scanmem(1)

NAME
scanmem - locate and modify variables in an executing process.

SYNOPSIS
scanmem [options] [target-program-pid]

DESCRIPTION
scanmem is an interactive debugging utility that can be used to isolate the address of a variable in an executing process by successively scanning the process' address space looking for matching values.
By informing scanmem how the value of the variable changes over time, it can determine the actual location (or locations) of the variable by successively eliminating non-matches.
scanmem determines where to look by searching for mappings with read/write permission, these are referred to as regions. Users can eliminate regions they believe are likely unrelated to the target variable (for example, located in a shared library unrelated to the variable in question), this will improve the speed of the scan, which can initially be quite slow in large programs.

Once a variable has been found, scanmem can monitor the variable, or change it to a user specified value, either once, or continually over a period of time.

scanmem works similarly to the "pokefinders" once commonly used to cheat at video games, this function is a good demonstration of how to use scanmem, and is used in the documentation.

USAGE
scanmem should be invoked with the process id of the program you wish to debug as an argument. Once started, scanmem accepts interactive commands. These are described below, however entering help at the > prompt will allow you to access scanmem's online documentation.

The target-program-pid can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal, or octal using the standard C language notation (leading 0x for hexadecimal, leading 0 for octal, anything else is assumed to be decimal).

-p, --pid=pid
    Set the target-program-pid.

-c, --command=cmd1[;cmd2][;...]
    Run given commands (separated by ";") before starting the interactive shell.

-v, --version
    Print version and exit.

-h, --help
    Print a short description of command line options then exit.

-d, --debug
    Run in debug mode, more information will be outputted.

-e, --errexit
    Exit on initial commands error, ignored during interactive mode.

COMMANDS

While in interactive mode, scanmem prints a decimal number followed by >, the number is the current number of possible candidates for the target variable that are known. The absence of said number indicates that no possible variables have been eliminated yet.
The default scan data type is "int". It can be changed with the option command.

n   Where n represents any number in decimal, octal or hexadecimal, this command tells scanmem that the current value of the target variable is exactly n. scanmem will begin a search of the entire address space, or the existing known matches (if any), eliminating any variable that does not have this value.

n..m
    This is like the n command but scanmem searches for a range of numbers between n and m inclusive instead.

>, <, +, -, =, !=
    The following commands are extremely useful for locating a variable whose exact value we cannot see, but we can see how it changes over time, e.g. an health bar. These commands usually cannot be used for the first scan but there are some exceptions: > n, < n, = n and != n.

    > [n]
        If n is given, match values that are greater than n. Otherwise match all values that have increased.

    < [n]
        If n is given, match values that are less than n. Otherwise match all values that have decreased.

    + [n]
        If n is given, match values that have been increased by n. Otherwise match all values that have increased (same as >).

    - [n]
        If n is given, match values that have been decreased by n. Otherwise match all values that have decreased (same as <).

    = [n]
        If n is given, match values that are equal to n (same as n). Otherwise match all values that have not changed.

    != [n]
        If n is given, match values that are different from n. Otherwise match all values that have changed.

snapshot
    Match any value. This is useful when an initial value or range is not known for subsequent scans with >, <, +, -, =, and !=.

" text
    Search for the provided text in memory if the scan data type is set to "string".

update
    Scans the current process, getting the current values of all matches. These values can be viewed with list, and are also the old values that scanmem compares to when using >, <, or =. This command is equivalent to a search command that all current results match.

list [max_to_print]
    List up to max_to_print (default: 10k) possible candidates currently known, including their address, region id, match offset, region type, last known value and possible value types. The value in the first column is the match id, and can be used in conjunction with the delete command to eliminate matches.

    The match offset is determined by subtracting the load address of the associated ELF file or region from the address. It can be used to bypass Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR).

delete match-id_set
    Delete matches in the match-id_set. The match-ids can be found from the output of the list command. Set notation: [!][..a](,b..c | d, ...)[e..].
    To delete all known matches, see the reset command.
    To delete all the matches associated with a particular library, see the dregion command, which also removes any associated matches.
    Please note that match-ids may be recalculated after matches are removed or added.

watch match-id
    Monitor the value of match-id, and print its value as it changes. Every change is printed along with a timestamp, you can interrupt this command with ^C to stop monitoring.

set [match-id_set=]value[/delay] [...]
    Set the value value into the match numbers specified in match-id_set, or if just value is specified, all known matches. value can be specified in standard C language notation. All known matches, along with their match-id's can be displayed using the list command. Multiple match-id_sets can be specified, terminated with an = sign. Set notation: [!][..a](,b..c | d, ...)[e..].
    To set a value continually, suffix the command with / followed by the number of seconds to wait between sets. You can interrupt the set command with ^C to return to the scanmem prompt. This can be used to sustain the value of a variable which decreases over time, for example a timer that is decremented every second can be set to 100 every 10 seconds to prevent some property from ever changing.

    This command is used to change the value of the variable(s) once found by elimination. Please note, some applications will store values in multiple locations.

write value_type address value
    Manually set the value of the variable at the specified address.
    Names of value_type are subject to change in different versions of scanmem, see more info using the `help write` command.

dump address length [filename]
    Dump the memory region starting from address of length length in a human-readable format.

    If filename is given, data will be saved into the file, otherwise data will be displayed on stdout.

pid [new-pid]
    Print out the process id of the current target program, or change the target to new-pid, which will reset existing regions and matches.

reset
    Forget all known regions and matches and start again.

lregions
    List all the known regions, this can be used in combination with the dregion command to eliminate regions that the user believes are not related to the variable in question, thus reducing the address space required to search in. The value in the first column is the region-id which must be passed to the dregion command. Besides the start address, the size and path (if applicable) are also printed. This can be used to eliminate regions located in shared libraries that are unlikely to be relevant to the variable required.

    For experts: Also the region type and the load address are displayed. The types are "exe" (executable) "code" (library), "heap", "stack" or "misc" (everything else). The load address is the memory location where an ELF file (exe/lib) has been loaded to. This helps to convert between the addresses in memory and in the associated ELF file. If the region does not belong to an ELF file, then it is the same as the start address.

dregion region-id_set
    Delete the regions in region-id_set, along with any matches from the match list. Set notation: [!][..a](,b..c | d, ...)[e..].
    The region-id's can be found in the output of the lregions command.

option name value
    Change options at runtime. E.g. the scan data type can be changed. See `help option` for all possible names/values.

shell shell-command
    Execute shell-command using /bin/sh, then return.

show info
    Display information relating to info - see `help show` for details.

version
    Print the version of scanmem in use.

help
    Print a short summary of available commands.

exit
    Detach from the target program and exit immediately.

EXAMPLES
Cheat at nethack, on systems where nethack is not installed sgid.

ATTENTION: scanmem usually requires root privileges. See KNOWN ISSUES for details.

$ sudo scanmem `pgrep nethack`
info: maps file located at /proc/14658/maps opened.
info: 9 suitable regions found.
Please enter current value, or "help" for other commands.
>

I enter how much gold I currently have (58 pieces) and let scanmem find the potential candidates.

> 58
01/09 searching   0x79f000 -   0x7b0000..........ok
02/09 searching   0x7b0000 -   0x7cc000..........ok
03/09 searching  0x24d2000 -  0x24f3000..........ok
04/09 searching 0x7fcc04baa000 - 0x7fcc04bae000..........ok
05/09 searching 0x7fcc04de1000 - 0x7fcc04de2000..........ok
06/09 searching 0x7fcc051f7000 - 0x7fcc051fb000..........ok
07/09 searching 0x7fcc05227000 - 0x7fcc0522a000..........ok
08/09 searching 0x7fcc0522c000 - 0x7fcc0522d000..........ok
09/09 searching 0x7ffc8c113000 - 0x7ffc8c134000..........ok
info: we currently have 16 matches.
16> list
[ 0]       7b09e0,  1 +       3b09e0,   exe, 58, [I64 I32 I16 I8 ]
[ 1]       7b907a,  1 +       3b907a,   exe, 58, [I8 ]
[ 2]      24d4b6c,  2 +         2b6c,  heap, 58, [I16 I8 ]
[ 3]      24d567e,  2 +         367e,  heap, 58, [I16 I8 ]
[ 4]      24d5740,  2 +         3740,  heap, 58, [I8 ]
[ 5] 7fcc05229951,  6 +         2951,  misc, 58, [I8 ]
[ 6] 7ffc8c12ee28,  8 +        1be28, stack, 58, [I16 I8 ]
[ 7] 7ffc8c132381,  8 +        1f381, stack, 58, [I8 ]
[ 8] 7ffc8c132389,  8 +        1f389, stack, 58, [I8 ]
[ 9] 7ffc8c132391,  8 +        1f391, stack, 58, [I8 ]
[10] 7ffc8c132399,  8 +        1f399, stack, 58, [I8 ]
[11] 7ffc8c1323a1,  8 +        1f3a1, stack, 58, [I8 ]
[12] 7ffc8c1323a9,  8 +        1f3a9, stack, 58, [I8 ]
[13] 7ffc8c1331a3,  8 +        201a3, stack, 58, [I8 ]
[14] 7ffc8c13325f,  8 +        2025f, stack, 58, [I8 ]
[15] 7ffc8c133264,  8 +        20264, stack, 58, [I8 ]
16>

16 potential matches were found. This is also displayed in the prompt. Many of them are quite unrelated, as they are part of the stack, belong to libraries or miscellaneous memory-mapped files. Even the heap is unlikely for a very old command line game. We could make scanmem eliminate these manually using the delete command, however just waiting until the amount of gold changes and telling scanmem the new value should be enough. I find some more gold, and tell scanmem the new value, 83.

16> 83
..........info: we currently have 1 matches.
info: match identified, use "set" to modify value.
info: enter "help" for other commands.
1> list
[ 0]       7b09e0,  1 +       3b09e0,   exe, 83, [I64 I32 I16 I8 ]

Only one of the 16 original candidates now has the value 83, so this must be where the amount of gold is stored. I'll try setting it to 10,000 pieces.

1> set 10000
info: setting *0x7b09e0 to 0x2710...
1>

The resulting nethack status:

Dlvl:1  $:10000 HP:15(15) Pw:2(2) AC:7  Exp:1

Conclusion: We've found and modified the gold value as I32 in static memory of the executable at virtual memory address 0x7b09e0. This address belongs to the region with id 1.

Now it is important to know if this is a position-independent executable (PIE). We list the regions for this and check the load address of the executable.

1> lregions
[ 0]       79f000,   69632 bytes,   exe,       400000, rw-, /usr/lib/nethack/nethack.tty
[ 1]       7b0000,  114688 bytes,   exe,       400000, rw-, unassociated
[ 2]      24d2000,  135168 bytes,  heap,      24d2000, rw-, [heap]
[ 3] 7fcc04baa000,   16384 bytes,  misc, 7fcc04baa000, rw-, unassociated
[ 4] 7fcc04de1000,    4096 bytes,  misc, 7fcc04de1000, rw-, unassociated
[ 5] 7fcc051f7000,   16384 bytes,  misc, 7fcc051f7000, rw-, unassociated
[ 6] 7fcc05227000,   12288 bytes,  misc, 7fcc05227000, rw-, unassociated
[ 7] 7fcc0522c000,    4096 bytes,  misc, 7fcc0522c000, rw-, unassociated
[ 8] 7ffc8c113000,  135168 bytes, stack, 7ffc8c113000, rw-, [stack]

We are on x86_64 and 0x400000 is the static load address for executables there. This means that this is not a PIE and the gold is always stored at 0x7b09e0. This makes it easy to use a game trainer like GameConqueror which refills the gold value periodically.

With a PIE we have to use the match offset (0x3b09e0 here) instead and an advanced game trainer with PIE support has to determine and add the current load address to it to get the current memory address of the gold value of the current game run.

NOTES

scanmem has been tested on multiple large programs, including the 3d shoot-em-up quake3 linux. scanmem is also tested on ARM platforms and comes with Android support since version 0.16.

Obviously, scanmem can crash your program if used incorrectly.

Some programs store values in multiple locations, this is why set will change all known matches.

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) together with position-independent executables (PIE), position-independent code (PIC) or dynamic memory on the heap causes variables to be loaded to different memory addresses at every game start. Advanced game trainers like ugtrain are required to periodically refill variables is such memory regions.

KNOWN ISSUES

scanmem usually requires root privileges for ptrace(2) because security modules control ptrace() capabilities. On x86 and x86_64 there is usually the Yama security module providing the file /proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope. It is available since Linux 3.4. If this file contains "1", then only parents may ptrace() their children without root privileges. This means that scanmem would have to run the game. This is not possible as this would require major design changes. So we run scanmem as root.

The first scan can be very slow on large programs, this is not a problem for subsequent scans as huge portions of the address space are usually eliminated. This could be improved in future, perhaps by assuming all integers are aligned by default. Suggestions welcome.

The snapshot command uses memory inefficiently, and should probably not be used on large programs.

HOMEPAGE

https://github.com/scanmem/scanmem

AUTHORS

Tavis Ormandy <taviso(a)sdf.lonestar.org> http://taviso.decsystem.org/
Eli Dupree <elidupree(a)charter.net>
WANG Lu <coolwanglu(a)gmail.com>
Sebastian Parschauer <s.parschauer(a)gmx.de>
Andrea Stacchiotti <andreastacchiotti(a)gmail.com>

All bug reports, suggestions or feedback welcome.

SEE ALSO
gameconqueror(1) ptrace(2) proc(5) nethack(6) pidof(8)