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scipy.signal.

# CZT

class scipy.signal.CZT(n, m=None, w=None, a=1 + 0j)

  Create a callable chirp z-transform function.

  Transform to compute the frequency response around a spiral. Objects of this class are callables which can compute the chirp z-transform on their inputs. This object precalculates the constant chirps used in the given transform.

  Parameters:
    n int

      The size of the signal.

    m int, optional

      The number of output points desired. Default is n.

    w complex, optional

      The ratio between points in each step. This must be precise or the accumulated error will degrade the tail of the output sequence. Defaults to equally spaced points around the entire unit circle.

    a complex, optional

      The starting point in the complex plane. Default is 1+0j.

  Methods

  `__call__`(x, *[, axis]) | Calculate the chirp z-transform of a signal.
  `points`() | Return the points at which the chirp z-transform is computed.

  Returns:
    f CZT

      Callable object `f(x, axis=-1)` for computing the chirp z-transform on x.

  See also

  `czt`

    Convenience function for quickly calculating CZT.

  `ZoomFFT`

    Class that creates a callable partial FFT function.

  Notes

  The defaults are chosen such that `f(x)` is equivalent to `fft.fft(x)` and, if `m > len(x)`, that `f(x, m)` is equivalent to `fft.fft(x, m)`.

  If w does not lie on the unit circle, then the transform will be around a spiral with exponentially-increasing radius. Regardless, angle will increase linearly.

  For transforms that do lie on the unit circle, accuracy is better when using `ZoomFFT`, since any numerical error in w is accumulated for long data lengths, drifting away from the unit circle.

  The chirp z-transform can be faster than an equivalent FFT with zero padding. Try it with your own array sizes to see.

  However, the chirp z-transform is considerably less precise than the equivalent zero-padded FFT.

  As this CZT is implemented using the Bluestein algorithm, it can compute large prime-length Fourier transforms in O(N log N) time, rather than the O(N**2) time required by the direct DFT calculation. (`scipy.fft` also uses Bluestein’s algorithm’.)

  (The name “chirp z-transform” comes from the use of a chirp in the Bluestein algorithm. It does not decompose signals into chirps, like other transforms with “chirp” in the name.)

  Array API Standard Support

  `CZT` has experimental support for Python Array API Standard compatible backends in addition to NumPy. Please consider testing these features by setting an environment variable `SCIPY_ARRAY_API=1` and providing CuPy, PyTorch, JAX, or Dask arrays as array arguments. The following combinations of backend and device (or other capability) are supported.

  Library | CPU | GPU
  --- | --- | ---
  NumPy | ✅ | n/a
  CuPy | n/a | ⛔
  PyTorch | ⛔ | ⛔
  JAX | ⛔ | ⛔
  Dask | ⛔ | n/a

  > See Support for the array API standard for more information.

  References

  [1]

  Leo I. Bluestein, “A linear filtering approach to the computation of the discrete Fourier transform,” Northeast Electronics Research and Engineering Meeting Record 10, 218-219 (1968).

  [2]

  Rabiner, Schafer, and Rader, “The chirp z-transform algorithm and its application,” Bell Syst. Tech. J. 48, 1249-1292 (1969).

  Examples

  Compute multiple prime-length FFTs:

      >>> from scipy.signal import CZT
      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> a = np.random.rand(7)
      >>> b = np.random.rand(7)
      >>> c = np.random.rand(7)
      >>> czt_7 = CZT(n=7)
      >>> A = czt_7(a)
      >>> B = czt_7(b)
      >>> C = czt_7(c)

  Display the points at which the FFT is calculated:

      >>> czt_7.points()
      array([ 1.00000000+0.j        ,  0.62348980+0.78183148j,
             -0.22252093+0.97492791j, -0.90096887+0.43388374j,
             -0.90096887-0.43388374j, -0.22252093-0.97492791j,
              0.62348980-0.78183148j])
      >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
      >>> plt.plot(czt_7.points().real, czt_7.points().imag, 'o')
      >>> plt.gca().add_patch(plt.Circle((0,0), radius=1, fill=False, alpha=.3))
      >>> plt.axis('equal')
      >>> plt.show()