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    use std::cell::RefCell;
    use std::collections::hash_map::{Entry, HashMap};
    use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashSet};
    use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
    use std::rc::Rc;

    use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context as _};
    use glob::glob;
    use itertools::Itertools;
    use tracing::debug;
    use url::Url;

    use crate::core::compiler::Unit;
    use crate::core::features::Features;
    use crate::core::registry::PackageRegistry;
    use crate::core::resolver::features::CliFeatures;
    use crate::core::resolver::ResolveBehavior;
    use crate::core::{
        Dependency, Edition, FeatureValue, PackageId, PackageIdSpec, PackageIdSpecQuery,
    };
    use crate::core::{EitherManifest, Package, SourceId, VirtualManifest};
    use crate::ops;
    use crate::sources::{PathSource, CRATES_IO_INDEX, CRATES_IO_REGISTRY};
    use crate::util::edit_distance;
    use crate::util::errors::{CargoResult, ManifestError};
    use crate::util::interning::InternedString;
    use crate::util::toml::{read_manifest, InheritableFields};
    use crate::util::{context::ConfigRelativePath, Filesystem, GlobalContext, IntoUrl};
    use cargo_util::paths;
    use cargo_util::paths::normalize_path;
    use cargo_util_schemas::manifest::RustVersion;
    use cargo_util_schemas::manifest::{TomlDependency, TomlProfiles};
    use pathdiff::diff_paths;

    /// The core abstraction in Cargo for working with a workspace of crates.
    ///
    /// A workspace is often created very early on and then threaded through all
    /// other functions. It's typically through this object that the current
    /// package is loaded and/or learned about.
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub struct Workspace<'gctx> {
        gctx: &'gctx GlobalContext,

        // This path is a path to where the current cargo subcommand was invoked
        // from. That is the `--manifest-path` argument to Cargo, and
        // points to the "main crate" that we're going to worry about.
        current_manifest: PathBuf,

        // A list of packages found in this workspace. Always includes at least the
        // package mentioned by `current_manifest`.
        packages: Packages<'gctx>,

        // If this workspace includes more than one crate, this points to the root
        // of the workspace. This is `None` in the case that `[workspace]` is
        // missing, `package.workspace` is missing, and no `Cargo.toml` above
        // `current_manifest` was found on the filesystem with `[workspace]`.
        root_manifest: Option<PathBuf>,

        // Shared target directory for all the packages of this workspace.
        // `None` if the default path of `root/target` should be used.
        target_dir: Option<Filesystem>,

        // List of members in this workspace with a listing of all their manifest
        // paths. The packages themselves can be looked up through the `packages`
        // set above.
        members: Vec<PathBuf>,
        member_ids: HashSet<PackageId>,

        // The subset of `members` that are used by the
        // `build`, `check`, `test`, and `bench` subcommands
        // when no package is selected with `--package` / `-p` and `--workspace`
        // is not used.
        //
        // This is set by the `default-members` config
        // in the `[workspace]` section.
        // When unset, this is the same as `members` for virtual workspaces
        // (`--workspace` is implied)
        // or only the root package for non-virtual workspaces.
        default_members: Vec<PathBuf>,

        // `true` if this is a temporary workspace created for the purposes of the
        // `cargo install` or `cargo package` commands.
        is_ephemeral: bool,

        // `true` if this workspace should enforce optional dependencies even when
        // not needed; false if this workspace should only enforce dependencies
        // needed by the current configuration (such as in cargo install). In some
        // cases `false` also results in the non-enforcement of dev-dependencies.
        require_optional_deps: bool,

        // A cache of loaded packages for particular paths which is disjoint from
        // `packages` up above, used in the `load` method down below.
        loaded_packages: RefCell<HashMap<PathBuf, Package>>,

        // If `true`, then the resolver will ignore any existing `Cargo.lock`
        // file. This is set for `cargo install` without `--locked`.
        ignore_lock: bool,

        /// The resolver behavior specified with the `resolver` field.
        resolve_behavior: ResolveBehavior,

        /// Workspace-level custom metadata
        custom_metadata: Option<toml::Value>,
    }

    // Separate structure for tracking loaded packages (to avoid loading anything
    // twice), and this is separate to help appease the borrow checker.
    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct Packages<'gctx> {
        gctx: &'gctx GlobalContext,
        packages: HashMap<PathBuf, MaybePackage>,
    }

    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum MaybePackage {
        Package(Package),
        Virtual(VirtualManifest),
    }

    /// Configuration of a workspace in a manifest.
    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
    pub enum WorkspaceConfig {
        /// Indicates that `[workspace]` was present and the members were
        /// optionally specified as well.
        Root(WorkspaceRootConfig),

        /// Indicates that `[workspace]` was present and the `root` field is the
        /// optional value of `package.workspace`, if present.
        Member { root: Option<String> },
    }

    impl WorkspaceConfig {
        pub fn inheritable(&self) -> Option<&InheritableFields> {
            match self {
                WorkspaceConfig::Root(root) => Some(&root.inheritable_fields),
                WorkspaceConfig::Member { .. } => None,
            }
        }

        /// Returns the path of the workspace root based on this `[workspace]` configuration.
        ///
        /// Returns `None` if the root is not explicitly known.
        ///
        /// * `self_path` is the path of the manifest this `WorkspaceConfig` is located.
        /// * `look_from` is the path where discovery started (usually the current
        ///   working directory), used for `workspace.exclude` checking.
        fn get_ws_root(&self, self_path: &Path, look_from: &Path) -> Option<PathBuf> {
            match self {
                WorkspaceConfig::Root(ances_root_config) => {
                    debug!("find_root - found a root checking exclusion");
                    if !ances_root_config.is_excluded(look_from) {
                        debug!("find_root - found!");
                        Some(self_path.to_owned())
                    } else {
                        None
                    }
                }
                WorkspaceConfig::Member {
                    root: Some(path_to_root),
                } => {
                    debug!("find_root - found pointer");
                    Some(read_root_pointer(self_path, path_to_root))
                }
                WorkspaceConfig::Member { .. } => None,
            }
        }
    }

    /// Intermediate configuration of a workspace root in a manifest.
    ///
    /// Knows the Workspace Root path, as well as `members` and `exclude` lists of path patterns, which
    /// together tell if some path is recognized as a member by this root or not.
    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
    pub struct WorkspaceRootConfig {
        root_dir: PathBuf,
        members: Option<Vec<String>>,
        default_members: Option<Vec<String>>,
        exclude: Vec<String>,
        inheritable_fields: InheritableFields,
        custom_metadata: Option<toml::Value>,
    }

    impl<'gctx> Workspace<'gctx> {
        /// Creates a new workspace given the target manifest pointed to by
        /// `manifest_path`.
        ///
        /// This function will construct the entire workspace by determining the
        /// root and all member packages. It will then validate the workspace
        /// before returning it, so `Ok` is only returned for valid workspaces.
        pub fn new(manifest_path: &Path, gctx: &'gctx GlobalContext) -> CargoResult<Workspace<'gctx>> {
            let mut ws = Workspace::new_default(manifest_path.to_path_buf(), gctx);
            ws.target_dir = gctx.target_dir()?;

            if manifest_path.is_relative() {
                bail!(
                    "manifest_path:{:?} is not an absolute path. Please provide an absolute path.",
                    manifest_path
                )
            } else {
                ws.root_manifest = ws.find_root(manifest_path)?;
            }

            ws.custom_metadata = ws
                .load_workspace_config()?
                .and_then(|cfg| cfg.custom_metadata);
            ws.find_members()?;
            ws.set_resolve_behavior();
            ws.validate()?;
            Ok(ws)
        }

        fn new_default(current_manifest: PathBuf, gctx: &'gctx GlobalContext) -> Workspace<'gctx> {
            Workspace {
                gctx,
                current_manifest,
                packages: Packages {
                    gctx,
                    packages: HashMap::new(),
                },
                root_manifest: None,
                target_dir: None,
                members: Vec::new(),
                member_ids: HashSet::new(),
                default_members: Vec::new(),
                is_ephemeral: false,
                require_optional_deps: true,
                loaded_packages: RefCell::new(HashMap::new()),
                ignore_lock: false,
                resolve_behavior: ResolveBehavior::V1,
                custom_metadata: None,
            }
        }

        pub fn new_virtual(
            root_path: PathBuf,
            current_manifest: PathBuf,
            manifest: VirtualManifest,
            gctx: &'gctx GlobalContext,
        ) -> CargoResult<Workspace<'gctx>> {
            let mut ws = Workspace::new_default(current_manifest, gctx);
            ws.root_manifest = Some(root_path.join("Cargo.toml"));
            ws.target_dir = gctx.target_dir()?;
            ws.packages
                .packages
                .insert(root_path, MaybePackage::Virtual(manifest));
            ws.find_members()?;
            ws.set_resolve_behavior();
            // TODO: validation does not work because it walks up the directory
            // tree looking for the root which is a fake file that doesn't exist.
            Ok(ws)
        }

        /// Creates a "temporary workspace" from one package which only contains
        /// that package.
        ///
        /// This constructor will not touch the filesystem and only creates an
        /// in-memory workspace. That is, all configuration is ignored, it's just
        /// intended for that one package.
        ///
        /// This is currently only used in niche situations like `cargo install` or
        /// `cargo package`.
        pub fn ephemeral(
            package: Package,
            gctx: &'gctx GlobalContext,
            target_dir: Option<Filesystem>,
            require_optional_deps: bool,
        ) -> CargoResult<Workspace<'gctx>> {
            let mut ws = Workspace::new_default(package.manifest_path().to_path_buf(), gctx);
            ws.is_ephemeral = true;
            ws.require_optional_deps = require_optional_deps;
            let key = ws.current_manifest.parent().unwrap();
            let id = package.package_id();
            let package = MaybePackage::Package(package);
            ws.packages.packages.insert(key.to_path_buf(), package);
            ws.target_dir = if let Some(dir) = target_dir {
                Some(dir)
            } else {
                ws.gctx.target_dir()?
            };
            ws.members.push(ws.current_manifest.clone());
            ws.member_ids.insert(id);
            ws.default_members.push(ws.current_manifest.clone());
            ws.set_resolve_behavior();
            Ok(ws)
        }

        fn set_resolve_behavior(&mut self) {
            // - If resolver is specified in the workspace definition, use that.
            // - If the root package specifies the resolver, use that.
            // - If the root package specifies edition 2021, use v2.
            // - Otherwise, use the default v1.
            self.resolve_behavior = match self.root_maybe() {
                MaybePackage::Package(p) => p
                    .manifest()
                    .resolve_behavior()
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| p.manifest().edition().default_resolve_behavior()),
                MaybePackage::Virtual(vm) => vm.resolve_behavior().unwrap_or(ResolveBehavior::V1),
            }
        }

        /// Returns the current package of this workspace.
        ///
        /// Note that this can return an error if it the current manifest is
        /// actually a "virtual Cargo.toml", in which case an error is returned
        /// indicating that something else should be passed.
        pub fn current(&self) -> CargoResult<&Package> {
            let pkg = self.current_opt().ok_or_else(|| {
                anyhow::format_err!(
                    "manifest path `{}` is a virtual manifest, but this \
                     command requires running against an actual package in \
                     this workspace",
                    self.current_manifest.display()
                )
            })?;
            Ok(pkg)
        }

        pub fn current_mut(&mut self) -> CargoResult<&mut Package> {
            let cm = self.current_manifest.clone();
            let pkg = self.current_opt_mut().ok_or_else(|| {
                anyhow::format_err!(
                    "manifest path `{}` is a virtual manifest, but this \
                     command requires running against an actual package in \
                     this workspace",
                    cm.display()
                )
            })?;
            Ok(pkg)
        }

        pub fn current_opt(&self) -> Option<&Package> {
            match *self.packages.get(&self.current_manifest) {
                MaybePackage::Package(ref p) => Some(p),
                MaybePackage::Virtual(..) => None,
            }
        }

        pub fn current_opt_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Package> {
            match *self.packages.get_mut(&self.current_manifest) {
                MaybePackage::Package(ref mut p) => Some(p),
                MaybePackage::Virtual(..) => None,
            }
        }

        pub fn is_virtual(&self) -> bool {
            match *self.packages.get(&self.current_manifest) {
                MaybePackage::Package(..) => false,
                MaybePackage::Virtual(..) => true,
            }
        }

        /// Returns the `GlobalContext` this workspace is associated with.
        pub fn gctx(&self) -> &'gctx GlobalContext {
            self.gctx
        }

        pub fn profiles(&self) -> Option<&TomlProfiles> {
            match self.root_maybe() {
                MaybePackage::Package(p) => p.manifest().profiles(),
                MaybePackage::Virtual(vm) => vm.profiles(),
            }
        }

        /// Returns the root path of this workspace.
        ///
        /// That is, this returns the path of the directory containing the
        /// `Cargo.toml` which is the root of this workspace.
        pub fn root(&self) -> &Path {
            self.root_manifest().parent().unwrap()
        }

        /// Returns the path of the `Cargo.toml` which is the root of this
        /// workspace.
        pub fn root_manifest(&self) -> &Path {
            self.root_manifest
                .as_ref()
                .unwrap_or(&self.current_manifest)
        }

        /// Returns the root Package or VirtualManifest.
        pub fn root_maybe(&self) -> &MaybePackage {
            self.packages.get(self.root_manifest())
        }

        pub fn target_dir(&self) -> Filesystem {
            self.target_dir
                .clone()
                .unwrap_or_else(|| self.default_target_dir())
        }

        fn default_target_dir(&self) -> Filesystem {
            if self.root_maybe().is_embedded() {
                let hash = crate::util::hex::short_hash(&self.root_manifest().to_string_lossy());
                let mut rel_path = PathBuf::new();
                rel_path.push("target");
                rel_path.push(&hash[0..2]);
                rel_path.push(&hash[2..]);

                self.gctx().home().join(rel_path)
            } else {
                Filesystem::new(self.root().join("target"))
            }
        }

        /// Returns the root `[replace]` section of this workspace.
        ///
        /// This may be from a virtual crate or an actual crate.
        pub fn root_replace(&self) -> &[(PackageIdSpec, Dependency)] {
            match self.root_maybe() {
                MaybePackage::Package(p) => p.manifest().replace(),
                MaybePackage::Virtual(vm) => vm.replace(),
            }
        }

        fn config_patch(&self) -> CargoResult<HashMap<Url, Vec<Dependency>>> {
            let config_patch: Option<
                BTreeMap<String, BTreeMap<String, TomlDependency<ConfigRelativePath>>>,
            > = self.gctx.get("patch")?;

            let source = SourceId::for_path(self.root())?;

            let mut warnings = Vec::new();

            let mut patch = HashMap::new();
            for (url, deps) in config_patch.into_iter().flatten() {
                let url = match &url[..] {
                    CRATES_IO_REGISTRY => CRATES_IO_INDEX.parse().unwrap(),
                    url => self
                        .gctx
                        .get_registry_index(url)
                        .or_else(|_| url.into_url())
                        .with_context(|| {
                            format!("[patch] entry `{}` should be a URL or registry name", url)
                        })?,
                };
                patch.insert(
                    url,
                    deps.iter()
                        .map(|(name, dep)| {
                            crate::util::toml::to_dependency(
                                dep,
                                name,
                                source,
                                self.gctx,
                                &mut warnings,
                                /* platform */ None,
                                // NOTE: Since we use ConfigRelativePath, this root isn't used as
                                // any relative paths are resolved before they'd be joined with root.
                                Path::new("unused-relative-path"),
                                self.unstable_features(),
                                /* kind */ None,
                            )
                        })
                        .collect::<CargoResult<Vec<_>>>()?,
                );
            }

            for message in warnings {
                self.gctx
                    .shell()
                    .warn(format!("[patch] in cargo config: {}", message))?
            }

            Ok(patch)
        }

        /// Returns the root `[patch]` section of this workspace.
        ///
        /// This may be from a virtual crate or an actual crate.
        pub fn root_patch(&self) -> CargoResult<HashMap<Url, Vec<Dependency>>> {
            let from_manifest = match self.root_maybe() {
                MaybePackage::Package(p) => p.manifest().patch(),
                MaybePackage::Virtual(vm) => vm.patch(),
            };

            let from_config = self.config_patch()?;
            if from_config.is_empty() {
                return Ok(from_manifest.clone());
            }
            if from_manifest.is_empty() {
                return Ok(from_config);
            }

            // We could just chain from_manifest and from_config,
            // but that's not quite right as it won't deal with overlaps.
            let mut combined = from_config;
            for (url, deps_from_manifest) in from_manifest {
                if let Some(deps_from_config) = combined.get_mut(url) {
                    // We want from_config to take precedence for each patched name.
                    // NOTE: This is inefficient if the number of patches is large!
                    let mut from_manifest_pruned = deps_from_manifest.clone();
                    for dep_from_config in &mut *deps_from_config {
                        if let Some(i) = from_manifest_pruned.iter().position(|dep_from_manifest| {
                            // XXX: should this also take into account version numbers?
                            dep_from_config.name_in_toml() == dep_from_manifest.name_in_toml()
                        }) {
                            from_manifest_pruned.swap_remove(i);
                        }
                    }
                    // Whatever is left does not exist in manifest dependencies.
                    deps_from_config.extend(from_manifest_pruned);
                } else {
                    combined.insert(url.clone(), deps_from_manifest.clone());
                }
            }
            Ok(combined)
        }

        /// Returns an iterator over all packages in this workspace
        pub fn members(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Package> {
            let packages = &self.packages;
            self.members
                .iter()
                .filter_map(move |path| match packages.get(path) {
                    MaybePackage::Package(p) => Some(p),
                    _ => None,
                })
        }

        /// Returns a mutable iterator over all packages in this workspace
        pub fn members_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut Package> {
            let packages = &mut self.packages.packages;
            let members: HashSet<_> = self
                .members
                .iter()
                .map(|path| path.parent().unwrap().to_owned())
                .collect();

            packages.iter_mut().filter_map(move |(path, package)| {
                if members.contains(path) {
                    if let MaybePackage::Package(ref mut p) = package {
                        return Some(p);
                    }
                }

                None
            })
        }

        /// Returns an iterator over default packages in this workspace
        pub fn default_members<'a>(&'a self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Package> {
            let packages = &self.packages;
            self.default_members
                .iter()
                .filter_map(move |path| match packages.get(path) {
                    MaybePackage::Package(p) => Some(p),
                    _ => None,
                })
        }

        /// Returns an iterator over default packages in this workspace
        pub fn default_members_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut Package> {
            let packages = &mut self.packages.packages;
            let members: HashSet<_> = self
                .default_members
                .iter()
                .map(|path| path.parent().unwrap().to_owned())
                .collect();

            packages.iter_mut().filter_map(move |(path, package)| {
                if members.contains(path) {
                    if let MaybePackage::Package(ref mut p) = package {
                        return Some(p);
                    }
                }

                None
            })
        }

        /// Returns true if the package is a member of the workspace.
        pub fn is_member(&self, pkg: &Package) -> bool {
            self.member_ids.contains(&pkg.package_id())
        }

        pub fn is_ephemeral(&self) -> bool {
            self.is_ephemeral
        }

        pub fn require_optional_deps(&self) -> bool {
            self.require_optional_deps
        }

        pub fn set_require_optional_deps(
            &mut self,
            require_optional_deps: bool,
        ) -> &mut Workspace<'gctx> {
            self.require_optional_deps = require_optional_deps;
            self
        }

        pub fn ignore_lock(&self) -> bool {
            self.ignore_lock
        }

        pub fn set_ignore_lock(&mut self, ignore_lock: bool) -> &mut Workspace<'gctx> {
            self.ignore_lock = ignore_lock;
            self
        }

        /// Get the lowest-common denominator `package.rust-version` within the workspace, if specified
        /// anywhere
        pub fn rust_version(&self) -> Option<&RustVersion> {
            self.members().filter_map(|pkg| pkg.rust_version()).min()
        }

        pub fn custom_metadata(&self) -> Option<&toml::Value> {
            self.custom_metadata.as_ref()
        }

        pub fn load_workspace_config(&mut self) -> CargoResult<Option<WorkspaceRootConfig>> {
            // If we didn't find a root, it must mean there is no [workspace] section, and thus no
            // metadata.
            if let Some(root_path) = &self.root_manifest {
                let root_package = self.packages.load(root_path)?;
                match root_package.workspace_config() {
                    WorkspaceConfig::Root(ref root_config) => {
                        return Ok(Some(root_config.clone()));
                    }

                    _ => bail!(
                        "root of a workspace inferred but wasn't a root: {}",
                        root_path.display()
                    ),
                }
            }

            Ok(None)
        }

        /// Finds the root of a workspace for the crate whose manifest is located
        /// at `manifest_path`.
        ///
        /// This will parse the `Cargo.toml` at `manifest_path` and then interpret
        /// the workspace configuration, optionally walking up the filesystem
        /// looking for other workspace roots.
        ///
        /// Returns an error if `manifest_path` isn't actually a valid manifest or
        /// if some other transient error happens.
        fn find_root(&mut self, manifest_path: &Path) -> CargoResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
            let current = self.packages.load(manifest_path)?;
            match current
                .workspace_config()
                .get_ws_root(manifest_path, manifest_path)
            {
                Some(root_path) => {
                    debug!("find_root - is root {}", manifest_path.display());
                    Ok(Some(root_path))
                }
                None => find_workspace_root_with_loader(manifest_path, self.gctx, |self_path| {
                    Ok(self
                        .packages
                        .load(self_path)?
                        .workspace_config()
                        .get_ws_root(self_path, manifest_path))
                }),
            }
        }

        /// After the root of a workspace has been located, probes for all members
        /// of a workspace.
        ///
        /// If the `workspace.members` configuration is present, then this just
        /// verifies that those are all valid packages to point to. Otherwise, this
        /// will transitively follow all `path` dependencies looking for members of
        /// the workspace.
        fn find_members(&mut self) -> CargoResult<()> {
            let Some(workspace_config) = self.load_workspace_config()? else {
                debug!("find_members - only me as a member");
                self.members.push(self.current_manifest.clone());
                self.default_members.push(self.current_manifest.clone());
                if let Ok(pkg) = self.current() {
                    let id = pkg.package_id();
                    self.member_ids.insert(id);
                }
                return Ok(());
            };

            // self.root_manifest must be Some to have retrieved workspace_config
            let root_manifest_path = self.root_manifest.clone().unwrap();

            let members_paths =
                workspace_config.members_paths(workspace_config.members.as_ref().unwrap_or(&vec![]))?;
            let default_members_paths = if root_manifest_path == self.current_manifest {
                if let Some(ref default) = workspace_config.default_members {
                    Some(workspace_config.members_paths(default)?)
                } else {
                    None
                }
            } else {
                None
            };

            for path in &members_paths {
                self.find_path_deps(&path.join("Cargo.toml"), &root_manifest_path, false)
                    .with_context(|| {
                        format!(
                            "failed to load manifest for workspace member `{}`\n\
                            referenced by workspace at `{}`",
                            path.display(),
                            root_manifest_path.display()
                        )
                    })?;
            }

            self.find_path_deps(&root_manifest_path, &root_manifest_path, false)?;

            if let Some(default) = default_members_paths {
                for path in default {
                    let normalized_path = paths::normalize_path(&path);
                    let manifest_path = normalized_path.join("Cargo.toml");
                    if !self.members.contains(&manifest_path) {
                        // default-members are allowed to be excluded, but they
                        // still must be referred to by the original (unfiltered)
                        // members list. Note that we aren't testing against the
                        // manifest path, both because `members_paths` doesn't
                        // include `/Cargo.toml`, and because excluded paths may not
                        // be crates.
                        let exclude = members_paths.contains(&normalized_path)
                            && workspace_config.is_excluded(&normalized_path);
                        if exclude {
                            continue;
                        }
                        bail!(
                            "package `{}` is listed in default-members but is not a member\n\
                            for workspace at {}.",
                            path.display(),
                            root_manifest_path.display()
                        )
                    }
                    self.default_members.push(manifest_path)
                }
            } else if self.is_virtual() {
                self.default_members = self.members.clone()
            } else {
                self.default_members.push(self.current_manifest.clone())
            }

            Ok(())
        }

        fn find_path_deps(
            &mut self,
            manifest_path: &Path,
            root_manifest: &Path,
            is_path_dep: bool,
        ) -> CargoResult<()> {
            let manifest_path = paths::normalize_path(manifest_path);
            if self.members.contains(&manifest_path) {
                return Ok(());
            }
            if is_path_dep && self.root_maybe().is_embedded() {
                // Embedded manifests cannot have workspace members
                return Ok(());
            }
            if is_path_dep
                && !manifest_path.parent().unwrap().starts_with(self.root())
                && self.find_root(&manifest_path)? != self.root_manifest
            {
                // If `manifest_path` is a path dependency outside of the workspace,
                // don't add it, or any of its dependencies, as a members.
                return Ok(());
            }

            if let WorkspaceConfig::Root(ref root_config) =
                *self.packages.load(root_manifest)?.workspace_config()
            {
                if root_config.is_excluded(&manifest_path) {
                    return Ok(());
                }
            }

            debug!("find_members - {}", manifest_path.display());
            self.members.push(manifest_path.clone());

            let candidates = {
                let pkg = match *self.packages.load(&manifest_path)? {
                    MaybePackage::Package(ref p) => p,
                    MaybePackage::Virtual(_) => return Ok(()),
                };
                self.member_ids.insert(pkg.package_id());
                pkg.dependencies()
                    .iter()
                    .map(|d| (d.source_id(), d.package_name()))
                    .filter(|(s, _)| s.is_path())
                    .filter_map(|(s, n)| s.url().to_file_path().ok().map(|p| (p, n)))
                    .map(|(p, n)| (p.join("Cargo.toml"), n))
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
            };
            for (path, name) in candidates {
                self.find_path_deps(&path, root_manifest, true)
                    .with_context(|| format!("failed to load manifest for dependency `{}`", name))
                    .map_err(|err| ManifestError::new(err, manifest_path.clone()))?;
            }
            Ok(())
        }

        /// Returns the unstable nightly-only features enabled via `cargo-features` in the manifest.
        pub fn unstable_features(&self) -> &Features {
            match self.root_maybe() {
                MaybePackage::Package(p) => p.manifest().unstable_features(),
                MaybePackage::Virtual(vm) => vm.unstable_features(),
            }
        }

        pub fn resolve_behavior(&self) -> ResolveBehavior {
            self.resolve_behavior
        }

        /// Returns `true` if this workspace uses the new CLI features behavior.
        ///
        /// The old behavior only allowed choosing the features from the package
        /// in the current directory, regardless of which packages were chosen
        /// with the -p flags. The new behavior allows selecting features from the
        /// packages chosen on the command line (with -p or --workspace flags),
        /// ignoring whatever is in the current directory.
        pub fn allows_new_cli_feature_behavior(&self) -> bool {
            self.is_virtual()
                || match self.resolve_behavior() {
                    ResolveBehavior::V1 => false,
                    ResolveBehavior::V2 => true,
                }
        }

        /// Validates a workspace, ensuring that a number of invariants are upheld:
        ///
        /// 1. A workspace only has one root.
        /// 2. All workspace members agree on this one root as the root.
        /// 3. The current crate is a member of this workspace.
        fn validate(&mut self) -> CargoResult<()> {
            // The rest of the checks require a VirtualManifest or multiple members.
            if self.root_manifest.is_none() {
                return Ok(());
            }

            self.validate_unique_names()?;
            self.validate_workspace_roots()?;
            self.validate_members()?;
            self.error_if_manifest_not_in_members()?;
            self.validate_manifest()
        }

        fn validate_unique_names(&self) -> CargoResult<()> {
            let mut names = BTreeMap::new();
            for member in self.members.iter() {
                let package = self.packages.get(member);
                let name = match *package {
                    MaybePackage::Package(ref p) => p.name(),
                    MaybePackage::Virtual(_) => continue,
                };
                if let Some(prev) = names.insert(name, member) {
                    bail!(
                        "two packages named `{}` in this workspace:\n\
                             - {}\n\
                             - {}",
                        name,
                        prev.display(),
                        member.display()
                    );
                }
            }
            Ok(())
        }

        fn validate_workspace_roots(&self) -> CargoResult<()> {
            let roots: Vec<PathBuf> = self
                .members
                .iter()
                .filter(|&member| {
                    let config = self.packages.get(member).workspace_config();
                    matches!(config, WorkspaceConfig::Root(_))
                })
                .map(|member| member.parent().unwrap().to_path_buf())
                .collect();
            match roots.len() {
                1 => Ok(()),
                0 => bail!(
                    "`package.workspace` configuration points to a crate \
                     which is not configured with [workspace]: \n\
                     configuration at: {}\n\
                     points to: {}",
                    self.current_manifest.display(),
                    self.root_manifest.as_ref().unwrap().display()
                ),
                _ => {
                    bail!(
                        "multiple workspace roots found in the same workspace:\n{}",
                        roots
                            .iter()
                            .map(|r| format!("  {}", r.display()))
                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                            .join("\n")
                    );
                }
            }
        }

        fn validate_members(&mut self) -> CargoResult<()> {
            for member in self.members.clone() {
                let root = self.find_root(&member)?;
                if root == self.root_manifest {
                    continue;
                }

                match root {
                    Some(root) => {
                        bail!(
                            "package `{}` is a member of the wrong workspace\n\
                             expected: {}\n\
                             actual:   {}",
                            member.display(),
                            self.root_manifest.as_ref().unwrap().display(),
                            root.display()
                        );
                    }
                    None => {
                        bail!(
                            "workspace member `{}` is not hierarchically below \
                             the workspace root `{}`",
                            member.display(),
                            self.root_manifest.as_ref().unwrap().display()
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
            Ok(())
        }

        fn error_if_manifest_not_in_members(&mut self) -> CargoResult<()> {
            if self.members.contains(&self.current_manifest) {
                return Ok(());
            }

            let root = self.root_manifest.as_ref().unwrap();
            let root_dir = root.parent().unwrap();
            let current_dir = self.current_manifest.parent().unwrap();
            let root_pkg = self.packages.get(root);

            // FIXME: Make this more generic by using a relative path resolver between member and root.
            let members_msg = match current_dir.strip_prefix(root_dir) {
                Ok(rel) => format!(
                    "this may be fixable by adding `{}` to the \
                         `workspace.members` array of the manifest \
                         located at: {}",
                    rel.display(),
                    root.display()
                ),
                Err(_) => format!(
                    "this may be fixable by adding a member to \
                         the `workspace.members` array of the \
                         manifest located at: {}",
                    root.display()
                ),
            };
            let extra = match *root_pkg {
                MaybePackage::Virtual(_) => members_msg,
                MaybePackage::Package(ref p) => {
                    let has_members_list = match *p.manifest().workspace_config() {
                        WorkspaceConfig::Root(ref root_config) => root_config.has_members_list(),
                        WorkspaceConfig::Member { .. } => unreachable!(),
                    };
                    if !has_members_list {
                        format!(
                            "this may be fixable by ensuring that this \
                                 crate is depended on by the workspace \
                                 root: {}",
                            root.display()
                        )
                    } else {
                        members_msg
                    }
                }
            };
            bail!(
                "current package believes it's in a workspace when it's not:\n\
                     current:   {}\n\
                     workspace: {}\n\n{}\n\
                     Alternatively, to keep it out of the workspace, add the package \
                     to the `workspace.exclude` array, or add an empty `[workspace]` \
                     table to the package's manifest.",
                self.current_manifest.display(),
                root.display(),
                extra
            );
        }

        fn validate_manifest(&mut self) -> CargoResult<()> {
            if let Some(ref root_manifest) = self.root_manifest {
                for pkg in self
                    .members()
                    .filter(|p| p.manifest_path() != root_manifest)
                {
                    let manifest = pkg.manifest();
                    let emit_warning = |what| -> CargoResult<()> {
                        let msg = format!(
                            "{} for the non root package will be ignored, \
                             specify {} at the workspace root:\n\
                             package:   {}\n\
                             workspace: {}",
                            what,
                            what,
                            pkg.manifest_path().display(),
                            root_manifest.display(),
                        );
                        self.gctx.shell().warn(&msg)
                    };
                    if manifest.resolved_toml().has_profiles() {
                        emit_warning("profiles")?;
                    }
                    if !manifest.replace().is_empty() {
                        emit_warning("replace")?;
                    }
                    if !manifest.patch().is_empty() {
                        emit_warning("patch")?;
                    }
                    if let Some(behavior) = manifest.resolve_behavior() {
                        if behavior != self.resolve_behavior {
                            // Only warn if they don't match.
                            emit_warning("resolver")?;
                        }
                    }
                }
                if let MaybePackage::Virtual(vm) = self.root_maybe() {
                    if vm.resolve_behavior().is_none() {
                        if let Some(edition) = self
                            .members()
                            .filter(|p| p.manifest_path() != root_manifest)
                            .map(|p| p.manifest().edition())
                            .filter(|&e| e >= Edition::Edition2021)
                            .max()
                        {
                            let resolver = edition.default_resolve_behavior().to_manifest();
                            self.gctx.shell().warn(format_args!(
                                "virtual workspace defaulting to `resolver = \"1\"` despite one or more workspace members being on edition {edition} which implies `resolver = \"{resolver}\"`"
                            ))?;
                            self.gctx.shell().note(
                                "to keep the current resolver, specify `workspace.resolver = \"1\"` in the workspace root's manifest",
                            )?;
                            self.gctx.shell().note(format_args!(
                                "to use the edition {edition} resolver, specify `workspace.resolver = \"{resolver}\"` in the workspace root's manifest"
                            ))?;
                            self.gctx.shell().note(
                                "for more details see https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/resolver.html#resolver-versions",
                            )?;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            Ok(())
        }

        pub fn load(&self, manifest_path: &Path) -> CargoResult<Package> {
            match self.packages.maybe_get(manifest_path) {
                Some(MaybePackage::Package(p)) => return Ok(p.clone()),
                Some(&MaybePackage::Virtual(_)) => bail!("cannot load workspace root"),
                None => {}
            }

            let mut loaded = self.loaded_packages.borrow_mut();
            if let Some(p) = loaded.get(manifest_path).cloned() {
                return Ok(p);
            }
            let source_id = SourceId::for_path(manifest_path.parent().unwrap())?;
            let package = ops::read_package(manifest_path, source_id, self.gctx)?;
            loaded.insert(manifest_path.to_path_buf(), package.clone());
            Ok(package)
        }

        /// Preload the provided registry with already loaded packages.
        ///
        /// A workspace may load packages during construction/parsing/early phases
        /// for various operations, and this preload step avoids doubly-loading and
        /// parsing crates on the filesystem by inserting them all into the registry
        /// with their in-memory formats.
        pub fn preload(&self, registry: &mut PackageRegistry<'gctx>) {
            // These can get weird as this generally represents a workspace during
            // `cargo install`. Things like git repositories will actually have a
            // `PathSource` with multiple entries in it, so the logic below is
            // mostly just an optimization for normal `cargo build` in workspaces
            // during development.
            if self.is_ephemeral {
                return;
            }

            for pkg in self.packages.packages.values() {
                let pkg = match *pkg {
                    MaybePackage::Package(ref p) => p.clone(),
                    MaybePackage::Virtual(_) => continue,
                };
                let mut src = PathSource::new(pkg.root(), pkg.package_id().source_id(), self.gctx);
                src.preload_with(pkg);
                registry.add_preloaded(Box::new(src));
            }
        }

        pub fn emit_warnings(&self) -> CargoResult<()> {
            for (path, maybe_pkg) in &self.packages.packages {
                let warnings = match maybe_pkg {
                    MaybePackage::Package(pkg) => pkg.manifest().warnings().warnings(),
                    MaybePackage::Virtual(vm) => vm.warnings().warnings(),
                };
                let path = path.join("Cargo.toml");
                for warning in warnings {
                    if warning.is_critical {
                        let err = anyhow::format_err!("{}", warning.message);
                        let cx =
                            anyhow::format_err!("failed to parse manifest at `{}`", path.display());
                        return Err(err.context(cx));
                    } else {
                        let msg = if self.root_manifest.is_none() {
                            warning.message.to_string()
                        } else {
                            // In a workspace, it can be confusing where a warning
                            // originated, so include the path.
                            format!("{}: {}", path.display(), warning.message)
                        };
                        self.gctx.shell().warn(msg)?
                    }
                }
            }
            Ok(())
        }

        pub fn set_target_dir(&mut self, target_dir: Filesystem) {
            self.target_dir = Some(target_dir);
        }

        /// Returns a Vec of `(&Package, RequestedFeatures)` tuples that
        /// represent the workspace members that were requested on the command-line.
        ///
        /// `specs` may be empty, which indicates it should return all workspace
        /// members. In this case, `requested_features.all_features` must be
        /// `true`. This is used for generating `Cargo.lock`, which must include
        /// all members with all features enabled.
        pub fn members_with_features(
            &self,
            specs: &[PackageIdSpec],
            cli_features: &CliFeatures,
        ) -> CargoResult<Vec<(&Package, CliFeatures)>> {
            assert!(
                !specs.is_empty() || cli_features.all_features,
                "no specs requires all_features"
            );
            if specs.is_empty() {
                // When resolving the entire workspace, resolve each member with
                // all features enabled.
                return Ok(self
                    .members()
                    .map(|m| (m, CliFeatures::new_all(true)))
                    .collect());
            }
            if self.allows_new_cli_feature_behavior() {
                self.members_with_features_new(specs, cli_features)
            } else {
                Ok(self.members_with_features_old(specs, cli_features))
            }
        }

        /// Returns the requested features for the given member.
        /// This filters out any named features that the member does not have.
        fn collect_matching_features(
            member: &Package,
            cli_features: &CliFeatures,
            found_features: &mut BTreeSet<FeatureValue>,
        ) -> CliFeatures {
            if cli_features.features.is_empty() {
                return cli_features.clone();
            }

            // Only include features this member defines.
            let summary = member.summary();

            // Features defined in the manifest
            let summary_features = summary.features();

            // Dependency name -> dependency
            let dependencies: BTreeMap<InternedString, &Dependency> = summary
                .dependencies()
                .iter()
                .map(|dep| (dep.name_in_toml(), dep))
                .collect();

            // Features that enable optional dependencies
            let optional_dependency_names: BTreeSet<_> = dependencies
                .iter()
                .filter(|(_, dep)| dep.is_optional())
                .map(|(name, _)| name)
                .copied()
                .collect();

            let mut features = BTreeSet::new();

            // Checks if a member contains the given feature.
            let summary_or_opt_dependency_feature = |feature: &InternedString| -> bool {
                summary_features.contains_key(feature) || optional_dependency_names.contains(feature)
            };

            for feature in cli_features.features.iter() {
                match feature {
                    FeatureValue::Feature(f) => {
                        if summary_or_opt_dependency_feature(f) {
                            // feature exists in this member.
                            features.insert(feature.clone());
                            found_features.insert(feature.clone());
                        }
                    }
                    // This should be enforced by CliFeatures.
                    FeatureValue::Dep { .. } => panic!("unexpected dep: syntax {}", feature),
                    FeatureValue::DepFeature {
                        dep_name,
                        dep_feature,
                        weak: _,
                    } => {
                        if dependencies.contains_key(dep_name) {
                            // pkg/feat for a dependency.
                            // Will rely on the dependency resolver to validate `dep_feature`.
                            features.insert(feature.clone());
                            found_features.insert(feature.clone());
                        } else if *dep_name == member.name()
                            && summary_or_opt_dependency_feature(dep_feature)
                        {
                            // member/feat where "feat" is a feature in member.
                            //
                            // `weak` can be ignored here, because the member
                            // either is or isn't being built.
                            features.insert(FeatureValue::Feature(*dep_feature));
                            found_features.insert(feature.clone());
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            CliFeatures {
                features: Rc::new(features),
                all_features: cli_features.all_features,
                uses_default_features: cli_features.uses_default_features,
            }
        }

        fn report_unknown_features_error(
            &self,
            specs: &[PackageIdSpec],
            cli_features: &CliFeatures,
            found_features: &BTreeSet<FeatureValue>,
        ) -> CargoResult<()> {
            // Keeps track of which features were contained in summary of `member` to suggest similar features in errors
            let mut summary_features: Vec<InternedString> = Default::default();

            // Keeps track of `member` dependencies (`dep/feature`) and their features names to suggest similar features in error
            let mut dependencies_features: BTreeMap<InternedString, &[InternedString]> =
                Default::default();

            // Keeps track of `member` optional dependencies names (which can be enabled with feature) to suggest similar features in error
            let mut optional_dependency_names: Vec<InternedString> = Default::default();

            // Keeps track of which features were contained in summary of `member` to suggest similar features in errors
            let mut summary_features_per_member: BTreeMap<&Package, BTreeSet<InternedString>> =
                Default::default();

            // Keeps track of `member` optional dependencies (which can be enabled with feature) to suggest similar features in error
            let mut optional_dependency_names_per_member: BTreeMap<&Package, BTreeSet<InternedString>> =
                Default::default();

            for member in self
                .members()
                .filter(|m| specs.iter().any(|spec| spec.matches(m.package_id())))
            {
                // Only include features this member defines.
                let summary = member.summary();

                // Features defined in the manifest
                summary_features.extend(summary.features().keys());
                summary_features_per_member
                    .insert(member, summary.features().keys().copied().collect());

                // Dependency name -> dependency
                let dependencies: BTreeMap<InternedString, &Dependency> = summary
                    .dependencies()
                    .iter()
                    .map(|dep| (dep.name_in_toml(), dep))
                    .collect();

                dependencies_features.extend(
                    dependencies
                        .iter()
                        .map(|(name, dep)| (*name, dep.features())),
                );

                // Features that enable optional dependencies
                let optional_dependency_names_raw: BTreeSet<_> = dependencies
                    .iter()
                    .filter(|(_, dep)| dep.is_optional())
                    .map(|(name, _)| name)
                    .copied()
                    .collect();

                optional_dependency_names.extend(optional_dependency_names_raw.iter());
                optional_dependency_names_per_member.insert(member, optional_dependency_names_raw);
            }

            let edit_distance_test = |a: InternedString, b: InternedString| {
                edit_distance(a.as_str(), b.as_str(), 3).is_some()
            };

            let suggestions: Vec<_> = cli_features
                .features
                .difference(found_features)
                .map(|feature| match feature {
                    // Simple feature, check if any of the optional dependency features or member features are close enough
                    FeatureValue::Feature(typo) => {
                        // Finds member features which are similar to the requested feature.
                        let summary_features = summary_features
                            .iter()
                            .filter(move |feature| edit_distance_test(**feature, *typo));

                        // Finds optional dependencies which name is similar to the feature
                        let optional_dependency_features = optional_dependency_names
                            .iter()
                            .filter(move |feature| edit_distance_test(**feature, *typo));

                        summary_features
                            .chain(optional_dependency_features)
                            .map(|s| s.to_string())
                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    }
                    FeatureValue::Dep { .. } => panic!("unexpected dep: syntax {}", feature),
                    FeatureValue::DepFeature {
                        dep_name,
                        dep_feature,
                        weak: _,
                    } => {
                        // Finds set of `pkg/feat` that are very similar to current `pkg/feat`.
                        let pkg_feat_similar = dependencies_features
                            .iter()
                            .filter(|(name, _)| edit_distance_test(**name, *dep_name))
                            .map(|(name, features)| {
                                (
                                    name,
                                    features
                                        .iter()
                                        .filter(|feature| edit_distance_test(**feature, *dep_feature))
                                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                                )
                            })
                            .map(|(name, features)| {
                                features
                                    .into_iter()
                                    .map(move |feature| format!("{}/{}", name, feature))
                            })
                            .flatten();

                        // Finds set of `member/optional_dep` features which name is similar to current `pkg/feat`.
                        let optional_dependency_features = optional_dependency_names_per_member
                            .iter()
                            .filter(|(package, _)| edit_distance_test(package.name(), *dep_name))
                            .map(|(package, optional_dependencies)| {
                                optional_dependencies
                                    .into_iter()
                                    .filter(|optional_dependency| {
                                        edit_distance_test(**optional_dependency, *dep_name)
                                    })
                                    .map(move |optional_dependency| {
                                        format!("{}/{}", package.name(), optional_dependency)
                                    })
                            })
                            .flatten();

                        // Finds set of `member/feat` features which name is similar to current `pkg/feat`.
                        let summary_features = summary_features_per_member
                            .iter()
                            .filter(|(package, _)| edit_distance_test(package.name(), *dep_name))
                            .map(|(package, summary_features)| {
                                summary_features
                                    .into_iter()
                                    .filter(|summary_feature| {
                                        edit_distance_test(**summary_feature, *dep_feature)
                                    })
                                    .map(move |summary_feature| {
                                        format!("{}/{}", package.name(), summary_feature)
                                    })
                            })
                            .flatten();

                        pkg_feat_similar
                            .chain(optional_dependency_features)
                            .chain(summary_features)
                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    }
                })
                .map(|v| v.into_iter())
                .flatten()
                .unique()
                .filter(|element| {
                    let feature = FeatureValue::new(InternedString::new(element));
                    !cli_features.features.contains(&feature) && !found_features.contains(&feature)
                })
                .sorted()
                .take(5)
                .collect();

            let unknown: Vec<_> = cli_features
                .features
                .difference(found_features)
                .map(|feature| feature.to_string())
                .sorted()
                .collect();

            if suggestions.is_empty() {
                bail!(
                    "none of the selected packages contains these features: {}",
                    unknown.join(", ")
                );
            } else {
                bail!(
                    "none of the selected packages contains these features: {}, did you mean: {}?",
                    unknown.join(", "),
                    suggestions.join(", ")
                );
            }
        }

        /// New command-line feature selection behavior with resolver = "2" or the
        /// root of a virtual workspace. See `allows_new_cli_feature_behavior`.
        fn members_with_features_new(
            &self,
            specs: &[PackageIdSpec],
            cli_features: &CliFeatures,
        ) -> CargoResult<Vec<(&Package, CliFeatures)>> {
            // Keeps track of which features matched `member` to produce an error
            // if any of them did not match anywhere.
            let mut found_features = Default::default();

            let members: Vec<(&Package, CliFeatures)> = self
                .members()
                .filter(|m| specs.iter().any(|spec| spec.matches(m.package_id())))
                .map(|m| {
                    (
                        m,
                        Workspace::collect_matching_features(m, cli_features, &mut found_features),
                    )
                })
                .collect();

            if members.is_empty() {
                // `cargo build -p foo`, where `foo` is not a member.
                // Do not allow any command-line flags (defaults only).
                if !(cli_features.features.is_empty()
                    && !cli_features.all_features
                    && cli_features.uses_default_features)
                {
                    bail!("cannot specify features for packages outside of workspace");
                }
                // Add all members from the workspace so we can ensure `-p nonmember`
                // is in the resolve graph.
                return Ok(self
                    .members()
                    .map(|m| (m, CliFeatures::new_all(false)))
                    .collect());
            }
            if *cli_features.features != found_features {
                self.report_unknown_features_error(specs, cli_features, &found_features)?;
            }
            Ok(members)
        }

        /// This is the "old" behavior for command-line feature selection.
        /// See `allows_new_cli_feature_behavior`.
        fn members_with_features_old(
            &self,
            specs: &[PackageIdSpec],
            cli_features: &CliFeatures,
        ) -> Vec<(&Package, CliFeatures)> {
            // Split off any features with the syntax `member-name/feature-name` into a map
            // so that those features can be applied directly to those workspace-members.
            let mut member_specific_features: HashMap<InternedString, BTreeSet<FeatureValue>> =
                HashMap::new();
            // Features for the member in the current directory.
            let mut cwd_features = BTreeSet::new();
            for feature in cli_features.features.iter() {
                match feature {
                    FeatureValue::Feature(_) => {
                        cwd_features.insert(feature.clone());
                    }
                    // This should be enforced by CliFeatures.
                    FeatureValue::Dep { .. } => panic!("unexpected dep: syntax {}", feature),
                    FeatureValue::DepFeature {
                        dep_name,
                        dep_feature,
                        weak: _,
                    } => {
                        // I think weak can be ignored here.
                        // * With `--features member?/feat -p member`, the ? doesn't
                        //   really mean anything (either the member is built or it isn't).
                        // * With `--features nonmember?/feat`, cwd_features will
                        //   handle processing it correctly.
                        let is_member = self.members().any(|member| {
                            // Check if `dep_name` is member of the workspace, but isn't associated with current package.
                            self.current_opt() != Some(member) && member.name() == *dep_name
                        });
                        if is_member && specs.iter().any(|spec| spec.name() == dep_name.as_str()) {
                            member_specific_features
                                .entry(*dep_name)
                                .or_default()
                                .insert(FeatureValue::Feature(*dep_feature));
                        } else {
                            cwd_features.insert(feature.clone());
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            let ms: Vec<_> = self
                .members()
                .filter_map(|member| {
                    let member_id = member.package_id();
                    match self.current_opt() {
                        // The features passed on the command-line only apply to
                        // the "current" package (determined by the cwd).
                        Some(current) if member_id == current.package_id() => {
                            let feats = CliFeatures {
                                features: Rc::new(cwd_features.clone()),
                                all_features: cli_features.all_features,
                                uses_default_features: cli_features.uses_default_features,
                            };
                            Some((member, feats))
                        }
                        _ => {
                            // Ignore members that are not enabled on the command-line.
                            if specs.iter().any(|spec| spec.matches(member_id)) {
                                // -p for a workspace member that is not the "current"
                                // one.
                                //
                                // The odd behavior here is due to backwards
                                // compatibility. `--features` and
                                // `--no-default-features` used to only apply to the
                                // "current" package. As an extension, this allows
                                // member-name/feature-name to set member-specific
                                // features, which should be backwards-compatible.
                                let feats = CliFeatures {
                                    features: Rc::new(
                                        member_specific_features
                                            .remove(member.name().as_str())
                                            .unwrap_or_default(),
                                    ),
                                    uses_default_features: true,
                                    all_features: cli_features.all_features,
                                };
                                Some((member, feats))
                            } else {
                                // This member was not requested on the command-line, skip.
                                None
                            }
                        }
                    }
                })
                .collect();

            // If any member specific features were not removed while iterating over members
            // some features will be ignored.
            assert!(member_specific_features.is_empty());

            ms
        }

        /// Returns true if `unit` should depend on the output of Docscrape units.
        pub fn unit_needs_doc_scrape(&self, unit: &Unit) -> bool {
            // We do not add scraped units for Host units, as they're either build scripts
            // (not documented) or proc macros (have no scrape-able exports). Additionally,
            // naively passing a proc macro's unit_for to new_unit_dep will currently cause
            // Cargo to panic, see issue #10545.
            self.is_member(&unit.pkg) && !(unit.target.for_host() || unit.pkg.proc_macro())
        }
    }

    impl<'gctx> Packages<'gctx> {
        fn get(&self, manifest_path: &Path) -> &MaybePackage {
            self.maybe_get(manifest_path).unwrap()
        }

        fn get_mut(&mut self, manifest_path: &Path) -> &mut MaybePackage {
            self.maybe_get_mut(manifest_path).unwrap()
        }

        fn maybe_get(&self, manifest_path: &Path) -> Option<&MaybePackage> {
            self.packages.get(manifest_path.parent().unwrap())
        }

        fn maybe_get_mut(&mut self, manifest_path: &Path) -> Option<&mut MaybePackage> {
            self.packages.get_mut(manifest_path.parent().unwrap())
        }

        fn load(&mut self, manifest_path: &Path) -> CargoResult<&MaybePackage> {
            let key = manifest_path.parent().unwrap();
            match self.packages.entry(key.to_path_buf()) {
                Entry::Occupied(e) => Ok(e.into_mut()),
                Entry::Vacant(v) => {
                    let source_id = SourceId::for_path(key)?;
                    let manifest = read_manifest(manifest_path, source_id, self.gctx)?;
                    Ok(v.insert(match manifest {
                        EitherManifest::Real(manifest) => {
                            MaybePackage::Package(Package::new(manifest, manifest_path))
                        }
                        EitherManifest::Virtual(vm) => MaybePackage::Virtual(vm),
                    }))
                }
            }
        }
    }

    impl MaybePackage {
        fn workspace_config(&self) -> &WorkspaceConfig {
            match *self {
                MaybePackage::Package(ref p) => p.manifest().workspace_config(),
                MaybePackage::Virtual(ref vm) => vm.workspace_config(),
            }
        }

        /// Has an embedded manifest (single-file package)
        pub fn is_embedded(&self) -> bool {
            match self {
                MaybePackage::Package(p) => p.manifest().is_embedded(),
                MaybePackage::Virtual(_) => false,
            }
        }
    }

    impl WorkspaceRootConfig {
        /// Creates a new Intermediate Workspace Root configuration.
        pub fn new(
            root_dir: &Path,
            members: &Option<Vec<String>>,
            default_members: &Option<Vec<String>>,
            exclude: &Option<Vec<String>>,
            inheritable: &Option<InheritableFields>,
            custom_metadata: &Option<toml::Value>,
        ) -> WorkspaceRootConfig {
            WorkspaceRootConfig {
                root_dir: root_dir.to_path_buf(),
                members: members.clone(),
                default_members: default_members.clone(),
                exclude: exclude.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
                inheritable_fields: inheritable.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
                custom_metadata: custom_metadata.clone(),
            }
        }
        /// Checks the path against the `excluded` list.
        ///
        /// This method does **not** consider the `members` list.
        fn is_excluded(&self, manifest_path: &Path) -> bool {
            let excluded = self
                .exclude
                .iter()
                .any(|ex| manifest_path.starts_with(self.root_dir.join(ex)));

            let explicit_member = match self.members {
                Some(ref members) => members
                    .iter()
                    .any(|mem| manifest_path.starts_with(self.root_dir.join(mem))),
                None => false,
            };

            !explicit_member && excluded
        }

        fn has_members_list(&self) -> bool {
            self.members.is_some()
        }

        fn members_paths(&self, globs: &[String]) -> CargoResult<Vec<PathBuf>> {
            let mut expanded_list = Vec::new();

            for glob in globs {
                let pathbuf = self.root_dir.join(glob);
                let expanded_paths = Self::expand_member_path(&pathbuf)?;

                // If glob does not find any valid paths, then put the original
                // path in the expanded list to maintain backwards compatibility.
                if expanded_paths.is_empty() {
                    expanded_list.push(pathbuf);
                } else {
                    // Some OS can create system support files anywhere.
                    // (e.g. macOS creates `.DS_Store` file if you visit a directory using Finder.)
                    // Such files can be reported as a member path unexpectedly.
                    // Check and filter out non-directory paths to prevent pushing such accidental unwanted path
                    // as a member.
                    for expanded_path in expanded_paths {
                        if expanded_path.is_dir() {
                            expanded_list.push(expanded_path);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            Ok(expanded_list)
        }

        fn expand_member_path(path: &Path) -> CargoResult<Vec<PathBuf>> {
            let Some(path) = path.to_str() else {
                return Ok(Vec::new());
            };
            let res = glob(path).with_context(|| format!("could not parse pattern `{}`", &path))?;
            let res = res
                .map(|p| p.with_context(|| format!("unable to match path to pattern `{}`", &path)))
                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
            Ok(res)
        }

        pub fn inheritable(&self) -> &InheritableFields {
            &self.inheritable_fields
        }
    }

    pub fn resolve_relative_path(
        label: &str,
        old_root: &Path,
        new_root: &Path,
        rel_path: &str,
    ) -> CargoResult<String> {
        let joined_path = normalize_path(&old_root.join(rel_path));
        match diff_paths(joined_path, new_root) {
            None => Err(anyhow!(
                "`{}` was defined in {} but could not be resolved with {}",
                label,
                old_root.display(),
                new_root.display()
            )),
            Some(path) => Ok(path
                .to_str()
                .ok_or_else(|| {
                    anyhow!(
                        "`{}` resolved to non-UTF value (`{}`)",
                        label,
                        path.display()
                    )
                })?
                .to_owned()),
        }
    }

    /// Finds the path of the root of the workspace.
    pub fn find_workspace_root(
        manifest_path: &Path,
        gctx: &GlobalContext,
    ) -> CargoResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
        find_workspace_root_with_loader(manifest_path, gctx, |self_path| {
            let key = self_path.parent().unwrap();
            let source_id = SourceId::for_path(key)?;
            let manifest = read_manifest(self_path, source_id, gctx)?;
            Ok(manifest
                .workspace_config()
                .get_ws_root(self_path, manifest_path))
        })
    }

    /// Finds the path of the root of the workspace.
    ///
    /// This uses a callback to determine if the given path tells us what the
    /// workspace root is.
    fn find_workspace_root_with_loader(
        manifest_path: &Path,
        gctx: &GlobalContext,
        mut loader: impl FnMut(&Path) -> CargoResult<Option<PathBuf>>,
    ) -> CargoResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
        // Check if there are any workspace roots that have already been found that would work
        {
            let roots = gctx.ws_roots.borrow();
            // Iterate through the manifests parent directories until we find a workspace
            // root. Note we skip the first item since that is just the path itself
            for current in manifest_path.ancestors().skip(1) {
                if let Some(ws_config) = roots.get(current) {
                    if !ws_config.is_excluded(manifest_path) {
                        // Add `Cargo.toml` since ws_root is the root and not the file
                        return Ok(Some(current.join("Cargo.toml")));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        for ances_manifest_path in find_root_iter(manifest_path, gctx) {
            debug!("find_root - trying {}", ances_manifest_path.display());
            if let Some(ws_root_path) = loader(&ances_manifest_path)? {
                return Ok(Some(ws_root_path));
            }
        }
        Ok(None)
    }

    fn read_root_pointer(member_manifest: &Path, root_link: &str) -> PathBuf {
        let path = member_manifest
            .parent()
            .unwrap()
            .join(root_link)
            .join("Cargo.toml");
        debug!("find_root - pointer {}", path.display());
        paths::normalize_path(&path)
    }

    fn find_root_iter<'a>(
        manifest_path: &'a Path,
        gctx: &'a GlobalContext,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = PathBuf> + 'a {
        LookBehind::new(paths::ancestors(manifest_path, None).skip(2))
            .take_while(|path| !path.curr.ends_with("target/package"))
            // Don't walk across `CARGO_HOME` when we're looking for the
            // workspace root. Sometimes a package will be organized with
            // `CARGO_HOME` pointing inside of the workspace root or in the
            // current package, but we don't want to mistakenly try to put
            // crates.io crates into the workspace by accident.
            .take_while(|path| {
                if let Some(last) = path.last {
                    gctx.home() != last
                } else {
                    true
                }
            })
            .map(|path| path.curr.join("Cargo.toml"))
            .filter(|ances_manifest_path| ances_manifest_path.exists())
    }

    struct LookBehindWindow<'a, T: ?Sized> {
        curr: &'a T,
        last: Option<&'a T>,
    }

    struct LookBehind<'a, T: ?Sized, K: Iterator<Item = &'a T>> {
        iter: K,
        last: Option<&'a T>,
    }

    impl<'a, T: ?Sized, K: Iterator<Item = &'a T>> LookBehind<'a, T, K> {
        fn new(items: K) -> Self {
            Self {
                iter: items,
                last: None,
            }
        }
    }

    impl<'a, T: ?Sized, K: Iterator<Item = &'a T>> Iterator for LookBehind<'a, T, K> {
        type Item = LookBehindWindow<'a, T>;

        fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
            match self.iter.next() {
                None => None,
                Some(next) => {
                    let last = self.last;
                    self.last = Some(next);
                    Some(LookBehindWindow { curr: next, last })
                }
            }
        }
    }