# math::constants(3tcl) 1.0.4 math "Tcl Math Library"

## Name

math::constants - Mathematical and numerical constants

## Synopsis

- package require Tcl ?8.3?
- package require math::constants ?1.0.4?

- ::math::constants::constants args
- ::math::constants::print-constants args

## Description

This package defines some common mathematical and numerical constants. By using the package you get consistent values for numbers like pi and ln(10).

It defines two commands:

- One for importing the constants

- One for reporting which constants are defined and what values they actually have.

The motivation for this package is that quite often, with (mathematical) computations, you need a good approximation to, say, the ratio of degrees to radians. You can, of course, define this like:

        variable radtodeg [expr {180.0/(4.0*atan(1.0))}]

and use the variable radtodeg whenever you need the conversion.

This has two drawbacks:

- You need to remember the proper formula or value and that is error-prone.

- Especially with the use of mathematical functions like atan you assume that they have been accurately implemented. This is seldom or never the case and for each platform you can get subtle differences.

Here is the way you can do it with the math::constants package:

        package require math::constants
        ::math::constants::constants radtodeg degtorad

which creates two variables, radtodeg and (its reciprocal) degtorad in the calling namespace.

Constants that have been defined (their values are mostly taken from mathematical tables with more precision than usually can be handled) include:

- basic constants like pi, e, gamma (Euler's constant)

- derived values like ln(10) and sqrt(2)

- purely numerical values such as 1/3 that are included for convenience and for the fact that certain seemingly trivial computations like:

          set value [expr {3.0*$onethird}]

  give exactly the value you expect (if IEEE arithmetic is available).

The full set of named constants is listed in section Constants.

## PROCEDURES

The package defines the following public procedures:

::math::constants::constants args

  Import the constants whose names are given as arguments

::math::constants::print-constants args

  Print the constants whose names are given as arguments on the screen (name, value and description) or, if no arguments are given, print all defined constants. This is mainly a convenience procedure.

## Constants

pi

  Ratio of circle circumference to diameter

e

  Base for natural logarithm

ln10

  Natural logarithm of 10

phi

  Golden ratio

gamma

  Euler's constant

sqrt2

  Square root of 2

thirdrt2

  One-third power of 2

sqrt3

  Square root of 3

radtodeg

  Conversion from radians to degrees

degtorad

  Conversion from degrees to radians

onethird

  One third (0.3333....)

twothirds

  Two thirds (0.6666....)

onesixth

  One sixth (0.1666....)

huge

  (Approximately) largest number

tiny

  (Approximately) smallest number not equal zero

eps

  Smallest number such that 1+eps != 1

## Bugs, Ideas, Feedback

This document, and the package it describes, will undoubtedly contain bugs and other problems. Please report such in the category math :: constants of the Tcllib Trackers. Please also report any ideas for enhancements you may have for either package and/or documentation.

When proposing code changes, please provide unified diffs, i.e the output of diff -u.

Note further that attachments are strongly preferred over inlined patches. Attachments can be made by going to the Edit form of the ticket immediately after its creation, and then using the left-most button in the secondary navigation bar.

## Keywords

constants, degrees, e, math, pi, radians

## Category

Mathematics

## Copyright

Copyright © 2004 Arjen Markus <arjenmarkus@users.sourceforge.net>