appear to fix this
any time soon (unless perhaps more people complain?). You can work around this
problem by specifying a specific user profile for `soffice` with the following
semi-documented argument passed to `soffice`:
`-env:UserInstallation=file:///home/user/.libreoffice-alt`.

To recursively search and display rows of .csv, .xls, and .xlsx spreadsheets
that contain `10/6` using the `in2csv` filter of csvkit:

    ug -r -Ocsv,xls,xlsx --filter='xls,xlsx:in2csv %' '10/6'

To search .docx, .xlsx, and .pptx files converted to XML for a match with
`10/6` using `unzip` as a filter:

    ug -lr -Odocx,xlsx,pptx --filter='docx,xlsx,pptx:unzip -p %' '10/6'

**Important:** unzipping docx, xlxs, pptx files produces extensive XML output
containing meta information and binary data such as images.  By contrast,
**ugrep** option `-z` with `-Oxml` selects the XML components only:

    ug -z -lr -Odocx,xlsx,pptx,xml '10/6'

**Note:** docx, xlsx, and pptx are zip files containing multiple components.
When selecting the XML components with option `-Oxml` in docx, xlsx, and pptx
documents, we should also specify `-Odocx,xlsx,pptx` to search these type of
files, otherwise these files will be ignored.

To recurssively search X509 certificate files for lines with `Not After` (e.g.
to find expired certificates), using `openssl` as a filter:

    ug -r 'Not After' -Ocer,der,pem --filter='pem:openssl x509 -text,cer,crt,der:openssl x509 -text -inform der'

Note that `openssl` warning messages are displayed on standard error.  If
a file cannot be converted it is probably in a different format.  This can
be resolved by writing a shell script that executes `openssl` with options
based on the file content.  Then write a script with `ugrep --filter`.

To search PNG files by filename extension with `-tpng` using `exiftool`:

    ug -r -i 'copyright' -tpng --filter='*:exiftool %'

Same, but also include files matching PNG "magic bytes" with `-tPng` and
`--filter-magic-label='+png:\x89png\x0d\x0a\x1a\x0a'` to select the `png`
filter:

    ug -r -i 'copyright' -tPng --filter='png:exiftool %' --filter-magic-label='+png:\x89png\x0d\x0a\x1a\x0a'

Note that `+png` overrides any filename extension match for `--filter`.
Otherwise, without a `+`, the filename extension, when present, takes priority
over labelled magic patterns to invoke the corresponding filter command.
The `LABEL` used with `--filter-magic-label` and `--filter` has no specific
meaning; any name or string that does not contain a `:` or `,` may be used.

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Searching and displaying binary files with -U, -W, and -X

    --hexdump[=[1-8][a][bch][A[NUM]][B[NUM]][C[NUM]]]
            Output matches in 1 to 8 columns of 8 hexadecimal octets.  The
            default is 2 columns or 16 octets per line.  Argument `a' outputs a
            `*' for all hex lines that are identical to the previous hex line,
            `b' removes all space breaks, `c' removes the character column, `h'
            removes hex spacing, `A' includes up to NUM hex lines after a
            match, `B' includes up to NUM hex lines before a match and `C'
            includes up to NUM hex lines before and after a match.  Arguments
            `A', `B' and `C' are the same as options -A, -B and -C when used
            with --hexdump.  See also options -U, -W and -X.
    -U, --ascii, --binary
            Disables Unicode matching for binary file matching, forcing PATTERN
            to match bytes, not Unicode characters.  For example, -U '\xa3'
            matches byte A3 (hex) instead of the Unicode code point U+00A3
            represented by the UTF-8 sequence C2 A3.  See also --dotall.
    -W, --with-hex
            Output binary matches in hexadecimal, leaving text matches alone.
            This option is equivalent to the --binary-files=with-hex option.
            To omit the matching line from the hex output, use both options -W
            and --hexdump.  See also options -U.
    -X, --hex
            Output matches and matching lines in hexadecimal.  This option is
            equivalent to the --binary-files=hex option.  To omit the matching
            line from the hex output use option --hexdump.  See also option -U.
    --dotall
            Dot `.' in regular expressions matches anything, including newline.
            Note that `.*' matches all input and should not be used.

Note that `--hexdump` differs from `-X` by omitting the matching line from the
hex output, showing only the matching pattern using a minimal number of hex
lines.  Additional match context hex lines are output with the `-ABC` context
options or with `--hexdump=C3` to output 3 hex lines as context, for example.

To search a file for ASCII words, displaying text lines as usual while binary
content is shown in hex with `-U` and `-W`:

    ug -UW '\w+' myfile

To hexdump an entire file as a match with `-X`:

    ug -X '' myfile

To hexdump an entire file with `-X`, displaying line numbers and byte offsets
with `-nb` (here with `-y` to display all line numbers):

    ug -Xynb '' myfile

To hexdump lines containing one or more \0 in a (binary) file using a
non-Unicode pattern with `-U` and `-X`:

    ug -UX '\x00+' myfile

Same, but hexdump the entire file as context with `-y` (note that this
line-based option does not permit matching patterns with newlines):

    ug -UX -y '\x00+' myfile

Same, compacted to 32 bytes per line without the character column:

    ug -UX -y '\x00+' myfile

To match the binary pattern `A3..A3.` (hex) in a binary file without
Unicode pattern matching (which would otherwise match `\xaf` as a Unicode
character U+00A3 with UTF-8 byte sequence C2 A3) and display the results
in compact hex with `--hexdump` with pager:

    ug --pager --hexdump -U '\xa3[\x00-\xff]{2}\xa3[\x00-\xff]' a.out

Same, but using option `--dotall` to let `.` match any byte, including
newline that is not matched by dot (the default as required by grep):

    ug --dotall --pager --hexdump -U '\xa3.{2}\xa3.' a.out

To list all files containing a RPM signature, located in the `rpm` directory and
recursively below (see for example
[list of file signatures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures)):

    ug -RlU '\A\xed\xab\xee\xdb' rpm

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Ignore binary files with -I

    -I      Ignore matches in binary files.  This option is equivalent to the
            --binary-files=without-match option.

To recursively search without following symlinks and ignoring binary files:

    ug -rl -I 'xyz'

To ignore specific binary files with extensions such as .exe, .bin, .out, .a,
use `--exclude` or `--exclude-from`:

    ug -rl --exclude-from=ignore_binaries 'xyz'

where `ignore_binaries` is a file containing a glob on each line to ignore
matching files, e.g.  `*.exe`, `*.bin`, `*.out`, `*.a`.  Because the command is
quite long to type, an alias for this is recommended, for example `ugs` (ugrep
source):

    alias ugs="ugrep --exclude-from=~/ignore_binaries"
    ugs -rl 'xyz'

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Ignoring .gitignore-specified files with --ignore-files

    --ignore-files[=FILE]
            Ignore files and directories matching the globs in each FILE that
            is encountered in recursive searches.  The default FILE is
            `.gitignore'.  Matching files and directories located in the
            directory of the FILE and in subdirectories are ignored.  When
            FILE is a full pathname, FILE is read ahead of the recursive
            search and globs are globally applied to ignore files and
            directories.  When FILE is a `-', standard input is read.
            Globbing is the same as for --exclude-from=FILE, except that
            --ignore-files excludes files and also directories when globs
            match.  This option may be repeated.

Option `--ignore-files` looks for `.gitignore`, or the specified `FILE`, in
recursive searches.  When `.gitignore`, or the specified `FILE`, is found while
traversing directory tree branches down, the `.gitignore` file is used to
temporarily extend the previous exclusions with the additional globs in
`.gitignore` to apply the combined exclusions to the directory tree rooted at
the `.gitignore` location.  Use `--stats` to show the selection criteria
applied to the search results and the locations of each `FILE` found.  To avoid
confusion, files and directories specified as command-line arguments to
**ugrep** are never ignored.

Note that exclude glob patterns take priority over include glob patterns when
specified with command line options.  By contrast, negated glob patterns
specified with `!` in `--ignore-files` files take priority.  This effectively
overrides the exclusions and resolves conflicts in favor of listing matching
files that are explicitly specified as exceptions and should be included in the
search.

See also [Using gitignore-style globs to select directories and files to search](#globs).

To recursively search without following symlinks, while ignoring files and
directories ignored by .gitignore (when present), use option `--ignore-files`.
Note that `-r` is the default when no FILE arguments are specified, we use it
here to make the examples easier to follow.

    ug -rl --ignore-files 'xyz'

Same, but includes hidden files with `-.` rather than ignoring them:

    ug -rl. --ignore-files 'xyz'

To recursively list all files that are not ignored by .gitignore (when present)
with `--ignore-files`:

    ug -rl --ignore-files ''

Same, but list shell scripts that are not ignored by .gitignore, when present:

    ug -rl -tShell '' --ignore-files

To recursively list all files that are not ignored by .gitignore and are also
not excluded by `.git/info/exclude`:

    ug -rl '' --ignore-files --exclude-from=.git/info/exclude

Same, but by creating a symlink to `.git/info/exclude` to make the exclusions
implicit:

    ln -s .git/info/exclude .ignore
    ug -rl '' --ignore-files --ignore-files=.ignore

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Using gitignore-style globs to select directories and files to search

    -g GLOBS, --glob=GLOBS
            Search only files whose name matches the specified comma-separated
            list of GLOBS, same as --include='glob' for each `glob' in GLOBS.
            When a `glob' is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files whose name
            matches `glob', same as --exclude='glob'.  When `glob' contains a
            `/', full pathnames are matched.  Otherwise basenames are matched.
            When `glob' ends with a `/', directories are matched, same as
            --include-dir='glob' and --exclude-dir='glob'.  A leading `/'
            matches the working directory.  This option may be repeated and may
            be combined with options -M, -O and -t to expand searches.  See
            `ugrep --help globs' and `man ugrep' section GLOBBING for details.
    --exclude=GLOB
            Skip files whose name matches GLOB using wildcard matching, same as
            -g ^GLOB.  GLOB can use **, *, ?, and [...] as wildcards, and \\ to
            quote a wildcard or backslash character literally.  When GLOB
            contains a `/', full pathnames are matched.  Otherwise basenames
            are matched.  When GLOB ends with a `/', directories are excluded
            as if --exclude-dir is specified.  Otherwise files are excluded.
            Note that --exclude patterns take priority over --include patterns.
            GLOB should be quoted to prevent shell globbing.  This option may
            be repeated.
    --exclude-dir=GLOB
            Exclude directories whose name matches GLOB from recursive
            searches, same as -g ^GLOB/.  GLOB can use **, *, ?, and [...] as
            wildcards, and \\ to quote a wildcard or backslash character
            literally.  When GLOB contains a `/', full pathnames are matched.
            Otherwise basenames are matched.  Note that --exclude-dir patterns
            take priority over --include-dir patterns.  GLOB should be quoted
            to prevent shell globbing.  This option may be repeated.
    --exclude-from=FILE
            Read the globs from FILE and skip files and directories whose name
            matches one or more globs.  A glob may use **, *, ?, and [...] as
            wildcards and \ to quote a wildcard or backslash character
            literally.  When a glob contains a `/', full pathnames are
            matched.  Otherwise basenames are matched.  When a glob ends with
            a `/', directories are excluded as if --exclude-dir is specified.
            Otherwise files are excluded.  A glob starting with a `!'
            overrides previously-specified exclusions by including matching
            files.  Lines starting with a `#' in FILE are ignored.  When FILE
            is a `-', standard input is read.  This option may be repeated.
            See also related option --ignore-files for subdirectory-specific
            exclusions.
    --from=FILE
            Read additional pathnames of files to search from FILE.  When FILE
            is a `-', standard input is read.  This option is useful with `find
            ... -print | ugrep --from=- ...' to search specific files.
    --ignore-files[=FILE]
            Ignore files and directories matching the globs in each FILE that
            is encountered in recursive searches.  The default FILE is
            `.gitignore'.  Matching files and directories located in the
            directory of the FILE and in subdirectories are ignored.  When
            FILE is a full pathname, FILE is read ahead of the recursive
            search and globs are globally applied to ignore files and
            directories.  When FILE is a `-', standard input is read.
            Globbing is the same as for --exclude-from=FILE, except that
            --ignore-files excludes files and also directories when globs
            match.  This option may be repeated.
    --include=GLOB
            Search only files whose name matches GLOB using wildcard matching,
            same as -g GLOB.  GLOB can use **, *, ?, and [...] as wildcards,
            and \\ to quote a wildcard or backslash character literally.  When
            GLOB contains a `/', full pathnames are matched.  Otherwise
            basenames are matched.  When GLOB ends with a `/', directories are
            included as if --include-dir is specified.  Otherwise files are
            included.  Note that --exclude patterns take priority over
            --include patterns.  GLOB should be quoted to prevent shell
            globbing.  This option may be repeated.
    --include-dir=GLOB
            Only directories whose name matches GLOB are included in recursive
            searches, same as -g GLOB/.  GLOB can use **, *, ?, and [...] as
            wildcards, and \\ to quote a wildcard or backslash character
            literally.  When GLOB contains a `/', full pathnames are matched.
            Otherwise basenames are matched.  Note that --exclude-dir patterns
            take priority over --include-dir patterns.  GLOB should be quoted
            to prevent shell globbing.  This option may be repeated.
    --include-from=FILE
            Read the globs from FILE and search only files and directories
            whose name matches one or more globs.  A glob can use **, *, ?, and
            [...] as wildcards, and \ to quote a wildcard or backslash
            character literally.  When a glob contains a `/', full pathnames
            are matched.  Otherwise basenames are matched.  When a glob ends
            with a `/', directories are included as if --include-dir is
            specified.  Otherwise files are included.  A glob starting with a
            `!' overrides previously-specified inclusions by excluding matching
            files.  Lines starting with a `#' and empty lines in FILE are
            ignored.  When FILE is a `-', standard input is read.  This option
            may be repeated.
    -O EXTENSIONS, --file-extension=EXTENSIONS
            Search only files whose filename extensions match the specified
            comma-separated list of EXTENSIONS, same as --include='*.ext' for
            each `ext' in EXTENSIONS.  When `ext' is preceded by a `!' or a
            `^', skip files whose filename extensions matches `ext', same as
            --exclude='*.ext'.  This option may be repeated and may be combined
            with options -g, -M and -t to expand the recursive search.
    --stats
            Output statistics on the number of files and directories searched,
            and the inclusion and exclusion constraints applied.

See also [Including or excluding mounted file systems from searches](#fs).

Gitignore-style glob syntax and conventions:

pattern    | matches
---------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------
`*`        | anything except `/`
`?`        | any one character except `/`
`[abc-e]`  | one character `a`,`b`,`c`,`d`,`e`
`[^abc-e]` | one character not `a`,`b`,`c`,`d`,`e`,`/`
`[!abc-e]` | one character not `a`,`b`,`c`,`d`,`e`,`/`
`/`        | when used at the start of a glob, matches working directory
`**/`      | zero or more directories
`/**`      | when at the end of a glob, matches everything after the `/`
`\?`       | a `?` or any other character specified after the backslash

When a glob pattern contains a path separator `/`, the full pathname is
matched.  Otherwise the basename of a file or directory is matched in recursive
searches.  For example, `*.h` matches `foo.h` and `bar/foo.h`. `bar/*.h`
matches `bar/foo.h` but not `foo.h` and not `bar/bar/foo.h`.

When a glob pattern begins with a `/`, files and directories are matched at the
working directory, not recursively.  For example, use a leading `/` to force
`/*.h` to match `foo.h` but not `bar/foo.h`.

When a glob pattern ends with a `/`, directories are matched instead of files,
same as `--include-dir`.

When a glob starts with a `!` as specified with `-g!GLOB`, or specified in a
`FILE` with `--include-from=FILE` or `--exclude-from=FILE`, it is negated.

To view a list of inclusions and exclusions that were applied to a search, use
option `--stats`.

To list only readable files with names starting with `foo` in the working
directory, that contain `xyz`, without producing warning messages with `-s` and
`-l`:

    ug -sl 'xyz' foo*

The same, but using deep recursion with inclusion constraints (note that
`-g'/foo*` is the same as `--include='/foo*'` and `-g'/foo*/'` is the same as
`--include-dir='/foo*'`, i.e.  immediate subdirectories matching `/foo*` only):

    ug -rl 'xyz' -g'/foo*' -g'/foo*/'

Note that `-r` is the default, we use it here to make the examples easier to
follow.

To exclude directory `bak` located in the working directory:

    ug -rl 'xyz' -g'^/bak/'

To exclude all directoies `bak` at any directory level deep:

    ug -rl 'xyz' -g'^bak/'

To only list files in the working directory and its subdirectory `doc`,
that contain `xyz` (note that `-g'/doc/'` is the same as
`--include-dir='/doc'`, i.e. immediate subdirectory `doc` only):

    ug -rl 'xyz' -g'/doc/'

To only list files that are on a subdirectory path `doc` that includes
subdirectory `html` anywhere, that contain `xyz`:

    ug -rl 'xyz' -g'doc/**/html/'

To only list files in the working directory and in the subdirectories `doc`
and `doc/latest` but not below, that contain `xyz`:

    ug -rl 'xyz' -g'/doc/' -g'/doc/latest/'

To recursively list .cpp files in the working directory and any subdirectory
at any depth, that contain `xyz`:

    ug -rl 'xyz' -g'*.cpp'

The same, but using a .gitignore-style glob that matches pathnames (globs with
`/`) instead of matching basenames (globs without `/`) in the recursive search:

    ug -rl 'xyz' -g'**/*.cpp'

Same, but using option `-Ocpp` to match file name extensions:

    ug -rl -Ocpp 'xyz'

To recursively list all files in the working directory and below that are not
ignored by a specific .ignore file:

    ug -rl '' --exclude-from=.ignore
    ug -rl '' --ignore-files=./.ignore

> `--ignore-files=FILE` with a `FILE` pathname (i.e. includes path separators)
> behaves the same as `--exclude-from=FILE` with an absolute `FILE` to apply to
> all files and directories to search.  However, `--ignore-files` differs
> slightly in that globs match both files and directory names, whereas
> `--exclude-from` globs match files only and match directories with the syntax
> `glob/`.

To recursively list all files in the working directory and below that are not
ignored by one or more .gitignore files, when any are present:

    ug -rl '' --ignore-files

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Including or excluding mounted file systems from searches

    --exclude-fs=MOUNTS
            Exclude file systems specified by MOUNTS from recursive searches.
            MOUNTS is a comma-separated list of mount points or pathnames to
            directories.  When MOUNTS is not specified, only descends into the
            file systems associated with the specified file and directory
            search targets, i.e. excludes all other file systems.  Note that
            --exclude-fs=MOUNTS take priority over --include-fs=MOUNTS.  This
            option may be repeated.
    --include-fs=MOUNTS
            Only file systems specified by MOUNTS are included in recursive
            searches.  MOUNTS is a comma-separated list of mount points or
            pathnames to directories.  When MOUNTS is not specified, restricts
            recursive searches to the file system of the working directory,
            same as --include-fs=. (dot). Note that --exclude-fs=MOUNTS take
            priority over --include-fs=MOUNTS.  This option may be repeated.

These options control recursive searches across file systems by comparing
device numbers.  Mounted devices and symbolic links to files and directories
located on mounted file systems may be included or excluded from recursive
searches by specifying a mount point or a pathname of any directory on the file
system to specify the applicable file system.

Note that a list of mounted file systems is typically stored in `/etc/mtab`.

To restrict recursive searches to the file system(s) of the search targets
only, without crossing into other file systems (similar to `find` option `-x`):

    ug -rl --exclude-fs 'xyz' /sys /var

To restrict recursive searches to the file system of the working directory
only, without crossing into other file systems:

    ug -l --include-fs 'xyz'

In fact, for this case we can use `--exclude-fs` because we search the working
directory as the target and we want to exclude all other file systems:

    ug -l --exclude-fs 'xyz'

To exclude the file systems mounted at `/dev` and `/proc` from recursive
searches:

    ug -l --exclude-fs=/dev,/proc 'xyz'

To only include the file system associated with drive `d:` in recursive
searches:

    ug -l --include-fs=d:/ 'xyz'

To exclude `fuse` and `tmpfs` type file systems from recursive searches:

    exfs=`ugrep -w -e fuse -e tmpfs /etc/mtab | ugrep -P '^\S+ (\S+)' --format='%,%1'`
    ug -l --exclude-fs="$exfs" 'xyz'

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Counting the number of matches with -c and -co

    -c, --count
            Only a count of selected lines is written to standard output.
            If -o or -u is specified, counts the number of patterns matched.
            If -v is specified, counts the number of non-matching lines.  If
            -m1, (with a comma or --min-count=1) is specified, counts only
            matching files without outputting zero matches.

To count the number of lines in a file:

    ug -c '' myfile.txt

To count the number of lines with `TODO`:

    ug -c -w 'TODO' myfile.cpp

To count the total number of `TODO` in a file, use `-c` and `-o`:

    ug -co -w 'TODO' myfile.cpp

To count the number of ASCII words in a file:

    ug -co '[[:word:]]+' myfile.txt

To count the number of ASCII and Unicode words in a file:

    ug -co '\w+' myfile.txt

To count the number of Unicode characters in a file:

    ug -co '\p{Unicode}' myfile.txt

To count the number of zero bytes in a file:

    ug -UX -co '\x00' image.jpg

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Displaying file, line, column, and byte offset info with -H, -n, -k, -b, and -T

    -b, --byte-offset
            The offset in bytes of a matched line is displayed in front of the
            respective matched line.  When used with option -u, displays the
            offset in bytes of each pattern matched.  Byte offsets are exact
            for ASCII, UTF-8, and raw binary input.  Otherwise, the byte offset
            in the UTF-8 converted input is displayed.
    -H, --with-filename
            Always print the filename with output lines.  This is the default
            when there is more than one file to search.
    -k, --column-number
            The column number of a matched pattern is displayed in front of the
            respective matched line, starting at column 1.  Tabs are expanded
            when columns are counted, see option --tabs.
    -n, --line-number
            Each output line is preceded by its relative line number in the
            file, starting at line 1.  The line number counter is reset for
            each file processed.
    -T, --initial-tab
            Add a tab space to separate the file name, line number, column
            number, and byte offset with the matched line.

To display the file name `-H`, line `-n`, and column `-k` numbers of matches in
`myfile.cpp`, with spaces and tabs to space the columns apart with `-T`:

    ug -THnk 'main' myfile.cpp

To display the line with `-n` of word `main` in `myfile.cpp`:

    ug -nw 'main' myfile.cpp

To display the entire file `myfile.cpp` with line `-n` numbers:

    ug -n '' myfile.cpp

To recursively search for C++ files with `main`, showing the line and column
numbers of matches with `-n` and `-k`:

    ug -r -nk -tc++ 'main'

To display the byte offset of matches with `-b`:

    ug -r -b -tc++ 'main'

To display the line and column numbers of matches in XML with `--xml`:

    ug -r -nk --xml -tc++ 'main'

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Displaying colors with --color and paging the output with --pager

    --color[=WHEN], --colour[=WHEN]
            Mark up the matching text with the expression stored in the
            GREP_COLOR or GREP_COLORS environment variable.  The possible
            values of WHEN can be `never', `always', or `auto', where `auto'
            marks up matches only when output on a terminal.  The default is
            `auto'.
    --colors=COLORS, --colours=COLORS
            Use COLORS to mark up text.  COLORS is a colon-separated list of
            one or more parameters `sl=' (selected line), `cx=' (context line),
            `mt=' (matched text), `ms=' (match selected), `mc=' (match
            context), `fn=' (file name), `ln=' (line number), `cn=' (column
            number), `bn=' (byte offset), `se=' (separator), `qp=' (TUI
            prompt), `qe=' (TUI errors), `qr=' (TUI regex), `qm=' (TUI regex
            meta characters), `ql=' (TUI regex lists and literals), `qb=' (TUI
            regex braces).  Parameter values are ANSI SGR color codes or `k'
            (black), `r' (red), `g' (green), `y' (yellow), `b' (blue), `m'
            (magenta), `c' (cyan), `w' (white), or leave empty for no color.
            Upper case specifies background colors.  A `+' qualifies a color as
            bright.  A foreground and a background color may be combined with
            font properties `n' (normal), `f' (faint), `h' (highlight), `i'
            (invert), `u' (underline).  Parameter `hl' enables file name
            hyperlinks.  Parameter `rv' reverses the `sl=' and `cx=' parameters
            when option -v is specified.  Selectively overrides GREP_COLORS.
            Legacy grep single parameter codes may be specified, for example
            --colors='7;32' or --colors=ig to set ms (match selected).
    --tag[=TAG[,END]]
            Disables colors to mark up matches with TAG.  END marks the end of
            a match if specified, otherwise TAG.  The default is `___'.
    --pager[=COMMAND]
            When output is sent to the terminal, uses COMMAND to page through
            the output.  COMMAND defaults to environment variable PAGER when
            defined or `less'.  Enables --heading and --line-buffered.
    --pretty[=WHEN]
            When output is sent to a terminal, enables --color, --heading, -n,
            --sort, --tree and -T when not explicitly disabled.  WHEN can be
            `never', `always', or `auto'.  The default is `auto'.
    --tree, -^
            Output directories with matching files in a tree-like format for
            option -c or --count, -l or --files-with-matches, -L or
            --files-without-match.  This option is enabled by --pretty when the
            output is sent to a terminal.

To change the color palette, set the `GREP_COLORS` environment variable or use
`--colors=COLORS`.  The value is a colon-separated list of ANSI SGR parameters
that defaults to `cx=33:mt=1;31:fn=1;35:ln=1;32:cn=1;32:bn=1;32:se=36`:

param | result
----- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------
`sl=` | selected lines
`cx=` | context lines
`rv`  | Swaps the `sl=` and `cx=` capabilities when `-v` is specified
`mt=` | matching text in any matching line
`ms=` | matching text in a selected line.  The substring mt= by default
`mc=` | matching text in a context line.  The substring mt= by default
`fn=` | file names
`ln=` | line numbers
`cn=` | column numbers
`bn=` | byte offsets
`se=` | separators
`hl`  | hyperlink file names, same as `--hyperlink`
`qp=` | TUI prompt
`qe=` | TUI errors
`qr=` | TUI regex
`qm=` | TUI regex meta characters
`ql=` | TUI regex lists and literals
`qb=` | TUI regex braces

Multiple SGR codes may be specified for a single parameter when separated by a
semicolon, e.g. `mt=1;31` specifies bright red.  The following SGR codes are
available on most color terminals:

code | c | effect                     | code | c  | effect
---- | - | -------------------------- | ---- | -- | ----------------------------
0    | n | normal font and color      | 2    | f  | faint (not widely supported)
1    | h | highlighted bold font      | 21   | H  | highlighted bold off
4    | u | underline                  | 24   | U  | underline off
7    | i | invert video               | 27   | I  | invert off
30   | k | black text                 | 90   | +k | bright gray text
31   | r | red text                   | 91   | +r | bright red text
32   | g | green text                 | 92   | +g | bright green text
33   | y | yellow text                | 93   | +y | bright yellow text
34   | b | blue text                  | 94   | +b | bright blue text
35   | m | magenta text               | 95   | +m | bright magenta text
36   | c | cyan text                  | 96   | +c | bright cyan text
37   | w | white text                 | 97   | +w | bright white text
40   | K | black background           | 100  | +K | bright gray background
41   | R | dark red background        | 101  | +R | bright red background
42   | G | dark green background      | 102  | +G | bright green background
43   | Y | dark yellow backgrounda    | 103  | +Y | bright yellow background
44   | B | dark blue background       | 104  | +B | bright blue background
45   | M | dark magenta background    | 105  | +M | bright magenta background
46   | C | dark cyan background       | 106  | +C | bright cyan background
47   | W | dark white background      | 107  | +W | bright white background

See Wikipedia [ANSI escape code - SGR parameters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#SGR_parameters)

For quick and easy color specification, the corresponding single-letter color
names may be used in place of numeric SGR codes and semicolons are not required
to separate color names.  Color names and numeric codes may be mixed.

For example, to display matches in underlined bright green on bright selected
lines, aiding in visualizing white space in matches and file names:

    export GREP_COLORS='sl=1:cx=33:ms=1;4;32;100:mc=1;4;32:fn=1;32;100:ln=1;32:cn=1;32:bn=1;32:se=36'

The same, but with single-letter color names:

    export GREP_COLORS='sl=h:cx=y:ms=hug+K:mc=hug:fn=hg+K:ln=hg:cn=hg:bn=hg:se=c'

Another color scheme that works well:

    export GREP_COLORS='cx=hb:ms=hiy:mc=hic:fn=hi+y+K:ln=hg:cn=hg:bn=hg:se='

Modern Windows command interpreters support ANSI escape codes.  Named or
numeric colors can be set with `SET GREP_COLORS`, for example:

    SET GREP_COLORS=sl=1;37:cx=33:mt=1;31:fn=1;35:ln=1;32:cn=1;32:bn=1;32:se=36

To disable colors on Windows:

    SET GREP_COLORS=""

Color intensities may differ per platform and per terminal program used, which
affects readability.

Option `-y` outputs every line of input, including non-matching lines as
context.  The use of color helps distinguish matches from non-matching context.

To copy silver searcher's color palette:

    export GREP_COLORS='mt=30;43:fn=1;32:ln=1;33:cn=1;33:bn=1;33'

To produce color-highlighted results (`--color` is redundance since it is the
default):

    ug --color -r -n -k -tc++ 'FIXME.*'

To page through the results with pager (`less -R` by default):

    ug --pager -r -n -k -tc++ 'FIXME'

To display a hexdump of a zip file itself (i.e. without decompressing), with
color-highlighted matches of the zip magic bytes `PK\x03\x04` (`--color` is
redundant since it is the default):

    ug --color -y -UX 'PK\x03\x04' some.zip

To use predefined patterns to list all `#include` and `#define` in C++ files:

    ug --pretty -r -n -tc++ -f c++/includes -f c++/defines

Same, but overriding the color of matches as inverted yellow (reverse video)
and headings with yellow on blue using `--pretty`:

    ug --pretty --colors="ms=yi:fn=hyB" -r -n -tc++ -f c++/includes -f c++/defines

To list all `#define FOO...` macros in C++ files, color-highlighted:

    ug --color=always -r -n -tc++ -f c++/defines | ug 'FOO.*'

Same, but restricted to `.cpp` files only:

    ug --color=always -r -n -Ocpp -f c++/defines | ug 'FOO.*'

To search tarballs for matching names of PDF files (assuming bash is our shell):

    for tb in *.tar *.tar.gz *.tgz; do echo "$tb"; tar tfz "$tb" | ugrep '.*\.pdf$'; done

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Output matches in JSON, XML, CSV, C++

    --cpp   Output file matches in C++.  See also options --format and -u.
    --csv   Output file matches in CSV.  If -H, -n, -k, or -b is specified,
            additional values are output.  See also options --format and -u.
    --json  Output file matches in JSON.  If -H, -n, -k, or -b is specified,
            additional values are output.  See also options --format and -u.
    --xml   Output file matches in XML.  If -H, -n, -k, or -b is specified,
            additional values are output.  See also options --format and -u.

To recursively search for lines with `TODO` and display C++ file matches in
JSON with line number properties:

    ug -tc++ -n --json 'TODO'

To recursively search for lines with `TODO` and display C++ file matches in
XML with line and column number attributes:

    ug -tc++ -nk --xml 'TODO'

To recursively search for lines with `TODO` and display C++ file matches in CSV
format with file pathname, line number, and column number fields:

    ug -tc++ --csv -Hnk 'TODO'

To extract a table from an HTML file and put it in C/C++ source code using
`-o`:

    ug -o --cpp '<tr>.*</tr>' index.html > table.cpp

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Customized output with --format

    --format=FORMAT
            Output FORMAT-formatted matches.  For example --format='%f:%n:%O%~'
            outputs matching lines `%O' with filename `%f` and line number `%n'
            followed by a newline `%~'.  If -P is specified, FORMAT may include
            `%1' to `%9', `%[NUM]#' and `%[NAME]#' to output group captures.  A
            `%%' outputs `%'.  See `ugrep --help format' and `man ugrep'
            section FORMAT for details.  When option -o is specified, option -u
            is also enabled.  Context options -A, -B, -C and -y are ignored.
    -P, --perl-regexp
            Interpret PATTERN as a Perl regular expression.

Use option `-P` to use group captures and backreferences.  Capturing groups in
regex patterns are parenthesized expressions `(pattern)`.  The first group is
referenced in `FORMAT` by `%1`, the second by `%2` and so on.  Named captures
are of the form `(?<NAME>pattern)` and are referenced in `FORMAT` by
`%[NAME]#`.

The following output formatting options may be used.  The `FORMAT` string
`%`-fields are listed in a table further below:

option                  | result
----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------
`--format-begin=FORMAT` | `FORMAT` beginning the search
`--format-open=FORMAT`  | `FORMAT` opening a file and a match was found
`--format=FORMAT`       | `FORMAT` for each match in a file
`--format-close=FORMAT` | `FORMAT` closing a file and a match was found
`--format-end=FORMAT`   | `FORMAT` ending the search

The following tables show the formatting options corresponding to `--csv`,
`--json`, and `--xml`.

#### `--csv`

option           | format string (within quotes)
---------------- | -----------------------------
`--format-open`  | `'%+'`
`--format`       | `'%[,]$%H%N%K%B%V%~%u'`

#### `--json`

option           | format string (within quotes)
---------------- | -----------------------------
`--format-begin` | `'['`
`--format-open`  | `'%,%~  {%~    %[,%~    ]$%["file": ]H"matches": ['`
`--format`       | `'%,%~      { %[, ]$%["line": ]N%["column": ]K%["offset": ]B"match": %J }%u'`
`--format-close` | `'%~    ]%~  }'`
`--format-end`   | `'%~]%~'`

#### `--xml`

option           | format string (within quotes)
---------------- | -----------------------------
`--format-begin` | `'<grep>%~'`
`--format-open`  | `'  <file%["]$%[ name="]I>%~'`
`--format`       | `'    <match%["]$%[ line="]N%[ column="]K%[ offset="]B>%X</match>%~%u'`
`--format-close` | `'  </file>%~'`
`--format-end`   | `'</grep>%~'`

### `--only-line-number`

option           | format string (within quotes)
---------------- | -----------------------------
`--format-open`  | `'%+'`
`--format`       | `'%F%n%s%K%B%~%u'`

The following fields may be used in the `FORMAT` string:

field                   | output
----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------
`%%`                    | the percentage sign
`%~`                    | a newline (LF or CRLF in Windows)
`%F`                    | if option `-H` is used: the file pathname and separator
`%[TEXT]F`              | if option `-H` is used: `TEXT`, the file pathname and separator
`%f`                    | the file pathname
`%a`                    | the file basename without directory path
`%p`                    | the directory path to the file
`%z`                    | the pathname in a (compressed) archive, without `{` and `}`
`%H`                    | if option `-H` is used: the quoted pathname and separator, `\"` and `\\` replace `"` and `\`
`%+`                    | if option `-+` or `--heading` is used: `%F` and a newline character, suppress all `%F` and `%H` afterward
`%[TEXT]H`              | if option `-H` is used: `TEXT`, the quoted pathname and separator, `\"` and `\\` replace `"` and `\`
`%h`                    | the quoted file pathname, `\"` and `\\` replace `"` and `\`
`%I`                    | if option `-H` is used: the pathname in XML and separator
`%[TEXT]I`              | if option `-H` is used: `TEXT`, the pathname as XML and separator
`%i`                    | the file pathnames as XML
`%N`                    | if option `-n` is used: the line number and separator
`%[TEXT]N`              | if option `-n` is used: `TEXT`, the line number and separator
`%n`                    | the line number of the match
`%l`                    | the last line number of the match (multi-line matching)
`%L`                    | the number of lines matched (multi-line matching)
`%K`                    | if option `-k` is used: the column number and separator
`%[TEXT]K`              | if option `-k` is used: `TEXT`, the column number and separator
`%k`                    | the column number of the match
`%A`                    | byte range (offset and end) of a match in hex
`%B`                    | if option `-b` is used: the byte offset and separator
`%[TEXT]B`              | if option `-b` is used: `TEXT`, the byte offset and separator
`%b`                    | the byte offset of the match
`%T`                    | if option `-T` is used: `TEXT` and a tab character
`%[TEXT]T`              | if option `-T` is used: `TEXT` and a tab character
`%t`                    | a tab character
`%[SEP]$`               | set field separator to `SEP` for the rest of the format fields
`%[TEXT]<`              | if the first match: `TEXT`
`%[TEXT]>`              | if not the first match: `TEXT`
`%,`                    | if not the first match: a comma, same as `%[,]>`
`%:`                    | if not the first match: a colon, same as `%[:]>`
`%;`                    | if not the first match: a semicolon, same as `%[;]>`
`%│`                    | if not the first match: a vertical bar, same as `%[│]>`
`%S`                    | if not the first match: separator, see also `%[SEP]$`
`%[TEXT]S`              | if not the first match: `TEXT` and separator, see also `%[SEP]$`
`%s`                    | the separator, see also `%[TEXT]S` and `%[SEP]$`
`%R`                    | if option `--break` or `--heading` is used: a newline
`%m`                    | the number of matches, sequential (or number of matching files with `--format-end`)
`%M`                    | the number of matching lines (or number of matching files with `--format-end`)
`%O`                    | the matching line is output as is (a raw string of bytes)
`%o`                    | the match is output as is (a raw string of bytes)
`%Q`                    | the matching line as a quoted string, `\"` and `\\` replace `"` and `\`
`%q`                    | the match as a quoted string, `\"` and `\\` replace `"` and `\`
`%C`                    | the matching line formatted as a quoted C/C++ string
`%c`                    | the match formatted as a quoted C/C++ string
`%J`                    | the matching line formatted as a quoted JSON string
`%j`                    | the match formatted as a quoted JSON string
`%V`                    | the matching line formatted as a quoted CSV string
`%v`                    | the match formatted as a quoted CSV string
`%X`                    | the matching line formatted as XML character data
`%x`                    | the match formatted as XML character data
`%Y`                    | the matching line formatted in hex
`%y`                    | the match formatted in hex
`%A`                    | byte range of the match in hex
`%w`                    | the width of the match, counting (wide) characters
`%d`                    | the size of the match, counting bytes
`%e`                    | the ending byte offset of the match
`%Z`                    | the edit distance cost of an approximate match with option `-Z`
`%u`                    | select unique lines only unless option -u is used
`%[hhhh]U`              | U+hhhh Unicode code point
`%[CODE]=`              | a color CODE, such as `ms`, see [colors](#color)
`%=`                    | turn color off
`%1` `%2` ... `%9`      | the first regex group capture of the match, and so on up to group `%9`, requires option `-P`
`%[NUM]#`               | the group capture `NUM`; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM]b`               | the byte offset of the group capture `NUM`; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM]e`               | the ending byte offset of the group capture `NUM`; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM]d`               | the byte length of the group capture `NUM`; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM]j`               | the group capture `NUM` as JSON; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM]q`               | the group capture `NUM` quoted; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM]x`               | the group capture `NUM` as XML; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM]y`               | the group capture `NUM` as hex; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM]v`               | the group capture `NUM` as CSV; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM1\|NUM2\|...]#`   | the first group capture `NUM` that matched; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM1\|NUM2\|...]b`   | the byte offset of the first group capture `NUM` that matched; requires option `-P`.
`%[NUM1\|NUM2\|...]e`   | the ending byte offset of the first group capture `NUM` that matched; requires option `-P`.
`%[NUM1\|NUM2\|...]d`   | the byte length of the first group capture `NUM` that matched; requires option `-P`.
`%[NUM1\|NUM2\|...]j`   | the first group capture `NUM` that matched, as JSON; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM1\|NUM2\|...]q`   | the first group capture `NUM` that matched, quoted; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM1\|NUM2\|...]x`   | the first group capture `NUM` that matched, as XML; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM1\|NUM2\|...]y`   | the first group capture `NUM` that matched, as hex; requires option `-P`
`%[NUM1\|NUM2\|...]v`   | the first group capture `NUM` that matched, as CSV; requires option `-P`
`%[NAME]#`              | the `NAME`d group capture; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME]b`              | the byte offset of the `NAME`d group capture; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`.
`%[NAME]e`              | the ending byte offset of the `NAME`d group capture; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`.
`%[NAME]d`              | the byte length of the `NAME`d group capture; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`.
`%[NAME]j`              | the `NAME`d group capture as JSON; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME]q`              | the `NAME`d group capture quoted; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME]x`              | the `NAME`d group capture as XML; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME]y`              | the `NAME`d group capture as hex; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME]v`              | the `NAME`d group capture as CSV; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME1\|NAME2\|...]#` | the first `NAME`d group capture that matched; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME1\|NAME2\|...]b` | the byte offset of the first `NAME`d group capture that matched; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME1\|NAME2\|...]e` | the ending byte offset of the first `NAME`d group capture that matched; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME1\|NAME2\|...]d` | the byte length of the first `NAME`d group capture that matched; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME1\|NAME2\|...]j` | the first `NAME`d group capture that matched, as JSON; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME1\|NAME2\|...]q` | the first `NAME`d group capture that matched, quoted; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME1\|NAME2\|...]x` | the first `NAME`d group capture that matched, as XML; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME1\|NAME2\|...]y` | the first `NAME`d group capture that matched, as hex; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%[NAME1\|NAME2\|...]v` | the first `NAME`d group capture that matched, as CSV; requires option `-P` and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)`
`%G`                    | list of group capture indices/names of the match (see note)
`%[TEXT1\|TEXT2\|...]G` | list of TEXT indexed by group capture indices that matched; requires option `-P`
`%g`                    | the group capture index of the match or 1 (see note)
`%[TEXT1\|TEXT2\|...]g` | the first TEXT indexed by the first group capture index that matched; requires option `-P`

Note:

- Formatted output is written without a terminating newline, unless `%~` is
  explicitly specified in the format string.
- Option `-o` changes the output of the `%O` and `%Q` fields to output the
  match only.
- Options `-c`, `-l` and `-o` change the output of `%C`, `%J`, `%X` and `%Y`
  accordingly
- The `[TEXT]` part of a field is optional and may be omitted.  When present,
  the argument must be placed in `[]` brackets, for example `%[,]F` to output a
  comma, the pathname, and a separator, when option `-H` is used.
- Numeric fields such as `%n` are padded with spaces when `%{width}n` is
  specified.
- Matching line fields such as `%O` are cut to width when `%{width}O` is
  specified or when `%{-width}O` is specified to cut from the end of the line.
- Character context on a matching line before or after a match is output when
  `%{-width}o` or `%{+width}o` is specified for match fields such as `%o`,
  where `%{width}o` without a +/- sign cuts the match to the specified width.
- Fields `%[SEP]$` and `%u` are switches and do not write anything to the
  output.
- The separator used by `%F`, `%H`, `%N`, `%K`, `%B`, `%S`, and `%G` may be
  changed by preceding the field with a `%[SEP]$`.  When `[SEP]` is not
  provided, reverts the separator to the default separator or the separator
  specified by `--separator`.
- Formatted output is written for each matching pattern, which means that a
  line may be output multiple times when patterns match more than once on the
  same line.  When field `%u` is found anywhere in the specified format string,
  matching lines are output only once unless option `-u`, `--ungroup`
  is used or when a newline is matched.
- The group capture index value output by `%g` corresponds to the index of the
  sub-pattern matched among the alternations in the pattern when option `-P` is
  not used.  For example `foo|bar` matches `foo` with index 1 and `bar` with
  index 2.  With option `-P`, the index corresponds to the number of the first
  group captured in the specified pattern.
- The strings specified in the list `%[TEXT1|TEXT2|...]G` and
  `%[TEXT1|TEXT2|...]g` should correspond to the group capture index (see the
  note above), i.e. `TEXT1` is output for index 1, `TEXT2` is output for index
  2, and so on.  If the list is too short, the index value is output or the
  name of a named group capture is output.
- Option `-T` and `--pretty` add right-justifying spacing to fields `%N` and
  `%K` if no leading `[TEXT]` part is specified.
- Field `%+` may be used in `--format-open` to output the pathname heading and
   a newline break, respectively.  Field `%+` suppresses `%a`, `%F`, `%f`,
   `%H`, `%h` and `%p` output.

To output matching lines faster by omitting the header output and binary match
checks, using `--format` with field `%O` (output matching line as is) and field
`%~` (output newline):

    ug --format='%O%~' 'href=' index.html

Same, but also displaying the line and column numbers:

    ug --format='%n%k: %O%~' 'href=' index.html

Same, but display a line at most once when matching multiple patterns, unless
option `-u` is used:

    ug --format='%u%n%k: %O%~' 'href=' index.html

To string together a list of unique line numbers of matches, separated by
commas with field `%,`:

    ug --format='%u%,%n' 'href=' index.html

To output the matching part of a line only with field `%o` (or option `-o` with
field `%O`):

    ug --format='%o%~' "href=[\"'][^\"'][\"']" index.html

To string together the pattern matches as CSV-formatted strings with field `%v`
separated by commas with field `%,`:

    ug --format='%,%v' "href=[\"'][^\"'][\"']" index.html

To output matches in CSV (comma-separated values), the same as option `--csv`
(works with options `-H`, `-n`, `-k`, `-b` to add CSV values):

    ug --format='"%[,]$%H%N%K%B%V%~%u"' 'href=' index.html

To output matches in AckMate format:

    ug --format=":%f%~%n;%k %w:%O%~" 'href=' index.html

To output the sub-pattern indices 1, 2, and 3 on the left to the match for the
three patterns `foo`, `bar`, and `baz` in file `foobar.txt`:

    ug --format='%g: %o%~' 'foo|bar|baz' foobar.txt

Same, but using a file `foos` containing three lines with `foo`, `bar`, and
`baz`, where option `-F` is used to match strings instead of regex:

    ug -F -f foos --format='%g: %o%~' foobar.txt

To output `one`, `two`, and `a word` for the sub-patterns `[fF]oo`, `[bB]ar`,
and any other word `\w+`, respectively, using argument `[one|two|a word]` with
field `%g` indexed by sub-pattern (or group captures with option `-P`):

    ug --format='%[one|two|a word]g%~' '([fF]oo)|([bB]ar)|(\w+)' foobar.txt

To output a list of group capture indices with `%G` separated by the word `and`
instead of the default colons with `%[ and ]$`, followed by the matching line:

    ug -P --format='%[ and ]$%G%$%s%O%~' '(foo)|(ba((r)|(z)))' foobar.txt

Same, but showing names instead of numbers:

    ug -P --format='%[ and ]$%[foo|ba|r|z]G%$%s%O%~' '(foo)|(ba(?:(r)|(z)))' foobar.txt

Note that option `-P` is required for general use of group captures for
sub-patterns.  Named sub-pattern matches may be used with PCRE2 and shown in
the output:

    ug -P --format='%[ and ]$%G%$%s%O%~' '(?P<foo>foo)|(?P<ba>ba(?:(?P<r>r)|(?P<z>z)))' foobar.txt

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Replacing matches with -P --replace and --format using backreferences

    --replace=FORMAT
            Replace matching patterns in the output by the specified FORMAT
            with `%' fields.  If -P is specified, FORMAT may include `%1' to
            `%9', `%[NUM]#' and `%[NAME]#' to output group captures.  A `%%'
            outputs `%' and `%~' outputs a newline.  See option --format,
            `ugrep --help format' and `man ugrep' section FORMAT for details.
    -y, --any-line
            Any line is output (passthru).  Non-matching lines are output as
            context with a `-' separator.  See also options -A, -B, and -C.
    -P, --perl-regexp
            Interpret PATTERN as a Perl regular expression.
    --format=FORMAT
            Output FORMAT-formatted matches.  For example --format='%f:%n:%O%~'
            outputs matching lines `%O' with filename `%f` and line number `%n'
            followed by a newline `%~'.  If -P is specified, FORMAT may include
            `%1' to `%9', `%[NUM]#' and `%[NAME]#' to output group captures.  A
            `%%' outputs `%'.  See `ugrep --help format' and `man ugrep'
            section FORMAT for details.  When option -o is specified, option -u
            is also enabled.  Context options -A, -B, -C and -y are ignored.

See [customized output with --format](#format) for details on the `FORMAT`
fields.

For option `-o`, the replacement is not automatically followed by a newline to
allow for more flexibility in replacements.  To output a newline, use `%~` in
the `FORMAT` string.

Use option `-P` to use group captures and backreferences.  Capturing groups in
regex patterns are parenthesized expressions `(pattern)` and the first is
referenced in `FORMAT` by `%1`, the second by `%2` and so on.  Named captures
are of the form `(?<NAME>pattern)` and are referenced in `FORMAT` by
`%[NAME]#`.

To display pattern matches with their sequential match number using
`--replace='%m:%o'` where `%m` is the sequential match number and `%o` is the
pattern matched:

    ug --replace='%m:%o' pattern myfile.txt

Same, but passing the file through with option `-y`, while applying the
replacements to the output:

    ug -y --replace='%m:%o' pattern myfile.txt

To extract table cells from an HTML file using Perl matching (`-P`) to support
group captures with lazy quantifier `(.*?)`, and translate the matches to a
comma-separated list with format `%,%1` (conditional comma and group capture):

    ug -P -o '<td>(.*?)</td>' --replace='%,%1' index.html

Same, but using `--format='%,%1'` instead and we do not need `-o` (note that
`--replace` color-highlights matches shown on a terminal but `--format` does
not):

    ug -P '<td>(.*?)</td>' --format='%,%1' index.html

Same, but displaying the formatted matches line-by-line, with `--replace` or
with `--format`:

    ug -P -o '<td>(.*?)</td>' --replace='%,%1' index.html
    ug -P '<td>(.*?)</td>' --format='%1%~' index.html

To collect all `href` URLs from all HTML and PHP files down the working
directory, then sort them:

    ug -r -thtml,php -P '<[^<>]+href\h*=\h*.([^\x27"]+).' --format='%1%~' | sort -u

Same, but much easier by using the predefined `html/href` pattern:

    ug -r -thtml,php -P -f html/href --format='%1%~' | sort -u

Same, but in this case select `<script>` `src` URLs when referencing `http` and
`https` sites:

    ug -r -thtml,php -P '<script.*src\h*=\h*.(https?:[^\x27"]+).' --format='%1%~' | sort -u

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Limiting the number of matches with -1,-2...-9, -K, -m, and --max-files

    --depth=[MIN,][MAX], -1, -2, -3, ... -9, -10, -11, -12, ...
            Restrict recursive searches from MIN to MAX directory levels deep,
            where -1 (--depth=1) searches the specified path without recursing
            into subdirectories.  Note that -3 -5, -3-5, and -35 search 3 to 5
            levels deep.  Enables -r if -R or -r is not specified.
    -K [MIN,][MAX], --range=[MIN,][MAX], --min-line=MIN, --max-line=MAX
            Start searching at line MIN, stop at line MAX when specified.
    -m [MIN,][MAX], --min-count=MIN, --max-count=MAX
            Require MIN matches, stop after MAX matches when specified.  Output
            MIN to MAX matches.  For example, -m1 outputs the first match and
            -cm1, (with a comma) counts nonzero matches.  If -u is specified,
            each individual match counts.  See also option -K.
    --max-files=NUM
            Restrict the number of files matched to NUM.  Note that --sort or
            -J1 may be specified to produce replicable results.  If --sort is
            specified, the number of threads spawned is limited to NUM.
    --sort[=KEY]
            Displays matching files in the order specified by KEY in recursive
            searches.  Normally the ug command sorts by name whereas the ugrep
            batch command displays matches in no particular order to improve
            performance.  The sort KEY can be `name' to sort by pathname
            (default), `best' to sort by best match with option -Z (sort by
            best match requires two passes over files, which is expensive),
            `size' to sort by file size, `used' to sort by last access time,
            `changed' to sort by last modification time and `created' to sort
            by creation time.  Sorting is reversed with `rname', `rbest',
            `rsize', `rused', `rchanged', or `rcreated'.  Archive contents are
            not sorted.  Subdirectories are sorted and displayed after matching
            files.  FILE arguments are searched in the same order as specified.

To show only up to the first 10 matching lines with `FIXME` in C++ files in the
working directory and all subdirectories below:

    ug -r -m10 -tc++ FIXME

Same, but recursively search up to two directory levels, meaning that `./` and
`./sub/` are visited but not deeper:

    ug -2 -m10 -tc++ FIXME

To show only the first two files that have one or more matches of `FIXME` in
the list of files sorted by pathname, using `--max-files=2`:

    ug --sort -r --max-files=2 -tc++ FIXME

To search file `install.sh` for the occurrences of the word `make` after the
first line, we use `-K` with line number 2 to start searching, where `-n` shows
the line numbers in the output:

    ug -n -K2 -w make install.sh

Same, but restricting the search to lines 2 to 40 (inclusive):

    ug -n -K2,40 -w make install.sh

Same, but showing all lines 2 to 40 with `-y`:

    ug -y -n -K2,40 -w make install.sh

Same, but showing only the first four matching lines after line 2, with one
line of context:

    ug -n -C1 -K2 -m4 -w make install.sh

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Matching empty patterns with -Y

    -Y, --empty
            Permits empty matches.  By default, empty matches are disabled,
            unless a pattern begins with `^' or ends with `$'.  Note that -Y
            when specified with an empty-matching pattern, such as x? and x*,
            match all input, not only lines containing the character `x'.

Option `-Y` permits empty pattern matches, like GNU/BSD grep.  This option is
introduced by **ugrep** to prevent accidental matching with empty patterns:
empty-matching patterns such as `x?` and `x*` match all input, not only lines
with `x`.  By default, without `-Y`, patterns match lines with at least one `x`
as intended.

This option is automatically enabled when a pattern starts with `^` or ends
with `$` is specified.  For example, `^\h*$` matches blank lines, including
empty lines.

To recursively list files in the working directory with blank lines, i.e. lines
with white space only, including empty lines (note that option `-Y` is
implicitly enabled since the pattern starts with `^` and ends with `$`):

    ug -l '^\h*$'

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Case-insentitive matching with -i and -j

    -i, --ignore-case
            Perform case insensitive matching.  By default, ugrep is case
            sensitive.  By default, this option applies to ASCII letters only.
            Use options -P and -i for Unicode case insensitive matching.
    -j, --smart-case
            Perform case insensitive matching like option -i, unless a pattern
            is specified with a literal ASCII upper case letter.

To match `todo` in `myfile.cpp` regardless of case:

     ug -i 'todo' myfile.txt

To match `todo XXX` with `todo` in any case but `XXX` as given, with pattern
`(?i:todo)` to match `todo` ignoring case:

     ug '(?i:todo) XXX' myfile.cpp

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Sort files by name, best match, size, and time

    --sort[=KEY]
            Displays matching files in the order specified by KEY in recursive
            searches.  Normally the ug command sorts by name whereas the ugrep
            batch command displays matches in no particular order to improve
            performance.  The sort KEY can be `name' to sort by pathname
            (default), `best' to sort by best match with option -Z (sort by
            best match requires two passes over files, which is expensive),
            `size' to sort by file size, `used' to sort by last access time,
            `changed' to sort by last modification time and `created' to sort
            by creation time.  Sorting is reversed with `rname', `rbest',
            `rsize', `rused', `rchanged', or `rcreated'.  Archive contents are
            not sorted.  Subdirectories are sorted and displayed after matching
            files.  FILE arguments are searched in the same order as specified.

Matching files are displayed in the order specified by `--sort` per directory
searched.  By default, the `ug` command sorts by name whereas the output of the
`ugrep` command is not sorted to improve performance, unless option `-Q` is
used which sorts files by name.  An optimized sorting method and strategy are
implemented in the asynchronous output class to keep the overhead of sorting
very low.  Directories are displayed after files are displayed first, when
recursing, which visually aids the user in finding the "closest" matching files
first at the top of the displayed results.

To recursively search for C++ files that match `main` and sort them by date
created:

    ug --sort=created -tc++ 'main'

Same, but sorted by time changed from most recent to oldest:

    ug --sort=rchanged -tc++ 'main'

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Tips for advanced users

When searching non-binary files only, the binary content check is disabled with
option `-a` (`--text`) to speed up searching and displaying pattern matches.
For example, searching for lines with `int` in C++ source code:

    ug -r -a -Ocpp -w 'int'

If a file has potentially many pattern matches, but each match is only one a
single line, then option `-u` (`--ungroup`) can speed this up:

    ug -r -a -u -Opython -w 'def'

Even greater speeds can be achieved with `--format` when searching files with
many matches.  For example, `--format='%O%~'` displays matching lines for each
match on that line, while `--format='%o%~'` displays the matching part only.
Note that the `--format` option does not check for binary matches, so the
output is always "as is".  To match text and binary, you can use
`--format='%C%~'` to display matches formatted as quoted C++ strings with
escapes.  To display a line at most once (unless option `-u` is used), add the
`%u` (unique) field to the format string, e.g. `--format='%u%O%~'`.

For example, to match all words recursively in the working directory with line
and column numbers, where `%n` is the line number, `%k` is the column number,
`%o` is the match (only matching), and `%~` is a newline:

    ug -r --format='%n,%k:%o%~' '\w+'

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### More examples

To search for pattern `-o` in `script.sh` using `-e` to explicitly specify a
pattern to prevent pattern `-o` from being interpreted as an option:

    ug -n -e '-o' script.sh

Alternatively, using `--` to end the list of command arguments:

    ug -n -- '-o' script.sh

To recursively list all text files (.txt and .md) that do not properly end with
a `\n` (`-o` is required to match `\n` or `\z`):

    ug -L -o -Otext '\n\z'

To list all markdown sections in text files (.text, .txt, .TXT, and .md):

    ug -o -ttext -e '^.*(?=\r?\n(===|---))' -e '^#{1,6}\h+.*'

To display multi-line backtick and indented code blocks in markdown files with
their line numbers, using a lazy quantifier `*?` to make the pattern compact:

    ug -n -ttext -e '^```(.|\n)*?\n```' -e '^(\t|[ ]{4}).*'

To find mismatched code (a backtick without matching backtick on the same line)
in markdown:

    ug -n -ttext -e '`[^`]+' -N '`[^`]*`'

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Man page

    UGREP(1)                          User Commands                         UGREP(1)



    NAME
           ugrep, ug -- file pattern searcher

    SYNOPSIS
           ugrep [OPTIONS] [-i|-j] [-Q|PATTERN] [-e PATTERN] [-N PATTERN] [-f FILE]
                 [-E|-F|-G|-P|-Z] [-U] [-m [MIN,][MAX]] [--bool [--files|--lines]]
                 [-r|-R|-1|...|-9|-10|-11|...] [-t TYPES] [-g GLOBS] [--sort[=KEY]]
                 [-q|-l|-c|-o] [-v] [-n] [-k] [-b] [-A NUM] [-B NUM] [-C NUM] [-y]
                 [--color[=WHEN]|--colour[=WHEN]] [--pretty] [--pager[=COMMAND]]
                 [--hexdump|--csv|--json|--xml] [-I] [-z] [--zmax=NUM] [FILE ...]

    DESCRIPTION
           The ugrep utility searches any given input files, selecting files and
           lines that match one or more patterns specified as regular expressions or
           as fixed strings.  A pattern matches multiple input lines when the
           pattern's regular expression matches one or more newlines.  An empty
           pattern matches every line.  Each input line that matches at least one of
           the patterns is written to the standard output.

           The ug command is intended for interactive searching, using a `.ugrep'
           configuration file located in the working directory or, if not found, in
           the home directory, see CONFIGURATION.  ug is equivalent to ugrep
           --config --pretty --sort to load a configuration file, enhance the
           terminal output, and to sort files by name.

           The ugrep+ and ug+ commands are the same as the ugrep and ug commands,
           but also use filters to search pdfs, documents, e-books, and image
           metadata, when the corresponding filter tools are installed.

           A list of matching files is produced with option -l (--files-with-
           matches).  Option -c (--count) counts the number of matching lines.  When
           combined with option -o, counts the total number of matches.  When
           combined with option -m1, (--min-count=1), skips files with zero matches.

           The default pattern syntax is an extended form of the POSIX ERE syntax,
           same as option -E (--extended-regexp).  Try ug --help regex for help with
           pattern syntax and how to use logical connectives to specify Boolean
           search queries with option -% (--bool) to match lines and -%% (--bool
           --files) to match files.  Options -F (--fixed-strings), -G (--basic-
           regexp) and -P (--perl-regexp) specify other pattern syntaxes.

           Option -i (--ignore-case) ignores letter case in patterns.  Option -j
           (--smart-case) enables -i only if the search patterns are specified in
           lower case.

           Fuzzy (approximate) search is specified with option -Z (--fuzzy) with an
           optional argument to control character insertions, deletions, and/or
           substitutions.  Try ug --help fuzzy for help with fuzzy search.

           Note that pattern `.' matches any non-newline character.  Pattern `\n'
           matches a newline character.  Multiple lines may be matched with patterns
           that match one or more newline characters.

           The empty pattern "" matches all lines.  Other empty-matching patterns do
           not.  For example, the pattern `a*' will match one or more a's.  Option
           -Y forces empty matches for compatibility with other grep tools.

           Option -f FILE matches patterns specified in FILE.

           By default Unicode patterns are matched.  Option -U (--ascii or --binary)
           disables Unicode matching for ASCII and binary pattern matching.  Non-
           Unicode matching is more efficient.

           ugrep accepts input of various encoding formats and normalizes the output
           to UTF-8.  When a UTF byte order mark is present in the input, the input
           is automatically normalized.  An input encoding format may be specified
           with option --encoding.

           If no FILE arguments are specified and standard input is read from a
           terminal, recursive searches are performed as if -r is specified.  To
           force reading from standard input, specify `-' as a FILE argument.

           Directories specified as FILE arguments are searched without recursing
           deeper into subdirectories, unless -R, -r, or -2...-9 is specified to
           search subdirectories recursively (up to the specified depth.)

           Option -I (--ignore-binary) ignores binary files.  A binary file is a
           file with non-text content.  A file with zero bytes or invalid UTF
           formatting is considered binary.

           Hidden files and directories are ignored in recursive searches.  Option
           -. (--hidden) includes hidden files and directories in recursive
           searches.

           To match the names of files to search and the names of directories to
           recurse, one or more of the following options may be specified.  Option
           -O specifies one or more filename extensions to match.  Option -t
           specifies one or more file types to search (-t list outputs a list of
           types.)  Option -g specifies a gitignore-style glob pattern to match
           filenames.  Option --ignore-files specifies a file with gitignore-style
           globs to ignore directories and files.  Try ug --help globs for help with
           filename and directory name matching.  See also section GLOBBING.

           Compressed files and archives are searched with option -z (--decompress).
           When used with option --zmax=NUM, searches the contents of compressed
           files and archives stored within archives up to NUM levels.

           Output to a terminal for viewing is enhanced with --pretty, which is
           enabled by default with the ug command.

           A query terminal user interface (TUI) is opened with -Q (--query) to
           interactively specify search patterns and view search results.  A PATTERN
           argument requires -e PATTERN to start the query TUI with the specified
           pattern.

           A terminal output pager is enabled with --pager that accepts an optional
           COMMAND to view the output.

           Customized output is produced with option --format or --replace.  Try ug
           --help format for help with custom formatting of the output.  See also
           section FORMAT.  Predefined formats include CSV with option --csv, JSON
           with option --json, and XML with option --xml.  Hexdumps are output with
           option -X (--hex) or with option --hexdump to customize hexdumps.

           A `--' signals the end of options; the rest of the parameters are FILE
           arguments, allowing filenames to begin with a `-' character.

           Long options may start with `--no-' to disable, when applicable.

           ug --help WHAT displays help on options related to WHAT.

           The following options are available:

           -A NUM, --after-context=NUM
                  Output NUM lines of trailing context after matching lines.  Places
                  a --group-separator between contiguous groups of matches.  If -o
                  is specified, output the match with context to fit NUM columns
                  after the match or shortens the match.  See also options -B, -C
                  and -y.

           -a, --text
                  Process a binary file as if it were text.  This is equivalent to
                  the --binary-files=text option.  This option might output binary
                  garbage to the terminal, which can have problematic consequences
                  if the terminal driver interprets some of it as terminal commands.

           --all, -@
                  Search all files except hidden: cancel previous file and directory
                  search restrictions and cancel --ignore-binary and --ignore-files
                  when specified.  Restrictions specified after this option, i.e. to
                  the right, are still applied.  For example, -@I searches all
                  non-binary files and -@. searches all files including hidden
                  files.  Note that hidden files and directories are never searched,
                  unless option -. or --hidden is specified.

           --and [-e] PATTERN
                  Specify additional PATTERN that must match.  Additional -e PATTERN
                  following this option is considered an alternative pattern to
                  match, i.e. each -e is interpreted as an OR pattern enclosed
                  within the AND.  For example, -e A -e B --and -e C -e D matches
                  lines with (`A' or `B') and (`C' or `D').  Note that multiple -e
                  PATTERN are alternations that bind more tightly together than
                  --and.  Option --stats displays the search patterns applied.  See
                  also options --not, --andnot, --bool, --files and --lines.

           --andnot [-e] PATTERN
                  Combines --and --not.  See also options --and, --not and --bool.

           -B NUM, --before-context=NUM
                  Output NUM lines of leading context before matching lines.  Places
                  a --group-separator between contiguous groups of matches.  If -o
                  is specified, output the match with context to fit NUM columns
                  before the match or shortens the match.  See also options -A, -C
                  and -y.

           -b, --byte-offset
                  The offset in bytes of a pattern match is displayed in front of
                  the respective matched line.  When -u or --ungroup is specified,
                  displays the offset for each pattern matched on the same line.
                  Byte offsets are exact for ASCII, UTF-8 and raw binary input.
                  Otherwise, the offset in the UTF-8-normalized input is displayed.

           --binary-files=TYPE
                  Controls searching and reporting pattern matches in binary files.
                  TYPE can be `binary', `without-match`, `text`, `hex` and
                  `with-hex'.  The default is `binary' to search binary files and to
                  report a match without displaying the match.  `without-match'
                  ignores binary matches.  `text' treats all binary files as text,
                  which might output binary garbage to the terminal, which can have
                  problematic consequences if the terminal driver interprets some of
                  it as commands.  `hex' reports all matches in hexadecimal.
                  `with-hex' only reports binary matches in hexadecimal, leaving
                  text matches alone.  Files having NUL (zero) bytes are binary and
                  files with invalid UTF encoding are binary unless option -U or
                  --ascii or --binary is specified.  Short options are -a, -I, -W,
                  -X.

           --bool, -%, -%%
                  Specifies Boolean query patterns.  A Boolean query pattern is
                  composed of `AND', `OR', `NOT' operators and grouping with `('
                  `)'.  Spacing between subpatterns is the same as `AND', `|' is the
                  same as `OR' and a `-' is the same as `NOT'.  The `OR' operator
                  binds more tightly than `AND'.  For example, --bool 'A|B C|D'
                  matches lines with (`A' or `B') and (`C' or `D'), --bool 'A -B'
                  matches lines with `A' and not `B'.  Operators `AND', `OR', `NOT'
                  require proper spacing.  For example, --bool 'A OR B AND C OR D'
                  matches lines with (`A' or `B') and (`C' or `D'), --bool 'A AND
                  NOT B' matches lines with `A' without `B'.  Quoted subpatterns are
                  matched literally as strings.  For example, --bool 'A "AND"|"OR"'
                  matches lines with `A' and also either `AND' or `OR'.  Parentheses
                  are used for grouping.  For example, --bool '(A B)|C' matches
                  lines with `A' and `B', or lines with `C'.  Note that all
                  subpatterns in a Boolean query pattern are regular expressions,
                  unless -F is specified.  Options -E, -F, -G, -P and -Z can be
                  combined with --bool to match subpatterns as strings or regular
                  expressions (-E is the default.)  This option does not apply to -f
                  FILE patterns.  The double short option -%% enables options --bool
                  --files.  Option --stats displays the Boolean search patterns
                  applied.  See also options --and, --andnot, --not, --files and
                  --lines.

           --break
                  Adds a line break between results from different files.  This
                  option is enabled by --heading.

           -C NUM, --context=NUM
                  Output NUM lines of leading and trailing context surrounding each
                  matching line.  Places a --group-separator between contiguous
                  groups of matches.  If -o is specified, output the match with
                  context to fit NUM columns before and after the match or shortens
                  the match.  See also options -A, -B and -y.

           -c, --count
                  Only a count of selected lines is written to standard output.
                  When -o or -u is specified, counts the number of patterns matched.
                  When -v is specified, counts the number of non-matching lines.
                  When -m1, (with a comma or --min-count=1) is specified, counts
                  only matching files without outputting zero matches.

           --color[=WHEN], --colour[=WHEN]
                  Mark up the matching text with the colors specified with option
                  --colors or the GREP_COLOR or GREP_COLORS environment variable.
                  WHEN can be `never', `always', or `auto', where `auto' marks up
                  matches only when output on a terminal.  The default is `auto'.

           --colors=COLORS, --colours=COLORS
                  Use COLORS to mark up text.  COLORS is a colon-separated list of
                  one or more parameters `sl=' (selected line), `cx=' (context
                  line), `mt=' (matched text), `ms=' (match selected), `mc=' (match
                  context), `fn=' (file name), `ln=' (line number), `cn=' (column
                  number), `bn=' (byte offset), `se=' (separator), `qp=' (TUI
                  prompt), `qe=' (TUI errors), `qr=' (TUI regex), `qm=' (TUI regex
                  meta characters), `ql=' (TUI regex lists and literals), `qb=' (TUI
                  regex braces).  Parameter values are ANSI SGR color codes or `k'
                  (black), `r' (red), `g' (green), `y' (yellow), `b' (blue), `m'
                  (magenta), `c' (cyan), `w' (white), or leave empty for no color.
                  Upper case specifies background colors.  A `+' qualifies a color
                  as bright.  A foreground and a background color may be combined
                  with font properties `n' (normal), `f' (faint), `h' (highlight),
                  `i' (invert), `u' (underline).  Parameter `hl' enables file name
                  hyperlinks.  Parameter `rv' reverses the `sl=' and `cx='
                  parameters when option -v is specified.  Selectively overrides
                  GREP_COLORS.  Legacy grep single parameter codes may be specified,
                  for example --colors='7;32' or --colors=ig to set ms (match
                  selected).

           --config[=FILE], ---[FILE]
                  Use configuration FILE.  The default FILE is `.ugrep'.  The
                  working directory is checked first for FILE, then the home
                  directory.  The options specified in the configuration FILE are
                  parsed first, followed by the remaining options specified on the
                  command line.  The ug command automatically loads a `.ugrep'
                  configuration file when present, unless --config=FILE or
                  --no-config is specified.

           --no-config
                  Do not automatically load the default .ugrep configuration file.

           --no-confirm
                  Do not confirm actions in -Q query TUI.  The default is confirm.

           --cpp  Output file matches in C++.  See also options --format and -u.

           --csv  Output file matches in CSV.  When -H, -n, -k, or -b is specified,
                  additional values are output.  See also options --format and -u.

           -D ACTION, --devices=ACTION
                  If an input file is a device, FIFO or socket, use ACTION to
                  process it.  When ACTION is `skip', devices are ignored.  When
                  ACTION is `read', devices are read just as if they were ordinary
                  files.  The default ACTION is `skip', except for devices specified
                  as arguments on the command line, which can be explicitly skipped
                  with -Dskip.

           -d ACTION, --directories=ACTION
                  If an input file is a directory, use ACTION to process it.  When
                  ACTION is `read', warn when directories are read as input.  When
                  ACTION is `recurse', read all files under each directory,
                  recursively, following symbolic links only if they are on the
                  command line.  This is equivalent to the -r option.  When ACTION
                  is `dereference-recurse', read all files under each directory,
                  recursively, following symbolic links.  This is equivalent to the
                  -R option.  When no files or directories are specified on the
                  command line, ACTION defaults to `recurse` or option -r.

           --delay=DELAY
                  Set the default -Q key response delay.  Default is 3 for 300ms.

           --depth=[MIN,][MAX], -1, -2, -3, ... -9, -10, -11, ...
                  Restrict recursive searches from MIN to MAX directory levels deep,
                  where -1 (--depth=1) searches the specified path without recursing
                  into subdirectories.  The short forms -3 -5, -3-5 and -3,5 search
                  3 to 5 levels deep.  Enables -r if -R or -r is not specified.

           --dotall
                  Dot `.' in regular expressions matches anything, including
                  newline.  Note that `.*' matches all input and should not be used.

           -E, --extended-regexp
                  Interpret patterns as extended regular expressions (EREs). This is
                  the default.

           -e PATTERN, --regexp=PATTERN
                  Specify a PATTERN to search the input.  An input line is selected
                  if it matches any of the specified patterns.  This option is
                  useful when multiple -e options are used to specify multiple
                  patterns, or when a pattern starts with a dash (`-'), or to
                  specify a pattern after option -f or after the FILE arguments.

           --encoding=ENCODING
                  The encoding format of the input.  The default ENCODING is binary
                  or UTF-8 which are treated the same.  Therefore, --encoding=binary
                  has no effect.  Contrast this with option -U or --ascii or
                  --binary that specifies raw binary PATTERN matching.  ENCODING can
                  be: `binary', `ASCII', `UTF-8', `UTF-16', `UTF-16BE', `UTF-16LE',
                  `UTF-32', `UTF-32BE', `UTF-32LE', `LATIN1', `ISO-8859-1',
                  `ISO-8859-2', `ISO-8859-3', `ISO-8859-4', `ISO-8859-5',
                  `ISO-8859-6', `ISO-8859-7', `ISO-8859-8', `ISO-8859-9',
                  `ISO-8859-10', `ISO-8859-11', `ISO-8859-13', `ISO-8859-14',
                  `ISO-8859-15', `ISO-8859-16', `MAC', `MACROMAN', `EBCDIC',
                  `CP437', `CP850', `CP858', `CP1250', `CP1251', `CP1252', `CP1253',
                  `CP1254', `CP1255', `CP1256', `CP1257', `CP1258', `KOI8-R',
                  `KOI8-U', `KOI8-RU', `null-data'.

           --exclude=GLOB
                  Exclude files whose name matches GLOB, same as -g ^GLOB.  GLOB can
                  use **, *, ?, and [...] as wildcards and \ to quote a wildcard or
                  backslash character literally.  When GLOB contains a `/', full
                  pathnames are matched.  Otherwise basenames are matched.  When
                  GLOB ends with a `/', directories are excluded as if --exclude-dir
                  is specified.  Otherwise files are excluded.  Note that --exclude
                  patterns take priority over --include patterns.  GLOB should be
                  quoted to prevent shell globbing.  This option may be repeated.

           --exclude-dir=GLOB
                  Exclude directories whose name matches GLOB from recursive
                  searches, same as -g ^GLOB/.  GLOB may use **, *, ?, and [...] as
                  wildcards and \ to quote a wildcard or backslash character
                  literally.  When GLOB contains a `/', full pathnames are matched.
                  Otherwise basenames are matched.  Note that --exclude-dir patterns
                  take priority over --include-dir patterns.  GLOB should be quoted
                  to prevent shell globbing.  This option may be repeated.

           --exclude-from=FILE
                  Read the globs from FILE and skip files and directories whose name
                  matches one or more globs.  A glob may use **, *, ?, and [...] as
                  wildcards and \ to quote a wildcard or backslash character
                  literally.  When a glob contains a `/', full pathnames are
                  matched.  Otherwise basenames are matched.  When a glob ends with
                  a `/', directories are excluded as if --exclude-dir is specified.
                  Otherwise files are excluded.  A glob starting with a `!'
                  overrides previously-specified exclusions by including matching
                  files.  Lines starting with a `#' in FILE are ignored.  When FILE
                  is a `-', standard input is read.  This option may be repeated.
                  See also related option --ignore-files for subdirectory-specific
                  exclusions.

           --exclude-fs=MOUNTS
                  Exclude file systems specified by MOUNTS from recursive searches.
                  MOUNTS is a comma-separated list of mount points or pathnames to
                  directories.  When MOUNTS is not specified, only descends into the
                  file systems associated with the specified file and directory
                  search targets, i.e. excludes all other file systems.  Note that
                  --exclude-fs=MOUNTS take priority over --include-fs=MOUNTS.  This
                  option may be repeated.

           -F, --fixed-strings
                  Interpret pattern as a set of fixed strings, separated by
                  newlines, any of which is to be matched.  This makes ugrep behave
                  as fgrep.  If a PATTERN is specified, or -e PATTERN or -N PATTERN,
                  then this option has no effect on -f FILE patterns to allow -f
                  FILE patterns to narrow or widen the scope of the PATTERN search.

           -f FILE, --file=FILE
                  Read newline-separated patterns from FILE.  White space in
                  patterns is significant.  Empty lines in FILE are ignored.  If
                  FILE does not exist, the GREP_PATH environment variable is used as
                  path to FILE.  If that fails, looks for FILE in
                  /usr/local/share/ugrep/patterns.  When FILE is a `-', standard
                  input is read.  Empty files contain no patterns; thus nothing is
                  matched.  This option may be repeated.

           --files, -%%
                  Boolean file matching mode, the opposite of --lines.  When
                  combined with option --bool, matches a file if all Boolean
                  conditions are satisfied.  For example, --bool --files 'A B|C -D'
                  matches a file if some lines match `A', and some lines match
                  either `B' or `C', and no line matches `D'.  See also options
                  --and, --andnot, --not, --bool and --lines.  The double short
                  option -%% enables options --bool --files.

           --filter=COMMANDS
                  Filter files through the specified COMMANDS first before
                  searching.  COMMANDS is a comma-separated list of `exts:command
                  arguments', where `exts' is a comma-separated list of filename
                  extensions and `command' is a filter utility.  Files matching one
                  of `exts' are filtered.  A `*' matches any file.  The specified
                  `command' may include arguments separated by spaces.  An argument
                  may be quoted to include spacing, commas or a `%'.  A `%' argument
                  expands into the pathname to search.  For example,
                  --filter='pdf:pdftotext % -' searches PDF files.  The `%' expands
                  into a `-' when searching standard input.  When a `%' is not
                  specified, the filter command should read from standard input and
                  write to standard output.  Option --label=.ext may be used to
                  specify extension `ext' when searching standard input.  Note that
                  `exts` filename extension matching is case insensitive.  This
                  option may be repeated.

           --filter-magic-label=[+]LABEL:MAGIC
                  Associate LABEL with files whose signature "magic bytes" match the
                  MAGIC regex pattern.  Only files that have no filename extension
                  are labeled, unless +LABEL is specified.  When LABEL matches an
                  extension specified in --filter=COMMANDS, the corresponding
                  command is invoked.  This option may be repeated.

           --format=FORMAT
                  Output FORMAT-formatted matches.  For example
                  --format='%f:%n:%O%~' outputs matching lines `%O' with filename
                  `%f` and line number `%n' followed by a newline `%~'.  If -P is
                  specified, FORMAT may include `%1' to `%9', `%[NUM]#' and
                  `%[NAME]#' to output group captures.  A `%%' outputs `%'.  See
                  `ugrep --help format' and `man ugrep' section FORMAT for details.
                  When option -o is specified, option -u is also enabled.  Context
                  options -A, -B, -C and -y are ignored.

           --free-space
                  Spacing (blanks and tabs) in regular expressions are ignored.

           --from=FILE
                  Read additional pathnames of files to search from FILE.  When FILE
                  is a `-', standard input is read.  This option is useful with
                  `find

           -G, --basic-regexp
                  Interpret patterns as basic regular expressions (BREs).

           -g GLOBS, --glob=GLOBS, --iglob=GLOBS
                  Only search files whose name matches the specified comma-separated
                  list of GLOBS, same as --include='glob' for each `glob' in GLOBS.
                  When a `glob' is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files whose name
                  matches `glob', same as --exclude='glob'.  When `glob' contains a
                  `/', full pathnames are matched and option -r is enabled to
                  recurse into directories if -d, -r or -R is not already specified.
                  Otherwise basenames are matched.  When `glob' ends with a `/',
                  directories are matched, same as --include-dir='glob' and
                  --exclude-dir='glob'.  A leading `./' or just `/' matches the
                  working directory.  Option --iglob=GLOBS performs case-insensitive
                  name matching.  This option may be repeated and may be combined
                  with options -M, -O and -t.  For more details, see `ugrep --help
                  globs' and `man ugrep' section GLOBBING for details.

           --glob-ignore-case
                  Perform case-insensitive glob matching in general.

           --group-separator[=SEP]
                  Use SEP as a group separator for context options -A, -B and -C.
                  The default is a double hyphen (`--').

           --no-group-separator
                  Removes the group separator line from the output for context
                  options -A, -B and -C.

           -H, --with-filename
                  Always print the filename with output lines.  This is the default
                  when there is more than one file to search.

           -h, --no-filename
                  Never print filenames with output lines.  This is the default when
                  there is only one file (or only standard input) to search.

           --heading, -+
                  Group matches per file.  Adds a heading and a line break between
                  results from different files.  This option is enabled by --pretty
                  when the output is sent to the terminal.

           --help [WHAT], -? [WHAT]
                  Display a help message on options related to WHAT when specified.
                  In addition, `--help regex' displays an overview of regular
                  expressions, `--help globs' displays an overview of glob syntax
                  and conventions, `--help fuzzy' displays details of fuzzy search,
                  and `--help format' displays a list of option --format=FORMAT
                  fields.

           --hexdump[=[1-8][a][bch][A[NUM]][B[NUM]][C[NUM]]]
                  Output matches in 1 to 8 columns of 8 hexadecimal octets.  The
                  default is 2 columns or 16 octets per line.  Argument `a' outputs
                  a `*' for all hex lines that are identical to the previous hex
                  line, `b' removes all space breaks, `c' removes the character
                  column, `h' removes hex spacing, `A' includes up to NUM hex lines
                  after a match, `B' includes up to NUM hex lines before a match and
                  `C' includes up to NUM hex lines before and after a match.
                  Arguments `A', `B' and `C' are the same as options -A, -B and -C
                  when used with --hexdump.  See also options -U, -W and -X.

           --hidden, -.
                  Search hidden files and directories (enabled by default in grep
                  compatibility mode).

           --hyperlink[=[PREFIX][+]]
                  Hyperlinks are enabled for file names when colors are enabled.
                  Same as --colors=hl.  When PREFIX is specified, replaces file://
                  with PREFIX:// in the hyperlink.  A `+' includes the line number
                  in the hyperlink and when option -k is specified, the column
                  number.

           -I, --ignore-binary
                  Ignore matches in binary files.  This option is equivalent to the
                  --binary-files=without-match option.  Files having NUL (zero)
                  bytes are binary.  Also files with invalid UTF encoding are binary
                  unless option -U or --ascii or --binary is specified.

           -i, --ignore-case
                  Perform case insensitive matching.  By default, ugrep is case
                  sensitive.

           --ignore-files[=FILE]
                  Ignore files and directories matching the globs in each FILE that
                  is encountered in recursive searches.  The default FILE is
                  `.gitignore'.  Matching files and directories located in the
                  directory of the FILE and in subdirectories are ignored.  When
                  FILE is a full pathname, FILE is read ahead of the recursive
                  search and globs are globally applied to ignore files and
                  directories.  When FILE is a `-', standard input is read.
                  Globbing is the same as for --exclude-from=FILE, except that
                  --ignore-files excludes files and also directories when globs
                  match.  This option may be repeated.

           --no-ignore-files
                  Do not ignore files, i.e. cancel --ignore-files when specified.

           --include=GLOB
                  Only search files whose name matches GLOB, same as -g GLOB.  GLOB
                  may use **, *, ?, and [...] as wildcards and \ to quote a wildcard
                  or backslash character literally.  When GLOB contains a `/', full
                  pathnames are matched and option -r is enabled to recurse into
                  directories if -d, -r or -R is not already specified.  Otherwise
                  basenames are matched.  When GLOB ends with a `/', directories are
                  included as if --include-dir is specified.  Otherwise files are
                  included.  Note that --exclude patterns take priority over
                  --include patterns.  GLOB should be quoted to prevent shell
                  globbing.  This option may be repeated.

           --include-dir=GLOB
                  Only directories whose name matches GLOB are included in recursive
                  searches, same as -g GLOB/.  GLOB may use **, *, ?, and [...] as
                  wildcards and \ to quote a wildcard or backslash character
                  literally.  When GLOB contains a `/', full pathnames are matched
                  and option -r is enabled to recurse into directories if -d, -r or
                  -R is not already specified.  Otherwise basenames are matched.
                  Note that --exclude-dir patterns take priority over --include-dir
                  patterns.  GLOB should be quoted to prevent shell globbing.  This
                  option may be repeated.

           --include-from=FILE
                  Read the globs from FILE and search only files and directories
                  whose name matches one or more globs.  A glob may use **, *, ?,
                  and [...] as wildcards and \ to quote a wildcard or backslash
                  character literally.  When a glob contains a `/', full pathnames
                  are matched.  Otherwise basenames are matched.  When a glob ends
                  with a `/', directories are included as if --include-dir is
                  specified.  Otherwise files are included.  A glob starting with a
                  `!' overrides previously-specified inclusions by excluding
                  matching files.  Lines starting with a `#' and empty lines in FILE
                  are ignored.  When FILE is a `-', standard input is read.  This
                  option may be repeated.

           --include-fs=MOUNTS
                  Only file systems specified by MOUNTS are included in recursive
                  searches.  MOUNTS is a comma-separated list of mount points or
                  pathnames to directories.  When MOUNTS is not specified, restricts
                  recursive searches to the file system of the working directory,
                  same as --include-fs=. (dot). Note that --exclude-fs=MOUNTS take
                  priority over --include-fs=MOUNTS.  This option may be repeated.

           --index
                  Perform fast index-based recursive search.  This option assumes,
                  but does not require, that files are indexed with ugrep-indexer.
                  This option also enables option -r or --recursive.  Skips indexed
                  non-matching files, archives and compressed files.  Significant
                  acceleration may be achieved on cold (not file-cached) and large
                  file systems, or any file system that is slow to search.  Note
                  that the start-up time to search may be increased when complex
                  search patterns are specified that contain large Unicode character
                  classes combined with `*' or `+' repeats, which should be avoided.
                  Option -U or --ascii or --binary improves performance.  Option
                  --stats displays an index search report.

           -J NUM, --jobs=NUM
                  Specifies the number of threads spawned to search files.  By
                  default an optimum number of threads is spawned to search files
                  simultaneously.  -J1 disables threading: files are searched in the
                  same order as specified.

           -j, --smart-case
                  Perform case insensitive matching, unless a pattern is specified
                  with a literal upper case letter.

           --json Output file matches in JSON.  When -H, -n, -k, or -b is specified,
                  additional values are output.  See also options --format and -u.

           -K [MIN,][MAX], --range=[MIN,][MAX], --min-line=MIN, --max-line=MAX
                  Start searching at line MIN, stop at line MAX when specified.

           -k, --column-number
                  The column number of a pattern match is displayed in front of the
                  respective matched line, starting at column 1.  Tabs are expanded
                  in counting columns, see also option --tabs.

           -L, --files-without-match
                  Only the names of files not containing selected lines are written
                  to standard output.  Pathnames are listed once per file searched.
                  If the standard input is searched, the string ``(standard input)''
                  is written.

           -l, --files-with-matches
                  Only the names of files containing selected lines are written to
                  standard output.  ugrep will only search a file until a match has
                  been found, making searches potentially less expensive.  Pathnames
                  are listed once per file searched.  If the standard input is
                  searched, the string ``(standard input)'' is written.

           --label=LABEL
                  Displays the LABEL value when input is read from standard input
                  where a file name would normally be printed in the output.
                  Associates a filename extension with standard input when LABEL has
                  a suffix.  The default value is `(standard input)'.

           --line-buffered
                  Force output to be line buffered instead of block buffered.

           --lines
                  Boolean line matching mode for option --bool, the default mode.

           -M MAGIC, --file-magic=MAGIC
                  Only search files matching the magic signature pattern MAGIC.  The
                  signature "magic bytes" at the start of a file are compared to the
                  MAGIC regex pattern.  When matching, the file will be searched.
                  When MAGIC is preceded by a `!' or a `^', skip files with matching
                  MAGIC signatures.  This option may be repeated and may be combined
                  with options -O and -t.  Every file on the search path is read,
                  making recursive searches potentially more expensive.

           -m [MIN,][MAX], --min-count=MIN, --max-count=MAX
                  Require MIN matches, stop after MAX matches when specified.
                  Output MIN to MAX matches.  For example, -m1 outputs the first
                  match and -cm1, (with a comma) counts nonzero matches.  When -u or
                  --ungroup is specified, each individual match counts.  See also
                  option -K.

           --match
                  Match all lines.  Same as specifying an empty pattern to search.

           --max-files=NUM
                  Restrict the number of files matched to NUM.  Note that --sort or
                  -J1 may be specified to produce replicable results.  If --sort is
                  specified, then the number of threads spawned is limited to NUM.

           --max-size=MAX
                  Only search files whose physical size does not exceed MAX bytes.
                  Suffix MAX with kb, mb, gb, tb for kilo, mega, giga, or terabytes.

           --min-size=MIN
                  Only search files whose physical size equals or exceeds MIN bytes.
                  Suffix MIN with kb, mb, gb, tb for kilo, mega, giga, or terabytes.

           --mmap[=MAX]
                  Use memory maps to search files.  By default, memory maps are used
                  under certain conditions to improve performance.  When MAX is
                  specified, use up to MAX mmap memory per thread.

           -N PATTERN, --neg-regexp=PATTERN
                  Specify a negative PATTERN to reject specific -e PATTERN matches
                  with a counter pattern.  Note that longer patterns take precedence
                  over shorter patterns, i.e. a negative pattern must be of the same
                  length or longer to reject matching patterns.  Option -N cannot be
                  specified with -P.  This option may be repeated.

           -n, --line-number
                  Each output line is preceded by its relative line number in the
                  file, starting at line 1.  The line number counter is reset for
                  each file processed.

           --not [-e] PATTERN
                  Specifies that PATTERN should not match.  Note that -e A --not -e
                  B matches lines with `A' or lines without a `B'.  To match lines
                  with `A' that have no `B', specify -e A --andnot -e B.  Option
                  --stats displays the search patterns applied.  See also options
                  --and, --andnot, --bool, --files and --lines.

           --null, -0
                  Output a zero byte after the file name.  This option can be used
                  with commands such as `find -print0' and `xargs -0' to process
                  arbitrary file names, even those that contain newlines.  See also
                  options -H or --with-filename and --null-data.

           --null-data, -00
                  Input and output are treated as sequences of lines with each line
                  terminated by a zero byte instead of a newline; effectively swaps
                  NUL with LF in the input and the output.  When combined with
                  option --encoding=ENCODING, output each line terminated by a zero
                  byte without affecting the input specified as per ENCODING.
                  Instead of option --null-data, option --encoding=null-data treats
                  the input as a sequence of lines terminated by a zero byte without
                  affecting the output.  Option --null-data is not compatible with
                  UTF-16/32 input.  Since ugrep matches multiple lines when patterns
                  are specified containing a newline `\n' or `\R', this option is
                  not required for multi-line matching.  See also options --encoding
                  and --null.

           -O EXTENSIONS, --file-extension=EXTENSIONS
                  Only search files whose filename extensions match the specified
                  comma-separated list of EXTENSIONS, same as -g '*.ext' for each
                  `ext' in EXTENSIONS.  When an `ext' is preceded by a `!' or a `^',
                  skip files whose filename extensions matches `ext', same as -g
                  '^*.ext'.  This option may be repeated and may be combined with
                  options -g, -M and -t.

           -o, --only-matching
                  Only the matching part of a pattern match is output.  When -A, -B
                  or -C is specified, fits the match and its context on a line
                  within the specified number of columns.

           --only-line-number
                  Only the line number of a matching line is output.  The line
                  number counter is reset for each file processed.

           -P, --perl-regexp
                  Interpret PATTERN as a Perl regular expression using PCRE2.  Note
                  that Perl pattern matching differs from the default grep POSIX
                  pattern matching.

           -p, --no-dereference
                  If -R or -r is specified, do not follow symbolic links, even when
                  symbolic links are specified on the command line.

           --pager[=COMMAND]
                  When output is sent to the terminal, uses COMMAND to page through
                  the output.  COMMAND defaults to environment variable PAGER when
                  defined or `less'.  Enables --heading and --line-buffered.

           --pretty[=WHEN]
                  When output is sent to the terminal, enables options --color,
                  --heading, -n, --sort, --tree and -T when not explicitly disabled.
                  WHEN can be `never', `always', or `auto'.  The default is `auto'.

           -Q[=DELAY], --query[=DELAY]
                  Query mode: start a TUI to perform interactive searches.  This
                  mode requires an ANSI capable terminal.  An optional DELAY
                  argument may be specified to reduce or increase the response time
                  to execute searches after the last key press, in increments of
                  100ms, where the default is 3 (300ms delay).  No whitespace may be
                  given between -Q and its argument DELAY.  Initial patterns may be
                  specified with -e PATTERN, i.e. a PATTERN argument requires option
                  -e.  Press F1 or CTRL-Z to view the help screen.  Press F2 or
                  CTRL-Y to invoke a command to view or edit the file shown at the
                  top of the screen.  This command can be specified with option
                  --view and defaults to environment variable PAGER when defined, or
                  VISUAL or EDITOR.  Press TAB or SHIFT-TAB to navigate directories
                  and to select a file to search.  Press ENTER to select lines to
                  output.  Press ALT-l for option -l to list files, ALT-n for -n,
                  etc.  Non-option commands include ALT-] to increase context and
                  ALT-} to increase fuzzyness.  If ALT or OPTION keys are not
                  available, then press CTRL-O + KEY to switch option `KEY', or
                  press F1 or CTRL-Z for help and press KEY.  See also options
                  --no-confirm, --delay, --split and --view.

           -q, --quiet, --silent
                  Quiet mode: suppress all output.  Only search a file until a match
                  has been found.

           -R, --dereference-recursive
                  Recursively read all files under each directory, following
                  symbolic links to files and directories, unlike -r.

           -r, --recursive
                  Recursively read all files under each directory, following
                  symbolic links only if they are on the command line.  Note that
                  when no FILE arguments are specified and input is read from a
                  terminal, recursive searches are performed as if -r is specified.

           --replace=FORMAT
                  Replace matching patterns in the output by FORMAT with `%' fields.
                  If -P is specified, FORMAT may include `%1' to `%9', `%[NUM]#' and
                  `%[NAME]#' to output group captures.  A `%%' outputs `%' and `%~'
                  outputs a newline.  See also option --format, `ugrep --help
                  format' and `man ugrep' section FORMAT for details.

           -S, --dereference-files
                  When -r is specified, follow symbolic links to files, but not to
                  directories.  The default is not to follow symbolic links.

           -s, --no-messages
                  Silent mode: nonexistent and unreadable files are ignored and
                  their error messages and warnings are suppressed.

           --save-config[=FILE] [OPTIONS]
                  Save configuration FILE to include OPTIONS.  Update FILE when
                  first loaded with --config=FILE.  The default FILE is `.ugrep',
                  which is automatically loaded by the ug command.  When FILE is a
                  `-', writes the configuration to standard output.  Only part of
                  the OPTIONS are saved that do not cause searches to fail when
                  combined with other options.  Additional options may be specified
                  by editing the saved configuration file.  A configuration file may
                  be modified by adding one or more config=FILE to include
                  configuration files, but recursive configuration file inclusion is
                  not permitted.

           --separator[=SEP], --context-separator=SEP
                  Use SEP as field separator between file name, line number, column
                  number, byte offset and the matched line.  The default separator
                  is a colon (`:') and a bar (`|') for multi-line pattern matches,
                  and a dash (`-') for context lines.  See also option
                  --group-separator.

           --split
                  Split the -Q query TUI screen on startup.

           --sort[=KEY]
                  Displays matching files in the order specified by KEY in recursive
                  searches.  Normally the ug command sorts by name whereas the ugrep
                  batch command displays matches in no particular order to improve
                  performance.  The sort KEY can be `name' to sort by pathname
                  (default), `best' to sort by best match with option -Z (sort by
                  best match requires two passes over files, which is expensive),
                  `size' to sort by file size, `used' to sort by last access time,
                  `changed' to sort by last modification time and `created' to sort
                  by creation time.  Sorting is reversed with `rname', `rbest',
                  `rsize', `rused', `rchanged', or `rcreated'.  Archive contents are
                  not sorted.  Subdirectories are sorted and displayed after
                  matching files.  FILE arguments are searched in the same order as
                  specified.

           --stats
                  Output statistics on the number of files and directories searched
                  and the inclusion and exclusion constraints applied.

           -T, --initial-tab
                  Add a tab space to separate the file name, line number, column
                  number and byte offset with the matched line.

           -t TYPES, --file-type=TYPES
                  Search only files associated with TYPES, a comma-separated list of
                  file types.  Each file type corresponds to a set of filename
                  extensions passed to option -O and filenames passed to option -g.
                  For capitalized file types, the search is expanded to include
                  files with matching file signature magic bytes, as if passed to
                  option -M.  When a type is preceded by a `!' or a `^', excludes
                  files of the specified type.  Specifying the initial part of a
                  type name suffices when the choice is unambiguous.  This option
                  may be repeated.  The possible file types can be (-tlist displays
                  a list): `actionscript', `ada', `adoc', `asm', `asp', `aspx',
                  `autoconf', `automake', `awk', `Awk', `basic', `batch', `bison',
                  `c', `c++', `clojure', `cpp', `csharp', `css', `csv', `dart',
                  `Dart', `delphi', `elisp', `elixir', `erlang', `fortran', `gif',
                  `Gif', `go', `groovy', `gsp', `haskell', `html', `jade', `java',
                  `jpeg', `Jpeg', `js', `json', `jsp', `julia', `kotlin', `less',
                  `lex', `lisp', `lua', `m4', `make', `markdown', `matlab', `node',
                  `Node', `objc', `objc++', `ocaml', `parrot', `pascal', `pdf',
                  `Pdf', `perl', `Perl', `php', `Php', `png', `Png', `prolog',
                  `python', `Python', `r', `rpm', `Rpm', `rst', `rtf', `Rtf',
                  `ruby', `Ruby', `rust', `scala', `scheme', `seed7', `shell',
                  `Shell', `smalltalk', `sql', `svg', `swift', `tcl', `tex', `text',
                  `tiff', `Tiff', `tt', `typescript', `verilog', `vhdl', `vim',
                  `xml', `Xml', `yacc', `yaml', `zig'.

           --tabs[=NUM]
                  Set the tab size to NUM to expand tabs for option -k.  The value
                  of NUM may be 1 (no expansion), 2, 4, or 8.  The default size is
                  8.

           --tag[=TAG[,END]]
                  Disables colors to mark up matches with TAG.  END marks the end of
                  a match if specified, otherwise TAG.  The default is `___'.

           --tree, -^
                  Output directories with matching files in a tree-like format for
                  option -c or --count, -l or --files-with-matches, -L or
                  --files-without-match.  This option is enabled by --pretty when
                  the output is sent to the terminal.

           -U, --ascii, --binary
                  Disables Unicode matching for ASCII and binary matching.  PATTERN
                  matches bytes.  For example, -U '\xa3' matches byte A3 (hex)
                  instead of the Unicode code point U+00A3 represented by the UTF-8
                  sequence C2 A3.  Input is not flagged as "binary" for having
                  invalid UTF, only for having NUL (zero) bytes.

           -u, --ungroup
                  Do not group multiple pattern matches on the same matched line.
                  Output the matched line again for each additional pattern match.

           -V, --version
                  Display version with linked libraries and exit.

           -v, --invert-match
                  Selected lines are those not matching any of the specified
                  patterns.

           --view[=COMMAND]
                  Use COMMAND to view/edit a file in -Q query TUI by pressing
                  CTRL-Y.

           -W, --with-hex
                  Output binary matches in hexadecimal, leaving text matches alone.
                  This option is equivalent to the --binary-files=with-hex option.
                  To omit the matching line from the hex output, use both options -W
                  and --hexdump.  See also options -U.

           -w, --word-regexp
                  The PATTERN is searched for as a word, such that the matching text
                  is preceded by a non-word character and is followed by a non-word
                  character.  Word-like characters are Unicode letters, digits and
                  connector punctuations such as underscore.

           --width[=NUM]
                  Truncate the output to NUM visible characters per line.  The width
                  of the terminal window is used if NUM is not specified.  Note that
                  double-width characters in the output may result in wider lines.

           -X, --hex
                  Output matches and matching lines in hexadecimal.  This option is
                  equivalent to the --binary-files=hex option.  To omit the matching
                  line from the hex output use option --hexdump.  See also option
                  -U.

           -x, --line-regexp
                  Select only those matches that exactly match the whole line, as if
                  the patterns are surrounded by ^ and $.

           --xml  Output file matches in XML.  When -H, -n, -k, or -b is specified,
                  additional values are output.  See also options --format and -u.

           -Y, --empty
                  Empty-matching patterns match all lines.  Normally, empty matches
                  are not output, unless a pattern starts with `^' or ends with `$'.
                  With this option, empty-matching patterns, such as x*y?, x*y*z*,
                  and x*(y?|z) match all lines, not only the expected pattern.  This
                  option is enabled by default in grep compatibility mode; specify
                  option --no-empty to prevent matching all lines.

           -y, --any-line, --passthru
                  Any line is output (passthru).  Non-matching lines are output as
                  context with a `-' separator.  See also options -A, -B and -C.

           -Z[best][+-~][MAX], --fuzzy[=[best][+-~][MAX]]
                  Fuzzy mode: report approximate pattern matches within MAX errors.
                  The default is -Z1: one deletion, insertion or substitution is
                  allowed.  If `+`, `-' and/or `~' is specified, then `+' allows
                  insertions, `-' allows deletions and `~' allows substitutions.
                  For example, -Z+~3 allows up to three insertions or substitutions,
                  but no deletions.  If `best' is specified, then only the best
                  matching lines are output with the lowest cost per file.  Option
                  -Zbest requires two passes over a file and cannot be used with
                  standard input or Boolean queries.  Option --sort=best orders
                  matching files by best match.  The first character of an
                  approximate match always matches a character at the beginning of
                  the pattern.  To fuzzy match the first character, replace it with
                  a `.' or `.?'.  Option -U applies fuzzy matching to ASCII and
                  bytes instead of Unicode text.  No whitespace may be given between
                  -Z and its argument.

           -z, --decompress
                  Search compressed files and archives.  Archives (.cpio, .pax,
                  .tar) and compressed archives (e.g. .zip, .7z, .taz, .tgz, .tpz,
                  .tbz, .tbz2, .tb2, .tz2, .tlz, .txz, .tzst) are searched and
                  matching pathnames of files in archives are output in braces.
                  When used with option --zmax=NUM, searches the contents of
                  compressed files and archives stored within archives up to NUM
                  levels.  When -g, -O, -M, or -t is specified, searches archives
                  for files that match the specified globs, filename extensions,
                  file signature magic bytes, or file types, respectively; a
                  side-effect of these options is that the compressed files and
                  archives searched are only those with filename extensions that
                  match known compression and archive types.  Supported compression
                  formats: gzip (.gz), compress (.Z), zip, 7z, bzip2 (.bz, .bz2,
                  .bzip2, .tbz, .tbz2, .tb2, .tz2), xz (.xz, .txz) and lzma
                  (requires suffix .lzma, .tlz), zstd (.zst, .zstd, .tzst), lz4
                  (requires suffix .lz4), brotli (requires suffix .br), bzip3
                  (requires suffix .bz3).

           --zmax=NUM
                  When used with option -z or --decompress, searches the contents of
                  compressed files and archives stored within archives by up to NUM
                  expansion stages.  The default --zmax=1 only permits searching
                  uncompressed files stored in cpio, pax, tar, zip and 7z archives;
                  compressed files and archives are detected as binary files and are
                  effectively ignored.  Specify --zmax=2 to search compressed files
                  and archives stored in cpio, pax, tar, zip and 7z archives.  NUM
                  may range from 1 to 99 for up to 99 decompression and de-archiving
                  steps.  Increasing NUM values gradually degrades performance.

           Specify `ugrep --help WHAT' for help on WHAT.

    EXIT STATUS
           The ugrep utility exits with one of the following values:

           0      One or more lines were selected.

           1      No lines were selected.

           >1     An error occurred.

           If -q or --quiet or --silent is used and a line is selected, the exit
           status is 0 even if an error occurred.

    CONFIGURATION
           The ug command is intended for interactive searching and is equivalent to
           the ugrep --config --pretty --sort command to load the `.ugrep`
           configuration file located in the working directory or, when not found,
           in the home directory.

           A configuration file contains `NAME=VALUE' pairs per line, where `NAME`
           is the name of a long option (without `--') and `=VALUE' is an argument,
           which is optional and may be omitted depending on the option.  Empty
           lines and lines starting with a `#' are ignored.

           The --config=FILE option and its abbreviated form ---FILE load the
           specified configuration file located in the working directory or, when
           not found, in the home directory.  An error is produced when FILE is not
           found or cannot be read.

           Command line options are parsed in the following order: the configuration
           file is loaded first, followed by the remaining options and arguments on
           the command line.

           The --save-config option saves a `.ugrep' configuration file to the
           working directory with a subset of the options specified on the command
           line.  Only part of the specified options are saved that do not cause
           searches to fail when combined with other options.  The --save-
           config=FILE option saves the configuration to FILE.  The configuration is
           written to standard output when FILE is a `-'.

    GLOBBING
           Globbing is used by options -g (--glob and --iglob), --include,
           --include-dir, --include-from, --exclude, --exclude-dir, --exclude-from
           and --ignore-files to match pathnames or basenames in recursive searches.
           Glob arguments for these options should be quoted to prevent shell
           globbing.

           Globbing with --ignore-files supports gitignore syntax and rules.  This
           is also the case for all other globbing-related options, with the
           exception that a glob matches filenames, not directory names.  If a glob
           ends in a path separator `/', then it matches directory names, not
           filenames, as if --include-dir or --exclude-dir is specified.

           When a glob contains a path separator `/', the full pathname is matched.
           Otherwise the basename of a file or directory is matched.  For example,
           *.h matches foo.h and bar/foo.h.  bar/*.h matches bar/foo.h but not foo.h
           and not bar/bar/foo.h.  Use a leading `./' or just `/' to force /*.h to
           match foo.h in the working directory but not bar/foo.h.

           When a glob starts with a `!' or a `^' as in -g^GLOB, the match is
           negated.  Likewise, a `!' (but not a `^') may be used with globs in the
           files specified --include-from, --exclude-from, and --ignore-files to
           negate the glob match.  Empty lines or lines starting with a `#' are
           ignored.

           Glob Syntax and Conventions

           *      Matches anything except /.

           ?      Matches any one character except /.

           [abc-e]
                  Matches one character a,b,c,d,e.

           [^abc-e]
                  Matches one character not a,b,c,d,e,/.

           [!abc-e]
                  Matches one character not a,b,c,d,e,/.

           /      When used at the start of a glob, matches the working directory.
                  When used at the end of a glob, matches directories only.

           **/    Matches zero or more directories.

           /**    When used at the end of a glob, matches everything after the /.

           \?     Matches a ? or any other character specified after the backslash.

           Glob Matching Examples

           *      Matches a, b, x/a, x/y/b

           a      Matches a, x/a, x/y/a,       but not b, x/b, a/a/b

           /*     Matches a, b,                but not x/a, x/b, x/y/a

           /a     Matches a,                   but not x/a, x/y/a

           a?b    Matches axb, ayb,            but not a, b, ab, a/b

           a[xy]b Matches axb, ayb             but not a, b, azb

           a[a-z]b
                  Matches aab, abb, acb, azb,  but not a, b, a3b, aAb, aZb

           a[^xy]b
                  Matches aab, abb, acb, azb,  but not a, b, axb, ayb

           a[^a-z]b
                  Matches a3b, aAb, aZb        but not a, b, aab, abb, acb, azb

           a/*/b  Matches a/x/b, a/y/b,        but not a/b, a/x/y/b

           **/a   Matches a, x/a, x/y/a,       but not b, x/b.

           a/**/b Matches a/b, a/x/b, a/x/y/b, but not x/a/b, a/b/x

           a/**   Matches a/x, a/y, a/x/y,     but not a, b/x

           a\?b   Matches a?b,                 but not a, b, ab, axb, a/b

           Note that exclude glob patterns take priority over include glob patterns
           when specified with options -g, --exclude, --exclude-dir, --include and
           include-dir.

           Option --ignore-files specifies a file with gitignore-style globs, where
           the default file is .gitignore.  When ignore files are encountered in
           recursive searches, the search is narrowed by excluding filenames and
           directory names matching the globs; this gitignore glob-matching rule
           differs from option --exclude-from which requires globs ending in / to
           match directory names.

    ENVIRONMENT
           GREP_PATH
                  May be used to specify a file path to pattern files.  The file
                  path is used by option -f to open a pattern file, when the pattern
                  file does not exist.  Defaults to /usr/local/share/ugrep/patterns
                  when GREP_PATH is undefined.

           GREP_COLOR
                  May be used to specify ANSI SGR parameters to highlight matches
                  when option --color is used, e.g. 1;35;40 shows pattern matches in
                  bold magenta text on a black background.  Deprecated in favor of
                  GREP_COLORS, but still supported.

           GREP_COLORS
                  May be used to specify ANSI SGR parameters to highlight matches
                  and other attributes when option --color is used.  Its value is a
                  colon-separated list of ANSI SGR parameters that defaults to
                  cx=33:mt=1;31:fn=1;35:ln=1;32:cn=1;32:bn=1;32:se=36 with
                  additional parameters for TUI colors
                  :qp=1;32:qe=1;37;41:qm=1;32:ql=36:qb=1;35.  The mt=, ms=, and mc=
                  capabilities of GREP_COLORS take priority over GREP_COLOR.  Option
                  --colors takes priority over GREP_COLORS.

    GREP_COLORS
           Colors are specified as string of colon-separated ANSI SGR parameters of
           the form `what=substring', where `substring' is a semicolon-separated
           list of ANSI SGR codes or `k' (black), `r' (red), `g' (green), `y'
           (yellow), `b' (blue), `m' (magenta), `c' (cyan), `w' (white).  Upper case
           specifies background colors.  A `+' qualifies a color as bright.  A
           foreground and a background color may be combined with one or more font
           properties `n' (normal), `f' (faint), `h' (highlight), `i' (invert), `u'
           (underline).  Substrings may be specified for:

           sl=    selected lines.

           cx=    context lines.

           rv     swaps the sl= and cx= capabilities when -v is specified.

           mt=    matching text in any matching line.

           ms=    matching text in a selected line.  The substring mt= by default.

           mc=    matching text in a context line.  The substring mt= by default.

           fn=    filenames.

           ln=    line numbers.

           cn=    column numbers.

           bn=    byte offsets.

           se=    separators.

           rv     a Boolean parameter, switches sl= and cx= with option -v.

           hl     a Boolean parameter, enables filename hyperlinks (\33]8;;link).

           ne     a Boolean parameter, disables ``erase in line'' \33[K.

           qp=    TUI prompt.

           qe=    TUI errors.

           qr=    TUI regex.

           qm=    TUI regex meta characters.

           ql=    TUI regex lists and literals.

           qb=    TUI regex braces.

    FORMAT
           Option --format=FORMAT specifies an output format for matches.  Option
           --replace=FORMAT only replaces the matching patterns.  Fields may be used
           in FORMAT, which expand into the following values:

           %[TEXT]F
                  if option -H is used: TEXT, the file pathname and separator.

           %f     the file pathname.

           %a     the file basename without directory path.

           %p     the directory path to the file.

           %z     the file pathname in a (compressed) archive.

           %[TEXT]H
                  if option -H is used: TEXT, the quoted pathname and separator, \"
                  and \\ replace " and \.

           %h     the quoted file pathname, \" and \\ replace " and \.

           %[TEXT]I
                  if option -H is used: TEXT, the pathname as XML character data and
                  separator.

           %i     the file pathname as XML character data.

           %[TEXT]N
                  if option -n is used: TEXT, the line number and separator.

           %n     the line number of the match.

           %[TEXT]K
                  if option -k is used: TEXT, the column number and separator.

           %k     the column number of the match.

           %[TEXT]B
                  if option -b is used: TEXT, the byte offset and separator.

           %b     the byte offset of the match.

           %[TEXT]T
                  if option -T is used: TEXT and a tab character.

           %t     a tab character.

           %[SEP]$
                  set field separator to SEP for the rest of the format fields.

           %[TEXT]<
                  if the first match: TEXT.

           %[TEXT]>
                  if not the first match: TEXT.

           %,     if not the first match: a comma, same as %[,]>.

           %:     if not the first match: a colon, same as %[:]>.

           %;     if not the first match: a semicolon, same as %[;]>.

           %|     if not the first match: a vertical bar, same as %[|]>.

           %[TEXT]S
                  if not the first match: TEXT and separator, see also %[SEP]$.

           %s     the separator, see also %[TEXT]S and %[SEP]$.

           %~     a newline character.

           %M     the number of matching lines

           %m     the number of matches

           %O     the matching line is output as a raw string of bytes.

           %o     the match is output as a raw string of bytes.

           %Q     the matching line as a quoted string, \" and \\ replace " and \.

           %q     the match as a quoted string, \" and \\ replace " and \.

           %C     the matching line formatted as a quoted C/C++ string.

           %c     the match formatted as a quoted C/C++ string.

           %J     the matching line formatted as a quoted JSON string.

           %j     the match formatted as a quoted JSON string.

           %V     the matching line formatted as a quoted CSV string.

           %v     the match formatted as a quoted CSV string.

           %X     the matching line formatted as XML character data.

           %x     the match formatted as XML character data.

           %w     the width of the match, counting wide characters.

           %d     the size of the match, counting bytes.

           %e     the ending byte offset of the match.

           %Z     the edit distance cost of an approximate match with option -Z

           %u     select unique lines only, unless option -u is used.

           %1     the first regex group capture of the match, and so on up to group
                  %9, same as %[1]#; requires option -P.

           %[NUM]#
                  the regex group capture NUM; requires option -P.

           %[NUM]b
                  the byte offset of the group capture NUM; requires option -P.  Use
                  e for the ending byte offset and d for the byte length.

           %[NUM1|NUM2|...]#
                  the first group capture NUM that matched; requires option -P.

           %[NUM1|NUM2|...]b
                  the byte offset of the first group capture NUM that matched;
                  requires option -P.  Use e for the ending byte offset and d for
                  the byte length.

           %[NAME]#
                  the NAMEd group capture; requires option -P and capturing pattern
                  `(?<NAME>PATTERN)', see also %G.

           %[NAME]b
                  the byte offset of the NAMEd group capture; requires option -P and
                  capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)'.  Use e for the ending byte
                  offset and d for the byte length.

           %[NAME1|NAME2|...]#
                  the first NAMEd group capture that matched; requires option -P and
                  capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)', see also %G.

           %[NAME1|NAME2|...]b
                  the byte offset of the first NAMEd group capture that matched;
                  requires option -P and capturing pattern `(?<NAME>PATTERN)'.  Use
                  e for the ending byte offset and d for the byte length.

           %G     list of group capture indices/names that matched; requires option
                  -P.

           %[TEXT1|TEXT2|...]G
                  list of TEXT indexed by group capture indices that matched;
                  requires option -P.

           %g     the group capture index/name matched or 1; requires option -P.

           %[TEXT1|TEXT2|...]g
                  the first TEXT indexed by the first group capture index that
                  matched; requires option -P.

           %%     the percentage sign.

           Formatted output is written without a terminating newline, unless %~ or
           `\n' is explicitly specified in the format string.

           The [TEXT] part of a field is optional and may be omitted.  When present,
           the argument must be placed in [] brackets, for example %[,]F to output a
           comma, the pathname, and a separator.

           %[SEP]$ and %u are switches and do not send anything to the output.

           The separator used by the %F, %H, %I, %N, %K, %B, %S and %G fields may be
           changed by preceding the field by %[SEP]$.  When [SEP] is not provided,
           this reverts the separator to the default separator or the separator
           specified with --separator.

           Formatted output is written for each matching pattern, which means that a
           line may be output multiple times when patterns match more than once on
           the same line.  If field %u is specified anywhere in a format string,
           matching lines are output only once, unless option -u, --ungroup is
           specified or when more than one line of input matched the search pattern.

           Additional formatting options:

           --format-begin=FORMAT
                  the FORMAT when beginning the search.

           --format-open=FORMAT
                  the FORMAT when opening a file and a match was found.

           --format-close=FORMAT
                  the FORMAT when closing a file and a match was found.

           --format-end=FORMAT
                  the FORMAT when ending the search.

           The context options -A, -B, -C, -y, and display options --break,
           --heading, --color, -T, and --null have no effect on formatted output.

    EXAMPLES
           Display lines containing the word `patricia' in `myfile.txt':

                  $ ugrep -w patricia myfile.txt

           Display lines containing the word `patricia', ignoring case:

                  $ ugrep -wi patricia myfile.txt

           Display lines approximately matching the word `patricia', ignoring case
           and allowing up to 2 spelling errors using fuzzy search:

                  $ ugrep -Z2 -wi patricia myfile.txt

           Count the number of lines containing `patricia', ignoring case:

                  $ ugrep -cwi patricia myfile.txt

           Count the number of words `patricia', ignoring case:

                  $ ugrep -cowi patricia myfile.txt

           List lines with `amount' and a decimal, ignoring case (space is AND):

                  $ ugrep -i -% 'amount \d+(\.\d+)?' myfile.txt

           The same Boolean search query, but with options -e and --and:

                  $ ugrep -wi -e amount --and '\d+(\.\d+)?' myfile.txt

           List all Unicode words in a file:

                  $ ugrep -o '\w+' myfile.txt

           List the laughing face emojis (Unicode code points U+1F600 to U+1F60F):

                  $ ugrep -o '[\x{1F600}-\x{1F60F}]' myfile.txt

           Check if a file contains any non-ASCII (i.e. Unicode) characters:

                  $ ugrep -q '[^[:ascii:]]' myfile.txt && echo "contains Unicode"

           Display the line and column number of `FIXME' in C++ files using
           recursive search, with one line of context before and after a matched
           line:

                  $ ugrep -C1 -R -n -k -tc++ FIXME

           Display the line and column number of `FIXME' in long Javascript files
           using recursive search, showing only matches with up to 10 characters of
           context before and after:

                  $ ugrep -o -C20 -R -n -k -tjs FIXME

           Find blocks of text between lines matching BEGIN and END by using a lazy
           quantifier `*?' to match only what is necessary and pattern `\n' to match
           newlines:

                  $ ugrep -n 'BEGIN.*\n(.*\n)*?.*END' myfile.txt

           Likewise, list the C/C++ comments in a file and line numbers:

                  $ ugrep -n -e '//.*' -e '/\*(.*\n)*?.*\*+\/' myfile.cpp

           The same, but using predefined pattern c++/comments:

                  $ ugrep -n -f c++/comments myfile.cpp

           List the lines that need fixing in a C/C++ source file by looking for the
           word `FIXME' while skipping any `FIXME' in quoted strings:

                  $ ugrep -e FIXME -N '"(\\.|\\\r?\n|[^\\\n"])*"' myfile.cpp

           The same, but using predefined pattern cpp/zap_strings:

                  $ ugrep -e FIXME -f cpp/zap_strings myfile.cpp

           Find lines with `FIXME' or `TODO', showing line numbers:

                  $ ugrep -n -e FIXME -e TODO myfile.cpp

           Find lines with `FIXME' that also contain `urgent':

                  $ ugrep -n -e FIXME --and urgent myfile.cpp

           The same, but with a Boolean query pattern (a space is AND):

                  $ ugrep -n -% 'FIXME urgent' myfile.cpp

           Find lines with `FIXME' that do not also contain `later':

                  $ ugrep -n -e FIXME --andnot later myfile.cpp

           The same, but with a Boolean query pattern (a space is AND, - is NOT):

                  $ ugrep -n -% 'FIXME -later' myfile.cpp

           Output a list of line numbers of lines with `FIXME' but not `later':

                  $ ugrep -e FIXME --andnot later --format='%,%n' myfile.cpp

           Recursively list all files with both `FIXME' and `LICENSE' anywhere in
           the file, not necessarily on the same line:

                  $ ugrep -l -%% 'FIXME LICENSE'

           Find lines with `FIXME' in the C/C++ files stored in a tarball:

                  $ ugrep -z -tc++ -n FIXME project.tgz

           Recursively find lines with `FIXME' in C/C++ files, but do not search any
           `bak' and `old' directories:

                  $ ugrep -n FIXME -tc++ -g^bak/,^old/

           Recursively search for the word `copyright' in cpio, jar, pax, tar, zip,
           7z archives, compressed and regular files, and in PDFs using a PDF
           filter:

                  $ ugrep -z -w --filter='pdf:pdftotext % -' copyright

           Match the binary pattern `A3hhhhA3' (hex) in a binary file without
           Unicode pattern matching -U (which would otherwise match `\xaf' as a
           Unicode character U+00A3 with UTF-8 byte sequence C2 A3) and display the
           results in hex with --hexdump with C1 to output one hex line before and
           after each match:

                  $ ugrep -U --hexdump=C1 '\xa3[\x00-\xff]{2}\xa3' a.out

           Hexdump an entire file using a pager for viewing:

                  $ ugrep -X --pager '' a.out

           List all files that are not ignored by one or more `.gitignore':

                  $ ugrep -l '' --ignore-files

           List all files containing a RPM signature, located in the `rpm' directory
           and recursively below up to two levels deeper (3 levels total):

                  $ ugrep -3 -l -tRpm '' rpm/

           Monitor the system log for bug reports and ungroup multiple matches from
           matching lines into separate lines:

                  $ tail -f /var/log/system.log | ugrep -u -i -w bug

           Interactive fuzzy search with Boolean search queries:

                  $ ugrep -Q -l -% -Z2 --sort=best

           Display all words in a MacRoman-encoded file that has CR newlines:

                  $ ugrep --encoding=MACROMAN '\w+' mac.txt

           Display options related to "fuzzy" searching:

                  $ ugrep --help fuzzy

    COPYRIGHT
           Copyright (c) 2021-2025 Robert A. van Engelen <engelen@acm.org>

           ugrep is released under the BSD-3 license.  All parts of the software
           have reasonable copyright terms permitting free redistribution.  This
           includes the ability to reuse all or parts of the ugrep source tree.

    SEE ALSO
           ugrep-indexer(1), grep(1), zgrep(1).

    BUGS
           Report bugs at: <https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep/issues>



    ugrep 7.6.0                       March 5, 2026                         UGREP(1)

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

Regex patterns
--------------

For PCRE regex patterns with option `-P`, please see the PCRE documentation
<https://www.pcre.org/original/doc/html/pcrepattern.html>.  The pattern syntax
has more features than the pattern syntax described below.  For the patterns in
common the syntax and meaning are the same.

Note that `[[:space:]]` and `\s` and inverted bracket lists `[^...]` are
modified in **ugrep** to prevent matching newlines `\n`.  This modification is
done to replicate the behavior of grep.

### POSIX regular expression syntax

An empty pattern is a special case that matches everything except empty files,
i.e. does not match zero-length files, as per POSIX.1 grep standard.

A regex pattern is an extended set of regular expressions (ERE), with nested
sub-expression patterns `φ` and `ψ`:

  Pattern   | Matches
  --------- | -----------------------------------------------------------------
  `x`       | matches the character `x`, where `x` is not a special character
  `.`       | matches any single character except newline (unless in dotall mode)
  `\.`      | matches `.` (dot), special characters are escaped with a backslash
  `\n`      | matches a newline, others are `\a` (BEL), `\b` (BS), `\t` (HT), `\v` (VT), `\f` (FF), and `\r` (CR)
  `\0`      | matches the NUL character
  `\cX`     | matches the control character `X` mod 32 (e.g. `\cA` is `\x01`)
  `\0141`   | matches an 8-bit character with octal value `141`, i.e. `a`
  `\x7f`    | matches an 8-bit character with hexadecimal value `7f`
  `\x{3B1}` | matches Unicode character U+03B1, i.e. `α`
  `\u{3B1}` | matches Unicode character U+03B1, i.e. `α`
  `\o{141}` | matches Unicode character U+0061, i.e. `a`, in octal
  `\p{C}`   | matches a character in Unicode category C
  `\Q...\E` | matches the quoted content between `\Q` and `\E` literally
  `[abc]`   | matches one of `a`, `b`, or `c`
  `[0-9]`   | matches a digit `0` to `9`
  `[^0-9]`  | matches any character except a digit and excluding `\n`
  `φ?`      | matches `φ` zero or one time (optional)
  `φ*`      | matches `φ` zero or more times (repetition)
  `φ+`      | matches `φ` one or more times (repetition)
  `φ{2,5}`  | matches `φ` two to five times (repetition)
  `φ{2,}`   | matches `φ` at least two times (repetition)
  `φ{2}`    | matches `φ` exactly two times (repetition)
  `φ??`     | matches `φ` zero or once as needed (lazy optional)
  `φ*?`     | matches `φ` a minimum number of times as needed (lazy repetition)
  `φ+?`     | matches `φ` a minimum number of times at least once as needed (lazy repetition)
  `φ{2,5}?` | matches `φ` two to five times as needed (lazy repetition)
  `φ{2,}?`  | matches `φ` at least two times or more as needed (lazy repetition)
  `φψ`      | matches `φ` then matches `ψ` (concatenation)
  `φ⎮ψ`     | matches `φ` or matches `ψ` (alternation)
  `(φ)`     | matches `φ` as a group
  `(?:φ)`   | matches `φ` as a group without capture
  `(?=φ)`   | matches `φ` without consuming it, i.e. lookahead (without option `-P`: nothing may occur after `(?=φ)`)
  `(?^φ)`   | matches `φ` and ignores it, marking everything in the pattern as a non-match
  `^φ`      | matches `φ` at the start of input or start of a line (nothing may occur before `^`)
  `φ$`      | matches `φ` at the end of input or end of a line (nothing may occur after `$`)
  `\Aφ`     | matches `φ` at the start of input (nothing may occur before `\A`)
  `φ\z`     | matches `φ` at the end of input (nothing may occur after `\z`)
  `\bφ`     | matches `φ` starting at a word boundary (without option `-P`: nothing may occur before `\b`)
  `φ\b`     | matches `φ` ending at a word boundary (without option `-P`: nothing may occur after `\b`)
  `\Bφ`     | matches `φ` starting at a non-word boundary (without option `-P`: nothing may occur before `\B`)
  `φ\B`     | matches `φ` ending at a non-word boundary (without option `-P`: nothing may occur after `\B`)
  `\<φ`     | matches `φ` that starts a word (without option `-P`: nothing may occur before `\<`)
  `\>φ`     | matches `φ` that starts a non-word (without option `-P`: nothing may occur before `\>`)
  `φ\<`     | matches `φ` that ends a non-word (without option `-P`: nothing may occur after `\<`)
  `φ\>`     | matches `φ` that ends a word (without option `-P`: nothing may occur after `\>`)
  `(?i:φ)`  | matches `φ` ignoring case
  `(?s:φ)`  | `.` (dot) in `φ` matches newline
  `(?x:φ)`  | ignore all whitespace and comments in `φ`
  `(?#:X)`  | all of `X` is skipped as a comment

The order of precedence for composing larger patterns from sub-patterns is as
follows, from high to low precedence:

  1. Characters, character classes (bracket expressions), escapes, quotation
  2. Grouping `(φ)`, `(?:φ)`, `(?=φ)`, and inline modifiers `(?imsux:φ)`
  3. Quantifiers `?`, `*`, `+`, `{n,m}`
  4. Concatenation `φψ`
  5. Anchoring `^`, `$`, `\<`, `\>`, `\b`, `\B`, `\A`, `\z`
  6. Alternation `φ|ψ`
  7. Global modifiers `(?imsux)φ`

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### POSIX and Unicode character classes

Character classes in bracket lists represent sets of characters.  Sets can be
negated (inverted), subtracted, intersected, and merged (not supported by PCRE2
with option `-P`):

  Pattern           | Matches
  ----------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------
  `[a-zA-Z]`        | matches a letter
  `[^a-zA-Z]`       | matches a non-letter (character class negation), newlines are not matched
  `[a-z−−[aeiou]]`  | matches a consonant (character class subtraction)
  `[a-z&&[^aeiou]]` | matches a consonant (character class intersection)
  `[a-z⎮⎮[A-Z]]`    | matches a letter (character class union)

Bracket lists cannot be empty, so `[]` and `[^]` are invalid.  In fact, the
first character after the bracket is always part of the list.  So `[][]` is a
list that matches a `]` and a `[`, `[^][]` is a list that matches anything but
`]` and `[`, and `[-^]` is a list that matches a `-` and a `^`.

Negated character classes such as `[^a-z]` do not match newlines for
compatibility with traditional grep pattern matching.

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### POSIX and Unicode character categories

The POSIX form can only be used in bracket lists, for example
`[[:lower:][:digit:]]` matches an ASCII lower case letter or a digit.

You can also use the `\p{C}` form for class `C` and upper case `\P{C}` form
that has the same meaning as `\p{^C}`, which matches any character except
characters in the class `C`.  For example, `\P{ASCII}` is the same as
`\p{^ASCII}` which is the same as `[[:^ascii]]`.

  POSIX form   | Matches
  ------------ | ---------------------------------------------
  `[:ascii:]`  | matches an ASCII character U+0000 to U+007F including `\n`
  `[:space:]`  | matches a white space character `[ \t\v\f\r]` excluding `\n`
  `[:xdigit:]` | matches a hex digit `[0-9A-Fa-f]`
  `[:cntrl:]`  | matches a control character `[\x00-\t\x0b-\x1f\x7f]` excluding `\n`
  `[:print:]`  | matches a printable character `[\x20-\x7e]`
  `[:alnum:]`  | matches a alphanumeric character `[0-9A-Za-z]`
  `[:alpha:]`  | matches a letter `[A-Za-z]`
  `[:blank:]`  | matches a blank character `\h` same as `[ \t]`
  `[:digit:]`  | matches a digit `[0-9]`
  `[:graph:]`  | matches a visible character `[\x21-\x7e]`
  `[:lower:]`  | matches a lower case letter `[a-z]`
  `[:punct:]`  | matches a punctuation character `[\x21-\x2f\x3a-\x40\x5b-\x60\x7b-\x7e]`
  `[:upper:]`  | matches an upper case letter `[A-Z]`
  `[:word:]`   | matches a word character `[0-9A-Za-z_]`
  `[:^blank:]` | matches a non-blank characater `\H` same as `[^ \t]`
  `[:^digit:]` | matches a non-digit `[^0-9]`

POSIX character categories only cover ASCII, `[[:^ascii]]` is empty and
therefore invalid to use.  By contrast, `[^[:ascii]]` is a Unicode character
class that excludes the ASCII character category.

Note that the patterns `[[:ascii:]]` and negated classes such as `[[:^digit:]]`
match newlines, which is the official definition of these POSIX categories.  By
contrast, GNU/BSD grep never match newlines.  As a consequence, more patterns
may match.

Negated character classes of the form `[^...]` match any Unicode character
except the given characters and does not match newlines either.  For example
`[^[:digit:]]` matches non-digits (including Unicode) and does not match
newlines.  By contrast, `[[:^digit:]]` matches ASCII non-digits, including
newlines.

Option `-U` disables Unicode wide-character matching, i.e. ASCII matching.

  Unicode category                       | Matches
  -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------
  `.`                                    | matches any single Unicode character except newline `\n` unless with `--dotall`
  `\a`                                   | matches BEL U+0007
  `\d`                                   | matches a digit `[0-9]` or `\p{Nd}`
  `\D`                                   | matches a non-digit including `\n`
  `\e`                                   | matches ESC U+001b
  `\f`                                   | matches FF U+000c
  `\h`                                   | matches a blank `[ \t]`
  `\H`                                   | matches a non-blank `[^ \t]` including `\n`
  `\l`                                   | matches a lower case letter `\p{Ll}`
  `\n`                                   | matches LF U+000a
  `\N`                                   | matches a non-LF character
  `\r`                                   | matches CR U+000d
  `\R`                                   | matches a Unicode line break (`\r\n`, `\r`, `\v`, `\f`, `\n`, U+0085, U+2028 and U+2029)
  `\s`                                   | matches a white space character `[ \t\v\f\r\x85\p{Z}]` excluding `\n`
  `\S`                                   | matches a non-white space character and excluding `\n`
  `\t`                                   | matches TAB U+0009
  `\u`                                   | matches an upper case letter `\p{Lu}`
  `\v`                                   | matches VT U+000b or vertical space character with option `-P`
  `\w`                                   | matches a word character `[0-9A-Za-z_]` or `[\p{L}\p{Nd}\p{Pc}]`
  `\W`                                   | matches a non-Unicode word character including `\n`
  `\X`                                   | matches any ISO-8859-1 or Unicode character including `\n`
  `\p{Space}`                            | matches a white space character `[ \t\v\f\r\x85\p{Z}]` excluding `\n`
  `\p{Unicode}`                          | matches any Unicode character U+0000 to U+10FFFF minus U+D800 to U+DFFF
  `\p{ASCII}`                            | matches an ASCII character U+0000 to U+007F including `\n`
  `\p{Non_ASCII_Unicode}`                | matches a non-ASCII character U+0080 to U+10FFFF minus U+D800 to U+DFFF
  `\p{L&}`                               | matches a character with Unicode property L& (i.e. property Ll, Lu, or Lt)
  `\p{Letter}`,`\p{L}`                   | matches a character with Unicode property Letter
  `\p{Mark}`,`\p{M}`                     | matches a character with Unicode property Mark
  `\p{Separator}`,`\p{Z}`                | matches a character with Unicode property Separator
  `\p{Symbol}`,`\p{S}`                   | matches a character with Unicode property Symbol
  `\p{Number}`,`\p{N}`                   | matches a character with Unicode property Number
  `\p{Punctuation}`,`\p{P}`              | matches a character with Unicode property Punctuation
  `\p{Other}`,`\p{C}`                    | matches a character with Unicode property Other
  `\p{Lowercase_Letter}`, `\p{Ll}`       | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Ll
  `\p{Uppercase_Letter}`, `\p{Lu}`       | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Lu
  `\p{Titlecase_Letter}`, `\p{Lt}`       | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Lt
  `\p{Modifier_Letter}`, `\p{Lm}`        | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Lm
  `\p{Other_Letter}`, `\p{Lo}`           | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Lo
  `\p{Non_Spacing_Mark}`, `\p{Mn}`       | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Mn
  `\p{Spacing_Combining_Mark}`, `\p{Mc}` | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Mc
  `\p{Enclosing_Mark}`, `\p{Me}`         | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Me
  `\p{Space_Separator}`, `\p{Zs}`        | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Zs
  `\p{Line_Separator}`, `\p{Zl}`         | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Zl
  `\p{Paragraph_Separator}`, `\p{Zp}`    | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Zp
  `\p{Math_Symbol}`, `\p{Sm}`            | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Sm
  `\p{Currency_Symbol}`, `\p{Sc}`        | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Sc
  `\p{Modifier_Symbol}`, `\p{Sk}`        | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Sk
  `\p{Other_Symbol}`, `\p{So}`           | matches a character with Unicode sub-property So
  `\p{Decimal_Digit_Number}`, `\p{Nd}`   | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Nd
  `\p{Letter_Number}`, `\p{Nl}`          | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Nl
  `\p{Other_Number}`, `\p{No}`           | matches a character with Unicode sub-property No
  `\p{Dash_Punctuation}`, `\p{Pd}`       | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Pd
  `\p{Open_Punctuation}`, `\p{Ps}`       | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Ps
  `\p{Close_Punctuation}`, `\p{Pe}`      | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Pe
  `\p{Initial_Punctuation}`, `\p{Pi}`    | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Pi
  `\p{Final_Punctuation}`, `\p{Pf}`      | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Pf
  `\p{Connector_Punctuation}`, `\p{Pc}`  | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Pc
  `\p{Other_Punctuation}`, `\p{Po}`      | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Po
  `\p{Control}`, `\p{Cc}`                | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Cc
  `\p{Format}`, `\p{Cf}`                 | matches a character with Unicode sub-property Cf
  `\p{UnicodeIdentifierStart}`           | matches a character in the Unicode IdentifierStart class
  `\p{UnicodeIdentifierPart}`            | matches a character in the Unicode IdentifierPart class
  `\p{IdentifierIgnorable}`              | matches a character in the IdentifierIgnorable class
  `\p{JavaIdentifierStart}`              | matches a character in the Java IdentifierStart class
  `\p{JavaIdentifierPart}`               | matches a character in the Java IdentifierPart class
  `\p{CsIdentifierStart}`                | matches a character in the C# IdentifierStart class
  `\p{CsIdentifierPart}`                 | matches a character in the C# IdentifierPart class
  `\p{PythonIdentifierStart}`            | matches a character in the Python IdentifierStart class
  `\p{PythonIdentifierPart}`             | matches a character in the Python IdentifierPart class

To specify a Unicode block as a category use `\p{IsBlockName}` with a Unicode
`BlockName`.

To specify a Unicode language script, use `\p{Language}` with a Unicode
`Language`.

Unicode language script character classes differ from the Unicode blocks that
have a similar name.  For example, the `\p{Greek}` class represents Greek and
Coptic letters and differs from the Unicode block `\p{IsGreek}` that spans a
specific Unicode block of Greek and Coptic characters only, which also includes
unassigned characters.

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

### Perl regular expression syntax

For the pattern syntax of **ugrep** option `-P` (Perl regular expressions), see
for example [Perl regular expression syntax](https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_70_0/libs/regex/doc/html/boost_regex/syntax/perl_syntax.html).
However, **ugrep** enhances the Perl regular expression syntax with all of the
features listed in [POSIX regular expression syntax](#posix-syntax).

🔝 [Back to table of contents](#toc)

Troubleshooting
---------------

If something is not working, then please check the [tutorial](#tutorial) and
the [man page](#man).  If you can't find it there and it looks like a bug, then
[report an issue](https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep/issues) on GitHub.  Bug
reports are quickly addressed.

*Copyright (c) Robert van Engelen, 2025*

