# Struct std::collections::HashSet 1.0.0 [−] [src]

    pub struct HashSet<T, S = RandomState> { /* fields omitted */ }

A hash set implemented as a `HashMap` where the value is `()`.

As with the `HashMap` type, a `HashSet` requires that the elements implement the `Eq` and `Hash` traits. This can frequently be achieved by using `#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]`. If you implement these yourself, it is important that the following property holds:

    k1 == k2 -> hash(k1) == hash(k2)

In other words, if two keys are equal, their hashes must be equal.

It is a logic error for an item to be modified in such a way that the item's hash, as determined by the `Hash` trait, or its equality, as determined by the `Eq` trait, changes while it is in the set. This is normally only possible through `Cell`, `RefCell`, global state, I/O, or unsafe code.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    // Type inference lets us omit an explicit type signature (which
    // would be `HashSet<&str>` in this example).
    let mut books = HashSet::new();

    // Add some books.
    books.insert("A Dance With Dragons");
    books.insert("To Kill a Mockingbird");
    books.insert("The Odyssey");
    books.insert("The Great Gatsby");

    // Check for a specific one.
    if !books.contains("The Winds of Winter") {
        println!("We have {} books, but The Winds of Winter ain't one.",
                 books.len());
    }

    // Remove a book.
    books.remove("The Odyssey");

    // Iterate over everything.
    for book in &books {
        println!("{}", book);
    }Run

The easiest way to use `HashSet` with a custom type is to derive `Eq` and `Hash`. We must also derive `PartialEq`, this will in the future be implied by `Eq`.

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    #[derive(Hash, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
    struct Viking<'a> {
        name: &'a str,
        power: usize,
    }

    let mut vikings = HashSet::new();

    vikings.insert(Viking { name: "Einar", power: 9 });
    vikings.insert(Viking { name: "Einar", power: 9 });
    vikings.insert(Viking { name: "Olaf", power: 4 });
    vikings.insert(Viking { name: "Harald", power: 8 });

    // Use derived implementation to print the vikings.
    for x in &vikings {
        println!("{:?}", x);
    }Run

A `HashSet` with fixed list of elements can be initialized from an array:

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    fn main() {
        let viking_names: HashSet<&str> =
            [ "Einar", "Olaf", "Harald" ].iter().cloned().collect();
        // use the values stored in the set
    }Run

## Methods

### `impl<T: Hash + Eq> HashSet<T, RandomState>`
[src]

#### `pub fn new() -> HashSet<T, RandomState>`
[src]

Creates an empty `HashSet`.

The hash set is initially created with a capacity of 0, so it will not allocate until it is first inserted into.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    let set: HashSet<i32> = HashSet::new();Run

#### `pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> HashSet<T, RandomState>`
[src]

Creates an empty `HashSet` with the specified capacity.

The hash set will be able to hold at least `capacity` elements without reallocating. If `capacity` is 0, the hash set will not allocate.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    let set: HashSet<i32> = HashSet::with_capacity(10);
    assert!(set.capacity() >= 10);Run

### `impl<T, S> HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash,
S: BuildHasher,`
[src]

#### `pub fn with_hasher(hasher: S) -> HashSet<T, S>`
1.7.0
[src]

Creates a new empty hash set which will use the given hasher to hash keys.

The hash set is also created with the default initial capacity.

Warning: `hasher` is normally randomly generated, and is designed to allow `HashSet`s to be resistant to attacks that cause many collisions and very poor performance. Setting it manually using this function can expose a DoS attack vector.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    use std::collections::hash_map::RandomState;

    let s = RandomState::new();
    let mut set = HashSet::with_hasher(s);
    set.insert(2);Run

#### `pub fn with_capacity_and_hasher(capacity: usize, hasher: S) -> HashSet<T, S>`
1.7.0
[src]

Creates an empty `HashSet` with with the specified capacity, using `hasher` to hash the keys.

The hash set will be able to hold at least `capacity` elements without reallocating. If `capacity` is 0, the hash set will not allocate.

Warning: `hasher` is normally randomly generated, and is designed to allow `HashSet`s to be resistant to attacks that cause many collisions and very poor performance. Setting it manually using this function can expose a DoS attack vector.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    use std::collections::hash_map::RandomState;

    let s = RandomState::new();
    let mut set = HashSet::with_capacity_and_hasher(10, s);
    set.insert(1);Run

####
ⓘImportant traits for &'a mut I

### Important traits for &'a mut I

`impl<'a, I> Iterator for &'a mut I where
I: Iterator + ?Sized, type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<'a, R: Read + ?Sized> Read for &'a mut Rimpl<'a, W: Write + ?Sized> Write for &'a mut W`
`pub fn hasher(&self) -> &S`
1.9.0
[src]

Returns a reference to the set's `BuildHasher`.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    use std::collections::hash_map::RandomState;

    let hasher = RandomState::new();
    let set: HashSet<i32> = HashSet::with_hasher(hasher);
    let hasher: &RandomState = set.hasher();Run

#### `pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize`
[src]

Returns the number of elements the set can hold without reallocating.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    let set: HashSet<i32> = HashSet::with_capacity(100);
    assert!(set.capacity() >= 100);Run

#### `pub fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize)`
[src]

Reserves capacity for at least `additional` more elements to be inserted in the `HashSet`. The collection may reserve more space to avoid frequent reallocations.

# Panics

Panics if the new allocation size overflows `usize`.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    let mut set: HashSet<i32> = HashSet::new();
    set.reserve(10);
    assert!(set.capacity() >= 10);Run

#### `pub fn shrink_to_fit(&mut self)`
[src]

Shrinks the capacity of the set as much as possible. It will drop down as much as possible while maintaining the internal rules and possibly leaving some space in accordance with the resize policy.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let mut set = HashSet::with_capacity(100);
    set.insert(1);
    set.insert(2);
    assert!(set.capacity() >= 100);
    set.shrink_to_fit();
    assert!(set.capacity() >= 2);Run

####
ⓘImportant traits for Iter<'a, K>

### Important traits for Iter<'a, K>

`impl<'a, K> Iterator for Iter<'a, K> type Item = &'a K;`
`pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<T>`
[src]

An iterator visiting all elements in arbitrary order. The iterator element type is `&'a T`.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    let mut set = HashSet::new();
    set.insert("a");
    set.insert("b");

    // Will print in an arbitrary order.
    for x in set.iter() {
        println!("{}", x);
    }Run

####
ⓘImportant traits for Difference<'a, T, S>

### Important traits for Difference<'a, T, S>

`impl<'a, T, S> Iterator for Difference<'a, T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash,
S: BuildHasher, type Item = &'a T;`
`pub fn difference<'a>(
&'a self,
other: &'a HashSet<T, S>
) -> Difference<'a, T, S>`
[src]

Visits the values representing the difference, i.e. the values that are in `self` but not in `other`.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    let a: HashSet<_> = [1, 2, 3].iter().cloned().collect();
    let b: HashSet<_> = [4, 2, 3, 4].iter().cloned().collect();

    // Can be seen as `a - b`.
    for x in a.difference(&b) {
        println!("{}", x); // Print 1
    }

    let diff: HashSet<_> = a.difference(&b).collect();
    assert_eq!(diff, [1].iter().collect());

    // Note that difference is not symmetric,
    // and `b - a` means something else:
    let diff: HashSet<_> = b.difference(&a).collect();
    assert_eq!(diff, [4].iter().collect());Run

####
ⓘImportant traits for SymmetricDifference<'a, T, S>

### Important traits for SymmetricDifference<'a, T, S>

`impl<'a, T, S> Iterator for SymmetricDifference<'a, T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash,
S: BuildHasher, type Item = &'a T;`
`pub fn symmetric_difference<'a>(
&'a self,
other: &'a HashSet<T, S>
) -> SymmetricDifference<'a, T, S>`
[src]

Visits the values representing the symmetric difference, i.e. the values that are in `self` or in `other` but not in both.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    let a: HashSet<_> = [1, 2, 3].iter().cloned().collect();
    let b: HashSet<_> = [4, 2, 3, 4].iter().cloned().collect();

    // Print 1, 4 in arbitrary order.
    for x in a.symmetric_difference(&b) {
        println!("{}", x);
    }

    let diff1: HashSet<_> = a.symmetric_difference(&b).collect();
    let diff2: HashSet<_> = b.symmetric_difference(&a).collect();

    assert_eq!(diff1, diff2);
    assert_eq!(diff1, [1, 4].iter().collect());Run

####
ⓘImportant traits for Intersection<'a, T, S>

### Important traits for Intersection<'a, T, S>

`impl<'a, T, S> Iterator for Intersection<'a, T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash,
S: BuildHasher, type Item = &'a T;`
`pub fn intersection<'a>(
&'a self,
other: &'a HashSet<T, S>
) -> Intersection<'a, T, S>`
[src]

Visits the values representing the intersection, i.e. the values that are both in `self` and `other`.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    let a: HashSet<_> = [1, 2, 3].iter().cloned().collect();
    let b: HashSet<_> = [4, 2, 3, 4].iter().cloned().collect();

    // Print 2, 3 in arbitrary order.
    for x in a.intersection(&b) {
        println!("{}", x);
    }

    let intersection: HashSet<_> = a.intersection(&b).collect();
    assert_eq!(intersection, [2, 3].iter().collect());Run

####
ⓘImportant traits for Union<'a, T, S>

### Important traits for Union<'a, T, S>

`impl<'a, T, S> Iterator for Union<'a, T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash,
S: BuildHasher, type Item = &'a T;`
`pub fn union<'a>(&'a self, other: &'a HashSet<T, S>) -> Union<'a, T, S>`
[src]

Visits the values representing the union, i.e. all the values in `self` or `other`, without duplicates.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    let a: HashSet<_> = [1, 2, 3].iter().cloned().collect();
    let b: HashSet<_> = [4, 2, 3, 4].iter().cloned().collect();

    // Print 1, 2, 3, 4 in arbitrary order.
    for x in a.union(&b) {
        println!("{}", x);
    }

    let union: HashSet<_> = a.union(&b).collect();
    assert_eq!(union, [1, 2, 3, 4].iter().collect());Run

#### `pub fn len(&self) -> usize`
[src]

Returns the number of elements in the set.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let mut v = HashSet::new();
    assert_eq!(v.len(), 0);
    v.insert(1);
    assert_eq!(v.len(), 1);Run

#### `pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool`
[src]

Returns true if the set contains no elements.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let mut v = HashSet::new();
    assert!(v.is_empty());
    v.insert(1);
    assert!(!v.is_empty());Run

####
ⓘImportant traits for Drain<'a, K>

### Important traits for Drain<'a, K>

`impl<'a, K> Iterator for Drain<'a, K> type Item = K;`
`pub fn drain(&mut self) -> Drain<T>`
1.6.0
[src]

Clears the set, returning all elements in an iterator.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let mut set: HashSet<_> = [1, 2, 3].iter().cloned().collect();
    assert!(!set.is_empty());

    // print 1, 2, 3 in an arbitrary order
    for i in set.drain() {
        println!("{}", i);
    }

    assert!(set.is_empty());Run

#### `pub fn clear(&mut self)`
[src]

Clears the set, removing all values.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let mut v = HashSet::new();
    v.insert(1);
    v.clear();
    assert!(v.is_empty());Run

#### `pub fn contains<Q: ?Sized>(&self, value: &Q) -> bool where
T: Borrow<Q>,
Q: Hash + Eq,`
[src]

Returns `true` if the set contains a value.

The value may be any borrowed form of the set's value type, but `Hash` and `Eq` on the borrowed form must match those for the value type.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let set: HashSet<_> = [1, 2, 3].iter().cloned().collect();
    assert_eq!(set.contains(&1), true);
    assert_eq!(set.contains(&4), false);Run

#### `pub fn get<Q: ?Sized>(&self, value: &Q) -> Option<&T> where
T: Borrow<Q>,
Q: Hash + Eq,`
1.9.0
[src]

Returns a reference to the value in the set, if any, that is equal to the given value.

The value may be any borrowed form of the set's value type, but `Hash` and `Eq` on the borrowed form must match those for the value type.

#### `pub fn is_disjoint(&self, other: &HashSet<T, S>) -> bool`
[src]

Returns `true` if `self` has no elements in common with `other`. This is equivalent to checking for an empty intersection.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let a: HashSet<_> = [1, 2, 3].iter().cloned().collect();
    let mut b = HashSet::new();

    assert_eq!(a.is_disjoint(&b), true);
    b.insert(4);
    assert_eq!(a.is_disjoint(&b), true);
    b.insert(1);
    assert_eq!(a.is_disjoint(&b), false);Run

#### `pub fn is_subset(&self, other: &HashSet<T, S>) -> bool`
[src]

Returns `true` if the set is a subset of another, i.e. `other` contains at least all the values in `self`.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let sup: HashSet<_> = [1, 2, 3].iter().cloned().collect();
    let mut set = HashSet::new();

    assert_eq!(set.is_subset(&sup), true);
    set.insert(2);
    assert_eq!(set.is_subset(&sup), true);
    set.insert(4);
    assert_eq!(set.is_subset(&sup), false);Run

#### `pub fn is_superset(&self, other: &HashSet<T, S>) -> bool`
[src]

Returns `true` if the set is a superset of another, i.e. `self` contains at least all the values in `other`.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let sub: HashSet<_> = [1, 2].iter().cloned().collect();
    let mut set = HashSet::new();

    assert_eq!(set.is_superset(&sub), false);

    set.insert(0);
    set.insert(1);
    assert_eq!(set.is_superset(&sub), false);

    set.insert(2);
    assert_eq!(set.is_superset(&sub), true);Run

#### `pub fn insert(&mut self, value: T) -> bool`
[src]

Adds a value to the set.

If the set did not have this value present, `true` is returned.

If the set did have this value present, `false` is returned.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let mut set = HashSet::new();

    assert_eq!(set.insert(2), true);
    assert_eq!(set.insert(2), false);
    assert_eq!(set.len(), 1);Run

#### `pub fn replace(&mut self, value: T) -> Option<T>`
1.9.0
[src]

Adds a value to the set, replacing the existing value, if any, that is equal to the given one. Returns the replaced value.

#### `pub fn remove<Q: ?Sized>(&mut self, value: &Q) -> bool where
T: Borrow<Q>,
Q: Hash + Eq,`
[src]

Removes a value from the set. Returns `true` if the value was present in the set.

The value may be any borrowed form of the set's value type, but `Hash` and `Eq` on the borrowed form must match those for the value type.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let mut set = HashSet::new();

    set.insert(2);
    assert_eq!(set.remove(&2), true);
    assert_eq!(set.remove(&2), false);Run

#### `pub fn take<Q: ?Sized>(&mut self, value: &Q) -> Option<T> where
T: Borrow<Q>,
Q: Hash + Eq,`
1.9.0
[src]

Removes and returns the value in the set, if any, that is equal to the given one.

The value may be any borrowed form of the set's value type, but `Hash` and `Eq` on the borrowed form must match those for the value type.

#### `pub fn retain<F>(&mut self, f: F) where
F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,`
1.18.0
[src]

Retains only the elements specified by the predicate.

In other words, remove all elements `e` such that `f(&e)` returns `false`.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let xs = [1,2,3,4,5,6];
    let mut set: HashSet<isize> = xs.iter().cloned().collect();
    set.retain(|&k| k % 2 == 0);
    assert_eq!(set.len(), 3);Run

## Trait Implementations

### `impl<T: Clone, S: Clone> Clone for HashSet<T, S>`
[src]

#### `fn clone(&self) -> HashSet<T, S>`
[src]

Returns a copy of the value. Read more

#### `fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)`
[src]

Performs copy-assignment from `source`. Read more

### `impl<T, S> PartialEq for HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash,
S: BuildHasher,`
[src]

#### `fn eq(&self, other: &HashSet<T, S>) -> bool`
[src]

This method tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`. Read more

#### `fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool`
[src]

This method tests for `!=`.

### `impl<T, S> Eq for HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash,
S: BuildHasher,`
[src]

### `impl<T, S> Debug for HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash + Debug,
S: BuildHasher,`
[src]

#### `fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result`
[src]

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

### `impl<T, S> FromIterator<T> for HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash,
S: BuildHasher + Default,`
[src]

#### `fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(iter: I) -> HashSet<T, S>`
[src]

Creates a value from an iterator. Read more

### `impl<T, S> Extend<T> for HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash,
S: BuildHasher,`
[src]

#### `fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(&mut self, iter: I)`
[src]

Extends a collection with the contents of an iterator. Read more

### `impl<'a, T, S> Extend<&'a T> for HashSet<T, S> where
T: 'a + Eq + Hash + Copy,
S: BuildHasher,`
1.4.0
[src]

#### `fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a T>>(&mut self, iter: I)`
[src]

Extends a collection with the contents of an iterator. Read more

### `impl<T, S> Default for HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash,
S: BuildHasher + Default,`
[src]

#### `fn default() -> HashSet<T, S>`
[src]

Creates an empty `HashSet<T, S>` with the `Default` value for the hasher.

### `impl<'a, 'b, T, S> BitOr<&'b HashSet<T, S>> for &'a HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash + Clone,
S: BuildHasher + Default,`
[src]

#### `type Output = HashSet<T, S>`

The resulting type after applying the `|` operator.

#### `fn bitor(self, rhs: &HashSet<T, S>) -> HashSet<T, S>`
[src]

Returns the union of `self` and `rhs` as a new `HashSet<T, S>`.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let a: HashSet<_> = vec![1, 2, 3].into_iter().collect();
    let b: HashSet<_> = vec![3, 4, 5].into_iter().collect();

    let set = &a | &b;

    let mut i = 0;
    let expected = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    for x in &set {
        assert!(expected.contains(x));
        i += 1;
    }
    assert_eq!(i, expected.len());Run

### `impl<'a, 'b, T, S> BitAnd<&'b HashSet<T, S>> for &'a HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash + Clone,
S: BuildHasher + Default,`
[src]

#### `type Output = HashSet<T, S>`

The resulting type after applying the `&` operator.

#### `fn bitand(self, rhs: &HashSet<T, S>) -> HashSet<T, S>`
[src]

Returns the intersection of `self` and `rhs` as a new `HashSet<T, S>`.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let a: HashSet<_> = vec![1, 2, 3].into_iter().collect();
    let b: HashSet<_> = vec![2, 3, 4].into_iter().collect();

    let set = &a & &b;

    let mut i = 0;
    let expected = [2, 3];
    for x in &set {
        assert!(expected.contains(x));
        i += 1;
    }
    assert_eq!(i, expected.len());Run

### `impl<'a, 'b, T, S> BitXor<&'b HashSet<T, S>> for &'a HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash + Clone,
S: BuildHasher + Default,`
[src]

#### `type Output = HashSet<T, S>`

The resulting type after applying the `^` operator.

#### `fn bitxor(self, rhs: &HashSet<T, S>) -> HashSet<T, S>`
[src]

Returns the symmetric difference of `self` and `rhs` as a new `HashSet<T, S>`.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let a: HashSet<_> = vec![1, 2, 3].into_iter().collect();
    let b: HashSet<_> = vec![3, 4, 5].into_iter().collect();

    let set = &a ^ &b;

    let mut i = 0;
    let expected = [1, 2, 4, 5];
    for x in &set {
        assert!(expected.contains(x));
        i += 1;
    }
    assert_eq!(i, expected.len());Run

### `impl<'a, 'b, T, S> Sub<&'b HashSet<T, S>> for &'a HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash + Clone,
S: BuildHasher + Default,`
[src]

#### `type Output = HashSet<T, S>`

The resulting type after applying the `-` operator.

#### `fn sub(self, rhs: &HashSet<T, S>) -> HashSet<T, S>`
[src]

Returns the difference of `self` and `rhs` as a new `HashSet<T, S>`.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;

    let a: HashSet<_> = vec![1, 2, 3].into_iter().collect();
    let b: HashSet<_> = vec![3, 4, 5].into_iter().collect();

    let set = &a - &b;

    let mut i = 0;
    let expected = [1, 2];
    for x in &set {
        assert!(expected.contains(x));
        i += 1;
    }
    assert_eq!(i, expected.len());Run

### `impl<'a, T, S> IntoIterator for &'a HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash,
S: BuildHasher,`
[src]

#### `type Item = &'a T`

The type of the elements being iterated over.

#### `type IntoIter = Iter<'a, T>`

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?

####
ⓘImportant traits for Iter<'a, K>

### Important traits for Iter<'a, K>

`impl<'a, K> Iterator for Iter<'a, K> type Item = &'a K;`
`fn into_iter(self) -> Iter<'a, T>`
[src]

Creates an iterator from a value. Read more

### `impl<T, S> IntoIterator for HashSet<T, S> where
T: Eq + Hash,
S: BuildHasher,`
[src]

#### `type Item = T`

The type of the elements being iterated over.

#### `type IntoIter = IntoIter<T>`

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?

####
ⓘImportant traits for IntoIter<K>

### Important traits for IntoIter<K>

`impl<K> Iterator for IntoIter<K> type Item = K;`
`fn into_iter(self) -> IntoIter<T>`
[src]

Creates a consuming iterator, that is, one that moves each value out of the set in arbitrary order. The set cannot be used after calling this.

# Examples

    use std::collections::HashSet;
    let mut set = HashSet::new();
    set.insert("a".to_string());
    set.insert("b".to_string());

    // Not possible to collect to a Vec<String> with a regular `.iter()`.
    let v: Vec<String> = set.into_iter().collect();

    // Will print in an arbitrary order.
    for x in &v {
        println!("{}", x);
    }Run

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## Search Tricks

Prefix searches with a type followed by a colon (e.g. `fn:`) to restrict the search to a given type.

Accepted types are: `fn`, `mod`, `struct`, `enum`, `trait`, `type`, `macro`, and `const`.

Search functions by type signature (e.g. `vec -> usize` or `* -> vec`)