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    /// An iterator that knows its exact length.
    ///
    /// Many [`Iterator`]s don't know how many times they will iterate, but some do.
    /// If an iterator knows how many times it can iterate, providing access to
    /// that information can be useful. For example, if you want to iterate
    /// backwards, a good start is to know where the end is.
    ///
    /// When implementing an `ExactSizeIterator`, you must also implement
    /// [`Iterator`]. When doing so, the implementation of [`size_hint`] *must*
    /// return the exact size of the iterator.
    ///
    /// [`Iterator`]: trait.Iterator.html
    /// [`size_hint`]: trait.Iterator.html#method.size_hint
    ///
    /// The [`len`] method has a default implementation, so you usually shouldn't
    /// implement it. However, you may be able to provide a more performant
    /// implementation than the default, so overriding it in this case makes sense.
    ///
    /// [`len`]: #method.len
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// Basic usage:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// // a finite range knows exactly how many times it will iterate
    /// let five = 0..5;
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(5, five.len());
    /// ```
    ///
    /// In the [module level docs][moddocs], we implemented an [`Iterator`],
    /// `Counter`. Let's implement `ExactSizeIterator` for it as well:
    ///
    /// [moddocs]: index.html
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # struct Counter {
    /// #     count: usize,
    /// # }
    /// # impl Counter {
    /// #     fn new() -> Counter {
    /// #         Counter { count: 0 }
    /// #     }
    /// # }
    /// # impl Iterator for Counter {
    /// #     type Item = usize;
    /// #     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
    /// #         self.count += 1;
    /// #         if self.count < 6 {
    /// #             Some(self.count)
    /// #         } else {
    /// #             None
    /// #         }
    /// #     }
    /// # }
    /// impl ExactSizeIterator for Counter {
    ///     // We can easily calculate the remaining number of iterations.
    ///     fn len(&self) -> usize {
    ///         5 - self.count
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// // And now we can use it!
    ///
    /// let counter = Counter::new();
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(5, counter.len());
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    pub trait ExactSizeIterator: Iterator {
        /// Returns the exact number of times the iterator will iterate.
        ///
        /// This method has a default implementation, so you usually should not
        /// implement it directly. However, if you can provide a more efficient
        /// implementation, you can do so. See the [trait-level] docs for an
        /// example.
        ///
        /// This function has the same safety guarantees as the [`size_hint`]
        /// function.
        ///
        /// [trait-level]: trait.ExactSizeIterator.html
        /// [`size_hint`]: trait.Iterator.html#method.size_hint
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// // a finite range knows exactly how many times it will iterate
        /// let five = 0..5;
        ///
        /// assert_eq!(5, five.len());
        /// ```
        #[inline]
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        fn len(&self) -> usize {
            let (lower, upper) = self.size_hint();
            // Note: This assertion is overly defensive, but it checks the invariant
            // guaranteed by the trait. If this trait were rust-internal,
            // we could use debug_assert!; assert_eq! will check all Rust user
            // implementations too.
            assert_eq!(upper, Some(lower));
            lower
        }

        /// Returns `true` if the iterator is empty.
        ///
        /// This method has a default implementation using `self.len()`, so you
        /// don't need to implement it yourself.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// Basic usage:
        ///
        /// ```
        /// #![feature(exact_size_is_empty)]
        ///
        /// let mut one_element = std::iter::once(0);
        /// assert!(!one_element.is_empty());
        ///
        /// assert_eq!(one_element.next(), Some(0));
        /// assert!(one_element.is_empty());
        ///
        /// assert_eq!(one_element.next(), None);
        /// ```
        #[inline]
        #[unstable(feature = "exact_size_is_empty", issue = "35428")]
        fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
            self.len() == 0
        }
    }

    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    impl<I: ExactSizeIterator + ?Sized> ExactSizeIterator for &mut I {
        fn len(&self) -> usize {
            (**self).len()
        }
        fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
            (**self).is_empty()
        }
    }

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