# Alternative representations

Rust allows you to specify alternative data layout strategies from the default. There's also the unsafe code guidelines (note that it's NOT normative).

# repr(C)

This is the most important `repr`. It has fairly simple intent: do what C does. The order, size, and alignment of fields is exactly what you would expect from C or C++. Any type you expect to pass through an FFI boundary should have `repr(C)`, as C is the lingua-franca of the programming world. This is also necessary to soundly do more elaborate tricks with data layout such as reinterpreting values as a different type.

We strongly recommend using rust-bindgen and/or cbindgen to manage your FFI boundaries for you. The Rust team works closely with those projects to ensure that they work robustly and are compatible with current and future guarantees about type layouts and reprs.

The interaction of `repr(C)` with Rust's more exotic data layout features must be kept in mind. Due to its dual purpose as "for FFI" and "for layout control", `repr(C)` can be applied to types that will be nonsensical or problematic if passed through the FFI boundary.

- ZSTs are still zero-sized, even though this is not a standard behavior in C, and is explicitly contrary to the behavior of an empty type in C++, which says they should still consume a byte of space.

- DST pointers (wide pointers) and tuples are not a concept in C, and as such are never FFI-safe.

- Enums with fields also aren't a concept in C or C++, but a valid bridging of the types is defined.

- If `T` is an FFI-safe non-nullable pointer type, `Option<T>` is guaranteed to have the same layout and ABI as `T` and is therefore also FFI-safe. As of this writing, this covers `&`, `&mut`, and function pointers, all of which can never be null.

- Tuple structs are like structs with regards to `repr(C)`, as the only difference from a struct is that the fields aren’t named.

- `repr(C)` is equivalent to one of `repr(u*)` (see the next section) for fieldless enums. The chosen size is the default enum size for the target platform's C application binary interface (ABI). Note that enum representation in C is implementation defined, so this is really a "best guess". In particular, this may be incorrect when the C code of interest is compiled with certain flags.

- Fieldless enums with `repr(C)` or `repr(u*)` still may not be set to an integer value without a corresponding variant, even though this is permitted behavior in C or C++. It is undefined behavior to (unsafely) construct an instance of an enum that does not match one of its variants. (This allows exhaustive matches to continue to be written and compiled as normal.)

# repr(transparent)

This can only be used on structs with a single non-zero-sized field (there may be additional zero-sized fields). The effect is that the layout and ABI of the whole struct is guaranteed to be the same as that one field.

The goal is to make it possible to transmute between the single field and the struct. An example of that is `UnsafeCell`, which can be transmuted into the type it wraps.

Also, passing the struct through FFI where the inner field type is expected on the other side is guaranteed to work. In particular, this is necessary for `struct Foo(f32)` to always have the same ABI as `f32`.

More details are in the RFC.

# repr(u*), repr(i*)

These specify the size to make a fieldless enum. If the discriminant overflows the integer it has to fit in, it will produce a compile-time error. You can manually ask Rust to allow this by setting the overflowing element to explicitly be 0. However Rust will not allow you to create an enum where two variants have the same discriminant.

The term "fieldless enum" only means that the enum doesn't have data in any of its variants. A fieldless enum without a `repr(u*)` or `repr(C)` is still a Rust native type, and does not have a stable ABI representation. Adding a `repr` causes it to be treated exactly like the specified integer size for ABI purposes.

If the enum has fields, the effect is similar to the effect of `repr(C)` in that there is a defined layout of the type. This makes it possible to pass the enum to C code, or access the type's raw representation and directly manipulate its tag and fields. See the RFC for details.

Adding an explicit `repr` to an enum suppresses the null-pointer optimization.

These reprs have no effect on a struct.

# repr(packed)

`repr(packed)` forces Rust to strip any padding, and only align the type to a byte. This may improve the memory footprint, but will likely have other negative side-effects.

In particular, most architectures strongly prefer values to be aligned. This may mean the unaligned loads are penalized (x86), or even fault (some ARM chips). For simple cases like directly loading or storing a packed field, the compiler might be able to paper over alignment issues with shifts and masks. However if you take a reference to a packed field, it's unlikely that the compiler will be able to emit code to avoid an unaligned load.

As of Rust 2018, this still can cause undefined behavior.

`repr(packed)` is not to be used lightly. Unless you have extreme requirements, this should not be used.

This repr is a modifier on `repr(C)` and `repr(Rust)`.

# repr(align(n))

`repr(align(n))` (where `n` is a power of two) forces the type to have an alignment of at least n.

This enables several tricks, like making sure neighboring elements of an array never share the same cache line with each other (which may speed up certain kinds of concurrent code).

This is a modifier on `repr(C)` and `repr(Rust)`. It is incompatible with `repr(packed)`.