## Appendix A: Keywords

The following list contains keywords that are reserved for current or future use by the Rust language. As such, they cannot be used as identifiers (except as raw identifiers as we’ll discuss in the “Raw Identifiers” section), including names of functions, variables, parameters, struct fields, modules, crates, constants, macros, static values, attributes, types, traits, or lifetimes.

### Keywords Currently in Use

The following keywords currently have the functionality described.

- `as` - perform primitive casting, disambiguate the specific trait containing an item, or rename items in `use` and `extern crate` statements
- `async` - return a `Future` instead of blocking the current thread
- `await` - suspend execution until the result of a `Future` is ready
- `break` - exit a loop immediately
- `const` - define constant items or constant raw pointers
- `continue` - continue to the next loop iteration
- `crate` - link an external crate or a macro variable representing the crate in which the macro is defined
- `dyn` - dynamic dispatch to a trait object
- `else` - fallback for `if` and `if let` control flow constructs
- `enum` - define an enumeration
- `extern` - link an external crate, function, or variable
- `false` - Boolean false literal
- `fn` - define a function or the function pointer type
- `for` - loop over items from an iterator, implement a trait, or specify a higher-ranked lifetime
- `if` - branch based on the result of a conditional expression
- `impl` - implement inherent or trait functionality
- `in` - part of `for` loop syntax
- `let` - bind a variable
- `loop` - loop unconditionally
- `match` - match a value to patterns
- `mod` - define a module
- `move` - make a closure take ownership of all its captures
- `mut` - denote mutability in references, raw pointers, or pattern bindings
- `pub` - denote public visibility in struct fields, `impl` blocks, or modules
- `ref` - bind by reference
- `return` - return from function
- `Self` - a type alias for the type we are defining or implementing
- `self` - method subject or current module
- `static` - global variable or lifetime lasting the entire program execution
- `struct` - define a structure
- `super` - parent module of the current module
- `trait` - define a trait
- `true` - Boolean true literal
- `type` - define a type alias or associated type
- `union` - define a union and is only a keyword when used in a union declaration
- `unsafe` - denote unsafe code, functions, traits, or implementations
- `use` - bring symbols into scope
- `where` - denote clauses that constrain a type
- `while` - loop conditionally based on the result of an expression

### Keywords Reserved for Future Use

The following keywords do not have any functionality but are reserved by Rust for potential future use.

- `abstract`
- `become`
- `box`
- `do`
- `final`
- `macro`
- `override`
- `priv`
- `try`
- `typeof`
- `unsized`
- `virtual`
- `yield`

### Raw Identifiers

Raw identifiers are the syntax that lets you use keywords where they wouldn’t normally be allowed. You use a raw identifier by prefixing a keyword with `r#`.

For example, `match` is a keyword. If you try to compile the following function that uses `match` as its name:

Filename: src/main.rs

    fn match(needle: &str, haystack: &str) -> bool {
        haystack.contains(needle)
    }

you’ll get this error:

    error: expected identifier, found keyword `match`
     --> src/main.rs:4:4
      |
    4 | fn match(needle: &str, haystack: &str) -> bool {
      |    ^^^^^ expected identifier, found keyword

The error shows that you can’t use the keyword `match` as the function identifier. To use `match` as a function name, you need to use the raw identifier syntax, like this:

Filename: src/main.rs

    fn r#match(needle: &str, haystack: &str) -> bool {
        haystack.contains(needle)
    }

    fn main() {
        assert!(r#match("foo", "foobar"));
    }

This code will compile without any errors. Note the `r#` prefix on the function name in its definition as well as where the function is called in `main`.

Raw identifiers allow you to use any word you choose as an identifier, even if that word happens to be a reserved keyword. In addition, raw identifiers allow you to use libraries written in a different Rust edition than your crate uses. For example, `try` isn’t a keyword in the 2015 edition but is in the 2018 edition. If you depend on a library that’s written using the 2015 edition and has a `try` function, you’ll need to use the raw identifier syntax, `r#try` in this case, to call that function from your 2018 edition code. See Appendix E for more information on editions.