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    // Copyright 2013-2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
    // file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
    // http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
    //
    // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
    // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
    // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
    // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
    // except according to those terms.

    //! Operations on ASCII strings and characters.

    #![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]

    use mem;
    use ops::Range;
    use iter::FusedIterator;

    /// Extension methods for ASCII-subset only operations on string slices.
    ///
    /// Be aware that operations on seemingly non-ASCII characters can sometimes
    /// have unexpected results. Consider this example:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
    ///
    /// assert_eq!("café".to_ascii_uppercase(), "CAFÉ");
    /// assert_eq!("café".to_ascii_uppercase(), "CAFé");
    /// ```
    ///
    /// In the first example, the lowercased string is represented `"cafe\u{301}"`
    /// (the last character is an acute accent [combining character]). Unlike the
    /// other characters in the string, the combining character will not get mapped
    /// to an uppercase variant, resulting in `"CAFE\u{301}"`. In the second
    /// example, the lowercased string is represented `"caf\u{e9}"` (the last
    /// character is a single Unicode character representing an 'e' with an acute
    /// accent). Since the last character is defined outside the scope of ASCII,
    /// it will not get mapped to an uppercase variant, resulting in `"CAF\u{e9}"`.
    ///
    /// [combining character]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_character
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    pub trait AsciiExt {
        /// Container type for copied ASCII characters.
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        type Owned;

        /// Checks if the value is within the ASCII range.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
        ///
        /// let ascii = 'a';
        /// let utf8 = '❤';
        ///
        /// assert!(ascii.is_ascii());
        /// assert!(!utf8.is_ascii());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool;

        /// Makes a copy of the string in ASCII upper case.
        ///
        /// ASCII letters 'a' to 'z' are mapped to 'A' to 'Z',
        /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
        ///
        /// let ascii = 'a';
        /// let utf8 = '❤';
        ///
        /// assert_eq!('A', ascii.to_ascii_uppercase());
        /// assert_eq!('❤', utf8.to_ascii_uppercase());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> Self::Owned;

        /// Makes a copy of the string in ASCII lower case.
        ///
        /// ASCII letters 'A' to 'Z' are mapped to 'a' to 'z',
        /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
        ///
        /// let ascii = 'A';
        /// let utf8 = '❤';
        ///
        /// assert_eq!('a', ascii.to_ascii_lowercase());
        /// assert_eq!('❤', utf8.to_ascii_lowercase());
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> Self::Owned;

        /// Checks that two strings are an ASCII case-insensitive match.
        ///
        /// Same as `to_ascii_lowercase(a) == to_ascii_lowercase(b)`,
        /// but without allocating and copying temporary strings.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
        ///
        /// let ascii1 = 'A';
        /// let ascii2 = 'a';
        /// let ascii3 = 'A';
        /// let ascii4 = 'z';
        ///
        /// assert!(ascii1.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&ascii2));
        /// assert!(ascii1.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&ascii3));
        /// assert!(!ascii1.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&ascii4));
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
        fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;

        /// Converts this type to its ASCII upper case equivalent in-place.
        ///
        /// See `to_ascii_uppercase` for more information.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
        ///
        /// let mut ascii = 'a';
        ///
        /// ascii.make_ascii_uppercase();
        ///
        /// assert_eq!('A', ascii);
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii", since = "1.9.0")]
        fn make_ascii_uppercase(&mut self);

        /// Converts this type to its ASCII lower case equivalent in-place.
        ///
        /// See `to_ascii_lowercase` for more information.
        ///
        /// # Examples
        ///
        /// ```
        /// use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
        ///
        /// let mut ascii = 'A';
        ///
        /// ascii.make_ascii_lowercase();
        ///
        /// assert_eq!('a', ascii);
        /// ```
        #[stable(feature = "ascii", since = "1.9.0")]
        fn make_ascii_lowercase(&mut self);
    }

    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    impl AsciiExt for str {
        type Owned = String;

        #[inline]
        fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
            self.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii())
        }

        #[inline]
        fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> String {
            let mut bytes = self.as_bytes().to_vec();
            bytes.make_ascii_uppercase();
            // make_ascii_uppercase() preserves the UTF-8 invariant.
            unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(bytes) }
        }

        #[inline]
        fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> String {
            let mut bytes = self.as_bytes().to_vec();
            bytes.make_ascii_lowercase();
            // make_ascii_uppercase() preserves the UTF-8 invariant.
            unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(bytes) }
        }

        #[inline]
        fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
            self.as_bytes().eq_ignore_ascii_case(other.as_bytes())
        }

        fn make_ascii_uppercase(&mut self) {
            let me: &mut [u8] = unsafe { mem::transmute(self) };
            me.make_ascii_uppercase()
        }

        fn make_ascii_lowercase(&mut self) {
            let me: &mut [u8] = unsafe { mem::transmute(self) };
            me.make_ascii_lowercase()
        }
    }

    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    impl AsciiExt for [u8] {
        type Owned = Vec<u8>;
        #[inline]
        fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
            self.iter().all(|b| b.is_ascii())
        }

        #[inline]
        fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
            let mut me = self.to_vec();
            me.make_ascii_uppercase();
            return me
        }

        #[inline]
        fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
            let mut me = self.to_vec();
            me.make_ascii_lowercase();
            return me
        }

        #[inline]
        fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, other: &[u8]) -> bool {
            self.len() == other.len() &&
            self.iter().zip(other).all(|(a, b)| {
                a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b)
            })
        }

        fn make_ascii_uppercase(&mut self) {
            for byte in self {
                byte.make_ascii_uppercase();
            }
        }

        fn make_ascii_lowercase(&mut self) {
            for byte in self {
                byte.make_ascii_lowercase();
            }
        }
    }

    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    impl AsciiExt for u8 {
        type Owned = u8;
        #[inline]
        fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool { *self & 128 == 0 }
        #[inline]
        fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> u8 { ASCII_UPPERCASE_MAP[*self as usize] }
        #[inline]
        fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> u8 { ASCII_LOWERCASE_MAP[*self as usize] }
        #[inline]
        fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, other: &u8) -> bool {
            self.to_ascii_lowercase() == other.to_ascii_lowercase()
        }
        #[inline]
        fn make_ascii_uppercase(&mut self) { *self = self.to_ascii_uppercase(); }
        #[inline]
        fn make_ascii_lowercase(&mut self) { *self = self.to_ascii_lowercase(); }
    }

    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    impl AsciiExt for char {
        type Owned = char;
        #[inline]
        fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
            *self as u32 <= 0x7F
        }

        #[inline]
        fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> char {
            if self.is_ascii() {
                (*self as u8).to_ascii_uppercase() as char
            } else {
                *self
            }
        }

        #[inline]
        fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> char {
            if self.is_ascii() {
                (*self as u8).to_ascii_lowercase() as char
            } else {
                *self
            }
        }

        #[inline]
        fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, other: &char) -> bool {
            self.to_ascii_lowercase() == other.to_ascii_lowercase()
        }

        #[inline]
        fn make_ascii_uppercase(&mut self) { *self = self.to_ascii_uppercase(); }
        #[inline]
        fn make_ascii_lowercase(&mut self) { *self = self.to_ascii_lowercase(); }
    }

    /// An iterator over the escaped version of a byte, constructed via
    /// `std::ascii::escape_default`.
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    pub struct EscapeDefault {
        range: Range<usize>,
        data: [u8; 4],
    }

    /// Returns an iterator that produces an escaped version of a `u8`.
    ///
    /// The default is chosen with a bias toward producing literals that are
    /// legal in a variety of languages, including C++11 and similar C-family
    /// languages. The exact rules are:
    ///
    /// - Tab, CR and LF are escaped as '\t', '\r' and '\n' respectively.
    /// - Single-quote, double-quote and backslash chars are backslash-escaped.
    /// - Any other chars in the range [0x20,0x7e] are not escaped.
    /// - Any other chars are given hex escapes of the form '\xNN'.
    /// - Unicode escapes are never generated by this function.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::ascii;
    ///
    /// let escaped = ascii::escape_default(b'0').next().unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(b'0', escaped);
    ///
    /// let mut escaped = ascii::escape_default(b'\t');
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(b'\\', escaped.next().unwrap());
    /// assert_eq!(b't', escaped.next().unwrap());
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    pub fn escape_default(c: u8) -> EscapeDefault {
        let (data, len) = match c {
            b'\t' => ([b'\\', b't', 0, 0], 2),
            b'\r' => ([b'\\', b'r', 0, 0], 2),
            b'\n' => ([b'\\', b'n', 0, 0], 2),
            b'\\' => ([b'\\', b'\\', 0, 0], 2),
            b'\'' => ([b'\\', b'\'', 0, 0], 2),
            b'"' => ([b'\\', b'"', 0, 0], 2),
            b'\x20' ... b'\x7e' => ([c, 0, 0, 0], 1),
            _ => ([b'\\', b'x', hexify(c >> 4), hexify(c & 0xf)], 4),
        };

        return EscapeDefault { range: (0.. len), data: data };

        fn hexify(b: u8) -> u8 {
            match b {
                0 ... 9 => b'0' + b,
                _ => b'a' + b - 10,
            }
        }
    }

    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    impl Iterator for EscapeDefault {
        type Item = u8;
        fn next(&mut self) -> Option<u8> { self.range.next().map(|i| self.data[i]) }
        fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { self.range.size_hint() }
    }
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    impl DoubleEndedIterator for EscapeDefault {
        fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<u8> {
            self.range.next_back().map(|i| self.data[i])
        }
    }
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    impl ExactSizeIterator for EscapeDefault {}
    #[unstable(feature = "fused", issue = "35602")]
    impl FusedIterator for EscapeDefault {}

    static ASCII_LOWERCASE_MAP: [u8; 256] = [
        0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
        0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
        0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
        0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
        b' ', b'!', b'"', b'#', b'$', b'%', b'&', b'\'',
        b'(', b')', b'*', b'+', b',', b'-', b'.', b'/',
        b'0', b'1', b'2', b'3', b'4', b'5', b'6', b'7',
        b'8', b'9', b':', b';', b'<', b'=', b'>', b'?',
        b'@',

              b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g',
        b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o',
        b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w',
        b'x', b'y', b'z',

                          b'[', b'\\', b']', b'^', b'_',
        b'`', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g',
        b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o',
        b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w',
        b'x', b'y', b'z', b'{', b'|', b'}', b'~', 0x7f,
        0x80, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83, 0x84, 0x85, 0x86, 0x87,
        0x88, 0x89, 0x8a, 0x8b, 0x8c, 0x8d, 0x8e, 0x8f,
        0x90, 0x91, 0x92, 0x93, 0x94, 0x95, 0x96, 0x97,
        0x98, 0x99, 0x9a, 0x9b, 0x9c, 0x9d, 0x9e, 0x9f,
        0xa0, 0xa1, 0xa2, 0xa3, 0xa4, 0xa5, 0xa6, 0xa7,
        0xa8, 0xa9, 0xaa, 0xab, 0xac, 0xad, 0xae, 0xaf,
        0xb0, 0xb1, 0xb2, 0xb3, 0xb4, 0xb5, 0xb6, 0xb7,
        0xb8, 0xb9, 0xba, 0xbb, 0xbc, 0xbd, 0xbe, 0xbf,
        0xc0, 0xc1, 0xc2, 0xc3, 0xc4, 0xc5, 0xc6, 0xc7,
        0xc8, 0xc9, 0xca, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xcd, 0xce, 0xcf,
        0xd0, 0xd1, 0xd2, 0xd3, 0xd4, 0xd5, 0xd6, 0xd7,
        0xd8, 0xd9, 0xda, 0xdb, 0xdc, 0xdd, 0xde, 0xdf,
        0xe0, 0xe1, 0xe2, 0xe3, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xe6, 0xe7,
        0xe8, 0xe9, 0xea, 0xeb, 0xec, 0xed, 0xee, 0xef,
        0xf0, 0xf1, 0xf2, 0xf3, 0xf4, 0xf5, 0xf6, 0xf7,
        0xf8, 0xf9, 0xfa, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0xfd, 0xfe, 0xff,
    ];

    static ASCII_UPPERCASE_MAP: [u8; 256] = [
        0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
        0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
        0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
        0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
        b' ', b'!', b'"', b'#', b'$', b'%', b'&', b'\'',
        b'(', b')', b'*', b'+', b',', b'-', b'.', b'/',
        b'0', b'1', b'2', b'3', b'4', b'5', b'6', b'7',
        b'8', b'9', b':', b';', b'<', b'=', b'>', b'?',
        b'@', b'A', b'B', b'C', b'D', b'E', b'F', b'G',
        b'H', b'I', b'J', b'K', b'L', b'M', b'N', b'O',
        b'P', b'Q', b'R', b'S', b'T', b'U', b'V', b'W',
        b'X', b'Y', b'Z', b'[', b'\\', b']', b'^', b'_',
        b'`',

              b'A', b'B', b'C', b'D', b'E', b'F', b'G',
        b'H', b'I', b'J', b'K', b'L', b'M', b'N', b'O',
        b'P', b'Q', b'R', b'S', b'T', b'U', b'V', b'W',
        b'X', b'Y', b'Z',

                          b'{', b'|', b'}', b'~', 0x7f,
        0x80, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83, 0x84, 0x85, 0x86, 0x87,
        0x88, 0x89, 0x8a, 0x8b, 0x8c, 0x8d, 0x8e, 0x8f,
        0x90, 0x91, 0x92, 0x93, 0x94, 0x95, 0x96, 0x97,
        0x98, 0x99, 0x9a, 0x9b, 0x9c, 0x9d, 0x9e, 0x9f,
        0xa0, 0xa1, 0xa2, 0xa3, 0xa4, 0xa5, 0xa6, 0xa7,
        0xa8, 0xa9, 0xaa, 0xab, 0xac, 0xad, 0xae, 0xaf,
        0xb0, 0xb1, 0xb2, 0xb3, 0xb4, 0xb5, 0xb6, 0xb7,
        0xb8, 0xb9, 0xba, 0xbb, 0xbc, 0xbd, 0xbe, 0xbf,
        0xc0, 0xc1, 0xc2, 0xc3, 0xc4, 0xc5, 0xc6, 0xc7,
        0xc8, 0xc9, 0xca, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xcd, 0xce, 0xcf,
        0xd0, 0xd1, 0xd2, 0xd3, 0xd4, 0xd5, 0xd6, 0xd7,
        0xd8, 0xd9, 0xda, 0xdb, 0xdc, 0xdd, 0xde, 0xdf,
        0xe0, 0xe1, 0xe2, 0xe3, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xe6, 0xe7,
        0xe8, 0xe9, 0xea, 0xeb, 0xec, 0xed, 0xee, 0xef,
        0xf0, 0xf1, 0xf2, 0xf3, 0xf4, 0xf5, 0xf6, 0xf7,
        0xf8, 0xf9, 0xfa, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0xfd, 0xfe, 0xff,
    ];

    #[cfg(test)]
    mod tests {
        use super::*;
        use char::from_u32;

        #[test]
        fn test_is_ascii() {
            assert!(b"".is_ascii());
            assert!(b"banana\0\x7F".is_ascii());
            assert!(b"banana\0\x7F".iter().all(|b| b.is_ascii()));
            assert!(!b"Vi\xe1\xbb\x87t Nam".is_ascii());
            assert!(!b"Vi\xe1\xbb\x87t Nam".iter().all(|b| b.is_ascii()));
            assert!(!b"\xe1\xbb\x87".iter().any(|b| b.is_ascii()));

            assert!("".is_ascii());
            assert!("banana\0\u{7F}".is_ascii());
            assert!("banana\0\u{7F}".chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii()));
            assert!(!"ประเทศไทย中华Việt Nam".chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii()));
            assert!(!"ประเทศไทย中华ệ ".chars().any(|c| c.is_ascii()));
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_to_ascii_uppercase() {
            assert_eq!("url()URL()uRl()ürl".to_ascii_uppercase(), "URL()URL()URL()üRL");
            assert_eq!("hıKß".to_ascii_uppercase(), "HıKß");

            for i in 0..501 {
                let upper = if 'a' as u32 <= i && i <= 'z' as u32 { i + 'A' as u32 - 'a' as u32 }
                            else { i };
                assert_eq!((from_u32(i).unwrap()).to_string().to_ascii_uppercase(),
                           (from_u32(upper).unwrap()).to_string());
            }
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_to_ascii_lowercase() {
            assert_eq!("url()URL()uRl()Ürl".to_ascii_lowercase(), "url()url()url()Ürl");
            // Dotted capital I, Kelvin sign, Sharp S.
            assert_eq!("HİKß".to_ascii_lowercase(), "hİKß");

            for i in 0..501 {
                let lower = if 'A' as u32 <= i && i <= 'Z' as u32 { i + 'a' as u32 - 'A' as u32 }
                            else { i };
                assert_eq!((from_u32(i).unwrap()).to_string().to_ascii_lowercase(),
                           (from_u32(lower).unwrap()).to_string());
            }
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_make_ascii_lower_case() {
            macro_rules! test {
                ($from: expr, $to: expr) => {
                    {
                        let mut x = $from;
                        x.make_ascii_lowercase();
                        assert_eq!(x, $to);
                    }
                }
            }
            test!(b'A', b'a');
            test!(b'a', b'a');
            test!(b'!', b'!');
            test!('A', 'a');
            test!('À', 'À');
            test!('a', 'a');
            test!('!', '!');
            test!(b"H\xc3\x89".to_vec(), b"h\xc3\x89");
            test!("HİKß".to_string(), "hİKß");
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_make_ascii_upper_case() {
            macro_rules! test {
                ($from: expr, $to: expr) => {
                    {
                        let mut x = $from;
                        x.make_ascii_uppercase();
                        assert_eq!(x, $to);
                    }
                }
            }
            test!(b'a', b'A');
            test!(b'A', b'A');
            test!(b'!', b'!');
            test!('a', 'A');
            test!('à', 'à');
            test!('A', 'A');
            test!('!', '!');
            test!(b"h\xc3\xa9".to_vec(), b"H\xc3\xa9");
            test!("hıKß".to_string(), "HıKß");

            let mut x = "Hello".to_string();
            x[..3].make_ascii_uppercase();  // Test IndexMut on String.
            assert_eq!(x, "HELlo")
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_eq_ignore_ascii_case() {
            assert!("url()URL()uRl()Ürl".eq_ignore_ascii_case("url()url()url()Ürl"));
            assert!(!"Ürl".eq_ignore_ascii_case("ürl"));
            // Dotted capital I, Kelvin sign, Sharp S.
            assert!("HİKß".eq_ignore_ascii_case("hİKß"));
            assert!(!"İ".eq_ignore_ascii_case("i"));
            assert!(!"K".eq_ignore_ascii_case("k"));
            assert!(!"ß".eq_ignore_ascii_case("s"));

            for i in 0..501 {
                let lower = if 'A' as u32 <= i && i <= 'Z' as u32 { i + 'a' as u32 - 'A' as u32 }
                            else { i };
                assert!((from_u32(i).unwrap()).to_string().eq_ignore_ascii_case(
                        &from_u32(lower).unwrap().to_string()));
            }
        }

        #[test]
        fn inference_works() {
            let x = "a".to_string();
            x.eq_ignore_ascii_case("A");
        }
    }

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