# Struct CString

1.88.0 · Source

    pub struct CString { /* private fields */ }

Expand description

A type representing an owned, C-compatible, nul-terminated string with no nul bytes in the middle.

This type serves the purpose of being able to safely generate a C-compatible string from a Rust byte slice or vector. An instance of this type is a static guarantee that the underlying bytes contain no interior 0 bytes (“nul characters”) and that the final byte is 0 (“nul terminator”).

`CString` is to `&CStr` as `String` is to `&str`: the former in each pair are owned strings; the latter are borrowed references.

## §Creating a `CString`

A `CString` is created from either a byte slice or a byte vector, or anything that implements `Into<Vec<u8>>` (for example, you can build a `CString` straight out of a `String` or a `&str`, since both implement that trait). You can create a `CString` from a literal with `CString::from(c"Text")`.

The `CString::new` method will actually check that the provided `&[u8]` does not have 0 bytes in the middle, and return an error if it finds one.

## §Extracting a raw pointer to the whole C string

`CString` implements an `as_ptr` method through the `Deref` trait. This method will give you a `*const c_char` which you can feed directly to extern functions that expect a nul-terminated string, like C’s `strdup()`. Notice that `as_ptr` returns a read-only pointer; if the C code writes to it, that causes undefined behavior.

## §Extracting a slice of the whole C string

Alternatively, you can obtain a `&[u8]` slice from a `CString` with the `CString::as_bytes` method. Slices produced in this way do not contain the trailing nul terminator. This is useful when you will be calling an extern function that takes a `*const u8` argument which is not necessarily nul-terminated, plus another argument with the length of the string — like C’s `strndup()`. You can of course get the slice’s length with its `len` method.

If you need a `&[u8]` slice with the nul terminator, you can use `CString::as_bytes_with_nul` instead.

Once you have the kind of slice you need (with or without a nul terminator), you can call the slice’s own `as_ptr` method to get a read-only raw pointer to pass to extern functions. See the documentation for that function for a discussion on ensuring the lifetime of the raw pointer.

## §Examples

ⓘ

    use std::ffi::CString;
    use std::os::raw::c_char;

    extern "C" {
        fn my_printer(s: *const c_char);
    }

    // We are certain that our string doesn't have 0 bytes in the middle,
    // so we can .expect()
    let c_to_print = CString::new("Hello, world!").expect("CString::new failed");
    unsafe {
        my_printer(c_to_print.as_ptr());
    }

## §Safety

`CString` is intended for working with traditional C-style strings (a sequence of non-nul bytes terminated by a single nul byte); the primary use case for these kinds of strings is interoperating with C-like code. Often you will need to transfer ownership to/from that external code. It is strongly recommended that you thoroughly read through the documentation of `CString` before use, as improper ownership management of `CString` instances can lead to invalid memory accesses, memory leaks, and other memory errors.

## Implementations§

Source§

### impl CString

1.0.0 · Source

#### pub fn new<T: Into<Vec<u8>>>(t: T) -> Result<CString, NulError>

Creates a new C-compatible string from a container of bytes.

This function will consume the provided data and use the underlying bytes to construct a new string, ensuring that there is a trailing 0 byte. This trailing 0 byte will be appended by this function; the provided data should not contain any 0 bytes in it.

##### §Examples

ⓘ

    use std::ffi::CString;
    use std::os::raw::c_char;

    extern "C" { fn puts(s: *const c_char); }

    let to_print = CString::new("Hello!").expect("CString::new failed");
    unsafe {
        puts(to_print.as_ptr());
    }

##### §Errors

This function will return an error if the supplied bytes contain an internal 0 byte. The `NulError` returned will contain the bytes as well as the position of the nul byte.

1.0.0 · Source

#### pub unsafe fn from_vec_unchecked(v: Vec<u8>) -> Self

Creates a C-compatible string by consuming a byte vector, without checking for interior 0 bytes.

Trailing 0 byte will be appended by this function.

This method is equivalent to `CString::new` except that no runtime assertion is made that `v` contains no 0 bytes, and it requires an actual byte vector, not anything that can be converted to one with Into.

##### §Examples

    use std::ffi::CString;

    let raw = b"foo".to_vec();
    unsafe {
        let c_string = CString::from_vec_unchecked(raw);
    }

1.4.0 · Source

#### pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: *mut c_char) -> CString

Retakes ownership of a `CString` that was transferred to C via `CString::into_raw`.

Additionally, the length of the string will be recalculated from the pointer.

##### §Safety

This should only ever be called with a pointer that was earlier obtained by calling `CString::into_raw`, and the memory it points to must not be accessed through any other pointer during the lifetime of reconstructed `CString`. Other usage (e.g., trying to take ownership of a string that was allocated by foreign code) is likely to lead to undefined behavior or allocator corruption.

This function does not validate ownership of the raw pointer’s memory. A double-free may occur if the function is called twice on the same raw pointer. Additionally, the caller must ensure the pointer is not dangling.

It should be noted that the length isn’t just “recomputed,” but that the recomputed length must match the original length from the `CString::into_raw` call. This means the `CString::into_raw`/`from_raw` methods should not be used when passing the string to C functions that can modify the string’s length.

> Note: If you need to borrow a string that was allocated by foreign code, use `CStr`. If you need to take ownership of a string that was allocated by foreign code, you will need to make your own provisions for freeing it appropriately, likely with the foreign code’s API to do that.

##### §Examples

Creates a `CString`, pass ownership to an `extern` function (via raw pointer), then retake ownership with `from_raw`:

ⓘ

    use std::ffi::CString;
    use std::os::raw::c_char;

    extern "C" {
        fn some_extern_function(s: *mut c_char);
    }

    let c_string = CString::from(c"Hello!");
    let raw = c_string.into_raw();
    unsafe {
        some_extern_function(raw);
        let c_string = CString::from_raw(raw);
    }

1.4.0 · Source

#### pub fn into_raw(self) -> *mut c_char

Consumes the `CString` and transfers ownership of the string to a C caller.

The pointer which this function returns must be returned to Rust and reconstituted using `CString::from_raw` to be properly deallocated. Specifically, one should not use the standard C `free()` function to deallocate this string.

Failure to call `CString::from_raw` will lead to a memory leak.

The C side must not modify the length of the string (by writing a nul byte somewhere inside the string or removing the final one) before it makes it back into Rust using `CString::from_raw`. See the safety section in `CString::from_raw`.

##### §Examples

    use std::ffi::CString;

    let c_string = CString::from(c"foo");

    let ptr = c_string.into_raw();

    unsafe {
        assert_eq!(b'f', *ptr as u8);
        assert_eq!(b'o', *ptr.add(1) as u8);
        assert_eq!(b'o', *ptr.add(2) as u8);
        assert_eq!(b'\0', *ptr.add(3) as u8);

        // retake pointer to free memory
        let _ = CString::from_raw(ptr);
    }

1.7.0 · Source

#### pub fn into_string(self) -> Result<String, IntoStringError>

Converts the `CString` into a `String` if it contains valid UTF-8 data.

On failure, ownership of the original `CString` is returned.

##### §Examples

    use std::ffi::CString;

    let valid_utf8 = vec![b'f', b'o', b'o'];
    let cstring = CString::new(valid_utf8).expect("CString::new failed");
    assert_eq!(cstring.into_string().expect("into_string() call failed"), "foo");

    let invalid_utf8 = vec![b'f', 0xff, b'o', b'o'];
    let cstring = CString::new(invalid_utf8).expect("CString::new failed");
    let err = cstring.into_string().err().expect("into_string().err() failed");
    assert_eq!(err.utf8_error().valid_up_to(), 1);

1.7.0 · Source

#### pub fn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<u8>

Consumes the `CString` and returns the underlying byte buffer.

The returned buffer does not contain the trailing nul terminator, and it is guaranteed to not have any interior nul bytes.

##### §Examples

    use std::ffi::CString;

    let c_string = CString::from(c"foo");
    let bytes = c_string.into_bytes();
    assert_eq!(bytes, vec![b'f', b'o', b'o']);

1.7.0 · Source

#### pub fn into_bytes_with_nul(self) -> Vec<u8>

Equivalent to `CString::into_bytes()` except that the returned vector includes the trailing nul terminator.

##### §Examples

    use std::ffi::CString;

    let c_string = CString::from(c"foo");
    let bytes = c_string.into_bytes_with_nul();
    assert_eq!(bytes, vec![b'f', b'o', b'o', b'\0']);

1.0.0 · Source

#### pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8]

Returns the contents of this `CString` as a slice of bytes.

The returned slice does not contain the trailing nul terminator, and it is guaranteed to not have any interior nul bytes. If you need the nul terminator, use `CString::as_bytes_with_nul` instead.

##### §Examples

    use std::ffi::CString;

    let c_string = CString::from(c"foo");
    let bytes = c_string.as_bytes();
    assert_eq!(bytes, &[b'f', b'o', b'o']);

1.0.0 · Source

#### pub fn as_bytes_with_nul(&self) -> &[u8]

Equivalent to `CString::as_bytes()` except that the returned slice includes the trailing nul terminator.

##### §Examples

    use std::ffi::CString;

    let c_string = CString::from(c"foo");
    let bytes = c_string.as_bytes_with_nul();
    assert_eq!(bytes, &[b'f', b'o', b'o', b'\0']);

1.20.0 · Source

#### pub fn as_c_str(&self) -> &CStr

Extracts a `CStr` slice containing the entire string.

##### §Examples

    use std::ffi::{CString, CStr};

    let c_string = CString::from(c"foo");
    let cstr = c_string.as_c_str();
    assert_eq!(cstr,
               CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").expect("CStr::from_bytes_with_nul failed"));

1.20.0 · Source

#### pub fn into_boxed_c_str(self) -> Box<CStr>

Converts this `CString` into a boxed `CStr`.

##### §Examples

    let c_string = c"foo".to_owned();
    let boxed = c_string.into_boxed_c_str();
    assert_eq!(boxed.to_bytes_with_nul(), b"foo\0");

1.58.0 · Source

#### pub unsafe fn from_vec_with_nul_unchecked(v: Vec<u8>) -> Self

Converts a `Vec<u8>` to a `CString` without checking the invariants on the given `Vec`.

##### §Safety

The given `Vec` must have one nul byte as its last element. This means it cannot be empty nor have any other nul byte anywhere else.

##### §Example

    use std::ffi::CString;
    assert_eq!(
        unsafe { CString::from_vec_with_nul_unchecked(b"abc\0".to_vec()) },
        unsafe { CString::from_vec_unchecked(b"abc".to_vec()) }
    );

1.58.0 · Source

#### pub fn from_vec_with_nul(v: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self, FromVecWithNulError>

Attempts to converts a `Vec<u8>` to a `CString`.

Runtime checks are present to ensure there is only one nul byte in the `Vec`, its last element.

##### §Errors

If a nul byte is present and not the last element or no nul bytes is present, an error will be returned.

##### §Examples

A successful conversion will produce the same result as `CString::new` when called without the ending nul byte.

    use std::ffi::CString;
    assert_eq!(
        CString::from_vec_with_nul(b"abc\0".to_vec())
            .expect("CString::from_vec_with_nul failed"),
        c"abc".to_owned()
    );

An incorrectly formatted `Vec` will produce an error.

    use std::ffi::{CString, FromVecWithNulError};
    // Interior nul byte
    let _: FromVecWithNulError = CString::from_vec_with_nul(b"a\0bc".to_vec()).unwrap_err();
    // No nul byte
    let _: FromVecWithNulError = CString::from_vec_with_nul(b"abc".to_vec()).unwrap_err();

## Methods from Deref<Target = CStr>§

1.4.0 · Source

#### pub fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<'_, str>

Converts a `CStr` into a `Cow<str>`.

If the contents of the `CStr` are valid UTF-8 data, this function will return a `Cow::Borrowed(&str)` with the corresponding `&str` slice. Otherwise, it will replace any invalid UTF-8 sequences with `U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER` and return a `Cow::Owned(String)` with the result.

##### §Examples

Calling `to_string_lossy` on a `CStr` containing valid UTF-8. The leading `c` on the string literal denotes a `CStr`.

    use std::borrow::Cow;

    assert_eq!(c"Hello World".to_string_lossy(), Cow::Borrowed("Hello World"));

Calling `to_string_lossy` on a `CStr` containing invalid UTF-8:

    use std::borrow::Cow;

    assert_eq!(
        c"Hello \xF0\x90\x80World".to_string_lossy(),
        Cow::Owned(String::from("Hello �World")) as Cow<'_, str>
    );

1.0.0 · Source

#### pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const i8

Returns the inner pointer to this C string.

The returned pointer will be valid for as long as `self` is, and points to a contiguous region of memory terminated with a 0 byte to represent the end of the string.

The type of the returned pointer is `*const c_char`, and whether it’s an alias for `*const i8` or `*const u8` is platform-specific.

WARNING

The returned pointer is read-only; writing to it (including passing it to C code that writes to it) causes undefined behavior.

It is your responsibility to make sure that the underlying memory is not freed too early. For example, the following code will cause undefined behavior when `ptr` is used inside the `unsafe` block:

    use std::ffi::{CStr, CString};

    // 💀 The meaning of this entire program is undefined,
    // 💀 and nothing about its behavior is guaranteed,
    // 💀 not even that its behavior resembles the code as written,
    // 💀 just because it contains a single instance of undefined behavior!

    // 🚨 creates a dangling pointer to a temporary `CString`
    // 🚨 that is deallocated at the end of the statement
    let ptr = CString::new("Hi!".to_uppercase()).unwrap().as_ptr();

    // without undefined behavior, you would expect that `ptr` equals:
    dbg!(CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"HI!\0").unwrap());

    // 🙏 Possibly the program behaved as expected so far,
    // 🙏 and this just shows `ptr` is now garbage..., but
    // 💀 this violates `CStr::from_ptr`'s safety contract
    // 💀 leading to a dereference of a dangling pointer,
    // 💀 which is immediate undefined behavior.
    // 💀 *BOOM*, you're dead, you're entire program has no meaning.
    dbg!(unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(ptr) });

This happens because, the pointer returned by `as_ptr` does not carry any lifetime information, and the `CString` is deallocated immediately after the expression that it is part of has been evaluated. To fix the problem, bind the `CString` to a local variable:

    use std::ffi::{CStr, CString};

    let c_str = CString::new("Hi!".to_uppercase()).unwrap();
    let ptr = c_str.as_ptr();

    assert_eq!(unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(ptr) }, c"HI!");

1.79.0 · Source

#### pub fn count_bytes(&self) -> usize

Returns the length of `self`. Like C’s `strlen`, this does not include the nul terminator.

> Note: This method is currently implemented as a constant-time cast, but it is planned to alter its definition in the future to perform the length calculation whenever this method is called.

##### §Examples

    assert_eq!(c"foo".count_bytes(), 3);
    assert_eq!(c"".count_bytes(), 0);

1.71.0 · Source

#### pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool

Returns `true` if `self.to_bytes()` has a length of 0.

##### §Examples

    assert!(!c"foo".is_empty());
    assert!(c"".is_empty());

1.0.0 · Source

#### pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> &[u8]

Converts this C string to a byte slice.

The returned slice will not contain the trailing nul terminator that this C string has.

> Note: This method is currently implemented as a constant-time cast, but it is planned to alter its definition in the future to perform the length calculation whenever this method is called.

##### §Examples

    assert_eq!(c"foo".to_bytes(), b"foo");

1.0.0 · Source

#### pub fn to_bytes_with_nul(&self) -> &[u8]

Converts this C string to a byte slice containing the trailing 0 byte.

This function is the equivalent of `CStr::to_bytes` except that it will retain the trailing nul terminator instead of chopping it off.

> Note: This method is currently implemented as a 0-cost cast, but it is planned to alter its definition in the future to perform the length calculation whenever this method is called.

##### §Examples

    assert_eq!(c"foo".to_bytes_with_nul(), b"foo\0");

Source

#### pub fn bytes(&self) -> Bytes<'_>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`cstr_bytes` #112115)

Iterates over the bytes in this C string.

The returned iterator will not contain the trailing nul terminator that this C string has.

##### §Examples

    #![feature(cstr_bytes)]

    assert!(c"foo".bytes().eq(*b"foo"));

1.4.0 · Source

#### pub fn to_str(&self) -> Result<&str, Utf8Error>

Yields a `&str` slice if the `CStr` contains valid UTF-8.

If the contents of the `CStr` are valid UTF-8 data, this function will return the corresponding `&str` slice. Otherwise, it will return an error with details of where UTF-8 validation failed.

##### §Examples

    assert_eq!(c"foo".to_str(), Ok("foo"));

Source

#### pub fn display(&self) -> impl Display

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`cstr_display` #139984)

Returns an object that implements `Display` for safely printing a `CStr` that may contain non-Unicode data.

Behaves as if `self` were first lossily converted to a `str`, with invalid UTF-8 presented as the Unicode replacement character: �.

##### §Examples

    #![feature(cstr_display)]

    let cstr = c"Hello, world!";
    println!("{}", cstr.display());

## Trait Implementations§

1.7.0 · Source§

### impl AsRef<CStr> for CString

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#### fn as_ref(&self) -> &CStr

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.
1.3.0 · Source§

### impl Borrow<CStr> for CString

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#### fn borrow(&self) -> &CStr

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
1.64.0 · Source§

### impl Clone for CString

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#### fn clone(&self) -> CString

Returns a duplicate of the value. Read more
1.0.0 · Source§

#### fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from `source`. Read more
1.0.0 · Source§

### impl Debug for CString

Delegates to the `CStr` implementation of `fmt::Debug`, showing invalid UTF-8 as hex escapes.

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#### fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
1.10.0 · Source§

### impl Default for CString

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#### fn default() -> CString

Creates an empty `CString`.

1.0.0 · Source§

### impl Deref for CString

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#### type Target = CStr

The resulting type after dereferencing.
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#### fn deref(&self) -> &CStr

Dereferences the value.
1.13.0 · Source§

### impl Drop for CString

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#### fn drop(&mut self)

Executes the destructor for this type. Read more
1.7.0 · Source§

### impl From<&CStr> for CString

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#### fn from(s: &CStr) -> CString

Converts a `&CStr` into a `CString` by copying the contents into a new allocation.

1.28.0 · Source§

### impl<'a> From<&'a CString> for Cow<'a, CStr>

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#### fn from(s: &'a CString) -> Cow<'a, CStr>

Converts a `&``CString` into a borrowed `Cow` without copying or allocating.

1.18.0 · Source§

### impl From<Box<CStr>> for CString

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#### fn from(s: Box<CStr>) -> CString

Converts a `Box<CStr>` into a `CString` without copying or allocating.

1.24.0 · Source§

### impl From<CString> for Arc<CStr>

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#### fn from(s: CString) -> Arc<CStr>

Converts a `CString` into an `Arc<CStr>` by moving the `CString` data into a new `Arc` buffer.

1.20.0 · Source§

### impl From<CString> for Box<CStr>

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#### fn from(s: CString) -> Box<CStr>

Converts a `CString` into a `Box<CStr>` without copying or allocating.

1.28.0 · Source§

### impl<'a> From<CString> for Cow<'a, CStr>

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#### fn from(s: CString) -> Cow<'a, CStr>

Converts a `CString` into an owned `Cow` without copying or allocating.

1.24.0 · Source§

### impl From<CString> for Rc<CStr>

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#### fn from(s: CString) -> Rc<CStr>

Converts a `CString` into an `Rc<CStr>` by moving the `CString` data into a new `Rc` buffer.

1.7.0 · Source§

### impl From<CString> for Vec<u8>

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#### fn from(s: CString) -> Vec<u8>

Converts a `CString` into a `Vec<u8>`.

The conversion consumes the `CString`, and removes the terminating NUL byte.

1.28.0 · Source§

### impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, CStr>> for CString

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#### fn from(s: Cow<'a, CStr>) -> Self

Converts a `Cow<'a, CStr>` into a `CString`, by copying the contents if they are borrowed.

1.43.0 · Source§

### impl From<Vec<NonZero<u8>>> for CString

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#### fn from(v: Vec<NonZero<u8>>) -> CString

Converts a `Vec<NonZero<u8>>` into a `CString` without copying nor checking for inner nul bytes.

1.85.0 · Source§

### impl FromStr for CString

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#### fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err>

Converts a string `s` into a `CString`.

This method is equivalent to `CString::new`.

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#### type Err = NulError

The associated error which can be returned from parsing.
1.64.0 · Source§

### impl Hash for CString

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#### fn hash<__H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut __H)

Feeds this value into the given `Hasher`. Read more
1.3.0 · Source§

#### fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H)
where H: Hasher, Self: Sized,

Feeds a slice of this type into the given `Hasher`. Read more
1.7.0 · Source§

### impl Index<RangeFull> for CString

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#### type Output = CStr

The returned type after indexing.
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#### fn index(&self, _index: RangeFull) -> &CStr

Performs the indexing (`container[index]`) operation. Read more
1.64.0 · Source§

### impl Ord for CString

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#### fn cmp(&self, other: &CString) -> Ordering

This method returns an `Ordering` between `self` and `other`. Read more
1.21.0 · Source§

#### fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self
where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the maximum of two values. Read more
1.21.0 · Source§

#### fn min(self, other: Self) -> Self
where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the minimum of two values. Read more
1.50.0 · Source§

#### fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Self
where Self: Sized,

Restrict a value to a certain interval. Read more
1.64.0 · Source§

### impl PartialEq for CString

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#### fn eq(&self, other: &CString) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · Source§

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
1.64.0 · Source§

### impl PartialOrd for CString

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#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &CString) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · Source§

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · Source§

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · Source§

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · Source§

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
1.85.0 · Source§

### impl TryFrom<CString> for String

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#### fn try_from(value: CString) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

Converts a `CString` into a `String` if it contains valid UTF-8 data.

This method is equivalent to `CString::into_string`.

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#### type Error = IntoStringError

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
1.64.0 · Source§

### impl Eq for CString

1.64.0 · Source§

### impl StructuralPartialEq for CString

## Auto Trait Implementations§

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### impl Freeze for CString

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### impl RefUnwindSafe for CString

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### impl Send for CString

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### impl Sync for CString

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### impl Unpin for CString

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### impl UnwindSafe for CString

## Blanket Implementations§

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### impl<T> Any for T
where T: 'static + ?Sized,

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#### fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId

Gets the `TypeId` of `self`. Read more
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### impl<T> Borrow<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

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#### fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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### impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

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#### fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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### impl<T> CloneToUninit for T
where T: Clone,

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#### unsafe fn clone_to_uninit(&self, dest: *mut u8)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`clone_to_uninit` #126799)
Performs copy-assignment from `self` to `dest`. Read more
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### impl<T> From<T> for T

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#### fn from(t: T) -> T

Returns the argument unchanged.

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### impl<T, U> Into<U> for T
where U: From<T>,

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#### fn into(self) -> U

Calls `U::from(self)`.

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of `From<T> for U` chooses to do.

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### impl<P, T> Receiver for P
where P: Deref<Target = T> + ?Sized, T: ?Sized,

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#### type Target = T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`arbitrary_self_types` #44874)
The target type on which the method may be called.
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### impl<T> ToOwned for T
where T: Clone,

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#### type Owned = T

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.
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#### fn to_owned(&self) -> T

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more
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#### fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T)

Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more
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### impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for T
where U: Into<T>,

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#### type Error = Infallible

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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#### fn try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
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### impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for T
where U: TryFrom<T>,

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#### type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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#### fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.