# Examples

## Setting up restic with Amazon S3

### Preface

This tutorial will show you how to use restic with Amazon S3. It will show you how to navigate the AWS web interface, create an S3 bucket, create a user with access to only this bucket, and finally how to connect restic to this bucket.

### Prerequisites

You should already have a `restic` binary available on your system that you can run. Furthermore, you should also have an account with AWS. You will likely need to provide credit card details for billing purposes, even if you use their free-tier.

### Logging into AWS

Point your browser to https://console.aws.amazon.com and log in using your AWS account. You will be presented with the AWS homepage:

By using the “Services” button in the upper left corder, a menu of all services provided by AWS can be opened:

For this tutorial, the Simple Storage Service (S3), as well as Identity and Access Management (IAM) are relevant.

### Creating the bucket

First, a bucket to store your backups in must be created. Using the “Services” menu, navigate to S3. In case you already have some S3 buckets, you will see a list of them here:

Click the “Create bucket” button and choose a name and region for your new bucket. For the purpose of this tutorial, the bucket will be named `restic-demo` and reside in Frankfurt. Because the bucket name space is shared among all AWS users, the name `restic-demo` may not be available to you. Be creative and choose a unique bucket name.

It is not necessary to configure any special properties or permissions of the bucket just yet. Therefore, just finish the wizard without making any further changes:

The newly created `restic-demo` bucket will now appear on the list of S3 buckets:

### Creating a user

Use the “Services” menu of the AWS web interface to navigate to IAM. This will bring you to the IAM homepage. To create a new user, click on the “Users” menu entry on the left:

In case you already have set-up users with IAM before, you will see a list of them here. Use the “Add user” button at the top to create a new user:

For this tutorial, the new user will be named `restic-demo-user`. Feel free to choose your own name that best fits your needs. This user will only ever access AWS through the `restic` program and not through the web interface. Therefore, “Programmatic access” is selected for “Access type”:

During the next step, permissions can be assigned to the new user. To use this user with restic, it only needs access to the `restic-demo` bucket. Select “Attach existing policies directly”, which will bring up a list of pre-defined policies below. Afterwards, click the “Create policy” button to create a custom policy:

A new browser window or tab will open with the policy wizard. In Amazon IAM, policies are defined as JSON documents. For this tutorial, the “Visual editor” will be used to generate a policy:

For restic to work, two permission statements must be created using the visual policy editor. The first statement is set up as follows:

    Service: S3
    Allow Actions: DeleteObject, GetObject, PutObject
    Resources: arn:aws:s3:::restic-demo/*

This statement allows restic to create, read and delete objects inside the S3 bucket named `restic-demo`. Adjust the bucket’s name to the name of the bucket you created earlier. Next, add a second statement using the “Add additional permissions” button:

    Service: S3
    Allow Actions: ListBucket, GetBucketLocation
    Resource: arn:aws:s3:::restic-demo

Again, substitute `restic-demo` with the actual name of your bucket. Note that, unlike before, there is no `/*` after the bucket name. This statement allows restic to list the objects stored in the `restic-demo` bucket and to query the bucket’s region.

Continue to the next step by clicking the “Review policy” button and enter a name and description for this policy. For this tutorial, the policy will be named `restic-demo-policy`. Click “Create policy” to finish the process:

Go back to the browser window or tab where you were previously creating the new user. Click the button labeled “Refresh” above the list of policies to make sure the newly created policy is available to you. Afterwards, use the search function to search for the `restic-demo-policy`. Select this policy using the checkbox on the left. Then, continue to the next step.

The next page will present an overview of the user account that is about to be created. If everything looks good, click “Create user” to complete the process:

After the user has been created, its access credentials will be displayed. They consist of the “Access key ID” (think user name), and the “Secret access key” (think password). Copy these down to a safe place.

You have now completed the configuration in AWS. Feel free to close your web browser now.

### Initializing the restic repository

Open a terminal and make sure you have the `restic` binary ready. First, choose a password to encrypt your backups with. In this tutorial, `apg` is used for this purpose:

    $ apg -a 1 -m 32 -n 1 -M NCL
    I9n7G7G0ZpDWA3GOcJbIuwQCGvGUBkU5

Note this password somewhere safe along with your AWS credentials. Next, the configuration of restic will be placed into environment variables. This will include sensitive information, such as your AWS secret and repository password. Therefore, make sure the next commands do not end up in your shell’s history file. Adjust the contents of the environment variables to fit your bucket’s name, region, and your user’s API credentials.

    $ unset HISTFILE
    $ export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION="eu-west-1"
    $ export RESTIC_REPOSITORY="s3:https://s3.amazonaws.com/restic-demo"
    $ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="AKIAJAJSLTZCAZ4SRI5Q"
    $ export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="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"
    $ export RESTIC_PASSWORD="I9n7G7G0ZpDWA3GOcJbIuwQCGvGUBkU5"

After the environment is set up, restic may be called to initialize the repository:

    $ restic init
    created restic backend b5c661a86a at s3:https://s3.amazonaws.com/restic-demo

    Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access
    the repository. Losing your password means that your data is
    irrecoverably lost.

restic is now ready to be used with Amazon S3. Try to create a backup:

    $ dd if=/dev/urandom bs=1M count=10 of=test.bin
    10+0 records in
    10+0 records out
    10485760 bytes (10 MB, 10 MiB) copied, 0,0891322 s, 118 MB/s

    $ restic backup test.bin
    scan [/home/philip/restic-demo/test.bin]
    scanned 0 directories, 1 files in 0:00
    [0:04] 100.00%  2.500 MiB/s  10.000 MiB / 10.000 MiB  1 / 1 items ... ETA 0:00
    duration: 0:04, 2.47MiB/s
    snapshot 10fdbace saved

    $ restic snapshots
    ID        Date                 Host        Tags        Directory
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    10fdbace  2017-03-26 16:41:50  blackbox                /home/philip/restic-demo/test.bin

A snapshot was created and stored in the S3 bucket. By default backups to Amazon S3 will use the `STANDARD` storage class. Available storage classes include `STANDARD`, `STANDARD_IA`, `ONEZONE_IA`, `INTELLIGENT_TIERING`, and `REDUCED_REDUNDANCY`. A different storage class could have been specified in the above command by using `-o` or `--option`:

    $ restic backup -o s3.storage-class=REDUCED_REDUNDANCY test.bin

This snapshot may now be restored:

    $ mkdir restore

    $ restic restore 10fdbace --target restore
    restoring <Snapshot 10fdbace of [/home/philip/restic-demo/test.bin] at 2017-03-26 16:41:50.201418102 +0200 CEST by philip@blackbox> to restore

    $ ls restore/
    test.bin

The snapshot was successfully restored. This concludes the tutorial.

## Backing up your system without running restic as root

### Motivation

Creating a complete backup of a machine requires a privileged process that is able to read all files. On UNIX-like systems this is traditionally the `root` user. Processes running as root have superpower. They cannot only read all files but do also have the power to modify the system in any possible way.

With great power comes great responsibility. If a process running as root malfunctions, is exploited, or simply configured in a wrong way it can cause any possible damage to the system. This means you only want to run programs as root that you trust completely. And even if you trust a program, it is good and common practice to run it with the least possible privileges.

### Capabilities on Linux

Fortunately, Linux has functionality to divide root’s power into single separate capabilities. You can remove these from a process running as root to restrict it. And you can add capabilities to a process running as a normal user, which is what we are going to do.

### Full backup without root

To be able to completely backup a system, restic has to read all the files. Luckily Linux knows a capability that allows precisely this. We can assign this single capability to restic and then run it as an unprivileged user.

First we create a new user called `restic` that is going to create the backups:

    root@a3e580b6369d:/# useradd --system --create-home --shell /sbin/nologin restic

Then we download and install the restic binary into the user’s home directory (please adjust the URL to refer to the latest restic version).

    root@a3e580b6369d:/# mkdir ~restic/bin
    root@a3e580b6369d:/# curl -L https://github.com/restic/restic/releases/download/v0.12.1/restic_0.12.1_linux_amd64.bz2 | bunzip2 > ~restic/bin/restic

Before we assign any special capability to the restic binary we restrict its permissions so that only root and the newly created restic user can execute it. Otherwise another - possibly untrusted - user could misuse the privileged restic binary to circumvent file access controls.

    root@a3e580b6369d:/# chown root:restic ~restic/bin/restic
    root@a3e580b6369d:/# chmod 750 ~restic/bin/restic

Finally we can use `setcap` to add an extended attribute to the restic binary. On every execution the system will read the extended attribute, interpret it and assign capabilities accordingly.

    root@a3e580b6369d:/# setcap cap_dac_read_search=+ep ~restic/bin/restic

Important

The capabilities of the `setcap` command only applies to this specific copy of the restic binary. If you run `restic self-update` or in any other way replace or update the binary, the capabilities you added above will not be in effect for the new binary. To mitigate this, simply run the `setcap` command again, to make sure that the new binary has the same and intended capabilities.

From now on the user `restic` can run restic to backup the whole system.

    root@a3e580b6369d:/# sudo -u restic /home/restic/bin/restic --exclude={/dev,/media,/mnt,/proc,/run,/sys,/tmp,/var/tmp} -r /tmp backup /