

# areal 

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Areal interpolation is the process making estimates from a source set of
polygons to an overlapping but incongruent set of target polygons. One
challenge with areal interpolation is that, while the processes
themselves are well documented in the academic literature, implementing
them often involves “reinventing the wheel” by re-creating the process
in the analyst’s tool choice.

While the `R` package `sf` does offer a basic interface for areal
weighted interpolation (`st_interpolate_aw`), it lacks some features
that we use in our work. The `areal` package contains a suite tools for
validation and estimation, providing a full-featured workflow that fits
into both modern data management (e.g. `tidyverse`) and spatial data
(e.g. `sf`) frameworks.

### *Joural of Open Souce Software* Article

An [article](https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.01221)
describing `areal`’s approach to areal weighted interpolation has been
published in the [*The Journal of Open Source
Software*](https://joss.theoj.org/). The article includes benchmarking
of `areal` performance on several data sets. Please [cite the
paper](/inst/CITATION) if you use `areal` in your work!

## Installation

The easiest way to get `areal` is to install it from CRAN:

``` r
install.packages("areal")
```

The development version of `areal` can be accessed from GitHub with
`remotes`:

``` r
# install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("chris-prener/areal")
```

Note that installations that require `sf` to be built from *source* will
require additional software regardless of operating system. You should
check the [`sf` package website](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/) for
the latest details on installing dependencies for that package.
Instructions vary significantly by operating system.

## Usage

Two function prefixes are used in `areal` to allow users to take
advantage of RStudio’s auto complete functionality:

-   `ar_` - data and functions that are used for multiple interpolation
    methods
-   `aw_` - functions that are used specifically for areal weighted
    interpolation

### Data

The package contains four overlapping data sets:

-   `ar_stl_race` (2017 ACS demographic counts at the census tract
    level; *n* = 106)
-   `ar_stl_asthma` (2017 asthma rates at the census tract level; *n*
    = 106)
-   `ar_stl_wards` (the 2010 political subdivisions in St. Louis; *n* =
    28).
-   `ar_stl_wardsClipped` (the 2010 political subdivisions in St. Louis
    clipped to the Mississippi River shoreline; *n* = 28).

These can be used to illustrate the core functionality of the package.
The following examples assume:

``` r
> library(areal)
>
> race <- ar_stl_race
> asthma <- ar_stl_asthma
> wards <- ar_stl_wards
```

### Areal Weighted Interpolation

`areal` currently implements an approach to interpolation known as areal
weighted interpolation. It is arguably the simplest and most common
approach to areal interpolation, though it does have some drawbacks (see
the [areal weighted interpolation
vignette](https://chris-prener.github.io/areal/articles/areal-weighted-interpolation.html)
for details). The basic usage of `areal` is through the
`aw_interpolate()` function. This is a pipe-able function that allows
for the simultaneous interpolation of multiple values.

In this first example, the total estimated population (`TOTAL_E`) of
each ward is calculated from its overlapping census tracts:

``` r
aw_interpolate(wards, tid = WARD, source = race, sid = "GEOID", 
               weight = "sum", output = "sf", extensive = "TOTAL_E")
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> Simple feature collection with 28 features and 4 fields
#> Geometry type: POLYGON
#> Dimension:     XY
#> Bounding box:  xmin: 733361.8 ymin: 4268336 xmax: 746157.7 ymax: 4295504
#> Projected CRS: NAD83 / UTM zone 15N
#> First 10 features:
#>    OBJECTID WARD      AREA   TOTAL_E                       geometry
#> 1         1    1  46138761  7991.565 POLYGON ((740184.2 4286431,...
#> 2         2    2 267817711 12145.021 POLYGON ((742392.1 4289178,...
#> 3         3    3  66291644  7344.287 POLYGON ((742956.1 4284113,...
#> 4         4    4  53210707  8457.672 POLYGON ((739557.6 4284080,...
#> 5         5    5  60462396  8783.377 POLYGON ((744883.8 4281632,...
#> 6         6    6  64337271 14050.399 POLYGON ((742501.6 4279976,...
#> 7         7    7 101268146 15840.086 POLYGON ((745618.6 4279867,...
#> 8         8    8  45966410 12188.131 POLYGON ((739842.8 4277724,...
#> 9         9    9  73993891 14217.149 POLYGON ((742619.4 4276734,...
#> 10       10   10  62915358 11239.213 POLYGON ((737257.7 4277050,...
```

This example outputs a simple features (`sf`) object and uses one of two
options for calculating weights. All of these arguments are documented
both within the package (use `?aw_interpolate`) and on the [package’s
website](https://chris-prener.github.io/areal/).

What results from `aw_interpolate()` is mapped below. Total population
per census tract in St. Louis is mapped on the left in panel A. Using
`aw_interpolate()` as we did in the previous example, we estimate
population counts for Wards in St. Louis from those census tract values.
These estimated values are mapped on the right in panel B.

Both extensive and intensive data can be interpolated simultaneously by
using both the `extensive` and `intensive` arguments. In this second
example, the asthma and race data are combined, and estimates for both
the population values and asthma rates are calculated for each ward from
its overlapping census tracts:

``` r
# remove sf geometry
st_geometry(race) <- NULL

# create combined data
race %>%
  select(GEOID, TOTAL_E, WHITE_E, BLACK_E) %>%
  left_join(asthma, ., by = "GEOID") -> combinedData
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()

# interpolate
wards %>%
  select(-OBJECTID, -AREA) %>%
  aw_interpolate(tid = WARD, source = combinedData, sid = "GEOID", 
               weight = "total", output = "tibble", 
               extensive = c("TOTAL_E", "WHITE_E", "BLACK_E"),
               intensive = "ASTHMA")
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> old-style crs object detected; please recreate object with a recent sf::st_crs()
#> # A tibble: 28 × 5
#>     WARD BLACK_E TOTAL_E WHITE_E ASTHMA
#>    <int>   <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>  <dbl>
#>  1     1   7778.   7991.    153.  13.4 
#>  2     2  10552.  12042.   1308.  13.2 
#>  3     3   6627.   7334.    589.  14.1 
#>  4     4   8203.   8458.    160.  13.6 
#>  5     5   6971.   8689.   1518.  13.8 
#>  6     6   7418.  14022.   5833.  11.7 
#>  7     7   6544.  15645.   8123.   9.72
#>  8     8   3796.  12188.   7604.   9.82
#>  9     9   6351.  14095.   6786.  11.8 
#> 10    10   1667.  11239.   8703.   9.44
#> # … with 18 more rows
```

Another advantage of `areal` is that the interpolation process is not a
“black box”, but rather can be manually completed if necessary.
Functions for validating data, previewing the areal weights, and walking
step-by-step through the interpolation process are provided. See the
[areal weighted interpolation
vignette](https://chris-prener.github.io/areal/articles/areal-weighted-interpolation.html)
for additional details about this workflow.

## Road-map

We are planning to experiment with at least three additional techniques
for areal interpolation for possible inclusion into the package. These
include:

-   [Pycnophylactic
    method](https://github.com/chris-prener/areal/issues/1) (raster
    based, eliminates the sharp transitions in value between target
    features)
-   [Binary dasymetric
    method](https://github.com/chris-prener/areal/issues/2)
    (incorporates ancillary data so that population is not assumed to be
    evenly distributed within units)
-   [3-class regression dasymetric
    method](https://github.com/chris-prener/areal/issues/3) (allows for
    a more complex estimation based on multiple forms of ancillary data)

We do not have a timeline for these experiments, though we are planning
to begin experimenting with the pycnophylactic method in the coming
months. We will be keeping the issues (linked to above) updated with
progress. If you are interested in bringing these techniques to `R`,
please feel free to contribute to the development of `areal`. The best
place to start is bt checking in on our GitHub issues for each technique
to see what help is needed!

## Contributor Code of Conduct

Please note that this project is released with a [Contributor Code of
Conduct](https://chris-prener.github.io/areal/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html). By
participating in this project you agree to abide by its terms.
