SAX

The term "SAX" originated from Simple API for XML. We borrowed this term for JSON parsing and generation.

In RapidJSON, `Reader` (typedef of `GenericReader<...>`) is the SAX-style parser for JSON, and `Writer` (typedef of `GenericWriter<...>`) is the SAX-style generator for JSON.

# Reader

`Reader` parses a JSON from a stream. While it reads characters from the stream, it analyze the characters according to the syntax of JSON, and publish events to a handler.

For example, here is a JSON.

{
"hello": "world",
"t": true ,
"f": false,
"n": null,
"i": 123,
"pi": 3.1416,
"a": [1, 2, 3, 4]
}

While a `Reader` parses this JSON, it publishes the following events to the handler sequentially:

StartObject()
Key("hello", 5, true)
String("world", 5, true)
Key("t", 1, true)
Bool(true)
Key("f", 1, true)
Bool(false)
Key("n", 1, true)
Null()
Key("i")
UInt(123)
Key("pi")
Double(3.1416)
Key("a")
StartArray()
Uint(1)
Uint(2)
Uint(3)
Uint(4)
EndArray(4)
EndObject(7)

These events can be easily matched with the JSON, except some event parameters need further explanation. Let's see the `simplereader` example which produces exactly the same output as above:

#include "rapidjson/reader.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace rapidjson;
using namespace std;
struct MyHandler : public BaseReaderHandler<UTF8<>, MyHandler> {
bool Null() { cout << "Null()" << endl; return true; }
bool Bool(bool b) { cout << "Bool(" << boolalpha << b << ")" << endl; return true; }
bool Int(int i) { cout << "Int(" << i << ")" << endl; return true; }
bool Uint(unsigned u) { cout << "Uint(" << u << ")" << endl; return true; }
bool Int64(int64_t i) { cout << "Int64(" << i << ")" << endl; return true; }
bool Uint64(uint64_t u) { cout << "Uint64(" << u << ")" << endl; return true; }
bool Double(double d) { cout << "Double(" << d << ")" << endl; return true; }
bool String(const char* str, SizeType length, bool copy) {
cout << "String(" << str << ", " << length << ", " << boolalpha << copy << ")" << endl;
return true;
}
bool StartObject() { cout << "StartObject()" << endl; return true; }
bool Key(const char* str, SizeType length, bool copy) {
cout << "Key(" << str << ", " << length << ", " << boolalpha << copy << ")" << endl;
return true;
}
bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount) { cout << "EndObject(" << memberCount << ")" << endl; return true; }
bool StartArray() { cout << "StartArray()" << endl; return true; }
bool EndArray(SizeType elementCount) { cout << "EndArray(" << elementCount << ")" << endl; return true; }
};
void main() {
const char json[] = " { \"hello\" : \"world\", \"t\" : true , \"f\" : false, \"n\": null, \"i\":123, \"pi\": 3.1416, \"a\":[1, 2, 3, 4] } ";
MyHandler handler;
Reader reader;
StringStream ss(json);
reader.Parse(ss, handler);
}

Note that, RapidJSON uses template to statically bind the `Reader` type and the handler type, instead of using class with virtual functions. This paradigm can improve the performance by inlining functions.

## Handler

As the previous example showed, user needs to implement a handler, which consumes the events (function calls) from `Reader`. The handler must contain the following member functions.

class Handler {
bool Null();
bool Bool(bool b);
bool Int(int i);
bool Uint(unsigned i);
bool Int64(int64_t i);
bool Uint64(uint64_t i);
bool Double(double d);
bool RawNumber(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy);
bool String(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy);
bool StartObject();
bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy);
bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount);
bool StartArray();
bool EndArray(SizeType elementCount);
};

`Null()` is called when the `Reader` encounters a JSON null value.

`Bool(bool)` is called when the `Reader` encounters a JSON true or false value.

When the `Reader` encounters a JSON number, it chooses a suitable C++ type mapping. And then it calls one function out of `Int(int)`, `Uint(unsigned)`, `Int64(int64_t)`, `Uint64(uint64_t)` and `Double(double)`. If `kParseNumbersAsStrings` is enabled, `Reader` will always calls `RawNumber()` instead.

`String(const char* str, SizeType length, bool copy)` is called when the `Reader` encounters a string. The first parameter is pointer to the string. The second parameter is the length of the string (excluding the null terminator). Note that RapidJSON supports null character ‘’\0'`inside a string. If such situation happens,`strlen(str) < length`. The last`copy`indicates whether the handler needs to make a copy of the string. For normal parsing,`copy = true`. Only when *insitu* parsing is used,`copy = false`. And beware that, the character type depends on the target encoding, which will be explained later.

When the `Reader` encounters the beginning of an object, it calls `StartObject()`. An object in JSON is a set of name-value pairs. If the object contains members it first calls `Key()` for the name of member, and then calls functions depending on the type of the value. These calls of name-value pairs repeats until calling `EndObject(SizeType memberCount)`. Note that the `memberCount` parameter is just an aid for the handler, user may not need this parameter.

Array is similar to object but simpler. At the beginning of an array, the `Reader` calls `BeginArary()`. If there is elements, it calls functions according to the types of element. Similarly, in the last call `EndArray(SizeType elementCount)`, the parameter `elementCount` is just an aid for the handler.

Every handler functions returns a `bool`. Normally it should returns `true`. If the handler encounters an error, it can return `false` to notify event publisher to stop further processing.

For example, when we parse a JSON with `Reader` and the handler detected that the JSON does not conform to the required schema, then the handler can return `false` and let the `Reader` stop further parsing. And the `Reader` will be in error state with error code `kParseErrorTermination`.

## GenericReader

As mentioned before, `Reader` is a typedef of a template class `GenericReader`:

namespace rapidjson {
template <typename SourceEncoding, typename TargetEncoding, typename Allocator = MemoryPoolAllocator<> >
class GenericReader {
// ...
};
typedef GenericReader<UTF8<>, UTF8<> > Reader;
} // namespace rapidjson

The `Reader` uses UTF-8 as both source and target encoding. The source encoding means the encoding in the JSON stream. The target encoding means the encoding of the `str` parameter in `String()` calls. For example, to parse a UTF-8 stream and outputs UTF-16 string events, you can define a reader by:

GenericReader<UTF8<>, UTF16<> > reader;

Note that, the default character type of `UTF16` is `wchar_t`. So this `reader`needs to call `String(const wchar_t*, SizeType, bool)` of the handler.

The third template parameter `Allocator` is the allocator type for internal data structure (actually a stack).

## Parsing

The one and only one function of `Reader` is to parse JSON.

template <unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
bool Parse(InputStream& is, Handler& handler);
// with parseFlags = kDefaultParseFlags
template <typename InputStream, typename Handler>
bool Parse(InputStream& is, Handler& handler);

If an error occurs during parsing, it will return `false`. User can also calls `bool HasParseEror()`, `ParseErrorCode GetParseErrorCode()` and `size_t GetErrorOffset()` to obtain the error states. Actually `Document` uses these `Reader` functions to obtain parse errors. Please refer to DOM for details about parse error.

# Writer

`Reader` converts (parses) JSON into events. `Writer` does exactly the opposite. It converts events into JSON.

`Writer` is very easy to use. If your application only need to converts some data into JSON, it may be a good choice to use `Writer` directly, instead of building a `Document` and then stringifying it with a `Writer`.

In `simplewriter` example, we do exactly the reverse of `simplereader`.

#include "rapidjson/writer.h"
#include "rapidjson/stringbuffer.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace rapidjson;
using namespace std;
void main() {
StringBuffer s;
Writer<StringBuffer> writer(s);
writer.StartObject();
writer.Key("hello");
writer.String("world");
writer.Key("t");
writer.Bool(true);
writer.Key("f");
writer.Bool(false);
writer.Key("n");
writer.Null();
writer.Key("i");
writer.Uint(123);
writer.Key("pi");
writer.Double(3.1416);
writer.Key("a");
writer.StartArray();
for (unsigned i = 0; i < 4; i++)
writer.Uint(i);
writer.EndArray();
writer.EndObject();
cout << s.GetString() << endl;
}
{"hello":"world","t":true,"f":false,"n":null,"i":123,"pi":3.1416,"a":[0,1,2,3]}

There are two `String()` and `Key()` overloads. One is the same as defined in handler concept with 3 parameters. It can handle string with null characters. Another one is the simpler version used in the above example.

Note that, the example code does not pass any parameters in `EndArray()` and `EndObject()`. An `SizeType` can be passed but it will be simply ignored by `Writer`.

You may doubt that, why not just using `sprintf()` or `std::stringstream` to build a JSON?

There are various reasons:

1. `Writer` must output a well-formed JSON. If there is incorrect event sequence (e.g. `Int()` just after `StartObject()`), it generates assertion fail in debug mode.
2. `Writer::String()` can handle string escaping (e.g. converting code point `U+000A` to `\n`) and Unicode transcoding.
3. `Writer` handles number output consistently.
4. `Writer` implements the event handler concept. It can be used to handle events from `Reader`, `Document` or other event publisher.
5. `Writer` can be optimized for different platforms.

Anyway, using `Writer` API is even simpler than generating a JSON by ad hoc methods.

## Template

`Writer` has a minor design difference to `Reader`. `Writer` is a template class, not a typedef. There is no `GenericWriter`. The following is the declaration.

namespace rapidjson {
template<typename OutputStream, typename SourceEncoding = UTF8<>, typename TargetEncoding = UTF8<>, typename Allocator = CrtAllocator<>, unsigned writeFlags = kWriteDefaultFlags>
class Writer {
public:
Writer(OutputStream& os, Allocator* allocator = 0, size_t levelDepth = kDefaultLevelDepth)
// ...
};
} // namespace rapidjson

The `OutputStream` template parameter is the type of output stream. It cannot be deduced and must be specified by user.

The `SourceEncoding` template parameter specifies the encoding to be used in `String(const Ch*, ...)`.

The `TargetEncoding` template parameter specifies the encoding in the output stream.

The `Allocator` is the type of allocator, which is used for allocating internal data structure (a stack).

The `writeFlags` are combination of the following bit-flags:

Parse flags | Meaning
--- | ---
`kWriteNoFlags` | No flag is set.
`kWriteDefaultFlags` | Default write flags. It is equal to macro `RAPIDJSON_WRITE_DEFAULT_FLAGS`, which is defined as `kWriteNoFlags`.
`kWriteValidateEncodingFlag` | Validate encoding of JSON strings.
`kWriteNanAndInfFlag` | Allow writing of `Infinity`, `-Infinity` and `NaN`.

Besides, the constructor of `Writer` has a `levelDepth` parameter. This parameter affects the initial memory allocated for storing information per hierarchy level.

## PrettyWriter

While the output of `Writer` is the most condensed JSON without white-spaces, suitable for network transfer or storage, it is not easily readable by human.

Therefore, RapidJSON provides a `PrettyWriter`, which adds indentation and line feeds in the output.

The usage of `PrettyWriter` is exactly the same as `Writer`, expect that `PrettyWriter` provides a `SetIndent(Ch indentChar, unsigned indentCharCount)` function. The default is 4 spaces.

## Completeness and Reset

A `Writer` can only output a single JSON, which can be any JSON type at the root. Once the singular event for root (e.g. `String()`), or the last matching `EndObject()` or `EndArray()` event, is handled, the output JSON is well-formed and complete. User can detect this state by calling `Writer::IsComplete()`.

When a JSON is complete, the `Writer` cannot accept any new events. Otherwise the output will be invalid (i.e. having more than one root). To reuse the `Writer` object, user can call `Writer::Reset(OutputStream& os)` to reset all internal states of the `Writer` with a new output stream.

# Techniques

## Parsing JSON to Custom Data Structure

`Document`'s parsing capability is completely based on `Reader`. Actually `Document` is a handler which receives events from a reader to build a DOM during parsing.

User may uses `Reader` to build other data structures directly. This eliminates building of DOM, thus reducing memory and improving performance.

In the following `messagereader` example, `ParseMessages()` parses a JSON which should be an object with key-string pairs.

#include "rapidjson/reader.h"
#include "rapidjson/error/en.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <map>
using namespace std;
using namespace rapidjson;
typedef map<string, string> MessageMap;
struct MessageHandler
: public BaseReaderHandler<UTF8<>, MessageHandler> {
MessageHandler() : state_(kExpectObjectStart) {
}
bool StartObject() {
switch (state_) {
case kExpectObjectStart:
state_ = kExpectNameOrObjectEnd;
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
bool String(const char* str, SizeType length, bool) {
switch (state_) {
case kExpectNameOrObjectEnd:
name_ = string(str, length);
state_ = kExpectValue;
return true;
case kExpectValue:
messages_.insert(MessageMap::value_type(name_, string(str, length)));
state_ = kExpectNameOrObjectEnd;
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
bool EndObject(SizeType) { return state_ == kExpectNameOrObjectEnd; }
bool Default() { return false; } // All other events are invalid.
MessageMap messages_;
enum State {
kExpectObjectStart,
kExpectNameOrObjectEnd,
kExpectValue,
}state_;
std::string name_;
};
void ParseMessages(const char* json, MessageMap& messages) {
Reader reader;
MessageHandler handler;
StringStream ss(json);
if (reader.Parse(ss, handler))
messages.swap(handler.messages_); // Only change it if success.
else {
ParseErrorCode e = reader.GetParseErrorCode();
size_t o = reader.GetErrorOffset();
cout << "Error: " << GetParseError_En(e) << endl;;
cout << " at offset " << o << " near '" << string(json).substr(o, 10) << "...'" << endl;
}
}
int main() {
MessageMap messages;
const char* json1 = "{ \"greeting\" : \"Hello!\", \"farewell\" : \"bye-bye!\" }";
cout << json1 << endl;
ParseMessages(json1, messages);
for (MessageMap::const_iterator itr = messages.begin(); itr != messages.end(); ++itr)
cout << itr->first << ": " << itr->second << endl;
cout << endl << "Parse a JSON with invalid schema." << endl;
const char* json2 = "{ \"greeting\" : \"Hello!\", \"farewell\" : \"bye-bye!\", \"foo\" : {} }";
cout << json2 << endl;
ParseMessages(json2, messages);
return 0;
}
{ "greeting" : "Hello!", "farewell" : "bye-bye!" }
farewell: bye-bye!
greeting: Hello!
Parse a JSON with invalid schema.
{ "greeting" : "Hello!", "farewell" : "bye-bye!", "foo" : {} }
Error: Terminate parsing due to Handler error.
at offset 59 near '} }...'

The first JSON (`json1`) was successfully parsed into `MessageMap`. Since `MessageMap` is a `std::map`, the printing order are sorted by the key. This order is different from the JSON's order.

In the second JSON (`json2`), `foo`'s value is an empty object. As it is an object, `MessageHandler::StartObject()` will be called. However, at that moment `state_ = kExpectValue`, so that function returns `false` and cause the parsing process be terminated. The error code is `kParseErrorTermination`.

## Filtering of JSON

As mentioned earlier, `Writer` can handle the events published by `Reader`. `condense` example simply set a `Writer` as handler of a `Reader`, so it can remove all white-spaces in JSON. `pretty` example uses the same relationship, but replacing `Writer` by `PrettyWriter`. So `pretty` can be used to reformat a JSON with indentation and line feed.

Actually, we can add intermediate layer(s) to filter the contents of JSON via these SAX-style API. For example, `capitalize` example capitalize all strings in a JSON.

#include "rapidjson/reader.h"
#include "rapidjson/writer.h"
#include "rapidjson/filereadstream.h"
#include "rapidjson/filewritestream.h"
#include "rapidjson/error/en.h"
#include <vector>
#include <cctype>
using namespace rapidjson;
template<typename OutputHandler>
struct CapitalizeFilter {
CapitalizeFilter(OutputHandler& out) : out_(out), buffer_() {
}
bool Null() { return out_.Null(); }
bool Bool(bool b) { return out_.Bool(b); }
bool Int(int i) { return out_.Int(i); }
bool Uint(unsigned u) { return out_.Uint(u); }
bool Int64(int64_t i) { return out_.Int64(i); }
bool Uint64(uint64_t u) { return out_.Uint64(u); }
bool Double(double d) { return out_.Double(d); }
bool RawNumber(const char* str, SizeType length, bool copy) { return out_.RawNumber(str, length, copy); }
bool String(const char* str, SizeType length, bool) {
buffer_.clear();
for (SizeType i = 0; i < length; i++)
buffer_.push_back(std::toupper(str[i]));
return out_.String(&buffer_.front(), length, true); // true = output handler need to copy the string
}
bool StartObject() { return out_.StartObject(); }
bool Key(const char* str, SizeType length, bool copy) { return String(str, length, copy); }
bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount) { return out_.EndObject(memberCount); }
bool StartArray() { return out_.StartArray(); }
bool EndArray(SizeType elementCount) { return out_.EndArray(elementCount); }
OutputHandler& out_;
std::vector<char> buffer_;
};
int main(int, char*[]) {
// Prepare JSON reader and input stream.
Reader reader;
char readBuffer[65536];
FileReadStream is(stdin, readBuffer, sizeof(readBuffer));
// Prepare JSON writer and output stream.
char writeBuffer[65536];
FileWriteStream os(stdout, writeBuffer, sizeof(writeBuffer));
Writer<FileWriteStream> writer(os);
// JSON reader parse from the input stream and let writer generate the output.
CapitalizeFilter<Writer<FileWriteStream> > filter(writer);
if (!reader.Parse(is, filter)) {
fprintf(stderr, "\nError(%u): %s\n", (unsigned)reader.GetErrorOffset(), GetParseError_En(reader.GetParseErrorCode()));
return 1;
}
return 0;
}

Note that, it is incorrect to simply capitalize the JSON as a string. For example:

["Hello\nWorld"]

Simply capitalizing the whole JSON would contain incorrect escape character:

["HELLO\NWORLD"]

The correct result by `capitalize`:

["HELLO\nWORLD"]

More complicated filters can be developed. However, since SAX-style API can only provide information about a single event at a time, user may need to book-keeping the contextual information (e.g. the path from root value, storage of other related values). Some processing may be easier to be implemented in DOM than SAX.

Allocator
Concept for allocating, resizing and freeing memory block.
rapidjson::GenericStringBuffer
Represents an in-memory output stream.
Definition: fwd.h:59
rapidjson::GenericStringStream
Read-only string stream.
Definition: fwd.h:47
rapidjson::ParseErrorCode
ParseErrorCode
Error code of parsing.
Definition: error.h:64
rapidjson::FileWriteStream
Wrapper of C file stream for input using fread().
Definition: filewritestream.h:32
rapidjson::FileReadStream
File byte stream for input using fread().
Definition: filereadstream.h:34
rapidjson::SizeType
unsigned SizeType
Size type (for string lengths, array sizes, etc.)
Definition: rapidjson.h:380
rapidjson::GenericReader::Parse
ParseResult Parse(InputStream &is, Handler &handler)
Parse JSON text.
Definition: reader.h:485
rapidjson::GenericReader
SAX-style JSON parser. Use Reader for UTF8 encoding and default allocator.
Definition: fwd.h:88
rapidjson::GenericReader::GetParseErrorCode
ParseErrorCode GetParseErrorCode() const
Get the ParseErrorCode of last parsing.
Definition: reader.h:534
reader.h
rapidjson::Writer::Writer
Writer(OutputStream &os, StackAllocator *stackAllocator=0, size_t levelDepth=kDefaultLevelDepth)
Constructor.
Definition: writer.h:99
rapidjson::BaseReaderHandler
Default implementation of Handler.
Definition: fwd.h:85
rapidjson::Writer
JSON writer.
Definition: fwd.h:95
rapidjson
main RapidJSON namespace
Definition: rapidjson.h:374
rapidjson::Reader
GenericReader< UTF8< char >, UTF8< char >, CrtAllocator > Reader
Reader with UTF8 encoding and default allocator.
Definition: fwd.h:88
rapidjson::GetParseError_En
const RAPIDJSON_ERROR_CHARTYPE * GetParseError_En(ParseErrorCode parseErrorCode)
Maps error code of parsing into error message.
Definition: en.h:36
rapidjson::GenericReader::GetErrorOffset
size_t GetErrorOffset() const
Get the position of last parsing error in input, 0 otherwise.
Definition: reader.h:537
Handler
Concept for receiving events from GenericReader upon parsing. The functions return true if no error o...