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# `` notation3

notation3.py - Standalone Notation3 Parser Derived from CWM, the Closed World Machine

Authors of the original suite:

- Dan Connolly <@@>
- Tim Berners-Lee <@@>
- Yosi Scharf <@@>
- Joseph M. Reagle Jr. reagle@w3.org
- Rich Salz rsalz@zolera.com

http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/notation3.py

Copyright 2000-2007, World Wide Web Consortium. Copyright 2001, MIT. Copyright 2001, Zolera Systems Inc.

License: W3C Software License http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-software

Modified by Sean B. Palmer Copyright 2007, Sean B. Palmer.

Modified to work with rdflib by Gunnar Aastrand Grimnes Copyright 2010, Gunnar A. Grimnes

Classes:

- `BadSyntax` –
- `Formula` –
- `N3Parser` –

  An RDFLib parser for Notation3

- `RDFSink` –
- `SinkParser` –
- `TurtleParser` –

  An RDFLib parser for Turtle

- `sfloat` –

  don’t normalize raw XSD.double string representation

Functions:

- `base` –

  The base URI for this process - the Web equiv of cwd

- `hexify` –

  Use URL encoding to return an ASCII string

- `join` –

  join an absolute URI and URI reference

- `runNamespace` –

  Returns a URI suitable as a namespace for run-local objects

- `splitFragP` –

  Split a URI reference before the fragment

- `uniqueURI` –

  A unique URI

## `` ADDED_HASH `module-attribute`

    ADDED_HASH = '#'

## `` ALL4 `module-attribute`

    ALL4 = (CONTEXT, PRED, SUBJ, OBJ)

## `` ANONYMOUS `module-attribute`

    ANONYMOUS = 3

## `` BOOLEAN_DATATYPE `module-attribute`

    BOOLEAN_DATATYPE = _XSD_PFX + 'boolean'

## `` CONTEXT `module-attribute`

    CONTEXT = 0

## `` DAML_sameAs `module-attribute`

    DAML_sameAs = (SYMBOL, DAML_sameAs_URI)

## `` DAML_sameAs_URI `module-attribute`

    DAML_sameAs_URI = OWL_NS + 'sameAs'

## `` DECIMAL_DATATYPE `module-attribute`

    DECIMAL_DATATYPE = _XSD_PFX + 'decimal'

## `` DOUBLE_DATATYPE `module-attribute`

    DOUBLE_DATATYPE = _XSD_PFX + 'double'

## `` FLOAT_DATATYPE `module-attribute`

    FLOAT_DATATYPE = _XSD_PFX + 'float'

## `` FORMULA `module-attribute`

    FORMULA = 1

## `` INTEGER_DATATYPE `module-attribute`

    INTEGER_DATATYPE = _XSD_PFX + 'integer'

## `` LITERAL `module-attribute`

    LITERAL = 2

## `` LITERAL_DT `module-attribute`

    LITERAL_DT = 21

## `` LITERAL_LANG `module-attribute`

    LITERAL_LANG = 22

## `` LOG_implies_URI `module-attribute`

    LOG_implies_URI = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/log#implies'

## `` List_NS `module-attribute`

    List_NS = RDF_NS_URI

## `` Logic_NS `module-attribute`

    Logic_NS = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/log#'

## `` N3CommentCharacter `module-attribute`

    N3CommentCharacter = '#'

## `` N3_Empty `module-attribute`

    N3_Empty = (SYMBOL, List_NS + 'Empty')

## `` N3_List `module-attribute`

    N3_List = (SYMBOL, List_NS + 'List')

## `` N3_first `module-attribute`

    N3_first = (SYMBOL, List_NS + 'first')

## `` N3_forAll_URI `module-attribute`

    N3_forAll_URI = forAllSym

## `` N3_forSome_URI `module-attribute`

    N3_forSome_URI = forSomeSym

## `` N3_li `module-attribute`

    N3_li = (SYMBOL, List_NS + 'li')

## `` N3_nil `module-attribute`

    N3_nil = (SYMBOL, List_NS + 'nil')

## `` N3_rest `module-attribute`

    N3_rest = (SYMBOL, List_NS + 'rest')

## `` NODE_MERGE_URI `module-attribute`

    NODE_MERGE_URI = Logic_NS + 'is'

## `` OBJ `module-attribute`

    OBJ = 3

## `` OWL_NS `module-attribute`

    OWL_NS = 'http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#'

## `` PARTS `module-attribute`

    PARTS = (PRED, SUBJ, OBJ)

## `` PRED `module-attribute`

    PRED = 1

## `` RDF_NS_URI `module-attribute`

    RDF_NS_URI = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#'

## `` RDF_spec `module-attribute`

    RDF_spec = 'http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/'

## `` RDF_type `module-attribute`

    RDF_type = (SYMBOL, RDF_type_URI)

## `` RDF_type_URI `module-attribute`

    RDF_type_URI = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type'

## `` SUBJ `module-attribute`

    SUBJ = 2

## `` SYMBOL `module-attribute`

    SYMBOL = 0

## `` XMLLITERAL `module-attribute`

    XMLLITERAL = 25

## `` __all__ `module-attribute`

    __all__ = ['BadSyntax', 'N3Parser', 'TurtleParser', 'splitFragP', 'join', 'base', 'runNamespace', 'uniqueURI', 'hexify', 'Formula', 'RDFSink', 'SinkParser', 'sfloat']

## `` chatty_flag `module-attribute`

    chatty_flag = 50

## `` decimal_syntax `module-attribute`

    decimal_syntax = compile('[-+]?[0-9]*\\.[0-9]+')

## `` digitstring `module-attribute`

    digitstring = compile('[0-9]+')

## `` eof `module-attribute`

    eof = compile('[ \\t]*(#[^\\n]*)?$')

## `` eol `module-attribute`

    eol = compile('[ \\t]*(#[^\\n]*)?\\r?\\n')

## `` escapeChars `module-attribute`

    escapeChars = set("(_~.-!$&'()*+,;=/?#@%)")

## `` exponent_syntax `module-attribute`

    exponent_syntax = compile('[-+]?(?:[0-9]+\\.[0-9]*|\\.[0-9]+|[0-9]+)(?:e|E)[-+]?[0-9]+')

## `` forAllSym `module-attribute`

    forAllSym = Logic_NS + 'forAll'

## `` forSomeSym `module-attribute`

    forSomeSym = Logic_NS + 'forSome'

## `` hexChars `module-attribute`

    hexChars = set('ABCDEFabcdef0123456789')

## `` integer_syntax `module-attribute`

    integer_syntax = compile('[-+]?[0-9]+')

## `` interesting `module-attribute`

    interesting = compile('[\\\\\\r\\n\\"\\\']')

## `` langcode `module-attribute`

    langcode = compile('[a-zA-Z0-9]+(-[a-zA-Z0-9]+)*')

## `` nextu `module-attribute`

    nextu = 0

## `` numberChars `module-attribute`

    numberChars = set('0123456789-')

## `` numberCharsPlus `module-attribute`

    numberCharsPlus = numberChars | {'+', '.'}

## `` option_noregen `module-attribute`

    option_noregen = 0

## `` parsesTo_URI `module-attribute`

    parsesTo_URI = Logic_NS + 'parsesTo'

## `` r_hibyte `module-attribute`

    r_hibyte = compile('([\\x80-\\xff])')

## `` runNamespaceValue `module-attribute`

    runNamespaceValue: Optional[str] = None

## `` signed_integer `module-attribute`

    signed_integer = compile('[-+]?[0-9]+')

## `` tracking `module-attribute`

    tracking = False

## `` unicodeEscape4 `module-attribute`

    unicodeEscape4 = compile('\\\\u([0-9a-fA-F]{4})')

## `` unicodeEscape8 `module-attribute`

    unicodeEscape8 = compile('\\\\U([0-9a-fA-F]{8})')

## `` ws `module-attribute`

    ws = compile('[ \\t]*')

## `` BadSyntax

    BadSyntax(uri: str, lines: int, argstr: str, i: int, why: str)

Bases: `SyntaxError`

Methods:

- `__str__` –

Attributes:

- `lines` –
- `message` (`str`) –

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def __init__(self, uri: str, lines: int, argstr: str, i: int, why: str):
        self._str = argstr.encode("utf-8")  # Better go back to strings for errors
        self._i = i
        self._why = why
        self.lines = lines
        self._uri = uri

### `` lines `instance-attribute`

    lines = lines

### `` message `property`

    message: str

### `` __str__

    __str__() -> str

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def __str__(self) -> str:
        argstr = self._str
        i = self._i
        st = 0
        if i > 60:
            pre = "..."
            st = i - 60
        else:
            pre = ""
        if len(argstr) - i > 60:
            post = "..."
        else:
            post = ""

        # type error: On Python 3 formatting "b'abc'" with "%s" produces "b'abc'", not "abc"; use "%r" if this is desired behavior
        return 'at line %i of <%s>:\nBad syntax (%s) at ^ in:\n"%s%s^%s%s"' % (
            self.lines + 1,  # type: ignore[str-bytes-safe]
            self._uri,
            self._why,
            pre,
            argstr[st:i],
            argstr[i : i + 60],
            post,
        )

## `` Formula

    Formula(parent: Graph)

Methods:

- `__str__` –
- `close` –
- `declareExistential` –
- `id` –
- `newBlankNode` –
- `newUniversal` –

Attributes:

- `counter` –
- `existentials` (`Dict[str, BNode]`) –
- `number` –
- `quotedgraph` –
- `universals` (`Dict[str, BNode]`) –
- `uuid` –

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def __init__(self, parent: Graph):
        self.uuid = uuid4().hex
        self.counter = 0
        Formula.number += 1
        self.number = Formula.number
        self.existentials: Dict[str, BNode] = {}
        self.universals: Dict[str, BNode] = {}

        self.quotedgraph = QuotedGraph(store=parent.store, identifier=self.id())

### `` counter `instance-attribute`

    counter = 0

### `` existentials `instance-attribute`

    existentials: Dict[str, BNode] = {}

### `` number `class-attribute` `instance-attribute`

    number = number

### `` quotedgraph `instance-attribute`

    quotedgraph = QuotedGraph(store=store, identifier=id())

### `` universals `instance-attribute`

    universals: Dict[str, BNode] = {}

### `` uuid `instance-attribute`

    uuid = hex

### `` __str__

    __str__() -> str

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return "_:Formula%s" % self.number

### `` close

    close() -> QuotedGraph

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def close(self) -> QuotedGraph:
        return self.quotedgraph

### `` declareExistential

    declareExistential(x: str) -> None

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def declareExistential(self, x: str) -> None:
        self.existentials[x] = self.newBlankNode()

### `` id

    id() -> BNode

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def id(self) -> BNode:
        return BNode("_:Formula%s" % self.number)

### `` newBlankNode

    newBlankNode(uri: Optional[str] = None, why: Optional[Any] = None) -> BNode

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def newBlankNode(
        self, uri: Optional[str] = None, why: Optional[Any] = None
    ) -> BNode:
        if uri is None:
            self.counter += 1
            bn = BNode("f%sb%s" % (self.uuid, self.counter))
        else:
            bn = BNode(uri.split("#").pop().replace("_", "b"))
        return bn

### `` newUniversal

    newUniversal(uri: str, why: Optional[Any] = None) -> Variable

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def newUniversal(self, uri: str, why: Optional[Any] = None) -> Variable:
        return Variable(uri.split("#").pop())

## `` N3Parser

    N3Parser()

Bases: `TurtleParser`

An RDFLib parser for Notation3

See http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Notation3.html

Methods:

- `parse` –

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def __init__(self):
        pass

### `` parse

    parse(source: InputSource, graph: Graph, encoding: Optional[str] = 'utf-8') -> None

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def parse(  # type: ignore[override]
        self, source: InputSource, graph: Graph, encoding: Optional[str] = "utf-8"
    ) -> None:
        # we're currently being handed a Graph, not a ConjunctiveGraph
        # context-aware is this implied by formula_aware
        ca = getattr(graph.store, "context_aware", False)
        fa = getattr(graph.store, "formula_aware", False)
        if not ca:
            raise ParserError("Cannot parse N3 into non-context-aware store.")
        elif not fa:
            raise ParserError("Cannot parse N3 into non-formula-aware store.")

        conj_graph = Dataset(store=graph.store)
        conj_graph.default_context = graph  # TODO: CG __init__ should have a
        # default_context arg
        # TODO: update N3Processor so that it can use conj_graph as the sink
        conj_graph.namespace_manager = graph.namespace_manager

        TurtleParser.parse(self, source, conj_graph, encoding, turtle=False)

## `` RDFSink

    RDFSink(graph: Graph)

Methods:

- `bind` –
- `endDoc` –
- `intern` –
- `makeStatement` –
- `newBlankNode` –
- `newFormula` –
- `newGraph` –
- `newList` –
- `newLiteral` –
- `newSet` –
- `newSymbol` –
- `normalise` –
- `setDefaultNamespace` –
- `startDoc` –

Attributes:

- `counter` –
- `graph` –
- `rootFormula` (`Optional[Formula]`) –
- `uuid` –

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def __init__(self, graph: Graph):
        self.rootFormula: Optional[Formula] = None
        self.uuid = uuid4().hex
        self.counter = 0
        self.graph = graph

### `` counter `instance-attribute`

    counter = 0

### `` graph `instance-attribute`

    graph = graph

### `` rootFormula `instance-attribute`

    rootFormula: Optional[Formula] = None

### `` uuid `instance-attribute`

    uuid = hex

### `` bind

    bind(pfx, uri) -> None

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def bind(self, pfx, uri) -> None:
        pass  # print pfx, ':', uri

### `` endDoc

    endDoc(formula: Optional[Formula]) -> None

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def endDoc(self, formula: Optional[Formula]) -> None:
        pass

### `` intern

    intern(something: _AnyT) -> _AnyT

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def intern(self, something: _AnyT) -> _AnyT:
        return something

### `` makeStatement

    makeStatement(quadruple: Tuple[Optional[Union[Formula, Graph]], Node, Node, Node], why: Optional[Any] = None) -> None

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def makeStatement(
        self,
        quadruple: Tuple[Optional[Union[Formula, Graph]], Node, Node, Node],
        why: Optional[Any] = None,
    ) -> None:
        f, p, s, o = quadruple

        if hasattr(p, "formula"):
            raise ParserError("Formula used as predicate")

        # type error: Argument 1 to "normalise" of "RDFSink" has incompatible type "Union[Formula, Graph, None]"; expected "Optional[Formula]"
        s = self.normalise(f, s)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
        p = self.normalise(f, p)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
        o = self.normalise(f, o)  # type: ignore[arg-type]

        if f == self.rootFormula:
            # print s, p, o, '.'
            self.graph.add((s, p, o))
        elif isinstance(f, Formula):
            f.quotedgraph.add((s, p, o))
        else:
            # type error: Item "None" of "Optional[Graph]" has no attribute "add"
            f.add((s, p, o))  # type: ignore[union-attr]

### `` newBlankNode

    newBlankNode(arg: Optional[Union[Formula, Graph, Any]] = None, uri: Optional[str] = None, why: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None) -> BNode

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def newBlankNode(
        self,
        arg: Optional[Union[Formula, Graph, Any]] = None,
        uri: Optional[str] = None,
        why: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None,
    ) -> BNode:
        if isinstance(arg, Formula):
            return arg.newBlankNode(uri)
        elif isinstance(arg, Graph) or arg is None:
            self.counter += 1
            bn = BNode("n%sb%s" % (self.uuid, self.counter))
        else:
            bn = BNode(str(arg[0]).split("#").pop().replace("_", "b"))
        return bn

### `` newFormula

    newFormula() -> Formula

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def newFormula(self) -> Formula:
        fa = getattr(self.graph.store, "formula_aware", False)
        if not fa:
            raise ParserError(
                "Cannot create formula parser with non-formula-aware store."
            )
        f = Formula(self.graph)
        return f

### `` newGraph

    newGraph(identifier: Identifier) -> Graph

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def newGraph(self, identifier: Identifier) -> Graph:
        return Graph(self.graph.store, identifier)

### `` newList

    newList(n: List[Any], f: Optional[Formula]) -> IdentifiedNode

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def newList(self, n: typing.List[Any], f: Optional[Formula]) -> IdentifiedNode:
        nil = self.newSymbol("http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil")
        if not n:
            return nil

        first = self.newSymbol("http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first")
        rest = self.newSymbol("http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest")
        af = a = self.newBlankNode(f)

        for ne in n[:-1]:
            self.makeStatement((f, first, a, ne))
            an = self.newBlankNode(f)
            self.makeStatement((f, rest, a, an))
            a = an
        self.makeStatement((f, first, a, n[-1]))
        self.makeStatement((f, rest, a, nil))
        return af

### `` newLiteral

    newLiteral(s: str, dt: Optional[URIRef], lang: Optional[str]) -> Literal

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def newLiteral(self, s: str, dt: Optional[URIRef], lang: Optional[str]) -> Literal:
        if dt:
            return Literal(s, datatype=dt)
        else:
            return Literal(s, lang=lang)

### `` newSet

    newSet(*args: _AnyT) -> Set[_AnyT]

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def newSet(self, *args: _AnyT) -> Set[_AnyT]:
        return set(args)

### `` newSymbol

    newSymbol(*args: str) -> URIRef

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def newSymbol(self, *args: str) -> URIRef:
        return URIRef(args[0])

### `` normalise

    normalise(f: Optional[Formula], n: Union[Tuple[int, str], bool, int, Decimal, sfloat, _AnyT]) -> Union[URIRef, Literal, BNode, _AnyT]

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def normalise(
        self,
        f: Optional[Formula],
        n: Union[Tuple[int, str], bool, int, Decimal, sfloat, _AnyT],
    ) -> Union[URIRef, Literal, BNode, _AnyT]:
        if isinstance(n, tuple):
            return URIRef(str(n[1]))

        if isinstance(n, bool):
            s = Literal(str(n).lower(), datatype=BOOLEAN_DATATYPE)
            return s

        if isinstance(n, int) or isinstance(n, long_type):
            s = Literal(str(n), datatype=INTEGER_DATATYPE)
            return s

        if isinstance(n, Decimal):
            value = str(n)
            if value == "-0":
                value = "0"
            s = Literal(value, datatype=DECIMAL_DATATYPE)
            return s

        if isinstance(n, sfloat):
            s = Literal(str(n), datatype=DOUBLE_DATATYPE)
            return s

        if isinstance(f, Formula):
            if n in f.existentials:
                if TYPE_CHECKING:
                    assert isinstance(n, URIRef)
                return f.existentials[n]

        # if isinstance(n, Var):
        #    if f.universals.has_key(n):
        #       return f.universals[n]
        #    f.universals[n] = f.newBlankNode()
        #    return f.universals[n]
        # type error: Incompatible return value type (got "Union[int, _AnyT]", expected "Union[URIRef, Literal, BNode, _AnyT]")  [return-value]
        return n

### `` setDefaultNamespace

    setDefaultNamespace(*args: bytes) -> str

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def setDefaultNamespace(self, *args: bytes) -> str:
        return ":".join(repr(n) for n in args)

### `` startDoc

    startDoc(formula: Optional[Formula]) -> None

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def startDoc(self, formula: Optional[Formula]) -> None:
        self.rootFormula = formula

## `` SinkParser

    SinkParser(store: RDFSink, openFormula: Optional[Formula] = None, thisDoc: str = '', baseURI: Optional[str] = None, genPrefix: str = '', why: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None, turtle: bool = False)

Methods:

- `BadSyntax` –
- `UEscape` –
- `anonymousNode` –

  Remember or generate a term for one of these _: anonymous nodes

- `bareWord` –

  abc -> :abc

- `bind` –
- `blankNode` –
- `checkDot` –
- `commaSeparatedList` –

  return value: -1 bad syntax; >1 new position in argstr

- `directive` –
- `directiveOrStatement` –
- `endDoc` –

  Signal end of document and stop parsing. returns formula

- `feed` –

  Feed an octet stream to the parser

- `formula` –
- `here` –

  String generated from position in file

- `item` –
- `loadBuf` –

  Parses a buffer and returns its top level formula

- `loadStream` –
- `makeStatement` –
- `node` –

  Parse the <node> production.

- `nodeOrLiteral` –
- `object` –
- `objectList` –
- `path` –

  Parse the path production.

- `prop` –
- `property_list` –

  Parse property list

- `qname` –

  xyz:def -> (‘xyz’, ‘def’)

- `setKeywords` –

  Takes a list of strings

- `skipSpace` –

  Skip white space, newlines and comments.

- `sparqlDirective` –

  turtle and trig support BASE/PREFIX without @ and without

- `sparqlTok` –

  Check for SPARQL keyword. Space must have been stripped on entry

- `startDoc` –
- `statement` –
- `strconst` –

  parse an N3 string constant delimited by delim.

- `subject` –
- `tok` –

  Check for keyword. Space must have been stripped on entry and

- `uEscape` –
- `uriOf` –
- `uri_ref2` –

  Generate uri from n3 representation.

- `variable` –

  ?abc -> variable(:abc)

- `verb` –

  has prop

Attributes:

- `keywords` –
- `keywordsSet` –
- `lines` –
- `startOfLine` –
- `string_delimiters` –
- `turtle` –

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def __init__(
        self,
        store: RDFSink,
        openFormula: Optional[Formula] = None,
        thisDoc: str = "",
        baseURI: Optional[str] = None,
        genPrefix: str = "",
        why: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None,
        turtle: bool = False,
    ):
        """note: namespace names should *not* end in  # ;
        the  # will get added during qname processing"""

        self._bindings = {}
        if thisDoc != "":
            assert ":" in thisDoc, "Document URI not absolute: <%s>" % thisDoc
            self._bindings[""] = thisDoc + "#"  # default

        self._store = store
        if genPrefix:
            # TODO FIXME: there is no function named setGenPrefix
            store.setGenPrefix(genPrefix)  # type: ignore[attr-defined] # pass it on

        self._thisDoc = thisDoc
        self.lines = 0  # for error handling
        self.startOfLine = 0  # For calculating character number
        self._genPrefix = genPrefix
        self.keywords = ["a", "this", "bind", "has", "is", "of", "true", "false"]
        self.keywordsSet = 0  # Then only can others be considered qnames
        self._anonymousNodes: Dict[str, BNode] = {}
        # Dict of anon nodes already declared ln: Term
        self._variables: Dict[str, Variable] = {}
        self._parentVariables: Dict[str, Variable] = {}
        self._reason = why  # Why the parser was asked to parse this

        self.turtle = turtle  # raise exception when encountering N3 extensions
        # Turtle allows single or double quotes around strings, whereas N3
        # only allows double quotes.
        self.string_delimiters = ('"', "'") if turtle else ('"',)

        self._reason2: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None  # Why these triples
        # was: diag.tracking
        if tracking:
            # type error: "BecauseOfData" does not return a value
            self._reason2 = BecauseOfData(  # type: ignore[func-returns-value]
                store.newSymbol(thisDoc), because=self._reason
            )

        self._baseURI: Optional[str]
        if baseURI:
            self._baseURI = baseURI
        else:
            if thisDoc:
                self._baseURI = thisDoc
            else:
                self._baseURI = None

        assert not self._baseURI or ":" in self._baseURI

        if not self._genPrefix:
            if self._thisDoc:
                self._genPrefix = self._thisDoc + "#_g"
            else:
                self._genPrefix = uniqueURI()

        self._formula: Optional[Formula]
        if openFormula is None and not turtle:
            if self._thisDoc:
                # TODO FIXME: store.newFormula does not take any arguments
                self._formula = store.newFormula(thisDoc + "#_formula")  # type: ignore[call-arg]
            else:
                self._formula = store.newFormula()
        else:
            self._formula = openFormula

        self._context: Optional[Formula] = self._formula
        self._parentContext: Optional[Formula] = None

### `` keywords `instance-attribute`

    keywords = ['a', 'this', 'bind', 'has', 'is', 'of', 'true', 'false']

### `` keywordsSet `instance-attribute`

    keywordsSet = 0

### `` lines `instance-attribute`

    lines = 0

### `` startOfLine `instance-attribute`

    startOfLine = 0

### `` string_delimiters `instance-attribute`

    string_delimiters = ('"', "'") if turtle else ('"',)

### `` turtle `instance-attribute`

    turtle = turtle

### `` BadSyntax

    BadSyntax(argstr: str, i: int, msg: str) -> NoReturn

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def BadSyntax(self, argstr: str, i: int, msg: str) -> NoReturn:
        raise BadSyntax(self._thisDoc, self.lines, argstr, i, msg)

### `` UEscape

    UEscape(argstr: str, i: int, startline: int) -> Tuple[int, str]

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def UEscape(self, argstr: str, i: int, startline: int) -> Tuple[int, str]:
        return self._unicodeEscape(argstr, i, startline, unicodeEscape8, 8, "U")

### `` anonymousNode

    anonymousNode(ln: str) -> BNode

Remember or generate a term for one of these _: anonymous nodes

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def anonymousNode(self, ln: str) -> BNode:
        """Remember or generate a term for one of these _: anonymous nodes"""
        term = self._anonymousNodes.get(ln, None)
        if term is not None:
            return term
        term = self._store.newBlankNode(self._context, why=self._reason2)
        self._anonymousNodes[ln] = term
        return term

### `` bareWord

    bareWord(argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int

abc -> :abc

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def bareWord(self, argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int:
        """abc -> :abc"""
        j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
        if j < 0:
            return -1

        if argstr[j] in numberChars or argstr[j] in _notKeywordsChars:
            return -1
        i = j
        len_argstr = len(argstr)
        while i < len_argstr and argstr[i] not in _notKeywordsChars:
            i += 1
        res.append(argstr[j:i])
        return i

### `` bind

    bind(qn: str, uri: bytes) -> None

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def bind(self, qn: str, uri: bytes) -> None:
        assert isinstance(uri, bytes), "Any unicode must be %x-encoded already"
        if qn == "":
            self._store.setDefaultNamespace(uri)
        else:
            self._store.bind(qn, uri)

### `` blankNode

    blankNode(uri: Optional[str] = None) -> BNode

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def blankNode(self, uri: Optional[str] = None) -> BNode:
        return self._store.newBlankNode(self._context, uri, why=self._reason2)

### `` checkDot

    checkDot(argstr: str, i: int) -> int

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def checkDot(self, argstr: str, i: int) -> int:
        j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
        if j < 0:
            return j  # eof
        ch = argstr[j]
        if ch == ".":
            return j + 1  # skip
        if ch == "}":
            return j  # don't skip it
        if ch == "]":
            return j
        self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "expected '.' or '}' or ']' at end of statement")

### `` commaSeparatedList

    commaSeparatedList(argstr: str, j: int, res: MutableSequence[Any], what: Callable[[str, int, MutableSequence[Any]], int]) -> int

return value: -1 bad syntax; >1 new position in argstr res has things found appended

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def commaSeparatedList(
        self,
        argstr: str,
        j: int,
        res: MutableSequence[Any],
        what: Callable[[str, int, MutableSequence[Any]], int],
    ) -> int:
        """return value: -1 bad syntax; >1 new position in argstr
        res has things found appended
        """
        i = self.skipSpace(argstr, j)
        if i < 0:
            self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "EOF found expecting comma sep list")
        if argstr[i] == ".":
            return j  # empty list is OK
        i = what(argstr, i, res)
        if i < 0:
            return -1

        while 1:
            j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
            if j < 0:
                return j  # eof
            ch = argstr[j]
            if ch != ",":
                if ch != ".":
                    return -1
                return j  # Found  but not swallowed "."
            i = what(argstr, j + 1, res)
            if i < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "bad list content")

### `` directive

    directive(argstr: str, i: int) -> int

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def directive(self, argstr: str, i: int) -> int:
        j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
        if j < 0:
            return j  # eof
        res: typing.List[str] = []

        j = self.tok("bind", argstr, i)  # implied "#". Obsolete.
        if j > 0:
            self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "keyword bind is obsolete: use @prefix")

        j = self.tok("keywords", argstr, i)
        if j > 0:
            if self.turtle:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "Found 'keywords' when in Turtle mode.")

            i = self.commaSeparatedList(argstr, j, res, self.bareWord)
            if i < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(
                    argstr, i, "'@keywords' needs comma separated list of words"
                )
            self.setKeywords(res[:])
            return i

        j = self.tok("forAll", argstr, i)
        if j > 0:
            if self.turtle:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "Found 'forAll' when in Turtle mode.")

            i = self.commaSeparatedList(argstr, j, res, self.uri_ref2)
            if i < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "Bad variable list after @forAll")
            for x in res:
                # self._context.declareUniversal(x)
                if x not in self._variables or x in self._parentVariables:
                    # type error: Item "None" of "Optional[Formula]" has no attribute "newUniversal"
                    self._variables[x] = self._context.newUniversal(x)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
            return i

        j = self.tok("forSome", argstr, i)
        if j > 0:
            if self.turtle:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "Found 'forSome' when in Turtle mode.")

            i = self.commaSeparatedList(argstr, j, res, self.uri_ref2)
            if i < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "Bad variable list after @forSome")
            for x in res:
                # type error: Item "None" of "Optional[Formula]" has no attribute "declareExistential"
                self._context.declareExistential(x)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
            return i

        j = self.tok("prefix", argstr, i, colon=True)  # no implied "#"
        if j >= 0:
            t: typing.List[Union[Identifier, Tuple[str, str]]] = []
            i = self.qname(argstr, j, t)
            if i < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "expected qname after @prefix")
            j = self.uri_ref2(argstr, i, t)
            if j < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "expected <uriref> after @prefix _qname_")
            ns: str = self.uriOf(t[1])

            if self._baseURI:
                ns = join(self._baseURI, ns)
            elif ":" not in ns:
                self.BadSyntax(
                    argstr,
                    j,
                    f"With no base URI, cannot use relative URI in @prefix <{ns}>",
                )
            assert ":" in ns  # must be absolute
            self._bindings[t[0][0]] = ns
            self.bind(t[0][0], hexify(ns))
            return j

        j = self.tok("base", argstr, i)  # Added 2007/7/7
        if j >= 0:
            t = []
            i = self.uri_ref2(argstr, j, t)
            if i < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "expected <uri> after @base ")
            ns = self.uriOf(t[0])

            if self._baseURI:
                ns = join(self._baseURI, ns)
            else:
                self.BadSyntax(
                    argstr,
                    j,
                    "With no previous base URI, cannot use "
                    + "relative URI in @base  <"
                    + ns
                    + ">",
                )
            assert ":" in ns  # must be absolute
            self._baseURI = ns
            return i

        return -1  # Not a directive, could be something else.

### `` directiveOrStatement

    directiveOrStatement(argstr: str, h: int) -> int

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def directiveOrStatement(self, argstr: str, h: int) -> int:
        i = self.skipSpace(argstr, h)
        if i < 0:
            return i  # EOF

        if self.turtle:
            j = self.sparqlDirective(argstr, i)
            if j >= 0:
                return j

        j = self.directive(argstr, i)
        if j >= 0:
            return self.checkDot(argstr, j)

        j = self.statement(argstr, i)
        if j >= 0:
            return self.checkDot(argstr, j)

        return j

### `` endDoc

    endDoc() -> Optional[Formula]

Signal end of document and stop parsing. returns formula

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def endDoc(self) -> Optional[Formula]:
        """Signal end of document and stop parsing. returns formula"""
        self._store.endDoc(self._formula)  # don't canonicalize yet
        return self._formula

### `` feed

    feed(octets: Union[str, bytes]) -> None

Feed an octet stream to the parser

if BadSyntax is raised, the string passed in the exception object is the remainder after any statements have been parsed. So if there is more data to feed to the parser, it should be straightforward to recover.

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def feed(self, octets: Union[str, bytes]) -> None:
        """Feed an octet stream to the parser

        if BadSyntax is raised, the string
        passed in the exception object is the
        remainder after any statements have been parsed.
        So if there is more data to feed to the
        parser, it should be straightforward to recover."""

        if not isinstance(octets, str):
            s = octets.decode("utf-8")
            # NB already decoded, so \ufeff
            if len(s) > 0 and s[0] == codecs.BOM_UTF8.decode("utf-8"):
                s = s[1:]
        else:
            s = octets

        i = 0
        while i >= 0:
            j = self.skipSpace(s, i)
            if j < 0:
                return

            i = self.directiveOrStatement(s, j)
            if i < 0:
                # print("# next char: %s" % s[j])
                self.BadSyntax(s, j, "expected directive or statement")

### `` formula

    formula() -> Optional[Formula]

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def formula(self) -> Optional[Formula]:
        return self._formula

### `` here

    here(i: int) -> str

String generated from position in file

This is for repeatability when referring people to bnodes in a document. This has diagnostic uses less formally, as it should point one to which bnode the arbitrary identifier actually is. It gives the line and character number of the ‘[’ charcacter or path character which introduced the blank node. The first blank node is boringly _L1C1. It used to be used only for tracking, but for tests in general it makes the canonical ordering of bnodes repeatable.

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def here(self, i: int) -> str:
        """String generated from position in file

        This is for repeatability when referring people to bnodes in a document.
        This has diagnostic uses less formally, as it should point one to which
        bnode the arbitrary identifier actually is. It gives the
        line and character number of the '[' charcacter or path character
        which introduced the blank node. The first blank node is boringly
        _L1C1. It used to be used only for tracking, but for tests in general
        it makes the canonical ordering of bnodes repeatable."""

        return "%s_L%iC%i" % (self._genPrefix, self.lines, i - self.startOfLine + 1)

### `` item

    item(argstr: str, i, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def item(self, argstr: str, i, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int:
        return self.path(argstr, i, res)

### `` loadBuf

    loadBuf(buf: Union[str, bytes]) -> Optional[Formula]

Parses a buffer and returns its top level formula

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def loadBuf(self, buf: Union[str, bytes]) -> Optional[Formula]:
        """Parses a buffer and returns its top level formula"""
        self.startDoc()

        self.feed(buf)
        return self.endDoc()  # self._formula

### `` loadStream

    loadStream(stream: Union[IO[str], IO[bytes]]) -> Optional[Formula]

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def loadStream(self, stream: Union[IO[str], IO[bytes]]) -> Optional[Formula]:
        return self.loadBuf(stream.read())  # Not ideal

### `` makeStatement

    makeStatement(quadruple) -> None

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def makeStatement(self, quadruple) -> None:
        # $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
        # print "# Parser output: ", `quadruple`
        self._store.makeStatement(quadruple, why=self._reason2)

### `` node

    node(argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any], subjectAlready: Optional[Node] = None) -> int

Parse the <node> production. Space is now skipped once at the beginning instead of in multiple calls to self.skipSpace().

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def node(
        self,
        argstr: str,
        i: int,
        res: MutableSequence[Any],
        subjectAlready: Optional[Node] = None,
    ) -> int:
        """Parse the <node> production.
        Space is now skipped once at the beginning
        instead of in multiple calls to self.skipSpace().
        """
        subj: Optional[Node] = subjectAlready

        j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
        if j < 0:
            return j  # eof
        i = j
        ch = argstr[i]  # Quick 1-character checks first:

        if ch == "[":
            bnodeID = self.here(i)
            j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i + 1)
            if j < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "EOF after '['")
            # Hack for "is" binding name to anon node
            if argstr[j] == "=":
                if self.turtle:
                    self.BadSyntax(
                        argstr, j, "Found '[=' or '[ =' when in turtle mode."
                    )
                i = j + 1
                objs: typing.List[Node] = []
                j = self.objectList(argstr, i, objs)
                if j >= 0:
                    subj = objs[0]
                    if len(objs) > 1:
                        for obj in objs:
                            self.makeStatement((self._context, DAML_sameAs, subj, obj))
                    j = self.skipSpace(argstr, j)
                    if j < 0:
                        self.BadSyntax(
                            argstr, i, "EOF when objectList expected after [ = "
                        )
                    if argstr[j] == ";":
                        j += 1
                else:
                    self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "objectList expected after [= ")

            if subj is None:
                subj = self.blankNode(uri=bnodeID)

            i = self.property_list(argstr, j, subj)
            if i < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "property_list expected")

            j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
            if j < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(
                    argstr, i, "EOF when ']' expected after [ <propertyList>"
                )
            if argstr[j] != "]":
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "']' expected")
            res.append(subj)
            return j + 1

        if not self.turtle and ch == "{":
            # if self.turtle:
            #     self.BadSyntax(argstr, i,
            #                     "found '{' while in Turtle mode, Formulas not supported!")
            ch2 = argstr[i + 1]
            if ch2 == "$":
                # a set
                i += 1
                j = i + 1
                List = []
                first_run = True
                while 1:
                    i = self.skipSpace(argstr, j)
                    if i < 0:
                        self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "needed '$}', found end.")
                    if argstr[i : i + 2] == "$}":
                        j = i + 2
                        break

                    if not first_run:
                        if argstr[i] == ",":
                            i += 1
                        else:
                            self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "expected: ','")
                    else:
                        first_run = False

                    item: typing.List[Any] = []
                    j = self.item(argstr, i, item)  # @@@@@ should be path, was object
                    if j < 0:
                        self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "expected item in set or '$}'")
                    List.append(self._store.intern(item[0]))
                res.append(self._store.newSet(List, self._context))
                return j
            else:
                # parse a formula
                j = i + 1
                oldParentContext = self._parentContext
                self._parentContext = self._context
                parentAnonymousNodes = self._anonymousNodes
                grandParentVariables = self._parentVariables
                self._parentVariables = self._variables
                self._anonymousNodes = {}
                self._variables = self._variables.copy()
                reason2 = self._reason2
                self._reason2 = becauseSubexpression
                if subj is None:
                    # type error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "Formula", variable has type "Optional[Node]")
                    subj = self._store.newFormula()  # type: ignore[assignment]
                # type error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "Optional[Node]", variable has type "Optional[Formula]")
                self._context = subj  # type: ignore[assignment]

                while 1:
                    i = self.skipSpace(argstr, j)
                    if i < 0:
                        self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "needed '}', found end.")

                    if argstr[i] == "}":
                        j = i + 1
                        break

                    j = self.directiveOrStatement(argstr, i)
                    if j < 0:
                        self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "expected statement or '}'")

                self._anonymousNodes = parentAnonymousNodes
                self._variables = self._parentVariables
                self._parentVariables = grandParentVariables
                self._context = self._parentContext
                self._reason2 = reason2
                self._parentContext = oldParentContext
                # type error: Item "Node" of "Optional[Node]" has no attribute "close"
                res.append(
                    subj.close()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
                )  # No use until closed
                return j

        if ch == "(":
            thing_type: Callable[
                [typing.List[Any], Optional[Formula]], Union[Set[Any], IdentifiedNode]
            ]
            thing_type = self._store.newList
            ch2 = argstr[i + 1]
            if ch2 == "$":
                thing_type = self._store.newSet
                i += 1
            j = i + 1

            List = []
            while 1:
                i = self.skipSpace(argstr, j)
                if i < 0:
                    self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "needed ')', found end.")
                if argstr[i] == ")":
                    j = i + 1
                    break

                item = []
                j = self.item(argstr, i, item)  # @@@@@ should be path, was object
                if j < 0:
                    self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "expected item in list or ')'")
                List.append(self._store.intern(item[0]))
            res.append(thing_type(List, self._context))
            return j

        j = self.tok("this", argstr, i)  # This context
        if j >= 0:
            self.BadSyntax(
                argstr,
                i,
                "Keyword 'this' was ancient N3. Now use "
                + "@forSome and @forAll keywords.",
            )

        # booleans
        j = self.tok("true", argstr, i)
        if j >= 0:
            res.append(True)
            return j
        j = self.tok("false", argstr, i)
        if j >= 0:
            res.append(False)
            return j

        if subj is None:  # If this can be a named node, then check for a name.
            j = self.uri_ref2(argstr, i, res)
            if j >= 0:
                return j

        return -1

### `` nodeOrLiteral

    nodeOrLiteral(argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def nodeOrLiteral(self, argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int:
        j = self.node(argstr, i, res)
        startline = self.lines  # Remember where for error messages
        if j >= 0:
            return j
        else:
            j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
            if j < 0:
                return -1
            else:
                i = j

            ch = argstr[i]
            if ch in numberCharsPlus:
                m = exponent_syntax.match(argstr, i)
                if m:
                    j = m.end()
                    res.append(sfloat(argstr[i:j]))
                    return j

                m = decimal_syntax.match(argstr, i)
                if m:
                    j = m.end()
                    res.append(Decimal(argstr[i:j]))
                    return j

                m = integer_syntax.match(argstr, i)
                if m:
                    j = m.end()
                    res.append(long_type(argstr[i:j]))
                    return j

                # return -1  ## or fall through?

            ch_three = ch * 3
            if ch in self.string_delimiters:
                if argstr[i : i + 3] == ch_three:
                    delim = ch_three
                    i += 3
                else:
                    delim = ch
                    i += 1

                dt = None
                j, s = self.strconst(argstr, i, delim)
                lang = None
                if argstr[j] == "@":  # Language?
                    m = langcode.match(argstr, j + 1)
                    if m is None:
                        raise BadSyntax(
                            self._thisDoc,
                            startline,
                            argstr,
                            i,
                            "Bad language code syntax on string " + "literal, after @",
                        )
                    i = m.end()
                    lang = argstr[j + 1 : i]
                    j = i
                if argstr[j : j + 2] == "^^":
                    res2: typing.List[Any] = []
                    j = self.uri_ref2(argstr, j + 2, res2)  # Read datatype URI
                    dt = res2[0]
                res.append(self._store.newLiteral(s, dt, lang))
                return j
            else:
                return -1

### `` object

    object(argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def object(
        self,
        argstr: str,
        i: int,
        res: MutableSequence[Any],
    ) -> int:
        j = self.subject(argstr, i, res)
        if j >= 0:
            return j
        else:
            j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
            if j < 0:
                return -1
            else:
                i = j

            ch = argstr[i]
            if ch in self.string_delimiters:
                ch_three = ch * 3
                if argstr[i : i + 3] == ch_three:
                    delim = ch_three
                    i += 3
                else:
                    delim = ch
                    i += 1

                j, s = self.strconst(argstr, i, delim)

                res.append(self._store.newLiteral(s))  # type: ignore[call-arg] # TODO FIXME
                return j
            else:
                return -1

### `` objectList

    objectList(argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def objectList(self, argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int:
        i = self.object(argstr, i, res)
        if i < 0:
            return -1
        while 1:
            j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
            if j < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "EOF found after object")
            if argstr[j] != ",":
                return j  # Found something else!
            i = self.object(argstr, j + 1, res)
            if i < 0:
                return i

### `` path

    path(argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int

Parse the path production.

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def path(self, argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int:
        """Parse the path production."""
        j = self.nodeOrLiteral(argstr, i, res)
        if j < 0:
            return j  # nope

        while argstr[j] in {"!", "^"}:  # no spaces, must follow exactly (?)
            ch = argstr[j]
            subj = res.pop()
            obj = self.blankNode(uri=self.here(j))
            j = self.node(argstr, j + 1, res)
            if j < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "EOF found in middle of path syntax")
            pred = res.pop()
            if ch == "^":  # Reverse traverse
                self.makeStatement((self._context, pred, obj, subj))
            else:
                self.makeStatement((self._context, pred, subj, obj))
            res.append(obj)
        return j

### `` prop

    prop(argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def prop(self, argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int:
        return self.item(argstr, i, res)

### `` property_list

    property_list(argstr: str, i: int, subj: Node) -> int

Parse property list Leaves the terminating punctuation in the buffer

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def property_list(self, argstr: str, i: int, subj: Node) -> int:
        """Parse property list
        Leaves the terminating punctuation in the buffer
        """
        while 1:
            while 1:  # skip repeat ;
                j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
                if j < 0:
                    self.BadSyntax(
                        argstr, i, "EOF found when expected verb in property list"
                    )
                if argstr[j] != ";":
                    break
                i = j + 1

            if argstr[j : j + 2] == ":-":
                if self.turtle:
                    self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "Found in ':-' in Turtle mode")
                i = j + 2
                res: typing.List[Any] = []
                j = self.node(argstr, i, res, subj)
                if j < 0:
                    self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "bad {} or () or [] node after :- ")
                i = j
                continue
            i = j
            v: typing.List[Any] = []
            j = self.verb(argstr, i, v)
            if j <= 0:
                return i  # void but valid

            objs: typing.List[Any] = []
            i = self.objectList(argstr, j, objs)
            if i < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "objectList expected")
            for obj in objs:
                dira, sym = v[0]
                if dira == "->":
                    self.makeStatement((self._context, sym, subj, obj))
                else:
                    self.makeStatement((self._context, sym, obj, subj))

            j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
            if j < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "EOF found in list of objects")
            if argstr[i] != ";":
                return i
            i += 1  # skip semicolon and continue

### `` qname

    qname(argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Union[Identifier, Tuple[str, str]]]) -> int

xyz:def -> (‘xyz’, ‘def’) If not in keywords and keywordsSet: def -> (‘’, ‘def’) :def -> (‘’, ‘def’)

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def qname(
        self,
        argstr: str,
        i: int,
        res: MutableSequence[Union[Identifier, Tuple[str, str]]],
    ) -> int:
        """
        xyz:def -> ('xyz', 'def')
        If not in keywords and keywordsSet: def -> ('', 'def')
        :def -> ('', 'def')
        """

        i = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
        if i < 0:
            return -1

        c = argstr[i]
        if c in numberCharsPlus:
            return -1
        len_argstr = len(argstr)
        if c not in _notNameChars:
            j = i
            i += 1

            try:
                while argstr[i] not in _notNameChars:
                    i += 1
            except IndexError:
                pass  # Very rare.

            if argstr[i - 1] == ".":  # qname cannot end with "."
                i -= 1
                if i == j:
                    return -1
            ln = argstr[j:i]

        else:  # First character is non-alpha
            ln = ""  # Was:  None - TBL (why? useful?)

        if i < len_argstr and argstr[i] == ":":
            pfx = ln
            # bnodes names have different rules
            if pfx == "_":
                allowedChars = _notNameChars
            else:
                allowedChars = _notQNameChars

            i += 1
            lastslash = False
            start = i
            ln = ""
            while i < len_argstr:
                c = argstr[i]
                if c == "\\" and not lastslash:  # Very rare.
                    lastslash = True
                    if start < i:
                        ln += argstr[start:i]
                    start = i + 1
                elif c not in allowedChars or lastslash:  # Most common case is "a-zA-Z"
                    if lastslash:
                        if c not in escapeChars:
                            raise BadSyntax(
                                self._thisDoc,
                                self.lines,
                                argstr,
                                i,
                                "illegal escape " + c,
                            )
                    elif c == "%":  # Very rare.
                        if (
                            argstr[i + 1] not in hexChars
                            or argstr[i + 2] not in hexChars
                        ):
                            raise BadSyntax(
                                self._thisDoc,
                                self.lines,
                                argstr,
                                i,
                                "illegal hex escape " + c,
                            )
                    lastslash = False
                else:
                    break
                i += 1

            if lastslash:
                raise BadSyntax(
                    self._thisDoc, self.lines, argstr, i, "qname cannot end with \\"
                )

            if argstr[i - 1] == ".":
                # localname cannot end in .
                if len(ln) == 0 and start == i:
                    return -1
                i -= 1

            if start < i:
                ln += argstr[start:i]

            res.append((pfx, ln))
            return i

        else:  # delimiter was not ":"
            if ln and self.keywordsSet and ln not in self.keywords:
                res.append(("", ln))
                return i
            return -1

### `` setKeywords

    setKeywords(k: Optional[List[str]]) -> None

Takes a list of strings

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def setKeywords(self, k: Optional[typing.List[str]]) -> None:
        """Takes a list of strings"""
        if k is None:
            self.keywordsSet = 0
        else:
            self.keywords = k
            self.keywordsSet = 1

### `` skipSpace

    skipSpace(argstr: str, i: int) -> int

Skip white space, newlines and comments. return -1 if EOF, else position of first non-ws character

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def skipSpace(self, argstr: str, i: int) -> int:
        """Skip white space, newlines and comments.
        return -1 if EOF, else position of first non-ws character"""

        # Most common case is a non-commented line starting with few spaces and tabs.
        try:
            while True:
                ch = argstr[i]
                if ch in {" ", "\t"}:
                    i += 1
                    continue
                elif ch not in {"#", "\r", "\n"}:
                    return i
                break
        except IndexError:
            return -1

        while 1:
            m = eol.match(argstr, i)
            if m is None:
                break
            self.lines += 1
            self.startOfLine = i = m.end()  # Point to first character unmatched
        m = ws.match(argstr, i)
        if m is not None:
            i = m.end()
        m = eof.match(argstr, i)
        return i if m is None else -1

### `` sparqlDirective

    sparqlDirective(argstr: str, i: int) -> int

turtle and trig support BASE/PREFIX without @ and without terminating .

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def sparqlDirective(self, argstr: str, i: int) -> int:
        """
        turtle and trig support BASE/PREFIX without @ and without
        terminating .
        """

        j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
        if j < 0:
            return j  # eof

        j = self.sparqlTok("PREFIX", argstr, i)
        if j >= 0:
            t: typing.List[Any] = []
            i = self.qname(argstr, j, t)
            if i < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "expected qname after @prefix")
            j = self.uri_ref2(argstr, i, t)
            if j < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "expected <uriref> after @prefix _qname_")
            ns = self.uriOf(t[1])

            if self._baseURI:
                ns = join(self._baseURI, ns)
            elif ":" not in ns:
                self.BadSyntax(
                    argstr,
                    j,
                    "With no base URI, cannot use "
                    + "relative URI in @prefix <"
                    + ns
                    + ">",
                )
            assert ":" in ns  # must be absolute
            self._bindings[t[0][0]] = ns
            self.bind(t[0][0], hexify(ns))
            return j

        j = self.sparqlTok("BASE", argstr, i)
        if j >= 0:
            t = []
            i = self.uri_ref2(argstr, j, t)
            if i < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "expected <uri> after @base ")
            ns = self.uriOf(t[0])

            if self._baseURI:
                ns = join(self._baseURI, ns)
            else:
                self.BadSyntax(
                    argstr,
                    j,
                    "With no previous base URI, cannot use "
                    + "relative URI in @base  <"
                    + ns
                    + ">",
                )
            assert ":" in ns  # must be absolute
            self._baseURI = ns
            return i

        return -1  # Not a directive, could be something else.

### `` sparqlTok

    sparqlTok(tok: str, argstr: str, i: int) -> int

Check for SPARQL keyword. Space must have been stripped on entry and we must not be at end of file. Case insensitive and not preceded by @

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def sparqlTok(self, tok: str, argstr: str, i: int) -> int:
        """Check for SPARQL keyword.  Space must have been stripped on entry
        and we must not be at end of file.
        Case insensitive and not preceded by @
        """

        assert tok[0] not in _notNameChars  # not for punctuation

        len_tok = len(tok)
        if argstr[i : i + len_tok].lower() == tok.lower() and (
            argstr[i + len_tok] in _notQNameChars
        ):
            i += len_tok
            return i
        else:
            return -1

### `` startDoc

    startDoc() -> None

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def startDoc(self) -> None:
        # was: self._store.startDoc()
        self._store.startDoc(self._formula)

### `` statement

    statement(argstr: str, i: int) -> int

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def statement(self, argstr: str, i: int) -> int:
        r: typing.List[Any] = []
        i = self.object(argstr, i, r)  # Allow literal for subject - extends RDF
        if i < 0:
            return i

        j = self.property_list(argstr, i, r[0])

        if j < 0:
            self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "expected propertylist")
        return j

### `` strconst

    strconst(argstr: str, i: int, delim: str) -> Tuple[int, str]

parse an N3 string constant delimited by delim. return index, val

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def strconst(self, argstr: str, i: int, delim: str) -> Tuple[int, str]:
        """parse an N3 string constant delimited by delim.
        return index, val
        """
        delim1 = delim[0]
        delim2, delim3, delim4, delim5 = delim1 * 2, delim1 * 3, delim1 * 4, delim1 * 5

        j = i
        ustr = ""  # Empty unicode string
        startline = self.lines  # Remember where for error messages
        len_argstr = len(argstr)
        while j < len_argstr:
            if argstr[j] == delim1:
                if delim == delim1:  # done when delim is " or '
                    i = j + 1
                    return i, ustr
                if (
                    delim == delim3
                ):  # done when delim is """ or ''' and, respectively ...
                    if argstr[j : j + 5] == delim5:  # ... we have "" or '' before
                        i = j + 5
                        ustr += delim2
                        return i, ustr
                    if argstr[j : j + 4] == delim4:  # ... we have " or ' before
                        i = j + 4
                        ustr += delim1
                        return i, ustr
                    if argstr[j : j + 3] == delim3:  # current " or ' is part of delim
                        i = j + 3
                        return i, ustr

                    # we are inside of the string and current char is " or '
                    j += 1
                    ustr += delim1
                    continue

            m = interesting.search(argstr, j)  # was argstr[j:].
            # Note for pos param to work, MUST be compiled  ... re bug?
            assert m, "Quote expected in string at ^ in %s^%s" % (
                argstr[j - 20 : j],
                argstr[j : j + 20],
            )  # at least need a quote

            i = m.start()
            try:
                ustr += argstr[j:i]
            except UnicodeError:
                err = ""
                for c in argstr[j:i]:
                    err = err + (" %02x" % ord(c))
                streason = sys.exc_info()[1].__str__()
                raise BadSyntax(
                    self._thisDoc,
                    startline,
                    argstr,
                    j,
                    "Unicode error appending characters"
                    + " %s to string, because\n\t%s" % (err, streason),
                )

            # print "@@@ i = ",i, " j=",j, "m.end=", m.end()

            ch = argstr[i]
            if ch == delim1:
                j = i
                continue
            elif ch in {'"', "'"} and ch != delim1:
                ustr += ch
                j = i + 1
                continue
            elif ch in {"\r", "\n"}:
                if delim == delim1:
                    raise BadSyntax(
                        self._thisDoc,
                        startline,
                        argstr,
                        i,
                        "newline found in string literal",
                    )
                self.lines += 1
                ustr += ch
                j = i + 1
                self.startOfLine = j

            elif ch == "\\":
                j = i + 1
                ch = argstr[j]  # Will be empty if string ends
                if not ch:
                    raise BadSyntax(
                        self._thisDoc,
                        startline,
                        argstr,
                        i,
                        "unterminated string literal (2)",
                    )
                k = "abfrtvn\\\"'".find(ch)
                if k >= 0:
                    uch = "\a\b\f\r\t\v\n\\\"'"[k]
                    ustr += uch
                    j += 1
                elif ch == "u":
                    j, ch = self.uEscape(argstr, j + 1, startline)
                    ustr += ch
                elif ch == "U":
                    j, ch = self.UEscape(argstr, j + 1, startline)
                    ustr += ch
                else:
                    self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "bad escape")

        self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "unterminated string literal")

### `` subject

    subject(argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def subject(self, argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int:
        return self.item(argstr, i, res)

### `` tok

    tok(tok: str, argstr: str, i: int, colon: bool = False) -> int

Check for keyword. Space must have been stripped on entry and we must not be at end of file.

if colon, then keyword followed by colon is ok (`@prefix:<blah>` is ok, rdf:type shortcut a must be followed by ws)

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def tok(self, tok: str, argstr: str, i: int, colon: bool = False) -> int:
        """Check for keyword.  Space must have been stripped on entry and
        we must not be at end of file.

        if colon, then keyword followed by colon is ok
        (`@prefix:<blah>` is ok, rdf:type shortcut a must be followed by ws)
        """

        assert tok[0] not in _notNameChars  # not for punctuation
        if argstr[i] == "@":
            i += 1
        else:
            if tok not in self.keywords:
                return -1  # No, this has neither keywords declaration nor "@"

        i_plus_len_tok = i + len(tok)
        if (
            argstr[i:i_plus_len_tok] == tok
            and (argstr[i_plus_len_tok] in _notKeywordsChars)
            or (colon and argstr[i_plus_len_tok] == ":")
        ):
            return i_plus_len_tok
        else:
            return -1

### `` uEscape

    uEscape(argstr: str, i: int, startline: int) -> Tuple[int, str]

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def uEscape(self, argstr: str, i: int, startline: int) -> Tuple[int, str]:
        return self._unicodeEscape(argstr, i, startline, unicodeEscape4, 4, "u")

### `` uriOf

    uriOf(sym: Union[Identifier, Tuple[str, str]]) -> str

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def uriOf(self, sym: Union[Identifier, Tuple[str, str]]) -> str:
        if isinstance(sym, tuple):
            return sym[1]  # old system for --pipe
        # return sym.uriref()  # cwm api
        return sym

### `` uri_ref2

    uri_ref2(argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int

Generate uri from n3 representation.

Note that the RDF convention of directly concatenating NS and local name is now used though I prefer inserting a ‘#’ to make the namesapces look more like what XML folks expect.

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def uri_ref2(self, argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int:
        """Generate uri from n3 representation.

        Note that the RDF convention of directly concatenating
        NS and local name is now used though I prefer inserting a '#'
        to make the namesapces look more like what XML folks expect.
        """
        qn: typing.List[Any] = []
        j = self.qname(argstr, i, qn)
        if j >= 0:
            pfx, ln = qn[0]
            if pfx is None:
                assert 0, "not used?"
                ns = self._baseURI + ADDED_HASH  # type: ignore[unreachable]
            else:
                try:
                    ns = self._bindings[pfx]
                except KeyError:
                    if pfx == "_":  # Magic prefix 2001/05/30, can be changed
                        res.append(self.anonymousNode(ln))
                        return j
                    if not self.turtle and pfx == "":
                        ns = join(self._baseURI or "", "#")
                    else:
                        self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, 'Prefix "%s:" not bound' % (pfx))
            symb = self._store.newSymbol(ns + ln)
            res.append(self._variables.get(symb, symb))
            return j

        i = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
        if i < 0:
            return -1

        if argstr[i] == "?":
            v: typing.List[Any] = []
            j = self.variable(argstr, i, v)
            if j > 0:  # Forget variables as a class, only in context.
                res.append(v[0])
                return j
            return -1

        elif argstr[i] == "<":
            st = i + 1
            i = argstr.find(">", st)
            if i >= 0:
                uref = argstr[st:i]  # the join should dealt with "":

                # expand unicode escapes
                uref = unicodeEscape8.sub(unicodeExpand, uref)
                uref = unicodeEscape4.sub(unicodeExpand, uref)

                if self._baseURI:
                    uref = join(self._baseURI, uref)  # was: uripath.join
                else:
                    assert (
                        ":" in uref
                    ), "With no base URI, cannot deal with relative URIs"
                if argstr[i - 1] == "#" and not uref[-1:] == "#":
                    uref += "#"  # She meant it! Weirdness in urlparse?
                symb = self._store.newSymbol(uref)
                res.append(self._variables.get(symb, symb))
                return i + 1
            self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "unterminated URI reference")

        elif self.keywordsSet:
            v = []
            j = self.bareWord(argstr, i, v)
            if j < 0:
                return -1  # Forget variables as a class, only in context.
            if v[0] in self.keywords:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, 'Keyword "%s" not allowed here.' % v[0])
            res.append(self._store.newSymbol(self._bindings[""] + v[0]))
            return j
        else:
            return -1

### `` variable

    variable(argstr: str, i: int, res) -> int

?abc -> variable(:abc)

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def variable(self, argstr: str, i: int, res) -> int:
        """?abc -> variable(:abc)"""

        j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
        if j < 0:
            return -1

        if argstr[j] != "?":
            return -1
        j += 1
        i = j
        if argstr[j] in numberChars:
            self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "Variable name can't start with '%s'" % argstr[j])
        len_argstr = len(argstr)
        while i < len_argstr and argstr[i] not in _notKeywordsChars:
            i += 1
        if self._parentContext is None:
            varURI = self._store.newSymbol(self._baseURI + "#" + argstr[j:i])  # type: ignore[operator]
            if varURI not in self._variables:
                # type error: Item "None" of "Optional[Formula]" has no attribute "newUniversal"
                self._variables[varURI] = self._context.newUniversal(  # type: ignore[union-attr]
                    varURI, why=self._reason2
                )
            res.append(self._variables[varURI])
            return i
            # @@ was:
            # self.BadSyntax(argstr, j,
            #     "Can't use ?xxx syntax for variable in outermost level: %s"
            #     % argstr[j-1:i])
        varURI = self._store.newSymbol(self._baseURI + "#" + argstr[j:i])  # type: ignore[operator]
        if varURI not in self._parentVariables:
            self._parentVariables[varURI] = self._parentContext.newUniversal(
                varURI, why=self._reason2
            )
        res.append(self._parentVariables[varURI])
        return i

### `` verb

    verb(argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int

has prop is prop of a = prop

> - prop -> <- prop -< operator

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def verb(self, argstr: str, i: int, res: MutableSequence[Any]) -> int:
        """has _prop_
        is _prop_ of
        a
        =
        _prop_
        >- prop ->
        <- prop -<
        _operator_"""

        j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
        if j < 0:
            return j  # eof

        r: typing.List[Any] = []

        j = self.tok("has", argstr, i)
        if j >= 0:
            if self.turtle:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "Found 'has' keyword in Turtle mode")

            i = self.prop(argstr, j, r)
            if i < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "expected property after 'has'")
            res.append(("->", r[0]))
            return i

        j = self.tok("is", argstr, i)
        if j >= 0:
            if self.turtle:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "Found 'is' keyword in Turtle mode")

            i = self.prop(argstr, j, r)
            if i < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, "expected <property> after 'is'")
            j = self.skipSpace(argstr, i)
            if j < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(
                    argstr, i, "End of file found, expected property after 'is'"
                )
            i = j
            j = self.tok("of", argstr, i)
            if j < 0:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "expected 'of' after 'is' <prop>")
            res.append(("<-", r[0]))
            return j

        j = self.tok("a", argstr, i)
        if j >= 0:
            res.append(("->", RDF_type))
            return j

        if argstr[i : i + 2] == "<=":
            if self.turtle:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "Found '<=' in Turtle mode. ")

            res.append(("<-", self._store.newSymbol(Logic_NS + "implies")))
            return i + 2

        if argstr[i] == "=":
            if self.turtle:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "Found '=' in Turtle mode")
            if argstr[i + 1] == ">":
                res.append(("->", self._store.newSymbol(Logic_NS + "implies")))
                return i + 2
            res.append(("->", DAML_sameAs))
            return i + 1

        if argstr[i : i + 2] == ":=":
            if self.turtle:
                self.BadSyntax(argstr, i, "Found ':=' in Turtle mode")

            # patch file relates two formulae, uses this    @@ really?
            res.append(("->", Logic_NS + "becomes"))
            return i + 2

        j = self.prop(argstr, i, r)
        if j >= 0:
            res.append(("->", r[0]))
            return j

        if argstr[i : i + 2] == ">-" or argstr[i : i + 2] == "<-":
            self.BadSyntax(argstr, j, ">- ... -> syntax is obsolete.")

        return -1

## `` TurtleParser

    TurtleParser()

Bases: `Parser`

An RDFLib parser for Turtle

See http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/

Methods:

- `parse` –

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def __init__(self):
        pass

### `` parse

    parse(source: InputSource, graph: Graph, encoding: Optional[str] = 'utf-8', turtle: bool = True) -> None

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def parse(
        self,
        source: InputSource,
        graph: Graph,
        encoding: Optional[str] = "utf-8",
        turtle: bool = True,
    ) -> None:
        if encoding not in [None, "utf-8"]:
            raise ParserError(
                "N3/Turtle files are always utf-8 encoded, I was passed: %s" % encoding
            )

        sink = RDFSink(graph)

        baseURI = graph.absolutize(source.getPublicId() or source.getSystemId() or "")
        p = SinkParser(sink, baseURI=baseURI, turtle=turtle)
        # N3 parser prefers str stream
        stream = source.getCharacterStream()
        if not stream:
            stream = source.getByteStream()
        p.loadStream(stream)

        for prefix, namespace in p._bindings.items():
            graph.bind(prefix, namespace)

## `` sfloat

Bases: `str`

don’t normalize raw XSD.double string representation

## `` BecauseOfData

    BecauseOfData(*args: Any, **kargs: Any) -> None

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def BecauseOfData(*args: Any, **kargs: Any) -> None:
        # print args, kargs
        pass

## `` base

    base() -> str

The base URI for this process - the Web equiv of cwd

Relative or absolute unix-standard filenames parsed relative to this yield the URI of the file. If we had a reliable way of getting a computer name, we should put it in the hostname just to prevent ambiguity

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def base() -> str:
        """The base URI for this process - the Web equiv of cwd

        Relative or absolute unix-standard filenames parsed relative to
        this yield the URI of the file.
        If we had a reliable way of getting a computer name,
        we should put it in the hostname just to prevent ambiguity
        """
        # return "file://" + hostname + os.getcwd() + "/"
        return "file://" + _fixslash(os.getcwd()) + "/"

## `` becauseSubexpression

    becauseSubexpression(*args: Any, **kargs: Any) -> None

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def becauseSubexpression(*args: Any, **kargs: Any) -> None:
        # print args, kargs
        pass

## `` hexify

    hexify(ustr: str) -> bytes

Use URL encoding to return an ASCII string corresponding to the given UTF8 string

    >>> hexify("http://example/a b")
    b'http://example/a%20b'

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def hexify(ustr: str) -> bytes:
        """Use URL encoding to return an ASCII string
        corresponding to the given UTF8 string

        ```python
        >>> hexify("http://example/a b")
        b'http://example/a%20b'

        ```
        """
        # s1=ustr.encode('utf-8')
        s = ""
        for ch in ustr:  # .encode('utf-8'):
            if ord(ch) > 126 or ord(ch) < 33:
                ch = "%%%02X" % ord(ch)
            else:
                ch = "%c" % ord(ch)
            s = s + ch
        return s.encode("latin-1")

## `` join

    join(here: str, there: str) -> str

join an absolute URI and URI reference (non-ascii characters are supported/doctested; haven’t checked the details of the IRI spec though)

`here` is assumed to be absolute. `there` is URI reference.

    >>> join('http://example/x/y/z', '../abc')
    'http://example/x/abc'

Raise ValueError if there uses relative path syntax but here has no hierarchical path.

    >>> join('mid:foo@example', '../foo') # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        raise ValueError(here)
    ValueError: Base <mid:foo@example> has no slash
    after colon - with relative '../foo'.

    >>> join('http://example/x/y/z', '')
    'http://example/x/y/z'

    >>> join('mid:foo@example', '#foo')
    'mid:foo@example#foo'

We grok IRIs

    >>> len('Andr\xe9')
    5

    >>> join('http://example.org/', '#Andr\xe9')
    'http://example.org/#Andr\xe9'

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def join(here: str, there: str) -> str:
        """join an absolute URI and URI reference
        (non-ascii characters are supported/doctested;
        haven't checked the details of the IRI spec though)

        `here` is assumed to be absolute.
        `there` is URI reference.

        ```python
        >>> join('http://example/x/y/z', '../abc')
        'http://example/x/abc'

        ```

        Raise ValueError if there uses relative path
        syntax but here has no hierarchical path.

        ```python
        >>> join('mid:foo@example', '../foo') # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
        Traceback (most recent call last):
            raise ValueError(here)
        ValueError: Base <mid:foo@example> has no slash
        after colon - with relative '../foo'.

        >>> join('http://example/x/y/z', '')
        'http://example/x/y/z'

        >>> join('mid:foo@example', '#foo')
        'mid:foo@example#foo'

        ```

        We grok IRIs

        ```python
        >>> len('Andr\\xe9')
        5

        >>> join('http://example.org/', '#Andr\\xe9')
        'http://example.org/#Andr\\xe9'

        ```
        """

        #    assert(here.find("#") < 0), \
        #        "Base may not contain hash: '%s'" % here  # why must caller splitFrag?

        slashl = there.find("/")
        colonl = there.find(":")

        # join(base, 'foo:/') -- absolute
        if colonl >= 0 and (slashl < 0 or colonl < slashl):
            return there

        bcolonl = here.find(":")
        assert bcolonl >= 0, (
            "Base uri '%s' is not absolute" % here
        )  # else it's not absolute

        path, frag = splitFragP(there)
        if not path:
            return here + frag

        # join('mid:foo@example', '../foo') bzzt
        if here[bcolonl + 1 : bcolonl + 2] != "/":
            raise ValueError(
                "Base <%s> has no slash after "
                "colon - with relative '%s'." % (here, there)
            )

        if here[bcolonl + 1 : bcolonl + 3] == "//":
            bpath = here.find("/", bcolonl + 3)
        else:
            bpath = bcolonl + 1

        # join('http://xyz', 'foo')
        if bpath < 0:
            bpath = len(here)
            here = here + "/"

        # join('http://xyz/', '//abc') => 'http://abc'
        if there[:2] == "//":
            return here[: bcolonl + 1] + there

        # join('http://xyz/', '/abc') => 'http://xyz/abc'
        if there[:1] == "/":
            return here[:bpath] + there

        slashr = here.rfind("/")

        while 1:
            if path[:2] == "./":
                path = path[2:]
            if path == ".":
                path = ""
            elif path[:3] == "../" or path == "..":
                path = path[3:]
                i = here.rfind("/", bpath, slashr)
                if i >= 0:
                    here = here[: i + 1]
                    slashr = i
            else:
                break

        return here[: slashr + 1] + path + frag

## `` runNamespace

    runNamespace() -> str

Returns a URI suitable as a namespace for run-local objects

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def runNamespace() -> str:
        """Returns a URI suitable as a namespace for run-local objects"""
        # @@@ include hostname (privacy?) (hash it?)
        global runNamespaceValue
        if runNamespaceValue is None:
            runNamespaceValue = join(base(), _unique_id()) + "#"
        return runNamespaceValue

## `` splitFragP

    splitFragP(uriref: str, punc: int = 0) -> Tuple[str, str]

Split a URI reference before the fragment

Punctuation is kept. e.g.

    >>> splitFragP("abc#def")
    ('abc', '#def')

    >>> splitFragP("abcdef")
    ('abcdef', '')

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def splitFragP(uriref: str, punc: int = 0) -> Tuple[str, str]:
        """Split a URI reference before the fragment

        Punctuation is kept. e.g.

        ```python
        >>> splitFragP("abc#def")
        ('abc', '#def')

        >>> splitFragP("abcdef")
        ('abcdef', '')

        ```
        """

        i = uriref.rfind("#")
        if i >= 0:
            return uriref[:i], uriref[i:]
        else:
            return uriref, ""

## `` unicodeExpand

    unicodeExpand(m: Match) -> str

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def unicodeExpand(m: Match) -> str:
        try:
            return chr(int(m.group(1), 16))
        except Exception:
            raise Exception("Invalid unicode code point: " + m.group(1))

## `` uniqueURI

    uniqueURI() -> str

A unique URI

Source code in `rdflib/plugins/parsers/notation3.py`

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    def uniqueURI() -> str:
        """A unique URI"""
        global nextu
        nextu += 1
        return runNamespace() + "u_" + str(nextu)