# Struct std::collections::HashMap [−] [src]

    pub struct HashMap<K, V, S = RandomState> {
        // some fields omitted
    }

A hash map implementation which uses linear probing with Robin Hood bucket stealing.

The hashes are all keyed by the thread-local random number generator on creation by default. This means that the ordering of the keys is randomized, but makes the tables more resistant to denial-of-service attacks (Hash DoS). This behavior can be overridden with one of the constructors.

It is required that the keys implement the `Eq` and `Hash` traits, although this can frequently be achieved by using `#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]`. If you implement these yourself, it is important that the following property holds:

    k1 == k2 -> hash(k1) == hash(k2)

In other words, if two keys are equal, their hashes must be equal.

It is a logic error for a key to be modified in such a way that the key's hash, as determined by the `Hash` trait, or its equality, as determined by the `Eq` trait, changes while it is in the map. This is normally only possible through `Cell`, `RefCell`, global state, I/O, or unsafe code.

Relevant papers/articles:

1. Pedro Celis. "Robin Hood Hashing"
2. Emmanuel Goossaert. "Robin Hood hashing"
3. Emmanuel Goossaert. "Robin Hood hashing: backward shift deletion"

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; // type inference lets us omit an explicit type signature (which // would be `HashMap<&str, &str>` in this example). let mut book_reviews = HashMap::new(); // review some books. book_reviews.insert("Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", "My favorite book."); book_reviews.insert("Grimms' Fairy Tales", "Masterpiece."); book_reviews.insert("Pride and Prejudice", "Very enjoyable."); book_reviews.insert("The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes", "Eye lyked it alot."); // check for a specific one. if !book_reviews.contains_key("Les Misérables") { println!("We've got {} reviews, but Les Misérables ain't one.", book_reviews.len()); } // oops, this review has a lot of spelling mistakes, let's delete it. book_reviews.remove("The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes"); // look up the values associated with some keys. let to_find = ["Pride and Prejudice", "Alice's Adventure in Wonderland"]; for book in &to_find { match book_reviews.get(book) { Some(review) => println!("{}: {}", book, review), None => println!("{} is unreviewed.", book) } } // iterate over everything. for (book, review) in &book_reviews { println!("{}: \"{}\"", book, review); } }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    // type inference lets us omit an explicit type signature (which
    // would be `HashMap<&str, &str>` in this example).
    let mut book_reviews = HashMap::new();

    // review some books.
    book_reviews.insert("Adventures of Huckleberry Finn",    "My favorite book.");
    book_reviews.insert("Grimms' Fairy Tales",               "Masterpiece.");
    book_reviews.insert("Pride and Prejudice",               "Very enjoyable.");
    book_reviews.insert("The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes", "Eye lyked it alot.");

    // check for a specific one.
    if !book_reviews.contains_key("Les Misérables") {
        println!("We've got {} reviews, but Les Misérables ain't one.",
                 book_reviews.len());
    }

    // oops, this review has a lot of spelling mistakes, let's delete it.
    book_reviews.remove("The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes");

    // look up the values associated with some keys.
    let to_find = ["Pride and Prejudice", "Alice's Adventure in Wonderland"];
    for book in &to_find {
        match book_reviews.get(book) {
            Some(review) => println!("{}: {}", book, review),
            None => println!("{} is unreviewed.", book)
        }
    }

    // iterate over everything.
    for (book, review) in &book_reviews {
        println!("{}: \"{}\"", book, review);
    }

The easiest way to use `HashMap` with a custom type as key is to derive `Eq` and `Hash`. We must also derive `PartialEq`.

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; #[derive(Hash, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)] struct Viking { name: String, country: String, } impl Viking { /// Create a new Viking. fn new(name: &str, country: &str) -> Viking { Viking { name: name.to_string(), country: country.to_string() } } } // Use a HashMap to store the vikings' health points. let mut vikings = HashMap::new(); vikings.insert(Viking::new("Einar", "Norway"), 25); vikings.insert(Viking::new("Olaf", "Denmark"), 24); vikings.insert(Viking::new("Harald", "Iceland"), 12); // Use derived implementation to print the status of the vikings. for (viking, health) in &vikings { println!("{:?} has {} hp", viking, health); } }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    #[derive(Hash, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
    struct Viking {
        name: String,
        country: String,
    }

    impl Viking {
        /// Create a new Viking.
        fn new(name: &str, country: &str) -> Viking {
            Viking { name: name.to_string(), country: country.to_string() }
        }
    }

    // Use a HashMap to store the vikings' health points.
    let mut vikings = HashMap::new();

    vikings.insert(Viking::new("Einar", "Norway"), 25);
    vikings.insert(Viking::new("Olaf", "Denmark"), 24);
    vikings.insert(Viking::new("Harald", "Iceland"), 12);

    // Use derived implementation to print the status of the vikings.
    for (viking, health) in &vikings {
        println!("{:?} has {} hp", viking, health);
    }

## Methods

### `impl<K: Hash + Eq, V> HashMap<K, V, RandomState>`

#### `fn new() -> HashMap<K, V, RandomState>`

Creates an empty HashMap.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map: HashMap<&str, isize> = HashMap::new(); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;
    let mut map: HashMap<&str, isize> = HashMap::new();

#### `fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> HashMap<K, V, RandomState>`

Creates an empty hash map with the given initial capacity.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map: HashMap<&str, isize> = HashMap::with_capacity(10); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;
    let mut map: HashMap<&str, isize> = HashMap::with_capacity(10);

### `impl<K, V, S> HashMap<K, V, S> where K: Eq + Hash, S: BuildHasher`

#### `fn with_hasher(hash_builder: S) -> HashMap<K, V, S>`

Creates an empty hashmap which will use the given hash builder to hash keys.

The created map has the default initial capacity.

Warning: `hash_builder` is normally randomly generated, and is designed to allow HashMaps to be resistant to attacks that cause many collisions and very poor performance. Setting it manually using this function can expose a DoS attack vector.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; use std::collections::hash_map::RandomState; let s = RandomState::new(); let mut map = HashMap::with_hasher(s); map.insert(1, 2); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;
    use std::collections::hash_map::RandomState;

    let s = RandomState::new();
    let mut map = HashMap::with_hasher(s);
    map.insert(1, 2);

#### `fn with_hash_state(hash_state: S) -> HashMap<K, V, S>`

Deprecated since 1.7.0

: renamed to with_hasher

Deprecated, renamed to `with_hasher`

#### `fn with_capacity_and_hasher(capacity: usize, hash_builder: S) -> HashMap<K, V, S>`

Creates an empty HashMap with space for at least `capacity` elements, using `hasher` to hash the keys.

Warning: `hasher` is normally randomly generated, and is designed to allow HashMaps to be resistant to attacks that cause many collisions and very poor performance. Setting it manually using this function can expose a DoS attack vector.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; use std::collections::hash_map::RandomState; let s = RandomState::new(); let mut map = HashMap::with_capacity_and_hasher(10, s); map.insert(1, 2); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;
    use std::collections::hash_map::RandomState;

    let s = RandomState::new();
    let mut map = HashMap::with_capacity_and_hasher(10, s);
    map.insert(1, 2);

#### `fn with_capacity_and_hash_state(capacity: usize, hash_state: S) -> HashMap<K, V, S>`

Deprecated since 1.7.0

: renamed to with_capacity_and_hasher

Deprecated, renamed to `with_capacity_and_hasher`

#### `fn capacity(&self) -> usize`

Returns the number of elements the map can hold without reallocating.

This number is a lower bound; the `HashMap<K, V>` might be able to hold more, but is guaranteed to be able to hold at least this many.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let map: HashMap<isize, isize> = HashMap::with_capacity(100); assert!(map.capacity() >= 100); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;
    let map: HashMap<isize, isize> = HashMap::with_capacity(100);
    assert!(map.capacity() >= 100);

#### `fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize)`

Reserves capacity for at least `additional` more elements to be inserted in the `HashMap`. The collection may reserve more space to avoid frequent reallocations.

# Panics

Panics if the new allocation size overflows `usize`.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map: HashMap<&str, isize> = HashMap::new(); map.reserve(10); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;
    let mut map: HashMap<&str, isize> = HashMap::new();
    map.reserve(10);

#### `fn shrink_to_fit(&mut self)`

Shrinks the capacity of the map as much as possible. It will drop down as much as possible while maintaining the internal rules and possibly leaving some space in accordance with the resize policy.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map: HashMap<isize, isize> = HashMap::with_capacity(100); map.insert(1, 2); map.insert(3, 4); assert!(map.capacity() >= 100); map.shrink_to_fit(); assert!(map.capacity() >= 2); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut map: HashMap<isize, isize> = HashMap::with_capacity(100);
    map.insert(1, 2);
    map.insert(3, 4);
    assert!(map.capacity() >= 100);
    map.shrink_to_fit();
    assert!(map.capacity() >= 2);

#### `fn keys<'a>(&'a self) -> Keys<'a, K, V>`

An iterator visiting all keys in arbitrary order. Iterator element type is `&'a K`.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map = HashMap::new(); map.insert("a", 1); map.insert("b", 2); map.insert("c", 3); for key in map.keys() { println!("{}", key); } }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut map = HashMap::new();
    map.insert("a", 1);
    map.insert("b", 2);
    map.insert("c", 3);

    for key in map.keys() {
        println!("{}", key);
    }

#### `fn values<'a>(&'a self) -> Values<'a, K, V>`

An iterator visiting all values in arbitrary order. Iterator element type is `&'a V`.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map = HashMap::new(); map.insert("a", 1); map.insert("b", 2); map.insert("c", 3); for val in map.values() { println!("{}", val); } }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut map = HashMap::new();
    map.insert("a", 1);
    map.insert("b", 2);
    map.insert("c", 3);

    for val in map.values() {
        println!("{}", val);
    }

#### `fn iter(&self) -> Iter<K, V>`

An iterator visiting all key-value pairs in arbitrary order. Iterator element type is `(&'a K, &'a V)`.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map = HashMap::new(); map.insert("a", 1); map.insert("b", 2); map.insert("c", 3); for (key, val) in map.iter() { println!("key: {} val: {}", key, val); } }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut map = HashMap::new();
    map.insert("a", 1);
    map.insert("b", 2);
    map.insert("c", 3);

    for (key, val) in map.iter() {
        println!("key: {} val: {}", key, val);
    }

#### `fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> IterMut<K, V>`

An iterator visiting all key-value pairs in arbitrary order, with mutable references to the values. Iterator element type is `(&'a K, &'a mut V)`.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map = HashMap::new(); map.insert("a", 1); map.insert("b", 2); map.insert("c", 3); // Update all values for (_, val) in map.iter_mut() { *val *= 2; } for (key, val) in &map { println!("key: {} val: {}", key, val); } }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut map = HashMap::new();
    map.insert("a", 1);
    map.insert("b", 2);
    map.insert("c", 3);

    // Update all values
    for (_, val) in map.iter_mut() {
        *val *= 2;
    }

    for (key, val) in &map {
        println!("key: {} val: {}", key, val);
    }

#### `fn entry(&mut self, key: K) -> Entry<K, V>`

Gets the given key's corresponding entry in the map for in-place manipulation.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut letters = HashMap::new(); for ch in "a short treatise on fungi".chars() { let counter = letters.entry(ch).or_insert(0); *counter += 1; } assert_eq!(letters[&'s'], 2); assert_eq!(letters[&'t'], 3); assert_eq!(letters[&'u'], 1); assert_eq!(letters.get(&'y'), None); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut letters = HashMap::new();

    for ch in "a short treatise on fungi".chars() {
        let counter = letters.entry(ch).or_insert(0);
        *counter += 1;
    }

    assert_eq!(letters[&'s'], 2);
    assert_eq!(letters[&'t'], 3);
    assert_eq!(letters[&'u'], 1);
    assert_eq!(letters.get(&'y'), None);

#### `fn len(&self) -> usize`

Returns the number of elements in the map.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut a = HashMap::new(); assert_eq!(a.len(), 0); a.insert(1, "a"); assert_eq!(a.len(), 1); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut a = HashMap::new();
    assert_eq!(a.len(), 0);
    a.insert(1, "a");
    assert_eq!(a.len(), 1);

#### `fn is_empty(&self) -> bool`

Returns true if the map contains no elements.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut a = HashMap::new(); assert!(a.is_empty()); a.insert(1, "a"); assert!(!a.is_empty()); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut a = HashMap::new();
    assert!(a.is_empty());
    a.insert(1, "a");
    assert!(!a.is_empty());

#### `fn drain(&mut self) -> Drain<K, V>`

Clears the map, returning all key-value pairs as an iterator. Keeps the allocated memory for reuse.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut a = HashMap::new(); a.insert(1, "a"); a.insert(2, "b"); for (k, v) in a.drain().take(1) { assert!(k == 1 || k == 2); assert!(v == "a" || v == "b"); } assert!(a.is_empty()); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut a = HashMap::new();
    a.insert(1, "a");
    a.insert(2, "b");

    for (k, v) in a.drain().take(1) {
        assert!(k == 1 || k == 2);
        assert!(v == "a" || v == "b");
    }

    assert!(a.is_empty());

#### `fn clear(&mut self)`

Clears the map, removing all key-value pairs. Keeps the allocated memory for reuse.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut a = HashMap::new(); a.insert(1, "a"); a.clear(); assert!(a.is_empty()); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut a = HashMap::new();
    a.insert(1, "a");
    a.clear();
    assert!(a.is_empty());

#### `fn get<Q: ?Sized>(&self, k: &Q) -> Option<&V> where K: Borrow<Q>, Q: Hash + Eq`

Returns a reference to the value corresponding to the key.

The key may be any borrowed form of the map's key type, but `Hash` and `Eq` on the borrowed form must match those for the key type.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map = HashMap::new(); map.insert(1, "a"); assert_eq!(map.get(&1), Some(&"a")); assert_eq!(map.get(&2), None); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut map = HashMap::new();
    map.insert(1, "a");
    assert_eq!(map.get(&1), Some(&"a"));
    assert_eq!(map.get(&2), None);

#### `fn contains_key<Q: ?Sized>(&self, k: &Q) -> bool where K: Borrow<Q>, Q: Hash + Eq`

Returns true if the map contains a value for the specified key.

The key may be any borrowed form of the map's key type, but `Hash` and `Eq` on the borrowed form must match those for the key type.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map = HashMap::new(); map.insert(1, "a"); assert_eq!(map.contains_key(&1), true); assert_eq!(map.contains_key(&2), false); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut map = HashMap::new();
    map.insert(1, "a");
    assert_eq!(map.contains_key(&1), true);
    assert_eq!(map.contains_key(&2), false);

#### `fn get_mut<Q: ?Sized>(&mut self, k: &Q) -> Option<&mut V> where K: Borrow<Q>, Q: Hash + Eq`

Returns a mutable reference to the value corresponding to the key.

The key may be any borrowed form of the map's key type, but `Hash` and `Eq` on the borrowed form must match those for the key type.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map = HashMap::new(); map.insert(1, "a"); if let Some(x) = map.get_mut(&1) { *x = "b"; } assert_eq!(map[&1], "b"); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut map = HashMap::new();
    map.insert(1, "a");
    if let Some(x) = map.get_mut(&1) {
        *x = "b";
    }
    assert_eq!(map[&1], "b");

#### `fn insert(&mut self, k: K, v: V) -> Option<V>`

Inserts a key-value pair into the map.

If the map did not have this key present, `None` is returned.

If the map did have this key present, the key is not updated, the value is updated and the old value is returned. See the module-level documentation for more.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map = HashMap::new(); assert_eq!(map.insert(37, "a"), None); assert_eq!(map.is_empty(), false); map.insert(37, "b"); assert_eq!(map.insert(37, "c"), Some("b")); assert_eq!(map[&37], "c"); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut map = HashMap::new();
    assert_eq!(map.insert(37, "a"), None);
    assert_eq!(map.is_empty(), false);

    map.insert(37, "b");
    assert_eq!(map.insert(37, "c"), Some("b"));
    assert_eq!(map[&37], "c");

#### `fn remove<Q: ?Sized>(&mut self, k: &Q) -> Option<V> where K: Borrow<Q>, Q: Hash + Eq`

Removes a key from the map, returning the value at the key if the key was previously in the map.

The key may be any borrowed form of the map's key type, but `Hash` and `Eq` on the borrowed form must match those for the key type.

# Examples

fn main() { use std::collections::HashMap; let mut map = HashMap::new(); map.insert(1, "a"); assert_eq!(map.remove(&1), Some("a")); assert_eq!(map.remove(&1), None); }

    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut map = HashMap::new();
    map.insert(1, "a");
    assert_eq!(map.remove(&1), Some("a"));
    assert_eq!(map.remove(&1), None);

## Trait Implementations

### `impl<K, V, S> PartialEq for HashMap<K, V, S> where K: Eq + Hash, V: PartialEq, S: BuildHasher`

#### `fn eq(&self, other: &HashMap<K, V, S>) -> bool`

#### `fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool`

### `impl<K, V, S> Eq for HashMap<K, V, S> where K: Eq + Hash, V: Eq, S: BuildHasher`

### `impl<K, V, S> Debug for HashMap<K, V, S> where K: Eq + Hash + Debug, V: Debug, S: BuildHasher`

#### `fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result`

### `impl<K, V, S> Default for HashMap<K, V, S> where K: Eq + Hash, S: BuildHasher + Default`

#### `fn default() -> HashMap<K, V, S>`

### `impl<'a, K, Q: ?Sized, V, S> Index<&'a Q> for HashMap<K, V, S> where K: Eq + Hash + Borrow<Q>, Q: Eq + Hash, S: BuildHasher`

#### `type Output = V`

#### `fn index(&self, index: &Q) -> &V`

### `impl<'a, K, V, S> IntoIterator for &'a HashMap<K, V, S> where K: Eq + Hash, S: BuildHasher`

#### `type Item = (&'a K, &'a V)`

#### `type IntoIter = Iter<'a, K, V>`

#### `fn into_iter(self) -> Iter<'a, K, V>`

### `impl<'a, K, V, S> IntoIterator for &'a mut HashMap<K, V, S> where K: Eq + Hash, S: BuildHasher`

#### `type Item = (&'a K, &'a mut V)`

#### `type IntoIter = IterMut<'a, K, V>`

#### `fn into_iter(self) -> IterMut<'a, K, V>`

### `impl<K, V, S> IntoIterator for HashMap<K, V, S> where K: Eq + Hash, S: BuildHasher`

#### `type Item = (K, V)`

#### `type IntoIter = IntoIter<K, V>`

#### `fn into_iter(self) -> IntoIter<K, V>`

### `impl<K, V, S> FromIterator<(K, V)> for HashMap<K, V, S> where K: Eq + Hash, S: BuildHasher + Default`

#### `fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item=(K, V)>>(iterable: T) -> HashMap<K, V, S>`

### `impl<K, V, S> Extend<(K, V)> for HashMap<K, V, S> where K: Eq + Hash, S: BuildHasher`

#### `fn extend<T: IntoIterator<Item=(K, V)>>(&mut self, iter: T)`

### `impl<'a, K, V, S> Extend<(&'a K, &'a V)> for HashMap<K, V, S> where K: Eq + Hash + Copy, V: Copy, S: BuildHasher`

#### `fn extend<T: IntoIterator<Item=(&'a K, &'a V)>>(&mut self, iter: T)`

### Derived Implementations

### `impl<K: Clone, V: Clone, S: Clone> Clone for HashMap<K, V, S>`

#### `fn clone(&self) -> HashMap<K, V, S>`

#### `fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)`

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