---
title: "Customize plots of incidence"
author: "Thibaut Jombart, Zhian N. Kamvar"
date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
output:
   rmarkdown::html_vignette:
     toc: true
     toc_depth: 4
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{Customise graphics}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---



```{r, echo = FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  collapse = TRUE,
  comment = "#>",
  fig.width=7,
  fig.height=5
)
```


This vignette provides some tips for the most common customisations of graphics produced by
`plot.incidence`. Our graphics use *ggplot2*, which is a distinct graphical system from base
graphics. If you want advanced customisation of your incidence plots, we recommend following an
introduction to *ggplot2*.

# Example data: simulated Ebola outbreak

This example uses the simulated Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak from the package
[*outbreaks*](https://github.com/reconhub/outbreaks/): `ebola_sim_clean`.

First, we load the data:
```{r, data}
library(outbreaks)
library(ggplot2)
library(incidence)

onset <- ebola_sim_clean$linelist$date_of_onset
class(onset)
head(onset)
```

We compute the weekly incidence:
```{r, incid1}
i <- incidence(onset, interval = 7)
i

i.sex <- incidence(onset, interval = 7, group =  ebola_sim_clean$linelist$gender)
i.sex

i.hosp <- incidence(onset, interval = 7, group =  ebola_sim_clean$linelist$hospital)
i.hosp

```


# The `plot.incidence` function

When calling `plot` on an *incidence* object, the function `plot.incidence` is implicitly used. To access its documentation, use `?plot.incidence`. In this section, we illustrate existing customisations.


## Default behaviour

By default, the function uses grey for single time series, and colors from the color palette `incidence_pal1` when incidence is computed by groups:
```{r, default}
plot(i)
plot(i.sex)
plot(i.hosp)
```

However, some of these defaults can be altered through the various arguments of the function:
```{r, args}
args(incidence:::plot.incidence)
```




## Changing colors

### The default palette

A color palette is a function which outputs a specified number of colors. By
default, the color used in *incidence* is called `incidence_pal1`. Its
behaviour is different from usual palettes, in the sense that the first 4
colours are not interpolated:

```{r, incidence_pal1,   fig.height = 8}
par(mfrow = c(3, 1), mar = c(4,2,1,1))
barplot(1:2, col = incidence_pal1(2))
barplot(1:4, col = incidence_pal1(4))
barplot(1:20, col = incidence_pal1(20))
```

This palette also has a light and a dark version:

```{r, pal2, fig.height = 8}
par(mfrow = c(3,1))
barplot(1:20, col = incidence_pal1_dark(20), main = "palette:  incidence_pal1_dark")
barplot(1:20, col = incidence_pal1(20), main = "palette:  incidence_pal1")
barplot(1:20, col = incidence_pal1_light(20), main = "palette:  incidence_pal1_light")
```



### Using different palettes

Other color palettes can be provided via `col_pal`. Various palettes are part of the base R distribution, and many more are provided in additional packages. We provide a couple of examples:

```{r, palettes}
plot(i.hosp, col_pal = rainbow)
plot(i.sex, col_pal = cm.colors)
```



### Specifying colors manually

Colors can be  specified manually using the argument `color`; note that whenever incidence is computed by groups, the number of colors must match the number of groups, otherwise `color` is ignored.

#### Example 1: changing a single color
```{r, colors1}
plot(i, color = "darkred")
```

#### Example 2: changing several colors (note that naming colors is optional)
```{r, colors2}
plot(i.sex, color = c(m = "orange2", f = "purple3"))
```

#### Example 3: using color to highlight specific groups
```{r, colors3}
plot(i.hosp, 
     color = c("#ac3973", "#6666ff", "white", "white", "white", "white"))
```


# Useful *ggplot2* tweaks

Numerous tweaks for *ggplot2* are documented online. In the following, we merely provide a few useful tips in the context of *incidence*.

##  Changing dates on the *x*-axis

### Changing date format

By default, the dates indicated on the *x*-axis of an incidence plot may not
have the suitable format.
The package *scales* can be used to change the way dates are labeled (see
`?strptime` for possible formats):

```{r, scales1}
library(scales)
plot(i, labels_week = FALSE) +
   scale_x_date(labels = date_format("%d %b %Y"))
```

Notice how the labels are all situated at the first of the month? If you want to
make sure the labels are situated in a different orientation, you can use the
`make_breaks()` function to calculate breaks for the plot:

```{r scales_breaks}
b <- make_breaks(i, labels_week = FALSE)
b
plot(i) +
  scale_x_date(breaks = b$breaks, 
               labels = date_format("%d %b %Y"))
```



And for another example, with a subset of the data (first 50 weeks), using more
detailed dates and rotating the annotations:

```{r, scales2}
plot(i[1:50]) +  
  scale_x_date(breaks = b$breaks, labels = date_format("%a %d %B %Y")) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1, size = 12))
```

Note that you can save customisations for later use:

```{r, scales3}
rotate.big <- theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1, size = 12))
```


### Changing the grid

The last example above illustrates that it can be useful to have denser
annotations of the *x*-axis, especially over short time periods. Here, we
provide an example where we try to zoom on the peak of the epidemic, using the
data by hospital:

```{r, grid1}
plot(i.hosp)
```

Let us look at the data 40 days before and after the 1st of October:

```{r, grid2}
period <- as.Date("2014-10-01") + c(-40, 40)
i.zoom <- subset(i.hosp, from = period[1], to = period[2])
detailed.x <- scale_x_date(labels = date_format("%a %d %B %Y"), 
                           date_breaks = "2 weeks", 
                           date_minor_breaks = "week")

plot(i.zoom, border = "black") + detailed.x + rotate.big
```

### Handling non-ISO weeks

If you have weekly incidence that starts on a day other than monday, then the
above solution may produce breaks that fall inside of the bins:

```{r, saturday-epiweek}
i.sat <- incidence(onset, interval = "1 week: saturday", groups = ebola_sim_clean$linelist$hospital)
i.szoom <- subset(i.sat, from = period[1], to = period[2])

plot(i.szoom, border = "black") + detailed.x + rotate.big
```

In this case, you may want to either calculate breaks using `make_breaks()` or
use the `scale_x_incidence()` function to automatically calculate these for you:

```{r, saturday-epiweek2}
plot(i.szoom, border = "black") + 
  scale_x_incidence(i.szoom, n_breaks = nrow(i.szoom)/2, labels_week = FALSE) +
  rotate.big
```

```{r, saturday-epiweek3}
sat_breaks <- make_breaks(i.szoom, n_breaks = nrow(i.szoom)/2)
plot(i.szoom, border = "black") + 
  scale_x_date(breaks = sat_breaks$breaks, labels = date_format("%a %d %B %Y")) +
  rotate.big
```

### Labelling every bin


Sometimes you may want to label every bin of the incidence object. To do this,
you can simply set `n_breaks` to the number of rows in your incidence object:

```{r label-bins}
plot(i.szoom, n_breaks = nrow(i.szoom), border = "black") + rotate.big
```


## Changing the legend

The previous plot has a fairly large legend which we may want to move around.
Let us save the plot as a new object `p` and customize the legend:

```{r, legend1}
p <- plot(i.zoom, border = "black") + detailed.x + rotate.big
p + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1, size = 12), 
          legend.position = "top", legend.direction = "horizontal", 
          legend.title = element_blank())
```


## Applying the style of European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET)

### Display individual cases

For small datasets it is convention of EPIET to display individual cases as
rectangles. It can be done by doing two things: first, adding using the option
`show_cases = TRUE` with a white border and second, setting the background to
white. We also add `coord_equal()` which forces each case to be a square.

```{r, EPIET1}
i.small <- incidence(onset[160:180])

plot(i.small, border = "white", show_cases = TRUE) +
  theme(panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white")) + 
  rotate.big +
  coord_equal() 
```


