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## polymer_excl_volume

Polymer Excluded Volume model

Parameter | Description | Units | Default value
--- | --- | --- | ---
scale | Scale factor or Volume fraction | None | 1
background | Source background | cm-1 | 0.001
rg | Radius of Gyration | Å | 60
porod_exp | Porod exponent | None | 3

The returned value is scaled to units of cm-1 sr-1, absolute scale.

This model describes the scattering from polymer chains subject to excluded volume effects and has been used as a template for describing mass fractals.

Definition

The form factor was originally presented in the following integral form (Benoit, 1957)

\[P(Q)=2\int_0^{1}dx(1-x)exp\left[-\frac{Q^2a^2}{6}n^{2v}x^{2v}\right]\]

where \(\nu\) is the excluded volume parameter (which is related to the Porod exponent \(m\) as \(\nu=1/m\) ), \(a\) is the statistical segment length of the polymer chain, and \(n\) is the degree of polymerization.

This integral was put into an almost analytical form as follows (Hammouda, 1993)

\[P(Q)=\frac{1}{\nu U^{1/2\nu}} \left\{ \gamma\left(\frac{1}{2\nu},U\right) - \frac{1}{U^{1/2\nu}}\gamma\left(\frac{1}{\nu},U\right) \right\}\]

and later recast as (for example, Hore, 2013; Hammouda & Kim, 2017)

\[P(Q)=\frac{1}{\nu U^{1/2\nu}}\gamma\left(\frac{1}{2\nu},U\right) - \frac{1}{\nu U^{1/\nu}}\gamma\left(\frac{1}{\nu},U\right)\]

where \(\gamma(x,U)\) is the incomplete gamma function

\[\gamma(x,U)=\int_0^{U}dt\ \exp(-t)t^{x-1}\]

and the variable \(U\) is given in terms of the scattering vector \(Q\) as

\[U=\frac{Q^2a^2n^{2\nu}}{6} = \frac{Q^2R_{g}^2(2\nu+1)(2\nu+2)}{6}\]

The two analytic forms are equivalent. In the 1993 paper

\[\frac{1}{\nu U^{1/2\nu}}\]

has been factored out.

SasView implements the 1993 expression.

The square of the radius-of-gyration is defined as

\[R_{g}^2 = \frac{a^2n^{2\nu}}{(2\nu+1)(2\nu+2)}\]

Note

This model applies only in the mass fractal range (ie, \(5/3<=m<=3\)) and does not apply to surface fractals (\(3<m<=4\)). It also does not reproduce the rigid rod limit (m=1) because it assumes chain flexibility from the outset. It may cover a portion of the semi-flexible chain range (\(1<m<5/3\)).

A low-Q expansion yields the Guinier form and a high-Q expansion yields the Porod form which is given by

\[P(Q\rightarrow \infty) = \frac{1}{\nu U^{1/2\nu}}\Gamma\left( \frac{1}{2\nu}\right) - \frac{1}{\nu U^{1/\nu}}\Gamma\left( \frac{1}{\nu}\right)\]

Here \(\Gamma(x) = \gamma(x,\infty)\) is the gamma function.

The asymptotic limit is dominated by the first term

\[P(Q\rightarrow \infty) \sim \frac{1}{\nu U^{1/2\nu}}\Gamma\left(\frac{1}{2\nu}\right) = \frac{m}{\left(QR_{g}\right)^m} \left[\frac{6}{(2\nu +1)(2\nu +2)} \right]^{m/2} \Gamma (m/2)\]

The special case when \(\nu=0.5\) (or \(m=1/\nu=2\) ) corresponds to Gaussian chains for which the form factor is given by the familiar Debye function.

\[P(Q) = \frac{2}{Q^4R_{g}^4} \left[\exp(-Q^2R_{g}^2) - 1 + Q^2R_{g}^2 \right]\]

For 2D data: The 2D scattering intensity is calculated in the same way as 1D, where the \(q\) vector is defined as

\[q = \sqrt{q_x^2 + q_y^2}\]

Fig. 118 Figure 1: 1D plot corresponding to the default parameters of the model.

Source

`polymer_excl_volume.py`

References

1. H Benoit, Comptes Rendus, 245 (1957) 2244-2247

2. B Hammouda, SANS from Homogeneous Polymer Mixtures - A Unified Overview, Advances in Polym. Sci. 106 (1993) 87-133

3. M Hore et al, Co-Nonsolvency of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in Deuterated Water/Ethanol Mixtures, Macromolecules 46 (2013) 7894-7901

4. B Hammouda & M-H Kim, The empirical core-chain model, Journal of Molecular Liquids 247 (2017) 434-440

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