# tf::cudaFlow class
#include <taskflow/cuda/cudaflow.hpp>

class to create a cudaFlow task dependency graph

A cudaFlow is a high-level interface over CUDA Graph to perform GPU operations using the task dependency graph model. The class provides a set of methods for creating and launch different tasks on one or multiple CUDA devices, for instance, kernel tasks, data transfer tasks, and memory operation tasks. The following example creates a cudaFlow of two kernel tasks, `task1` and `task2`, where `task1` runs before `task2`.

    tf::Taskflow taskflow;
    tf::Executor executor;

    taskflow.emplace([&](tf::cudaFlow& cf){
      // create two kernel tasks
      tf::cudaTask task1 = cf.kernel(grid1, block1, shm_size1, kernel1, args1);
      tf::cudaTask task2 = cf.kernel(grid2, block2, shm_size2, kernel2, args2);

      // kernel1 runs before kernel2
      task1.precede(task2);
    });

    executor.run(taskflow).wait();

A cudaFlow is a task (tf::Task) created from tf::Taskflow and will be run by one worker thread in the executor. That is, the callable that describes a cudaFlow will be executed sequentially. Inside a cudaFlow task, different GPU tasks (tf::cudaTask) may run in parallel scheduled by the CUDA runtime.

Please refer to GPU Tasking (cudaFlow) for details.

## Constructors, destructors, conversion operators

cudaFlow()
  constructs a cudaFlow
~cudaFlow() defaulted
  destroys the cudaFlow and its associated native CUDA graph and executable graph
cudaFlow(cudaFlow&&) defaulted
  default move constructor

## Public functions

auto operator=(cudaFlow&&) -> cudaFlow& defaulted
  default move assignment operator
auto empty() const -> bool
  queries the emptiness of the graph
auto num_tasks() const -> size_t
  queries the number of tasks
void clear()
  clears the cudaFlow object
void dump(std::ostream& os) const
  dumps the cudaFlow graph into a DOT format through an output stream
void dump_native_graph(std::ostream& os) const
  dumps the native CUDA graph into a DOT format through an output stream
auto noop() -> cudaTask
  creates a no-operation task
template<typename C>
auto host(C&& callable) -> cudaTask
  creates a host task that runs a callable on the host
template<typename C>
void host(cudaTask task, C&& callable)
  updates parameters of a host task
template<typename F, typename... ArgsT>
auto kernel(dim3 g, dim3 b, size_t s, F f, ArgsT... args) -> cudaTask
  creates a kernel task
template<typename F, typename... ArgsT>
void kernel(cudaTask task, dim3 g, dim3 b, size_t shm, F f, ArgsT... args)
  updates parameters of a kernel task
auto memset(void* dst, int v, size_t count) -> cudaTask
  creates a memset task that fills untyped data with a byte value
void memset(cudaTask task, void* dst, int ch, size_t count)
  updates parameters of a memset task
auto memcpy(void* tgt, const void* src, size_t bytes) -> cudaTask
  creates a memcpy task that copies untyped data in bytes
void memcpy(cudaTask task, void* tgt, const void* src, size_t bytes)
  updates parameters of a memcpy task
template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<is_pod_v<T> && (sizeof(T)==1||sizeof(T)==2||sizeof(T)==4), void>* = nullptr>
auto zero(T* dst, size_t count) -> cudaTask
  creates a memset task that sets a typed memory block to zero
template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<is_pod_v<T> && (sizeof(T)==1||sizeof(T)==2||sizeof(T)==4), void>* = nullptr>
void zero(cudaTask task, T* dst, size_t count)
  updates parameters of a memset task to a zero task
template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<is_pod_v<T> && (sizeof(T)==1||sizeof(T)==2||sizeof(T)==4), void>* = nullptr>
auto fill(T* dst, T value, size_t count) -> cudaTask
  creates a memset task that fills a typed memory block with a value
template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<is_pod_v<T> && (sizeof(T)==1||sizeof(T)==2||sizeof(T)==4), void>* = nullptr>
void fill(cudaTask task, T* dst, T value, size_t count)
  updates parameters of a memset task to a fill task
template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same_v<T, void>, void>* = nullptr>
auto copy(T* tgt, const T* src, size_t num) -> cudaTask
  creates a memcopy task that copies typed data
template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same_v<T, void>, void>* = nullptr>
void copy(cudaTask task, T* tgt, const T* src, size_t num)
  updates parameters of a memcpy task to a copy task
void run(cudaStream_t stream)
  offloads the cudaFlow onto a GPU asynchronously via a stream
auto native_graph() -> cudaGraph_t
  acquires a reference to the underlying CUDA graph
auto native_executable() -> cudaGraphExec_t
  acquires a reference to the underlying CUDA graph executable
template<typename C>
auto single_task(C c) -> cudaTask
  runs a callable with only a single kernel thread
template<typename C>
void single_task(cudaTask task, C c)
  updates a single-threaded kernel task
template<typename I, typename C>
auto for_each(I first, I last, C callable) -> cudaTask
  applies a callable to each dereferenced element of the data array
template<typename I, typename C>
void for_each(cudaTask task, I first, I last, C callable)
  updates parameters of a kernel task created from tf::cudaFlow::for_each
template<typename I, typename C>
auto for_each_index(I first, I last, I step, C callable) -> cudaTask
  applies a callable to each index in the range with the step size
template<typename I, typename C>
void for_each_index(cudaTask task, I first, I last, I step, C callable)
  updates parameters of a kernel task created from tf::cudaFlow::for_each_index
template<typename I, typename O, typename C>
auto transform(I first, I last, O output, C op) -> cudaTask
  applies a callable to a source range and stores the result in a target range
template<typename I, typename O, typename C>
void transform(cudaTask task, I first, I last, O output, C c)
  updates parameters of a kernel task created from tf::cudaFlow::transform
template<typename I1, typename I2, typename O, typename C>
auto transform(I1 first1, I1 last1, I2 first2, O output, C op) -> cudaTask
  creates a task to perform parallel transforms over two ranges of items
template<typename I1, typename I2, typename O, typename C>
void transform(cudaTask task, I1 first1, I1 last1, I2 first2, O output, C c)
  updates parameters of a kernel task created from tf::cudaFlow::transform
template<typename C>
auto capture(C&& callable) -> cudaTask
  constructs a subflow graph through tf::cudaFlowCapturer
template<typename C>
void capture(cudaTask task, C callable)
  updates the captured child graph

## Function documentation

### void tf::cudaFlow::dump_native_graph(std::ostream& os) const

dumps the native CUDA graph into a DOT format through an output stream

The native CUDA graph may be different from the upper-level cudaFlow graph when flow capture is involved.

### cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::noop()

creates a no-operation task

Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

An empty node performs no operation during execution, but can be used for transitive ordering. For example, a phased execution graph with 2 groups of `n` nodes with a barrier between them can be represented using an empty node and `2*n` dependency edges, rather than no empty node and `n^2` dependency edges.

###
template<typename C>
cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::host(C&& callable)

creates a host task that runs a callable on the host

Template parameters
C | callable type
Parameters
callable | a callable object with neither arguments nor return (i.e., constructible from `std::function<void()>`)
Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

A host task can only execute CPU-specific functions and cannot do any CUDA calls (e.g., `cudaMalloc`).

###
template<typename C>
void tf::cudaFlow::host(cudaTask task, C&& callable)

updates parameters of a host task

The method is similar to tf::cudaFlow::host but operates on a task of type tf::cudaTaskType::HOST.

###
template<typename F, typename... ArgsT>
cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::kernel(dim3 g, dim3 b, size_t s, F f, ArgsT... args)

creates a kernel task

Template parameters
F | kernel function type
ArgsT | kernel function parameters type
Parameters
g | configured grid
b | configured block
s | configured shared memory size in bytes
f | kernel function
args | arguments to forward to the kernel function by copy
Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

###
template<typename F, typename... ArgsT>
void tf::cudaFlow::kernel(cudaTask task, dim3 g, dim3 b, size_t shm, F f, ArgsT... args)

updates parameters of a kernel task

The method is similar to tf::cudaFlow::kernel but operates on a task of type tf::cudaTaskType::KERNEL. The kernel function name must NOT change.

### cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::memset(void* dst, int v, size_t count)

creates a memset task that fills untyped data with a byte value

Parameters
dst | pointer to the destination device memory area
v | value to set for each byte of specified memory
count | size in bytes to set
Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

A memset task fills the first `count` bytes of device memory area pointed by `dst` with the byte value `v`.

### void tf::cudaFlow::memset(cudaTask task, void* dst, int ch, size_t count)

updates parameters of a memset task

The method is similar to tf::cudaFlow::memset but operates on a task of type tf::cudaTaskType::MEMSET. The source/destination memory may have different address values but must be allocated from the same contexts as the original source/destination memory.

### cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::memcpy(void* tgt, const void* src, size_t bytes)

creates a memcpy task that copies untyped data in bytes

Parameters
tgt | pointer to the target memory block
src | pointer to the source memory block
bytes | bytes to copy
Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

A memcpy task transfers `bytes` of data from a source location to a target location. Direction can be arbitrary among CPUs and GPUs.

### void tf::cudaFlow::memcpy(cudaTask task, void* tgt, const void* src, size_t bytes)

updates parameters of a memcpy task

The method is similar to tf::cudaFlow::memcpy but operates on a task of type tf::cudaTaskType::MEMCPY. The source/destination memory may have different address values but must be allocated from the same contexts as the original source/destination memory.

###
template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<is_pod_v<T> && (sizeof(T)==1||sizeof(T)==2||sizeof(T)==4), void>* = nullptr>
cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::zero(T* dst, size_t count)

creates a memset task that sets a typed memory block to zero

Template parameters
T | element type (size of `T` must be either 1, 2, or 4)
Parameters
dst | pointer to the destination device memory area
count | number of elements
Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

A zero task zeroes the first `count` elements of type `T` in a device memory area pointed by `dst`.

###
template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<is_pod_v<T> && (sizeof(T)==1||sizeof(T)==2||sizeof(T)==4), void>* = nullptr>
void tf::cudaFlow::zero(cudaTask task, T* dst, size_t count)

updates parameters of a memset task to a zero task

The method is similar to tf::cudaFlow::zero but operates on a task of type tf::cudaTaskType::MEMSET.

The source/destination memory may have different address values but must be allocated from the same contexts as the original source/destination memory.

###
template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<is_pod_v<T> && (sizeof(T)==1||sizeof(T)==2||sizeof(T)==4), void>* = nullptr>
cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::fill(T* dst, T value, size_t count)

creates a memset task that fills a typed memory block with a value

Template parameters
T | element type (size of `T` must be either 1, 2, or 4)
Parameters
dst | pointer to the destination device memory area
value | value to fill for each element of type `T`
count | number of elements
Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

A fill task fills the first `count` elements of type `T` with `value` in a device memory area pointed by `dst`. The value to fill is interpreted in type `T` rather than byte.

###
template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<is_pod_v<T> && (sizeof(T)==1||sizeof(T)==2||sizeof(T)==4), void>* = nullptr>
void tf::cudaFlow::fill(cudaTask task, T* dst, T value, size_t count)

updates parameters of a memset task to a fill task

The method is similar to tf::cudaFlow::fill but operates on a task of type tf::cudaTaskType::MEMSET.

The source/destination memory may have different address values but must be allocated from the same contexts as the original source/destination memory.

###
template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same_v<T, void>, void>* = nullptr>
cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::copy(T* tgt, const T* src, size_t num)

creates a memcopy task that copies typed data

Template parameters
T | element type (non-void)
Parameters
tgt | pointer to the target memory block
src | pointer to the source memory block
num | number of elements to copy
Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

A copy task transfers `num*sizeof(T)` bytes of data from a source location to a target location. Direction can be arbitrary among CPUs and GPUs.

###
template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same_v<T, void>, void>* = nullptr>
void tf::cudaFlow::copy(cudaTask task, T* tgt, const T* src, size_t num)

updates parameters of a memcpy task to a copy task

The method is similar to tf::cudaFlow::copy but operates on a task of type tf::cudaTaskType::MEMCPY. The source/destination memory may have different address values but must be allocated from the same contexts as the original source/destination memory.

### void tf::cudaFlow::run(cudaStream_t stream)

offloads the cudaFlow onto a GPU asynchronously via a stream

Parameters
stream | stream for performing this operation

Offloads the present cudaFlow onto a GPU asynchronously via the given stream.

An offloaded cudaFlow forces the underlying graph to be instantiated. After the instantiation, you should not modify the graph topology but update node parameters.

###
template<typename C>
cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::single_task(C c)

runs a callable with only a single kernel thread

Template parameters
C | callable type
Parameters
c | callable to run by a single kernel thread
Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

###
template<typename C>
void tf::cudaFlow::single_task(cudaTask task, C c)

updates a single-threaded kernel task

This method is similar to cudaFlow::single_task but operates on an existing task.

###
template<typename I, typename C>
cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::for_each(I first, I last, C callable)

applies a callable to each dereferenced element of the data array

Template parameters
I | iterator type
C | callable type
Parameters
first | iterator to the beginning (inclusive)
last | iterator to the end (exclusive)
callable | a callable object to apply to the dereferenced iterator
Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

This method is equivalent to the parallel execution of the following loop on a GPU:

    for(auto itr = first; itr != last; itr++) {
      callable(*itr);
    }

###
template<typename I, typename C>
void tf::cudaFlow::for_each(cudaTask task, I first, I last, C callable)

updates parameters of a kernel task created from tf::cudaFlow::for_each

The type of the iterators and the callable must be the same as the task created from tf::cudaFlow::for_each.

###
template<typename I, typename C>
cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::for_each_index(I first, I last, I step, C callable)

applies a callable to each index in the range with the step size

Template parameters
I | index type
C | callable type
Parameters
first | beginning index
last | last index
step | step size
callable | the callable to apply to each element in the data array
Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

This method is equivalent to the parallel execution of the following loop on a GPU:

    // step is positive [first, last)
    for(auto i=first; i<last; i+=step) {
      callable(i);
    }

    // step is negative [first, last)
    for(auto i=first; i>last; i+=step) {
      callable(i);
    }

###
template<typename I, typename C>
void tf::cudaFlow::for_each_index(cudaTask task, I first, I last, I step, C callable)

updates parameters of a kernel task created from tf::cudaFlow::for_each_index

The type of the iterators and the callable must be the same as the task created from tf::cudaFlow::for_each_index.

###
template<typename I, typename O, typename C>
cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::transform(I first, I last, O output, C op)

applies a callable to a source range and stores the result in a target range

Template parameters
I | input iterator type
O | output iterator type
C | unary operator type
Parameters
first | iterator to the beginning of the input range
last | iterator to the end of the input range
output | iterator to the beginning of the output range
op | the operator to apply to transform each element in the range
Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

This method is equivalent to the parallel execution of the following loop on a GPU:

    while (first != last) {
      *output++ = callable(*first++);
    }

###
template<typename I, typename O, typename C>
void tf::cudaFlow::transform(cudaTask task, I first, I last, O output, C c)

updates parameters of a kernel task created from tf::cudaFlow::transform

The type of the iterators and the callable must be the same as the task created from tf::cudaFlow::for_each.

###
template<typename I1, typename I2, typename O, typename C>
cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::transform(I1 first1, I1 last1, I2 first2, O output, C op)

creates a task to perform parallel transforms over two ranges of items

Template parameters
I1 | first input iterator type
I2 | second input iterator type
O | output iterator type
C | unary operator type
Parameters
first1 | iterator to the beginning of the input range
last1 | iterator to the end of the input range
first2 | iterato
output | iterator to the beginning of the output range
op | binary operator to apply to transform each pair of items in the two input ranges
Returns | cudaTask handle

This method is equivalent to the parallel execution of the following loop on a GPU:

    while (first1 != last1) {
      *output++ = op(*first1++, *first2++);
    }

###
template<typename I1, typename I2, typename O, typename C>
void tf::cudaFlow::transform(cudaTask task, I1 first1, I1 last1, I2 first2, O output, C c)

updates parameters of a kernel task created from tf::cudaFlow::transform

The type of the iterators and the callable must be the same as the task created from tf::cudaFlow::for_each.

###
template<typename C>
cudaTask tf::cudaFlow::capture(C&& callable)

constructs a subflow graph through tf::cudaFlowCapturer

Template parameters
C | callable type constructible from `std::function<void(tf::cudaFlowCapturer&)>`
Parameters
callable | the callable to construct a capture flow
Returns | a tf::cudaTask handle

A captured subflow forms a sub-graph to the cudaFlow and can be used to capture custom (or third-party) kernels that cannot be directly constructed from the cudaFlow.

Example usage:

    taskflow.emplace([&](tf::cudaFlow& cf){

      tf::cudaTask my_kernel = cf.kernel(my_arguments);

      // create a flow capturer to capture custom kernels
      tf::cudaTask my_subflow = cf.capture([&](tf::cudaFlowCapturer& capturer){
        capturer.on([&](cudaStream_t stream){
          invoke_custom_kernel_with_stream(stream, custom_arguments);
        });
      });

      my_kernel.precede(my_subflow);
    });

###
template<typename C>
void tf::cudaFlow::capture(cudaTask task, C callable)

updates the captured child graph

The method is similar to tf::cudaFlow::capture but operates on a task of type tf::cudaTaskType::SUBFLOW. The new captured graph must be topologically identical to the original captured graph.

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