# Crates and source files

Although Rust, like any other language, can be implemented by an interpreter as
well as a compiler, the only existing implementation is a compiler,
and the language has
always been designed to be compiled. For these reasons, this section assumes a
compiler.

Rust's semantics obey a *phase distinction* between compile-time and
run-time.[^phase-distinction] Semantic rules that have a *static
interpretation* govern the success or failure of compilation, while
semantic rules
that have a *dynamic interpretation* govern the behavior of the program at
run-time.

The compilation model centers on artifacts called _crates_. Each compilation
processes a single crate in source form, and if successful, produces a single
crate in binary form: either an executable or some sort of
library.[^cratesourcefile]

A _crate_ is a unit of compilation and linking, as well as versioning,
distribution and runtime loading. A crate contains a _tree_ of nested
[module] scopes. The top level of this tree is a module that is
anonymous (from the point of view of paths within the module) and any item
within a crate has a canonical [module path] denoting its location
within the crate's module tree.

The Rust compiler is always invoked with a single source file as input, and
always produces a single output crate. The processing of that source file may
result in other source files being loaded as modules. Source files have the
extension `.rs`.

A Rust source file describes a module, the name and location of which —
in the module tree of the current crate — are defined from outside the
source file: either by an explicit `mod_item` in a referencing source file, or
by the name of the crate itself. Every source file is a module, but not every
module needs its own source file: [module definitions][module] can be nested
within one file.

Each source file contains a sequence of zero or more `item` definitions, and
may optionally begin with any number of [attributes]
that apply to the containing module, most of which influence the behavior of
the compiler. The anonymous crate module can have additional attributes that
apply to the crate as a whole.

```rust,no_run
// Specify the crate name.
#![crate_name = "projx"]

// Specify the type of output artifact.
#![crate_type = "lib"]

// Turn on a warning.
// This can be done in any module, not just the anonymous crate module.
#![warn(non_camel_case_types)]
```

A crate that contains a `main` function can be compiled to an executable. If a
`main` function is present, its return type must be `()`
("[unit]") and it must take no arguments.

[^phase-distinction]: This distinction would also exist in an interpreter.
    Static checks like syntactic analysis, type checking, and lints should
    happen before the program is executed regardless of when it is executed.

[^cratesourcefile]: A crate is somewhat analogous to an *assembly* in the
    ECMA-335 CLI model, a *library* in the SML/NJ Compilation Manager, a *unit*
    in the Owens and Flatt module system, or a *configuration* in Mesa.

[module]: items.html#modules
[module path]: paths.html
[attributes]: items-and-attributes.html
[unit]: types.html#tuple-types