QTILE(1)

NAME
qtile - Qtile [image]

Qtile is a full-featured, hackable tiling window manager written and configured in Python. It's available both as an X11 window manager and also as a Wayland compositor <#wayland>.

This documentation is designed to help you install <> and configure <> Qtile. Once it's up and running you'll probably want to start adding your own customisations <> to have it running exactly the way you want.

You'll find a lot of what you need within these docs but, if you still have some questions, you can find support in the following places:

    Q&A <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/discussions/categories/q-a>

    IRC <irc://irc.oftc.net:6667/qtile>

    Discord
        <https://discord.gg/ehh233wCrC> (Bridged with IRC)

INSTALLATION

  Distro Guides

Below are the preferred installation methods for specific distros. If you are running something else, please see Installing From Source.

  Installing on Arch Linux

Stable versions of Qtile are currently packaged for Arch Linux. To install this package, run:

            pacman -S qtile

Please see the ArchWiki for more information on Qtile <https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Qtile>.

  Installing on Fedora 40 or later

Both Qtile X11 and Wayland stable versions can be installed via the DNF Package Manager.

If you want to pick a specific version(Such as the wayland version) then double-click Tab after "qtile".

            dnf install qtile

  Installing on Funtoo

Latest versions of Qtile are available on Funtoo. To install it, run:

            emerge -av x11-wm/qtile

You can also install the development version from GitHub:

            echo "x11-wm/qtile-9999 **" >> /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords
            emerge -av qtile

  Customize

You can customize your installation with the following useflags:

    •   dbus

    •   widget-khal-calendar

    •   widget-imap

    •   widget-keyboardkbdd

    •   widget-launchbar

    •   widget-mpd

    •   widget-mpris

    •   widget-wlan

The dbus useflag is enabled by default. Disable it only if you know what it is and know you don't use/need it.

All widget-* useflags are disabled by default because these widgets require additional dependencies while not everyone will use them. Enable only widgets you need to avoid extra dependencies thanks to these useflags.

Visit Funtoo Qtile documentation <https://www.funtoo.org/Package:Qtile> for more details on Qtile installation on Funtoo.

  Installing on Ubuntu or Debian

Newer versions of Debian-based distros (Debian >= 13, Ubuntu >= 25.04) have Qtile packages. Exact versions for each distro release can be found either on packages.debian.org <https://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=qtile> or packages.ubuntu.com <https://packages.ubuntu.com/search?keywords=qtile&searchon=names&section=all>

  Older Releases

Ubuntu and Debian >=11 comes with the necessary packages for installing Qtile. Starting from a minimal Debian installation, the following packages are required:

            sudo apt install xserver-xorg xinit
            sudo apt install libpangocairo-1.0-0
            sudo apt install uv  # if your distro doesn't have uv, try:
            # curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh

Either Qtile can then be downloaded from the package index or the Github repository can be used, see Installing From Source <#installing-from-source>:

            uv tool install qtile

  Installing on Slackware

Qtile is available on the SlackBuilds.org <https://slackbuilds.org/repository/14.2/desktop/qtile/> as:
Package Name | Description
qtile | stable branch (release)

  Using slpkg (third party package manager)

The easy way to install Qtile is with slpkg <https://github.com/dslackw/slpkg>. For example:

            slpkg -s sbo qtile

  Manual installation

Download dependencies first and install them. The order in which you need to install is:

    •   pycparser

    •   cffi

    •   futures

    •   python-xcffib

    •   trollius

    •   cairocffi

    •   qtile

Please see the HOWTO for more information on SlackBuild Usage HOWTO <https://slackbuilds.org/howto/>.

  Installing on FreeBSD

Qtile is available via FreeBSD Ports <https://www.freshports.org/x11-wm/qtile/>. It can be installed with

            pkg install qtile

  Installing on NixOS

Qtile is available in the NixOS repos. To set qtile as your window manager, include this in your configuration.nix file:

            services.xserver.windowManager.qtile.enable = true;

Other options for qtile can be declared within the services.xserver.windowManager.qtile attribute set.

You may add extra packages in the qtile python environment by putting them in the extraPackages list.

            services.xserver.windowManager.qtile = {
              enable = true;
              extraPackages = python3Packages: with python3Packages; [
                qtile-extras
              ];
            };

The Qtile package creates desktop files for both X11 and Wayland, to use one of the backends choose the right session in your display manager.

The configuration file can be changed from its default location ($XDG_CONFIG/qtile/config.py) by setting the configFile attribute:

            qtile = {
              enable = true;
              configFile = ./my_qtile_config.py;
            };

Note:
        Some options may change over time, please refer to see all the options for the latest stable: search.nixos.org <https://search.nixos.org/options?channel=24.05&from=0&size=50&sort=relevance&type=packages&query=qtile> if you have any doubt

  Home manager

If you are using home-manager, you can copy your qtile configuration by using the following:

            xdg.configFile."qtile/config.py".source = ./my_qtile_config.py;

or, if you have a directory containing multiple python files:

            xdg.configFile."qtile" = {
              source = ./src;
              recursive = true;
            };

  Flake

Qtile provides a Nix flake in its repository. This can be useful for:

    •   Running a bleeding-edge version of Qtile by specifying the flake input as the package.

    •   Hacking on Qtile using a Nix develop shell.

Note:
        Nix flakes are still an experimental NixOS feature, but they are already widely used. This section is intended for users who are already familiar with flakes.

To run a bleeding-edge version of Qtile with the flake, add the Qtile repository to your flake inputs and define the package. For example:

            {
              description = "A very basic flake";
              inputs = {
                nixpkgs.url = "github:nixos/nixpkgs?ref=nixos-unstable";

                qtile-flake = {
                  url = "github:qtile/qtile";
                  inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
                };
              };

              outputs =
                {
                  self,
                  nixpkgs,
                  qtile-flake,
                }:
                {
                  nixosConfigurations.demo = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
                    system = "x86_64-linux";

                    modules = [
                      (
                        {
                          config,
                          pkgs,
                          lib,
                          ...
                        }:
                        {
                          services.xserver = {
                            enable = true;
                            windowManager.qtile = {
                              enable = true;
                              package = qtile-flake.packages.${pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.system}.default;
                            };
                          };

                          # make qtile X11 the default session
                          services.displayManager.defaultSession = lib.mkForce "qtile";

                          # rest of your NixOS config
                        }
                      )
                    ];
                  };
                };
            }

This flake can also be tested with a vm:

            sudo nixos-rebuild build-vm --flake .#demo

Gives you a script to run that runs Qemu to test your config. For this to work you have to set a user with a password.

See also:
        For a detailed walkthrough on setting up Qtile with flakes—from basic installation to package overrides, see Gurjaka's Qtile Flake Guide <https://gurjaka.codeberg.page/blog.html?post=qtile-flake>.

To hack on Qtile with Nix, simply run nix develop in a checkout of the repo. In the development shell, there are a few useful things:

    •   qtile-run-tests-wayland: Run all Wayland tests

    •   qtile-run-tests-x11: Run all X11 tests

  Running from systemd

This case will cover automatic login to Qtile after booting the system without using display manager. It logins in virtual console and init X by running through session.

  Automatic login to virtual console

To get login into virtual console as an example edit getty service by running systemctl edit getty@tty1 and add instructions to /etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d/override.conf:

            [Service]
            ExecStart=
            ExecStart=-/usr/bin/agetty --autologin username --noclear %I $TERM

username should be changed to current user name.

Check more for other examples <https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Getty#Automatic_login_to_virtual_console>.

  Autostart X session

After login X session should be started. That can be done by .bash_profile if bash is used or .zprofile in case of zsh. Other shells can be adjusted by given examples.

            if systemctl -q is-active graphical.target && [[ ! $DISPLAY && $XDG_VTNR -eq 1 ]]; then
              exec startx
            fi

And to start Qtile itself .xinitrc should be fixed:

            # some apps that should be started before Qtile, ex.
            #
            #   [[ -f ~/.Xresources ]] && xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources
            #   ~/.fehbg &
            #   nm-applet &
            #   blueman-applet &
            #   dunst &
            #
            # or
            #
            #   source ~/.xsession

            exec qtile start

  Installing From Source

  Python interpreters

We aim to always support the last three versions of CPython, the reference Python interpreter. We usually support the latest stable version of PyPy <https://www.pypy.org/> as well. You can check the versions and interpreters we currently run our test suite against in our CI configuration file <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/blob/master/.github/workflows/ci.yml>.

There are not many differences between versions aside from Python features you may or may not be able to use in your config. PyPy should be faster at runtime than any corresponding CPython version under most circumstances, especially for bits of Python code that are run many times. CPython should start up faster than PyPy and has better compatibility for external libraries.

  Core Dependencies

Here are Qtile's core runtime dependencies and the package names that provide them in Ubuntu. Note that Qtile can run with one of two backends -- X11 and Wayland -- so only the dependencies of one of these is required.
Dependency | Ubuntu Package | Needed for
Core Dependencies
CFFI <https://cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html> | python3-cffi | Bars and popups
cairocffi <https://cairocffi.readthedocs.io/en/stable/overview.html> | python3-cairocffi | Drawing on bars and popups
libpangocairo | libpangocairo-1.0-0 | Writing on bars and popups
dbus-fast <https://dbus-fast.readthedocs.io/en/latest/> | -- | Sending notifications with dbus (optional).
X11
X server | xserver-xorg | X11 backends
xcffib <https://github.com/tych0/xcffib#installation> | python3-xcffib | required for X11 backend
Wayland
wlroots <https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wlroots/wlroots> | libwlroots-dev | Wayland backend (see below)
wayland-scanner <https://wayland-book.com/libwayland/wayland-scanner.html> | -- | generate C headers (Wayland backend)
wayland-protocols <https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wayland/wayland-protocols> | wayland-protocols | Additional standard Wayland protocols

  Qtile

With the dependencies in place, you can now install the stable version of qtile from PyPI:

            uv tool install qtile

Or with sets of dependencies:

            uv tool install qtile[widgets]  # for all widget dependencies
            uv tool install qtile[all]      # for all dependencies

Or install qtile-git with:

            git clone https://github.com/qtile/qtile.git
            cd qtile
            uv tool install .                               # for minimal dependencies
            uv tool install .[dev,widgets,optional-core]    # for all dependencies

  Installing other dependencies

If you use uv to install qtile, any python modules that you want to use with it must be installed in the same environment. You have a few options for doing this:

At installation time:

            # Install package from pypi
            uv tool install --with package-name qtile  # can use qtile[widgets] etc. as above

            # Install from github repo
            uv tool install --with git+https://github.com/elParaguayo/qtile-extras/ .

            # Install from custom requirements file
            uv tool install --with-requirements /path/to/requirements.txt .

Installing packages after installation is a bit more complicated and does not seem to be officially supported when using uv tool. However, the following code should work:

            cd $(uv tool dir)/qtile
            uv pip install package-name

  Starting Qtile

There are several ways to start Qtile. The most common way is via an entry in your X session manager's menu. The default Qtile behavior can be invoked by creating a qtile.desktop <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/blob/master/resources/qtile.desktop> file in /usr/share/xsessions.

A second way to start Qtile is a custom X session. This way allows you to invoke Qtile with custom arguments, and also allows you to do any setup you want (e.g. special keyboard bindings like mapping caps lock to control, setting your desktop background, etc.) before Qtile starts. If you're using an X session manager, you still may need to create a custom.desktop file similar to the qtile.desktop file above, but with Exec=/etc/X11/xsession. Then, create your own ~/.xsession. There are several examples of user defined xsession s in the qtile-examples <https://github.com/qtile/qtile-examples> repository.

If there is no display manager such as SDDM, LightDM or other and there is need to start Qtile directly from ~/.xinitrc do that by adding exec qtile start at the end.

In very special cases, ex. Qtile crashing during session, then suggestion would be to start through a loop to save running applications:

            while true; do
                qtile
            done

  Wayland

Qtile can be run as a Wayland compositor rather than an X11 window manager. For this, Qtile uses wlroots <https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wlroots/wlroots>, a compositor library which is undergoing fast development. Be aware that some distributions package outdated versions of wlroots. We are trying our best to keep up with latest wlroots release.

With the Wayland dependencies in place, Qtile can be run either from a TTY, or within an existing X11 or Wayland session where it will run inside a nested window:

            qtile start -b wayland

See the Wayland <#wayland> page for more information on running Qtile as a Wayland compositor.

Similar to the xsession example above, a wayland session file can be used to start qtile from a login manager. To use this, you should create a qtile-wayland.desktop <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/blob/master/resources/qtile-wayland.desktop> file in /usr/share/wayland-sessions.

  udev rules

Qtile has widgets that support managing various kinds of hardware (LCD backlight, keyboard backlight, battery charge thresholds) via the kernel's exposed sysfs endpoints. However, to make this work, Qtile needs permission to write to these files. There is a udev rules file at /resources/99-qtile.rules in the tree, which users installing from source will want to install at /etc/udev/rules.d/ on their system. You can install it manually with:

            # copy the in-tree udev rules file to the right place to make udev see it
            cat ./resources/99-qtile.rules | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-qtile.rules

RUNNING QTILE AS A WAYLAND COMPOSITOR

Some functionality may not yet be implemented in the Wayland compositor. Please see the Wayland GitHub Project Board <https://github.com/orgs/qtile/projects/2> for the current state of development. Also checkout the unresolved Wayland-specific issues <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22core%3A+wayland%22> and troubleshooting <#debugging-wayland> for tips on how to debug Wayland problems.

  Backend-Specific Configuration

If you want your config file to work with different backends but want some options set differently per backend, you can check the name of the current backend in your config as follows:

            from libqtile import qtile

            if qtile.core.name == "x11":
                term = "urxvt"
            elif qtile.core.name == "wayland":
                term = "foot"

  Running X11-Only Programs

Qtile supports XWayland but requires that wlroots were built with XWayland support, and that XWayland is installed on the system from startup. XWayland will be started the first time it is needed.

  XWayland windows sometimes don't receive mouse events

There is currently a known bug (<https://github.com/qtile/qtile/issues/3675>) which causes pointer events (hover/click/scroll) to propagate to the wrong window when switching focus.

  Input Device Configuration

If you want to change keyboard configuration during runtime, you can use the core's set_keymap command (see below).

  Core Commands

See the Wayland backend <#wayland-backend-commands> section in the API Commands documentation.

CURRENT WAYLAND SITUATION IN QTILE

Often, we get questions what the status is of the Wayland backend. Understandably so, as we were previously stuck on an old Wlroots (the Wayland library we use) version for quite some time.

To ease the development of the Wayland backend and implement new Wlroots versions faster, the Wayland backend has previously been rewritten from Python to C. This additionally, should improve performance in certain areas. The downside of this approach is that the backend is written in two programming languages now and we have to have some glue in between. However, this tradeoff is worth it as it is (on the long-term) quicker than updating the Python Wlroots bindings every time a new Wlroots version is released.

The goal of the backend is the following: - Move as much Wayland specifics to C - Keep the Qtile specific stuff in Python: layouts, config, window states (floating, tiled etc) - Explore new features by now being written in C

The status of this backend can be viewed on GitHub: - Wayland GitHub Project Board <https://github.com/orgs/qtile/projects/2>

To help contributing to this backend there are some useful links: - Qtile Contribution Guide <https://docs.qtile.org/en/stable/manual/contributing.html#> - Recommended Resources for Getting Started with Wayland Development <https://docs.qtile.org/en/latest/manual/contributing.html#recommended-resources-for-getting-started-with-wayland-development> - Discord channel for discussions <https://discord.gg/ehh233wCrC>

Even if you're new to C or Wayland, this is a great chance to grow and work on something meaningful in open source.

TROUBLESHOOTING

  So something has gone wrong... what do you do?

When Qtile is running, it logs error messages (and other messages) to its log file. This is found at ~/.local/share/qtile/qtile.log. This is the first place to check to see what is going on. If you are getting unexpected errors from normal usage or your configuration (and you're not doing something wacky) and believe you have found a bug, then please report a bug <#reporting>.

If you are hacking on Qtile <#hacking> and you want to debug your changes, this log is your best friend. You can send messages to the log from within libqtile by using the logger:

            from libqtile.log_utils import logger

            logger.warning("Your message here")
            logger.warning(variable_you_want_to_print)

            try:
                # some changes here that might error
            except Exception:
                logger.exception("Uh oh!")

logger.warning is convenient because its messages will always be visibile in the log. logger.exception is helpful because it will print the full traceback of an error to the log. By sticking these amongst your changes you can look more closely at the effects of any changes you made to Qtile's internals.

  X11: Capturing an xtrace

Occasionally, a bug will be low level enough to require an xtrace of Qtile's conversations with the X server. To capture one of these, create an xinitrc or similar file with:

            exec xtrace qtile >> ~/qtile.log

This will put the xtrace output in Qtile's logfile as well. You can then demonstrate the bug, and paste the contents of this file into the bug report.

Note that xtrace may be named x11trace on some platforms, for example, on Fedora and Arch.

  Debugging in Wayland

To get incredibly verbose output of communications between clients and the server, you can set WAYLAND_DEBUG=1 in the environment before starting the process. This applies to the server itself, so be aware that running qtile with this set will generate lots of output for Qtile and all clients that it launches. If you're including this output with a bug report please try to cut out just the relevant portions.

If you're hacking on Qtile and would like this debug log output for it rather than any clients, it can be helpful to run the helper script at scripts/wephyr in the source from an existing session. You can then run clients from another terminal using the WAYLAND_DISPLAY value printed by Qtile, so that the debug logs printed by Qtile are only the server's.

If you suspect a client may be responsible for a bug, it can be helpful to look at the issue trackers for other compositors, such as sway <https://github.com/swaywm/sway/issues>. Similarly if you're hacking on Qtile's internals and think you've found an unexpected quirk it may be helpful to search the issue tracker for wlroots <https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wlroots/wlroots/-/issues>.

ENTRY POINTS

Qtile uses a subcommand structure; various subcommands are listed below. Additionally, two other commands available in the scripts/ section of the repository are also documented below.

  qtile start

This is the entry point for the window manager, and what you should run from your .xsession or similar. This will make an attempt to detect if qtile is already running and fail if it is. See qtile start --help for more details.

  qtile shell

The Qtile command shell is a command-line shell interface that provides access to the full complement of Qtile command functions. The shell features command name completion, and full command documentation can be accessed from the shell itself. The shell uses GNU Readline when it's available, so the interface can be configured to, for example, obey VI keybindings with an appropriate .inputrc file. See the GNU Readline documentation for more information.

  Navigating the Object Graph

The shell presents a filesystem-like interface to the command graph - the builtin "cd" and "ls" commands act like their familiar shell counterparts:

            > ls
            layout/  widget/  screen/  bar/     window/  group/

            > cd screen
            layout/  window/  bar/  widget/

            > cd ..
            /

            > ls
            layout/  widget/  screen/  bar/     window/  group/

If you try to access an object that has no "default" value then you will see an error message:

            > ls
            layout/  widget/  screen/  bar/     window/  group/

            > cd bar
            Item required for bar

            > ls bar
            bar[bottom]/

            > cd bar/bottom
            bar['bottom']> ls
            screen/  widget/

Please refer to Navigating the command graph <#object-graph-selectors> for a summary of which objects need a specified selector and the type of selector required. Using ls will show which selectors are available for an object. Please see below for an explanation about how Qtile displays shell paths.

Alternatively, the items() command can be run on the parent object to show which selectors are available. The first value shows whether a selector is optional (False means that a selector is required) and the second value is a list of selectors:

            > ls
            layout/  widget/  screen/  bar/     window/  group/

            > items(bar)
            (False, ['bottom'])

  Displaying the shell path

Note that the shell provides a "short-hand" for specifying node keys (as opposed to children). The following is a valid shell path:

            > cd group/4/window/31457314

The command prompt will, however, always display the Python node path that should be used in scripts and key bindings:

            group['4'].window[31457314]>

  Live Documentation

The shell help command provides the canonical documentation for the Qtile API:

            > cd layout/1

            layout[1]> help
            help command   -- Help for a specific command.

            Builtins
            ========
            cd    exit  help  ls    q     quit

            Commands for this object
            ========================
            add           commands      current       delete        doc
            down          get_info      items         next          previous
            rotate        shuffle_down  shuffle_up    toggle_split  up

            layout[1]> help previous
            previous()
            Focus previous stack.

  qtile migrate

qtile migrate is a tool to help users update their configs to reflect any breaking changes/deprecations introduced in later versions.

The tool can automatically apply updates but it can also be used to highlight impacted lines, allowing users to update their configs manually.

The tool can take a number of options when running:
Argument | Description | Default
-c, --config | Sets the path to the config file | ~/.config/qtile/config.py
--list-migrations | Lists all the available migrations that can be run by the tool. | n/a
--info ID | Show more detail about the migration implement by ID. | n/a
--after-version VERSION | Only runs migrations relating to changes implemented after release VERSION. | Not set (i.e. runs all migrations).
-r ID, --run-migrations ID | Run selected migrations identified by ID. Comma separated list if using multiple values. | Not set (i.e. runs all migrations).
--yes | Automatically apply changes without asking user for confirmation. | Not set (i.e. users will need to confirm application of changes).
--show-diff | When used with --yes will cause diffs to still be shown for information purposes only. | Not set.
--no-colour | Disables colour output for diff. | Not set
--lint | Outputs linting lines showing location of changes. No changes are made to the config. | Not set.

  Available migrations

The following migrations are currently available.

  Running migrations

Assuming your config file is in the default location, running qtile migrate is sufficient to start the migration process.

Let's say you had a config file with the following contents:

            import libqtile.command_client

            keys = [
                KeyChord(
                    [mod],
                    "x",
                    [Key([], "Up", lazy.layout.grow()), Key([], "Down", lazy.layout.shrink())],
                    mode="Resize layout",
                )
            ]

            qtile.cmd_spawn("alacritty")

Running qtile migrate will run each available migration and, where the migration would result in changes, a diff will be shown and you will be asked whether you wish to apply the changes.

            UpdateKeychordArgs: Updates ``KeyChord`` argument signature.

            --- original
            +++ modified
            @@ -5,7 +5,8 @@

                    [mod],
                    "x",
                    [Key([], "Up", lazy.layout.grow()), Key([], "Down", lazy.layout.shrink())],
            -        mode="Resize layout",
            +        name="Resize layout",
            +    mode=True,
                )
            ]

            Apply changes? (y)es, (n)o, (s)kip file, (q)uit.

You will see from the output above that you are shown the name of the migration being applied and its purpose, along with the changes that will be implemented.

If you select quit the migration will be stopped and any applied changes will be reversed.

Once all migrations have been run on a file, you will then be asked whether you want to save changes to the file:

            Save all changes to config.py? (y)es, (n)o.

At the end of the migration, backups of your original config will still be in your config folder. NB these will be overwritten if you re-run qtile migrate.

  Linting

If you don't want the script to modify your config directly, you can use the --lint option to show you where changes are required.

Running qtile migrate --lint on the same config as shown above will result in the following output:

            config.py:
            [Ln 1, Col 7]: The 'libqtile.command_*' modules have been moved to 'libqtile.command.*'. (ModuleRenames)
            [Ln 8, Col 8]: The use of mode='mode name' for KeyChord is deprecated. Use mode=True and value='mode name'. (UpdateKeychordArgs)
            [Ln 12, Col 6]: Use of 'cmd_' prefix is deprecated. 'cmd_spawn' should be replaced with 'spawn' (RemoveCmdPrefix)

  Explanations of migrations

The table below provides more detail of the available migrations.

  qtile cmd-obj

This is a simple tool to expose qtile.command functionality to shell. This can be used standalone or in other shell scripts.

  How it works

qtile cmd-obj works by selecting a command object and calling a specified function of that object.

As per Architecture <#commands-api>, Qtile's command graph has seven nodes: layout, window, group, bar, widget, screen, and a special root node. These are the objects that can be accessed via qtile cmd-obj.

Running the command against a selected object without a function (-f) will run the help command and list the commands available to the object. Commands shown with an asterisk ("*") require arguments to be passed via the -a flag.

  Selecting an object

With the exception of cmd, all objects need an identifier so the correct object can be selected. Refer to Navigating the command graph <#object-graph-selectors> for more information.

Note:
        You will see from the graph on Architecture <#commands-api> that certain objects can be accessed from other objects. For example, qtile cmd-obj -o group term layout will list the commands for the current layout on the term group.

  Information on functions

Running a function with the -i flag will provide additional detail about that function (i.e. what it does and what arguments it expects).

  Passing arguments to functions

Arguments can be passed to a function by using the -a flag. For example, to change the label for the group named "1" to "A", you would run qtile cmd-obj -o group 1 -f set_label -a A.

Warning:
        It is not currently possible to pass non-string arguments to functions via qtile cmd-obj. Doing so will result in an error.

  Examples:

  Output of qtile cmd-obj -h

            usage: qtile cmd-obj [-h] [--object OBJ_SPEC [OBJ_SPEC ...]]
                             [--function FUNCTION] [--args ARGS [ARGS ...]] [--info]

            Simple tool to expose qtile.command functionality to shell.

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help            show this help message and exit
              --object OBJ_SPEC [OBJ_SPEC ...], -o OBJ_SPEC [OBJ_SPEC ...]
                                    Specify path to object (space separated). If no
                                    --function flag display available commands.
              --function FUNCTION, -f FUNCTION
                                    Select function to execute.
              --args ARGS [ARGS ...], -a ARGS [ARGS ...]
                                    Set arguments supplied to function.
              --info, -i            With both --object and --function args prints
                                    documentation for function.

            Examples:
             qtile cmd-obj
             qtile cmd-obj -o root  # same as above, root node is default
             qtile cmd-obj -o root -f prev_layout -i
             qtile cmd-obj -o root -f prev_layout -a 3 # prev_layout on group 3
             qtile cmd-obj -o group 3 -f focus_back
             qtile cmd-obj -o widget textbox -f update -a "New text"
             qtile cmd-obj -f restart # restart qtile

  Output of qtile cmd-obj -o group 3

            -o group 3 -f commands            Returns a list of possible commands for this object
            -o group 3 -f doc               * Returns the documentation for a specified command name
            -o group 3 -f eval              * Evaluates code in the same context as this function
            -o group 3 -f focus_back          Focus the window that had focus before the current one got it.
            -o group 3 -f focus_by_name     * Focus the first window with the given name. Do nothing if the name is
            -o group 3 -f function          * Call a function with current object as argument
            -o group 3 -f info                Returns a dictionary of info for this group
            -o group 3 -f info_by_name      * Get the info for the first window with the given name without giving it
            -o group 3 -f items             * Returns a list of contained items for the specified name
            -o group 3 -f next_window         Focus the next window in group.
            -o group 3 -f prev_window         Focus the previous window in group.
            -o group 3 -f set_label         * Set the display name of current group to be used in GroupBox widget.
            -o group 3 -f setlayout
            -o group 3 -f switch_groups     * Switch position of current group with name
            -o group 3 -f toscreen          * Pull a group to a specified screen.
            -o group 3 -f unminimize_all      Unminimise all windows in this group

  Output of qtile cmd-obj -o root

            -o root -f add_rule              * Add a dgroup rule, returns rule_id needed to remove it
            -o root -f addgroup              * Add a group with the given name
            -o root -f commands                Returns a list of possible commands for this object
            -o root -f critical                Set log level to CRITICAL
            -o root -f debug                   Set log level to DEBUG
            -o root -f delgroup              * Delete a group with the given name
            -o root -f display_kb            * Display table of key bindings
            -o root -f doc                   * Returns the documentation for a specified command name
            -o root -f error                   Set log level to ERROR
            -o root -f eval                  * Evaluates code in the same context as this function
            -o root -f findwindow            * Launch prompt widget to find a window of the given name
            -o root -f focus_by_click        * Bring a window to the front
            -o root -f function              * Call a function with current object as argument
            -o root -f get_info                Prints info for all groups
            -o root -f get_state               Get pickled state for restarting qtile
            -o root -f get_test_data           Returns any content arbitrarily set in the self.test_data attribute.
            -o root -f groups                  Return a dictionary containing information for all groups
            -o root -f hide_show_bar         * Toggle visibility of a given bar
            -o root -f info                    Set log level to INFO
            -o root -f internal_windows        Return info for each internal window (bars, for example)
            -o root -f items                 * Returns a list of contained items for the specified name
            -o root -f list_widgets            List of all addressible widget names
            -o root -f next_layout           * Switch to the next layout.
            -o root -f next_screen             Move to next screen
            -o root -f next_urgent             Focus next window with urgent hint
            -o root -f pause                   Drops into pdb
            -o root -f prev_layout           * Switch to the previous layout.
            -o root -f prev_screen             Move to the previous screen
            -o root -f qtile_info              Returns a dictionary of info on the Qtile instance
            -o root -f qtilecmd              * Execute a Qtile command using the client syntax
            -o root -f remove_rule           * Remove a dgroup rule by rule_id
            -o root -f restart                 Restart qtile
            -o root -f run_extension         * Run extensions
            -o root -f run_external          * Run external Python script
            -o root -f screens                 Return a list of dictionaries providing information on all screens
            -o root -f shutdown                Quit Qtile
            -o root -f simulate_keypress     * Simulates a keypress on the focused window.
            -o root -f spawn                 * Run cmd in a shell.
            -o root -f spawncmd              * Spawn a command using a prompt widget, with tab-completion.
            -o root -f status                  Return "OK" if Qtile is running
            -o root -f switch_groups         * Switch position of groupa to groupb
            -o root -f switchgroup           * Launch prompt widget to switch to a given group to the current screen
            -o root -f sync                    Sync the X display. Should only be used for development
            -o root -f to_layout_index       * Switch to the layout with the given index in self.layouts.
            -o root -f to_screen             * Warp focus to screen n, where n is a 0-based screen number
            -o root -f togroup               * Launch prompt widget to move current window to a given group
            -o root -f tracemalloc_dump        Dump tracemalloc snapshot
            -o root -f tracemalloc_toggle      Toggle tracemalloc status
            -o root -f warning                 Set log level to WARNING
            -o root -f windows                 Return info for each client window

  qtile repl

Creates a REPL (Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop) client with access to the qtile internals.

The client requires the prompt_toolkit <https://pypi.org/project/prompt_toolkit/> library to work.

The client has support for code completion, multiline input and input history.

Running qtile repl will start the server with access to the qtile instance. However, users can add extra items to the REPL's environment by starting the REPL server from their config before launching the client e.g.:

            keys = [
                ...,
                Key([mod], "z", lazy.start_repl_server(locals_dict=globals())),
                ...
            ]

This will add all variables from a user's config to the REPL environment, allowing users to trigger their own functions etc.

The REPL server runs on port 41414. This is hardcoded for now but we expect to make changes to qtile's wire format in the future.

  qtile run-cmd

Run a command applying rules to the new windows, ie, you can start a window in a specific group, make it floating, intrusive, etc.

The Windows must have NET_WM_PID.

            # run xterm floating on group "test-group"
            qtile run-cmd -g test-group -f xterm

  qtile top

qtile top is a top-like tool to measure memory usage of Qtile's internals.

Note:
        To use qtile top you need to have tracemalloc enabled. You can do this by setting the environmental variable PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=1 before starting qtile. Alternatively, you can force start tracemalloc but you will lose early traces:

                    >>> from libqtile.command.client import InteractiveCommandClient
                    >>> i=InteractiveCommandClient()
                    >>> i.eval("import tracemalloc;tracemalloc.start()")

  dqtile-cmd

A Rofi/dmenu interface to qtile-cmd. Accepts all arguments of qtile-cmd.

  Examples:

  Output of dqtile-cmd -o cmd
[image]

  Output of dqtile-cmd -h

            dqtile-cmd

                A Rofi/dmenu interface to qtile-cmd. Excepts all arguments of qtile-cmd
                (see below).

            usage: dqtile-cmd [-h] [--object OBJ_SPEC [OBJ_SPEC ...]]
                              [--function FUNCTION] [--args ARGS [ARGS ...]] [--info]

            Simple tool to expose qtile.command functionality to shell.

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help            show this help message and exit
              --object OBJ_SPEC [OBJ_SPEC ...], -o OBJ_SPEC [OBJ_SPEC ...]
                                    Specify path to object (space separated). If no
                                    --function flag display available commands.
              --function FUNCTION, -f FUNCTION
                                    Select function to execute.
              --args ARGS [ARGS ...], -a ARGS [ARGS ...]
                                    Set arguments supplied to function.
              --info, -i            With both --object and --function args prints
                                    documentation for function.

            Examples:
             dqtile-cmd
             dqtile-cmd -o cmd
             dqtile-cmd -o cmd -f prev_layout -i
             dqtile-cmd -o cmd -f prev_layout -a 3 # prev_layout on group 3
             dqtile-cmd -o group 3 -f focus_back

            If both rofi and dmenu are present rofi will be selected as default, to change this us --force-dmenu as the first argument.

  iqshell

In addition to the standard qtile shell shell interface, we provide a kernel capable of running through Jupyter that hooks into the qshell client. The command structure and syntax is the same as qshell, so it is recommended you read that for more information about that.

  Dependencies

In order to run iqshell, you must have ipykernel <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/ipykernel> and jupyter_console <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jupyter_console>. You can install the dependencies when you are installing qtile by running:

            $ pip install qtile[ipython]

Otherwise, you can just install these two packages separately, either through PyPI or through your distribution package manager.

  Installing and Running the Kernel

Once you have the required dependencies, you can run the kernel right away by running:

            $ python3 -m libqtile.interactive.iqshell_kernel

However, this will merely spawn a kernel instance, you will have to run a separate frontend that connects to this kernel.

A more convenient way to run the kernel is by registering the kernel with Jupyter. To register the kernel itself, run:

            $ python3 -m libqtile.interactive.iqshell_install

If you run this as a non-root user, or pass the --user flag, this will install to the user Jupyter kernel directory. You can now invoke the kernel directly when starting a Jupyter frontend, for example:

            $ jupyter console --kernel qshell

The iqshell script will launch a Jupyter terminal console with the qshell kernel.

  iqshell vs qtile shell

One of the main drawbacks of running through a Jupyter kernel is the frontend has no way to query the current node of the kernel, and as such, there is no way to set a custom prompt. In order to query your current node, you can call pwd.

This, however, enables many of the benefits of running in a Jupyter frontend, including being able to save, run, and re-run code cells in frontends such as the Jupyter notebook.

The Jupyter kernel also enables more advanced help, text completion, and introspection capabilities (however, these are currently not implemented at a level much beyond what is available in the standard qtile shell).

DEFAULT CONFIG FILE

The below default config file is included with the Qtile package and will be copied to your home config folder (~/.config/qtile/config.py) if no config file exists when you start Qtile for the first time.

            import os
            from collections.abc import Callable

            import libqtile.resources
            from libqtile import bar, layout, qtile, widget
            from libqtile.config import Click, Drag, Group, Key, Match, Output, Screen
            from libqtile.lazy import lazy
            from libqtile.utils import guess_terminal

            mod = "mod4"
            terminal = guess_terminal()

            keys = [
                # A list of available commands that can be bound to keys can be found
                # at https://docs.qtile.org/en/latest/manual/config/lazy.html
                # Switch between windows
                Key([mod], "h", lazy.layout.left(), desc="Move focus to left"),
                Key([mod], "l", lazy.layout.right(), desc="Move focus to right"),
                Key([mod], "j", lazy.layout.down(), desc="Move focus down"),
                Key([mod], "k", lazy.layout.up(), desc="Move focus up"),
                Key([mod], "space", lazy.layout.next(), desc="Move window focus to other window"),
                # Move windows between left/right columns or move up/down in current stack.
                # Moving out of range in Columns layout will create new column.
                Key([mod, "shift"], "h", lazy.layout.shuffle_left(), desc="Move window to the left"),
                Key([mod, "shift"], "l", lazy.layout.shuffle_right(), desc="Move window to the right"),
                Key([mod, "shift"], "j", lazy.layout.shuffle_down(), desc="Move window down"),
                Key([mod, "shift"], "k", lazy.layout.shuffle_up(), desc="Move window up"),
                # Grow windows. If current window is on the edge of screen and direction
                # will be to screen edge - window would shrink.
                Key([mod, "control"], "h", lazy.layout.grow_left(), desc="Grow window to the left"),
                Key([mod, "control"], "l", lazy.layout.grow_right(), desc="Grow window to the right"),
                Key([mod, "control"], "j", lazy.layout.grow_down(), desc="Grow window down"),
                Key([mod, "control"], "k", lazy.layout.grow_up(), desc="Grow window up"),
                Key([mod], "n", lazy.layout.normalize(), desc="Reset all window sizes"),
                # Toggle between split and unsplit sides of stack.
                # Split = all windows displayed
                # Unsplit = 1 window displayed, like Max layout, but still with
                # multiple stack panes
                Key(
                    [mod, "shift"],
                    "Return",
                    lazy.layout.toggle_split(),
                    desc="Toggle between split and unsplit sides of stack",
                ),
                Key([mod], "Return", lazy.spawn(terminal), desc="Launch terminal"),
                # Toggle between different layouts as defined below
                Key([mod], "Tab", lazy.next_layout(), desc="Toggle between layouts"),
                Key([mod], "w", lazy.window.kill(), desc="Kill focused window"),
                Key(
                    [mod],
                    "f",
                    lazy.window.toggle_fullscreen(),
                    desc="Toggle fullscreen on the focused window",
                ),
                Key([mod], "t", lazy.window.toggle_floating(), desc="Toggle floating on the focused window"),
                Key([mod, "control"], "r", lazy.reload_config(), desc="Reload the config"),
                Key([mod, "control"], "q", lazy.shutdown(), desc="Shutdown Qtile"),
                Key([mod], "r", lazy.spawncmd(), desc="Spawn a command using a prompt widget"),
            ]

            # Add key bindings to switch VTs in Wayland.
            # We can't check qtile.core.name in default config as it is loaded before qtile is started
            # We therefore defer the check until the key binding is run by using .when(func=...)
            for vt in range(1, 8):
                keys.append(
                    Key(
                        ["control", "mod1"],
                        f"f{vt}",
                        lazy.core.change_vt(vt).when(func=lambda: qtile.core.name == "wayland"),
                        desc=f"Switch to VT{vt}",
                    )
                )

            groups = [Group(i) for i in "123456789"]

            for i in groups:
                keys.extend(
                    [
                        # mod + group number = switch to group
                        Key(
                            [mod],
                            i.name,
                            lazy.group[i.name].toscreen(),
                            desc=f"Switch to group {i.name}",
                        ),
                        # mod + shift + group number = switch to & move focused window to group
                        Key(
                            [mod, "shift"],
                            i.name,
                            lazy.window.togroup(i.name, switch_group=True),
                            desc=f"Switch to & move focused window to group {i.name}",
                        ),
                        # Or, use below if you prefer not to switch to that group.
                        # # mod + shift + group number = move focused window to group
                        # Key([mod, "shift"], i.name, lazy.window.togroup(i.name),
                        #     desc="move focused window to group {}".format(i.name)),
                    ]
                )

            layouts = [
                layout.Columns(border_focus_stack=["#d75f5f", "#8f3d3d"], border_width=4),
                layout.Max(),
                # Try more layouts by unleashing below layouts.
                # layout.Stack(num_stacks=2),
                # layout.Bsp(),
                # layout.Matrix(),
                # layout.MonadTall(),
                # layout.MonadWide(),
                # layout.RatioTile(),
                # layout.Tile(),
                # layout.TreeTab(),
                # layout.VerticalTile(),
                # layout.Zoomy(),
            ]

            widget_defaults = dict(
                font="sans",
                fontsize=12,
                padding=3,
            )
            extension_defaults = widget_defaults.copy()

            logo = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(libqtile.resources.__file__), "logo.png")
            screens = [
                Screen(
                    bottom=bar.Bar(
                        [
                            widget.CurrentLayout(),
                            widget.GroupBox(),
                            widget.Prompt(),
                            widget.WindowName(),
                            widget.Chord(
                                chords_colors={
                                    "launch": ("#ff0000", "#ffffff"),
                                },
                                name_transform=lambda name: name.upper(),
                            ),
                            widget.TextBox("default config", name="default"),
                            widget.TextBox("Press &lt;M-r&gt; to spawn", foreground="#d75f5f"),
                            # NB Systray is incompatible with Wayland, consider using StatusNotifier instead
                            # widget.StatusNotifier(),
                            widget.Systray(),
                            widget.Clock(format="%Y-%m-%d %a %I:%M %p"),
                            widget.QuickExit(),
                        ],
                        24,
                        # border_width=[2, 0, 2, 0],  # Draw top and bottom borders
                        # border_color=["ff00ff", "000000", "ff00ff", "000000"]  # Borders are magenta
                    ),
                    background="#000000",
                    wallpaper=logo,
                    wallpaper_mode="center",
                    # You can uncomment this variable if you see that on X11 floating resize/moving is laggy
                    # By default we handle these events delayed to already improve performance, however your system might still be struggling
                    # This variable is set to None (no cap) by default, but you can set it to 60 to indicate that you limit it to 60 events per second
                    # x11_drag_polling_rate = 60,
                ),
            ]

            # Instead of screens, you can define a function here to specify which Screen
            # should correspond to which Output.
            fake_screens: list[Screen] | None = None

            # Instead of screens or fake screens, you can define a function here that
            # returns a list of Screen objects based on the list of Outputs; that way you
            # can decide based on e.g. the number of screens, or which ports are plugged
            # in exactly what do render in each bar for each screen.
            generate_screens: Callable[[list[Output]], list[Screen]] | None = None

            # Drag floating layouts.
            mouse = [
                Drag([mod], "Button1", lazy.window.set_position_floating(), start=lazy.window.get_position()),
                Drag([mod], "Button3", lazy.window.set_size_floating(), start=lazy.window.get_size()),
                Click([mod], "Button2", lazy.window.bring_to_front()),
            ]

            dgroups_key_binder = None
            dgroups_app_rules = []  # type: list
            follow_mouse_focus = True
            bring_front_click = False
            floats_kept_above = True
            cursor_warp = False
            floating_layout = layout.Floating(
                float_rules=[
                    # Run the utility of `xprop` to see the wm class and name of an X client.
                    *layout.Floating.default_float_rules,
                    Match(wm_class="confirmreset"),  # gitk
                    Match(wm_class="makebranch"),  # gitk
                    Match(wm_class="maketag"),  # gitk
                    Match(wm_class="ssh-askpass"),  # ssh-askpass
                    Match(title="branchdialog"),  # gitk
                    Match(title="pinentry"),  # GPG key password entry
                ]
            )
            auto_fullscreen = True
            focus_on_window_activation = "smart"
            focus_previous_on_window_remove = False
            reconfigure_screens = True

            # If things like steam games want to auto-minimize themselves when losing
            # focus, should we respect this or not?
            auto_minimize = True

            # When using the Wayland backend, this can be used to configure input devices.
            wl_input_rules = None

            # xcursor theme (string or None) and size (integer) for Wayland backend
            wl_xcursor_theme = None
            wl_xcursor_size = 24

            idle_timers = []  # type: list
            idle_inhibitors = []  # type: list

            # XXX: Gasp! We're lying here. In fact, nobody really uses or cares about this
            # string besides java UI toolkits; you can see several discussions on the
            # mailing lists, GitHub issues, and other WM documentation that suggest setting
            # this string if your java app doesn't work correctly. We may as well just lie
            # and say that we're a working one by default.
            #
            # We choose LG3D to maximize irony: it is a 3D non-reparenting WM written in
            # java that happens to be on java's whitelist.
            wmname = "LG3D"

THE CONFIG FILE

Qtile is configured in Python. A script (~/.config/qtile/config.py by default) is evaluated, and a small set of configuration variables are pulled from its global namespace.

  Configuration lookup order

Qtile looks in the following places for a configuration file, in order:

    •   The location specified by the -c argument.

    •   $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/qtile/config.py, if it is set

    •   ~/.config/qtile/config.py

    •   first qtile/config.py found in $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS (defaults to /etc/xdg)

    •   It reads the module libqtile.resources.default_config, included by default with every Qtile installation.

Qtile will try to create the configuration file as a copy of the default config, if it doesn't exist yet, this one will be placed inside of $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/qtile/config.py (if set) or ~/.config/qtile/config.py.

  Default Configuration

The default configuration <#default-config> is invoked when qtile cannot find a configuration file. In addition, if qtile is restarted or the config is reloaded, qtile will load the default configuration if the config file it finds has some kind of error in it. The documentation below describes the configuration lookup process, as well as what the key bindings are in the default config.

The default config is not intended to be suitable for all users; it's mostly just there so qtile does /something/ when fired up, and so that it doesn't crash and cause you to lose all your work if you reload a bad config.

  Configuration variables

A Qtile configuration consists of a file with a bunch of variables in it, which qtile imports and then runs as a Python file to derive its final configuration. The documentation below describes the most common configuration variables; more advanced configuration can be found in the qtile-examples <https://github.com/qtile/qtile-examples> repository, which includes a number of real-world configurations that demonstrate how you can tune Qtile to your liking. (Feel free to issue a pull request to add your own configuration to the mix!)

  Lazy objects

Lazy objects are a way of executing any of the commands available in Qtile's commands API <>.

The name "lazy" refers to the fact that the commands are not executed at the time of the call. Instead, the lazy object creates a reference to the relevant command and this is only executed when the relevant event is triggered (e.g. on a keypress).

Typically, for config files, the commands are used to manipulate windows, layouts and groups as well application commands like exiting, restarting, reloading the config file etc.

  Example

            from libqtile.config import Key
            from libqtile.lazy import lazy

            keys = [
                Key(
                    ["mod1"], "k",
                    lazy.layout.down()
                ),
                Key(
                    ["mod1"], "j",
                    lazy.layout.up()
                )
            ]

Note:
        As noted above, lazy calls do not call the relevant command but only create a reference to it. While this makes it ideal for binding commands to key presses and mouse_callbacks for widgets, it also means that lazy calls cannot be included in user-defined functions.

  Lazy functions

This is overview of the commonly used functions for the key bindings. These functions can be called from commands on the REPLACE object or on another object in the command tree.

Some examples are given below. For a complete list of available commands, please refer to Commands API <>.

  General functions
function | description
lazy.spawn("application") | Run the application
lazy.spawncmd() | Open command prompt on the bar. See prompt widget.
lazy.reload_config() | Reload the config.
lazy.restart() | Restart Qtile. In X11, it won't close your windows.
lazy.shutdown() | Close the whole Qtile

  Group functions
function | description
lazy.next_layout() | Use next layout on the actual group
lazy.prev_layout() | Use previous layout on the actual group
lazy.screen.next_group() | Move to the group on the right
lazy.screen.prev_group() | Move to the group on the left
lazy.screen.toggle_group() | Move to the last visited group
lazy.group.next_window() | Switch window focus to next window in group
lazy.group.prev_window() | Switch window focus to previous window in group
lazy.group["group_name"].toscreen() | Move to the group called group_name. Takes an optional toggle parameter (defaults to False). If this group is already on the screen, it does nothing by default; to toggle with the last used group instead, use toggle=True.
lazy.layout.increase_ratio() | Increase the space for master window at the expense of slave windows
lazy.layout.decrease_ratio() | Decrease the space for master window in the advantage of slave windows

  Window functions
function | description
lazy.window.kill() | Close the focused window
lazy.layout.next() | Switch window focus to other pane(s) of stack
lazy.window.togroup("group_name") | Move focused window to the group called group_name
lazy.window.toggle_floating() | Put the focused window to/from floating mode
lazy.window.toggle_fullscreen() | Put the focused window to/from fullscreen mode
lazy.window.move_up() | Move the window above the next window in the stack.
lazy.window.move_down() | Move the window below the previous window in the stack.
lazy.window.move_to_top() | Move the window above all other windows with similar priority (i.e. a "normal" window will not be moved above a kept_above window).
lazy.window.move_to_bottom() | Move the window below all other windows with similar priority (i.e. a "normal" window will not be moved below a kept_below window).
lazy.window.keep_above() | Keep window above other windows.
lazy.window.keep_below() | Keep window below other windows.
lazy.window.bring_to_front() | Bring window above all other windows. Ignores kept_above priority.

  Screen functions
function | description
lazy.screen.set_wallpaper(path, mode=None) | Set the wallpaper to the specificied image. Possible modes: None no resizing, 'fill' centre and resize to fill screen, 'stretch' stretch to fill screen.

  ScratchPad DropDown functions
function | description
lazy.group["group_name"].dropdown_toggle("name") | Toggles the visibility of the specified DropDown window. On first use, the configured process is spawned.
lazy.group["group_name"].hide_all() | Hides all DropDown windows.
lazy.group["group_name"].dropdown_reconfigure("name", **configuration) | Update the configuration of the named DropDown.

  User-defined functions
function | description
lazy.function(func, *args, **kwargs) | Calls func(qtile, *args, **kwargs). NB. the qtile object is automatically passed as the first argument.

  Examples

lazy.function can also be used as a decorator for functions.

            from libqtile.config import Key
            from libqtile.lazy import lazy

            @lazy.function
            def my_function(qtile):
                ...

            keys = [
                Key(
                    ["mod1"], "k",
                    my_function
                )
            ]

Additionally, you can pass arguments to user-defined function in one of two ways:

    1.  In-line definition

Arguments can be added to the lazy.function call.

            from libqtile.config import Key
            from libqtile.lazy import lazy
            from libqtile.log_utils import logger

            def multiply(qtile, value, multiplier=10):
                logger.warning(f"Multiplication results: {value * multiplier}")

            keys = [
                Key(
                    ["mod1"], "k",
                    lazy.function(multiply, 10, multiplier=2)
                )
            ]

    2.  Decorator

Arguments can also be passed to the decorated function.

            from libqtile.config import Key
            from libqtile.lazy import lazy
            from libqtile.log_utils import logger

            @lazy.function
            def multiply(qtile, value, multiplier=10):
                logger.warning(f"Multiplication results: {value * multiplier}")

            keys = [
                Key(
                    ["mod1"], "k",
                    multiply(10, multiplier=2)
                )
            ]

  Groups

A group is a container for a bunch of windows, analogous to workspaces in other window managers. Each client window managed by the window manager belongs to exactly one group. The groups config file variable should be initialized to a list of Group objects.

Group objects provide several options for group configuration. Groups can be configured to show and hide themselves when they're not empty, spawn applications for them when they start, automatically acquire certain groups, and various other options.

  Example

            from libqtile.config import Group, Match

            groups = [
                Group("a"),
                Group("b"),
                Group("c", matches=[Match(wm_class="Firefox")]),
            ]

            # allow mod3+1 through mod3+0 to bind to groups; if you bind your groups
            # by hand in your config, you don't need to do this.
            from libqtile.dgroups import simple_key_binder

            dgroups_key_binder = simple_key_binder("mod3")

  Reference

  Group Matching

  ScratchPad and DropDown

ScratchPad is a special - by default invisible - group which acts as a container for DropDown configurations. A DropDown can be configured to spawn a defined process and bind that's process' window to it. The associated window can then be shown and hidden by the lazy command dropdown_toggle() (see Lazy objects <#lazy>) from the ScratchPad group. Thus - for example - your favorite terminal emulator turns into a quake-like terminal by the control of Qtile.

If the DropDown window turns visible it is placed as a floating window on top of the current group. If the DropDown is hidden, it is simply switched back to the ScratchPad group.

  Example

            from libqtile.config import Group, ScratchPad, DropDown, Key
            from libqtile.lazy import lazy

            groups = [
                ScratchPad("scratchpad", [
                    # define a drop down terminal.
                    # it is placed in the upper third of screen by default.
                    DropDown("term", "urxvt", opacity=0.8),

                    # define another terminal exclusively for ``qtile shell` at different position
                    DropDown("qtile shell", "urxvt -hold -e 'qtile shell'",
                             x=0.05, y=0.4, width=0.9, height=0.6, opacity=0.9,
                             on_focus_lost_hide=True) ]),
                Group("a"),
            ]

            keys = [
              # toggle visibiliy of above defined DropDown named "term"
              Key([], 'F11', lazy.group['scratchpad'].dropdown_toggle('term')),
              Key([], 'F12', lazy.group['scratchpad'].dropdown_toggle('qtile shell')),
            ]

Note that if the window is set to not floating, it is detached from DropDown and ScratchPad, and a new process is spawned next time the DropDown is set visible.

Some programs run in a server-like mode where the spawned process does not directly own the window that is created, which is instead created by a background process. In this case, the window may not be correctly caught in the scratchpad group. To work around this, you can pass a Match object to the corresponding DropDown. See below.

  Reference

  Keys

The keys variable defines Qtile's key bindings.

  Default Key Bindings

The mod key for the default config is mod4, which is typically bound to the "Super" keys, which are things like the windows key and the mac command key. The basic operation is:

    •   mod + k or mod + j: switch windows on the current stack

    •   mod + <space>: put focus on the other pane of the stack (when in stack layout)

    •   mod + <tab>: switch layouts

    •   mod + w: close window

    •   mod + <ctrl> + r: reload the config

    •   mod + <group name>: switch to that group

    •   mod + <shift> + <group name>: send a window to that group

    •   mod + <enter>: start terminal guessed by libqtile.utils.guess_terminal

    •   mod + r: start a little prompt in the bar so users can run arbitrary commands

The default config defines one screen and 8 groups, one for each letter in asdfuiop. It has a basic bottom bar that includes a group box, the current window name, a little text reminder that you're using the default config, a system tray, and a clock.

The default configuration has several more advanced key combinations, but the above should be enough for basic usage of qtile.

See Keybindings in images <#keybinding-img> for visual keybindings in keyboard layout.

  Defining key bindings

Individual key bindings are defined with Key as demonstrated in the following example. Note that you may specify more than one callback functions.

            from libqtile.config import Key

            keys = [
               # Pressing "Meta + Shift + a".
               Key(["mod4", "shift"], "a", callback, ...),

               # Pressing "Control + p".
               Key(["control"], "p", callback, ...),

               # Pressing "Meta + Tab".
               Key(["mod4", "mod1"], "Tab", callback, ...),
            ]

The above may also be written more concisely with the help of the EzKey helper class. The following example is functionally equivalent to the above:

            from libqtile.config import EzKey as Key

            keys = [
               Key("M-S-a", callback, ...),
               Key("C-p",   callback, ...),
               Key("M-A-<Tab>", callback, ...),
            ]

The EzKey modifier keys (i.e. MASC) can be overwritten through the EzKey.modifier_keys dictionary. The defaults are:

            modifier_keys = {
               'M': 'mod4',
               'A': 'mod1',
               'S': 'shift',
               'C': 'control',
            }

Callbacks can also be configured to work only under certain conditions by using the when() method. Currently, the following conditions are supported:

            from libqtile.config import Key

            keys = [
                # Only trigger callback for a specific layout
                Key(
                    [mod, 'shift'],
                    "j",
                    lazy.layout.grow().when(layout='verticaltile'),
                    lazy.layout.grow_down().when(layout='columns')
                ),

                # Limit action to when the current window is not floating
                Key([mod], "f", lazy.window.toggle_fullscreen().when(when_floating=False))

                # Limit action to when the current window is floating
                Key([mod], "f", lazy.window.toggle_fullscreen().when(when_floating=True))

                # Also matches are supported on the current window
                # For example to match on the wm_class for fullscreen do the following
                Key([mod], "f", lazy.window.toggle_fullscreen().when(focused=Match(wm_class="yourclasshere"))
            ]

  KeyChords

Qtile also allows sequences of keys to trigger callbacks. These sequences are known as chords and are defined with KeyChord. Chords are added to the keys section of the config file.

            from libqtile.config import Key, KeyChord

            keys = [
                KeyChord([mod], "z", [
                    Key([], "x", lazy.spawn("xterm"))
                ])
            ]

The above code will launch xterm when the user presses Mod + z, followed by x.

Warning:
        Users should note that key chords are aborted by pressing <escape>. In the above example, if the user presses Mod + z, any following key presses will still be sent to the currently focussed window. If <escape> has not been pressed, the next press of x will launch xterm.

  Modes

Chords can optionally persist until a user presses <escape>. This can be done by setting mode=True. This can be useful for configuring a subset of commands for a particular situations (i.e. similar to vim modes).

            from libqtile.config import Key, KeyChord

            keys = [
                KeyChord([mod], "z", [
                    Key([], "g", lazy.layout.grow()),
                    Key([], "s", lazy.layout.shrink()),
                    Key([], "n", lazy.layout.normalize()),
                    Key([], "m", lazy.layout.maximize())],
                    mode=True,
                    name="Windows"
                )
            ]

In the above example, pressing Mod + z triggers the "Windows" mode. Users can then resize windows by just pressing g (to grow the window), s to shrink it etc. as many times as needed. To exit the mode, press <escape>.

Note:
        The Chord widget (Chord) will display the name of the active chord (as set by the name parameter). This is particularly useful where the chord is a persistent mode as this will indicate when the chord's mode is still active.

  Chains

Chords can also be chained to make even longer sequences.

            from libqtile.config import Key, KeyChord

            keys = [
                KeyChord([mod], "z", [
                    KeyChord([], "x", [
                        Key([], "c", lazy.spawn("xterm"))
                    ])
                ])
            ]

Modes can also be added to chains if required. The following example demonstrates the behaviour when using the mode argument in chains:

            from libqtile.config import Key, KeyChord

            keys = [
                KeyChord([mod], "z", [
                    KeyChord([], "y", [
                        KeyChord([], "x", [
                            Key([], "c", lazy.spawn("xterm"))
                        ], mode=True, name="inner")
                    ])
                ], mode=True, name="outer")
            ]

After pressing Mod+z y x c, the "inner" mode will remain active. When pressing <escape>, the "inner" mode is exited. Since the mode in between does not have mode set, it is also left. Arriving at the "outer" mode (which has this argument set) stops the "leave" action and "outer" now becomes the active mode.

Note:
        If you want to bind a custom key to leave the current mode (e.g. Control + G in addition to <escape>), you can specify lazy.ungrab_chord() as the key action. To leave all modes and return to the root bindings, use lazy.ungrab_all_chords().

  Modifiers

On most systems mod1 is the Alt key - you can see which modifiers, which are enclosed in a list, map to which keys on your system by running the xmodmap command. This example binds Alt-k to the "down" command on the current layout. This command is standard on all the included layouts, and switches to the next window (where "next" is defined differently in different layouts). The matching "up" command switches to the previous window.

Modifiers include: "shift", "lock", "control", "mod1", "mod2", "mod3", "mod4", and "mod5". They can be used in combination by appending more than one modifier to the list:

            Key(
                ["mod1", "control"], "k",
                lazy.layout.shuffle_down()
            )

  Special keys

These are most commonly used special keys. For complete list please see the code <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/blob/master/libqtile/backend/x11/xkeysyms.py>. You can create bindings on them just like for the regular keys. For example Key(["mod1"], "F4", lazy.window.kill()).
Return
BackSpace
Tab
space
Home, End
Left, Up, Right, Down
F1, F2, F3, ...
XF86AudioRaiseVolume
XF86AudioLowerVolume
XF86AudioMute
XF86AudioNext
XF86AudioPrev
XF86MonBrightnessUp
XF86MonBrightnessDown

  Reference

  Layouts

A layout is an algorithm for laying out windows in a group on your screen. Since Qtile is a tiling window manager, this usually means that we try to use space as efficiently as possible, and give the user ample commands that can be bound to keys to interact with layouts.

The layouts variable defines the list of layouts you will use with Qtile. The first layout in the list is the default. If you define more than one layout, you will probably also want to define key bindings to let you switch to the next and previous layouts.

See Built-in Layouts <#ref-layouts> for a listing of available layouts.

  Example

            from libqtile import layout

            layouts = [
                layout.Max(),
                layout.Stack(stacks=2)
            ]

  Mouse

The mouse config file variable defines a set of global mouse actions, and is a list of Click and Drag objects, which define what to do when a window is clicked or dragged.

  Default Mouse Bindings

By default, holding your mod key and left-clicking (and holding) a window will allow you to drag it around as a floating window. Holding your mod key and right-clicking (and holding) a window will resize the window (and also make it float if it is not already floating).

  Example

            from libqtile.config import Click, Drag
            mouse = [
                Drag([mod], "Button1", lazy.window.set_position_floating(),
                    start=lazy.window.get_position()),
                Drag([mod], "Button3", lazy.window.set_size_floating(),
                    start=lazy.window.get_size()),
                Click([mod], "Button2", lazy.window.bring_to_front())
            ]

The above example can also be written more concisely with the help of the EzClick and EzDrag helpers:

            from libqtile.config import EzClick as Click, EzDrag as Drag

            mouse = [
                Drag("M-1", lazy.window.set_position_floating(),
                    start=lazy.window.get_position()),
                Drag("M-3", lazy.window.set_size_floating(),
                    start=lazy.window.get_size()),
                Click("M-2", lazy.window.bring_to_front())
            ]

  Reference

  Screens

The screens configuration variable is where the physical screens, their associated bars, and the widgets contained within the bars are defined (see Built-in Widgets <#ref-widgets> for a listing of available widgets).

  Example

Tying together screens, bars and widgets, we get something like this:

            from libqtile.config import Screen
            from libqtile import bar, widget

            window_name = widget.WindowName()

            screens = [
                Screen(
                    bottom=bar.Bar([
                        widget.GroupBox(),
                        window_name,
                        ], 30),
                    ),
                Screen(
                    bottom=bar.Bar([
                        widget.GroupBox(),
                        window_name,
                        ], 30),
                    )
                ]

Note that a widget can be passed to multiple bars (and likewise multiple times to the same bar). Its contents is mirrored across all copies so this is useful where you want identical content (e.g. the name of the focussed window, like in this example).

Bars support both solid background colors and gradients by supplying a list of colors that make up a linear gradient. For example, bar.Bar(..., background="#000000") will give you a black back ground (the default), while bar.Bar(..., background=["#000000", "#FFFFFF"]) will give you a background that fades from black to white.

Bars (and widgets) also support transparency by adding an alpha value to the desired color. For example, bar.Bar(..., background="#00000000") will result in a fully transparent bar. Widget contents will not be impacted i.e. this is different to the opacity parameter which sets the transparency of the entire window.

Note:
        In X11 backends, transparency will be disabled in a bar if the background color is fully opaque.

Users can add borders to the bar by using the border_width and border_color parameters. Providing a single value sets the value for all four sides while sides can be customised individually by setting four values in a list (top, right, bottom, left) e.g. border_width=[2, 0, 2, 0] would draw a border 2 pixels thick on the top and bottom of the bar.

  Multiple Screens

You will see from the example above that screens is a list of individual Screen objects. The order of the screens in this list should match the order of screens as seen by your display server.

  X11

You can view the current order of your screens by running xrandr --listmonitors.

Examples of how to set the order of your screens can be found on the Arch wiki <https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Multihead>.

  Wayland

The Wayland backend supports the wlr-output-management protocol for configuration of outputs by tools such as Kanshi <https://github.com/emersion/kanshi>.

  Dynamic Screen Configuration

Instead of defining screens as a static list, you can define a generate_screens function that is called with the list of currently connected outputs and returns the appropriate list of Screen objects. This lets you adapt your bar layout to different hardware setups, e.g. a laptop on its own, docked with a second monitor, or at a desk with multiple displays.

The function signature must be:

            from libqtile.config import Output, Screen

            def generate_screens(outputs: list[Output]) -> list[Screen]:
                ...

Each Output has the following attributes:

    •   port — the connector name as seen by the display server (e.g. "HDMI-1", "DP-1")

    •   make — manufacturer string reported by the monitor

    •   model — model string reported by the monitor

    •   serial — serial number reported by the monitor (stable across reboots, useful for identifying specific displays)

    •   rect — a ScreenRect describing the geometry of the output

  Example

The following example defines three helper functions, one per number of connected screens, and dispatches based on how many outputs are active. The three_screens helper additionally matches each output to a fixed screen configuration using the monitor serial number so that each display always gets the same bar layout regardless of which port it happens to be plugged into:

            import subprocess
            from libqtile import bar, widget
            from libqtile.config import Output, Screen

            def one_screen():
                # As an example: we want to render the appropriate world clock based on
                where we are, but also the time at home. Dynamically compute the clock
                widgets necessary to do this.
                current = subprocess.check_output(
                    ["timedatectl", "show", "--value", "--property=Timezone"]
                ).decode("utf-8")

                # only display american clocks in 12 hour format
                fmt = '%Y-%m-%d %a %I:%M %p'
                if not current.startswith("America"):
                    fmt = '%Y-%m-%d %a %H:%M'

                clocks = [
                    widget.Clock(format=fmt, **widget_defaults),
                ]

                # display the time at home if not at home
                if current != "America/Denver\n":
                    clocks.insert(0, widget.Clock(
                        format='%I:%M %p Mountain',
                        timezone='America/Denver',
                        **widget_defaults,
                    ))

                return [
                    Screen(top=bar.Bar([
                        widget.GroupBox(**widget_defaults),
                        widget.Prompt(**widget_defaults),
                        widget.Clipboard(timeout=None, width=bar.STRETCH, max_width=None),
                        widget.Battery(**widget_defaults),
                        widget.Systray(**widget_defaults),
                        ] + clocks,
                        height,
                    )),
                ]

            def two_screens():
                # A docked laptop, for example. Or maybe a plugged in projector while
                giving a conference talk.
                return [
                    Screen(top=bar.Bar([
                        widget.GroupBox(**widget_defaults),
                        widget.Prompt(**widget_defaults),
                        widget.Spacer(),
                    ], height)),
                    Screen(top=bar.Bar([
                        widget.GroupBox(**widget_defaults),
                        widget.Clipboard(timeout=None, width=bar.STRETCH, max_width=None),
                        widget.Systray(**widget_defaults),
                        widget.Clock(format='%Y-%m-%d %a %I:%M %p', **widget_defaults),
                    ], height)),
                ]

            def three_screens(outputs: list[Output]):
                """
                Bind screen configuration to a set of outputs regardless of their port
                names (e.g. HDMI-1, DP-1-1-2, etc.) by using the serial number of the
                monitors, which is stable across reboots.
                """
                screens = []
                for output in outputs:
                    if output.serial == "M2GCR1AM28PL":
                        # left screen
                        scr = Screen(top=bar.Bar([
                            widget.GroupBox(**widget_defaults),
                            widget.Prompt(**widget_defaults),
                            widget.Spacer(),
                        ], height))
                    elif output.serial == "1B8W0P3":
                        # middle screen
                        scr = Screen(top=bar.Bar([
                            widget.GroupBox(**widget_defaults),
                            widget.Systray(**widget_defaults),
                            widget.Clock(format='%Y-%m-%d %a %I:%M %p', **widget_defaults),
                        ], height))
                    elif output.serial == "M2GCR1AS21NL":
                        # right screen
                        scr = Screen(top=bar.Bar([
                            widget.GroupBox(**widget_defaults),
                            widget.Spacer(),
                            widget.Clock(format='%Y-%m-%d %a %I:%M %p', **widget_defaults),
                        ], height))
                    else:
                        raise Exception(f"unknown output {output}")
                    screens.append(scr)
                return screens

            def generate_screens(outputs: list[Output]) -> list[Screen]:
                if len(outputs) == 1:
                    return one_screen()
                elif len(outputs) == 2:
                    return two_screens()
                else:
                    return three_screens(outputs)

Note:
        generate_screens and screens are mutually exclusive. If generate_screens is defined it takes precedence and the screens variable is ignored.

  Fake Screens

instead of using the variable screens the variable fake_screens can be used to set split a physical monitor into multiple screens. They can be used like this:

            from libqtile.config import Screen
            from libqtile import bar, widget

            # screens look like this
            #     600         300
            #  |-------------|-----|
            #  |          480|     |580
            #  |   A         |  B  |
            #  |----------|--|     |
            #  |       400|--|-----|
            #  |   C      |        |400
            #  |----------|   D    |
            #     500     |--------|
            #                 400
            #
            # Notice there is a hole in the middle
            # also D goes down below the others

            fake_screens = [
              Screen(
                  bottom=bar.Bar(
                      [
                          widget.Prompt(),
                          widget.Sep(),
                          widget.WindowName(),
                          widget.Sep(),
                          widget.Systray(),
                          widget.Sep(),
                          widget.Clock(format='%H:%M:%S %d.%m.%Y')
                      ],
                      24,
                      background="#555555"
                  ),
                  x=0,
                  y=0,
                  width=600,
                  height=480
              ),
              Screen(
                  top=bar.Bar(
                      [
                          widget.GroupBox(),
                          widget.WindowName(),
                          widget.Clock()
                      ],
                      30,
                  ),
                  x=600,
                  y=0,
                  width=300,
                  height=580
              ),
              Screen(
                  top=bar.Bar(
                      [
                          widget.GroupBox(),
                          widget.WindowName(),
                          widget.Clock()
                      ],
                      30,
                  ),
                  x=0,
                  y=480,
                  width=500,
                  height=400
              ),
              Screen(
                  top=bar.Bar(
                      [
                          widget.GroupBox(),
                          widget.WindowName(),
                          widget.Clock()
                      ],
                      30,
                  ),
                  x=500,
                  y=580,
                  width=400,
                  height=400
              ),
            ]

  Third-party bars

There might be some reasons to use third-party bars. For instance you can come from another window manager and you have already configured dzen2, xmobar, or something else. They definitely can be used with Qtile too. In fact, any additional configurations aren't needed. Just run the bar and qtile will adapt.

  Reference

  Hooks

Qtile provides a mechanism for subscribing to certain events in libqtile.hook. To subscribe to a hook in your configuration, simply decorate a function with the hook you wish to subscribe to.

See Built-in Hooks <#ref-hooks> for a listing of available hooks.

  Examples

  Automatic floating dialogs

Let's say we wanted to automatically float all dialog windows (this code is not actually necessary; Qtile floats all dialogs by default). We would subscribe to the client_new hook to tell us when a new window has opened and, if the type is "dialog", as can set the window to float. In our configuration file it would look something like this:

            from libqtile import hook

            @hook.subscribe.client_new
            def floating_dialogs(window):
                dialog = window.window.get_wm_type() == 'dialog'
                transient = window.window.get_wm_transient_for()
                if dialog or transient:
                    window.floating = True

A list of available hooks can be found in the Built-in Hooks <#ref-hooks> reference.

  Autostart

If you want to run commands or spawn some applications when Qtile starts, you'll want to look at the startup and startup_once hooks. startup is emitted every time Qtile starts (including restarts), whereas startup_once is only emitted on the very first startup.

Let's create an executable file ~/.config/qtile/autostart.sh that will start a few programs when Qtile first runs. Remember to chmod +x ~/.config/qtile/autostart.sh so that it can be executed.

            #!/bin/sh
            pidgin &
            dropbox start &

We can then subscribe to startup_once to run this script:

            import os
            import subprocess

            from libqtile import hook

            @hook.subscribe.startup_once
            def autostart():
                home = os.path.expanduser('~/.config/qtile/autostart.sh')
                subprocess.call(home)

  Accessing the qtile object

If you want to do something with the Qtile manager instance inside a hook, it can be imported into your config:

            from libqtile import qtile

  Async hooks

Hooks can also be defined as coroutine functions using async def, which will run them asynchronously in the event loop:

            @hook.subscribe.focus_change
            async def _():
                ...

  Transient hooks

Transient hooks can be created by having the hooked function return True. This will automtically unsubscribe the hook after is has been run.

  Matching windows

Qtile's config provides a number of situations where the behaviour depends on whether the relevant window matches some specified criteria.

These situations include:

            •   Defining which windows should be floated by default

            •   Assigning windows to specific groups

            •   Assigning window to a master section of a layout

In each instance, the criteria are defined via a Match object. The properties of the object will be compared to a Window to determine if its properties match. It can match by title, wm_class, role, wm_type, wm_instance_class, net_wm_pid, or wid. Additionally, a function may be passed, which takes in the Window to be compared against and returns a boolean.

A basic rule would therefore look something like:

            Match(wm_class="mpv")

This would match against any window whose class was mpv.

Where a string is provided as an argument then the value must match exactly. More flexibility can be achieved by using regular expressions. For example:

            import re

            Match(wm_class=re.compile(r"mpv"))

This would still match a window whose class was mpv but it would also match any class starting with mpv e.g. mpvideo.

Note:
        When providing a regular expression, qtile applies the .match method. This matches from the start of the string so, if you want to match any substring, you will need to adapt the regular expression accordingly e.g.

                    import re

                    Match(wm_class=re.compile(r".*mpv"))

        This would match any string containing mpv

  Creating advanced rules

While the func parameter allows users to create more complex matches, this requires a knowledge of qtile's internal objects. An alternative is to combine Match objects using logical operators & (and), | (or), ~ (not) and ^ (xor).

For example, to create rule that matches all windows with a fixed aspect ratio except for mpv windows, you would provide the following:

            Match(func=lambda c: c.has_fixed_ratio()) & ~Match(wm_class="mpv")

It is also possible to use wrappers for Match objects if you do not want to use the operators. The following wrappers are available:

            •   MatchAll(Match(...), ...) equivalent to "and" test. All matches must match.

            •   MatchAny(Match(...), ...) equivalent to "or" test. At least one match must match.

            •   MatchOnlyOne(Match(...), Match(...)) equivalent to "xor". Only one match must match.

            •   InvertMatch(Match(...)) equivalent to "not". Inverts the result of the match.

So, to recreate the above rule using the wrappers, you would write the following:

            from libqtile.config import InvertMatch, Match, MatchAll

            MatchAll(Match(func=lambda c: c.has_fixed_ratio()), InvertMatch(Match(wm_class="mpv")))

In addition to the above variables, there are several other boolean configuration variables that control specific aspects of Qtile's behavior:
variable | default | description
auto_fullscreen | True | If a window requests to be fullscreen, it is automatically fullscreened. Set this to false if you only want windows to be fullscreen if you ask them to be.
auto_minimize | True | If things like steam games want to auto-minimize themselves when losing focus, should we respect this or not?
bring_front_click | False | When clicked, should the window be brought to the front or not. If this is set to "floating_only", only floating windows will get affected (This sets the X Stack Mode to Above.). This will ignore the layering rules and will therefore bring windows above other windows, even if they have been set as "kept_above". This may cause issues with docks and other similar apps as these may end up hidden behind other windows. Setting this to False or "floating_only" may therefore be required when using these apps.
cursor_warp | False | If true, the cursor follows the focus as directed by the keyboard, warping to the center of the focused window. When switching focus between screens, If there are no windows in the screen, the cursor will warp to the center of the screen.
dgroups_app_rules | [] | A list of Rule objects which can send windows to various groups based on matching criteria.
dgroups_key_binder | None | A function which generates group binding hotkeys. It takes a single argument, the DGroups object, and can use that to set up dynamic key bindings. A sample implementation is available in libqtile/dgroups.py <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/blob/master/libqtile/dgroups.py> called simple_key_binder(), which will bind groups to mod+shift+0-10 by default.
extension_defaults | same as widget_defaults | Default settings for extensions.
floating_layout | layout.Floating(float_rules=[...]) | The default floating layout to use. This allows you to set custom floating rules among other things if you wish. See the configuration file for the default float_rules.
floats_kept_above | True | Floating windows are kept above tiled windows (Currently x11 only. Wayland support coming soon.)
focus_on_window_activation | 'smart' | Behavior of the _NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW message sent by applications urgent: urgent flag is set for the window focus: automatically focus the window smart: automatically focus if the window is in the current group never: never automatically focus any window that requests it returns True: focus window returns False: doesn't do anything
focus_previous_on_window_remove | False | If a window is closed, the next focused window is not always the previous window, depending on current window state. Set this to true if you want to focus previous window in all circumstances.
follow_mouse_focus | True | Controls whether or not focus follows the mouse around as it moves across windows in a layout. Otherwise set this to "click_or_drag_only" to change focus only when doing a Click or Drag action.
reconfigure_screens | True | Controls whether or not to automatically reconfigure screens when there are changes in randr output configuration.
widget_defaults | dict(font='sans', fontsize=12, padding=3) | Default settings for bar widgets.
wmname | 'LG3D' | Gasp! We're lying here. In fact, nobody really uses or cares about this string besides java UI toolkits; you can see several discussions on the mailing lists, GitHub issues, and other WM documentation that suggest setting this string if your java app doesn't work correctly. We may as well just lie and say that we're a working one by default. We choose LG3D to maximize irony: it is a 3D non-reparenting WM written in java that happens to be on java's whitelist.

  Testing your configuration

The best way to test changes to your configuration is with the provided scripts at ./scripts/xephyr <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/blob/master/scripts/xephyr> (X11) or ./scripts/wephyr <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/blob/master/scripts/wephyr> (Wayland). This will run Qtile with your config.py inside a nested window and prevent your running instance of Qtile from crashing if something goes wrong.

See Hacking Qtile <#hacking> for more information on using Xephyr.

BUILT-IN LAYOUTS

BUILT-IN WIDGETS

BUILT-IN HOOKS

BUILT-IN EXTENSIONS

KEYBINDINGS IN IMAGES

  Default configuration
[image] [image] [image] [image]

  Generate your own images

Qtile provides a tiny helper script to generate keybindings images from a config file. In the repository, the script is located under scripts/gen-keybinding-img.

This script accepts a configuration file and an output directory. If no argument is given, the default configuration will be used and files will be placed in same directory where the command has been run.

            usage: gen-keybinding-img [-h] [-c CONFIGFILE] [-o OUTPUT_DIR]

            Qtile keybindings image generator

            optional arguments:
                -h, --help          show this help message and exit
                -c CONFIGFILE, --config CONFIGFILE
                                    use specified configuration file. If no presented
                                    default will be used
                -o OUTPUT_DIR, --output-dir OUTPUT_DIR
                                    set directory to export all images to

WINDOW STACKING

A number of window commands (move_up/down(), bring_to_front() etc.) relate to the stacking order of windows.

The aim of this page is to provide more details as to how stacking is implemented in Qtile.

Important:
        Currently, stacking is only implemented in the X11 background. Support will be added to the Wayland backend in future and this page will be updated accordingly.

  Layer priority groups

We have tried to adhere to the EWMH specification <https://specifications.freedesktop.org/wm-spec/1.3/ar01s07.html#STACKINGORDER>. Windows are therefore stacked, from the bottom, according to the following priority rules:

    •   windows of type _NET_WM_TYPE_DESKTOP

    •   windows having state _NET_WM_STATE_BELOW

    •   windows not belonging in any other layer

    •   windows of type _NET_WM_TYPE_DOCK (unless they have state _NET_WM_TYPE_BELOW) and windows having state _NET_WM_STATE_ABOVE

    •   focused windows having state _NET_WM_STATE_FULLSCREEN

Qtile had then added an additional layer so that Scratchpad windows are placed above everything else.

Tiled windows will open in the default, "windows not belonging in any other layer", layer. If floats_kept_above is set to True in the config then new floating windows will have the _NET_WM_STATE_ABOVE property set which will ensure they remain above tiled windows.

  Moving windows

Imagine you have four tiled windows stacked (from the top) as follows:

            "One"
            "Two"
            "Three"
            "Four"

If you call move_up() on window "Four", the result will be:

            "One"
            "Two"
            "Four"
            "Three"

If you now call move_to_top() on window "Three", the result will be:

            "Three"
            "One"
            "Two"
            "Four"

Note:
        bring_to_front() has a special behaviour in Qtile. This will bring any window to the very top of the stack, disregarding the priority rules set out above. When that window loses focus, it will be restacked in the appropriate location.

        This can cause undesirable results if the config contains bring_front_click=True and the user has an app like a dock which is activated by mousing over the window. In this situation, tiled windows will be displayed above the dock making it difficult to activate. To fix this, set bring_front_click to False to disable the behaviour completely, or "floating_only" to only have this behaviour apply to floating windows.

IDLE EVENTS

Qtile supports idle events natively on both the X11 and Wayland backends. Custom actions can be triggered after a specified period of inactivity. In addition, users can define rules to prevent idle timers from activating (e.g. when a video player is fullscreened.).

The Wayland backend includes support for the ext_idle_notifier_v1 and zwp_idle_inhibit_manager_v1 protocols. This means clients like swayidle are supported by qtile.

Note:
        If an inhibitor prevents a timer from firing, the timer will not be fired if the inhibitor is removed and the system is still in an idle state. Similarly, a resume action will not be fired when exiting the idle state if there was an active inhibitor when the timeout period was completed.

  Idle timers

Timers are defined in the idle_timers section of the config file. This should be a list of IdleTimer objects.

            from libqtile.config import IdleTimer
            from libqtile.lazy import lazy

            idle_timers = [
               IdleTimer(300, action=lazy.spawn("/path/to/screen_dimmer.sh"), resume=lazy.spawn("/path/to/restore_screen.sh")),
               IdleTimer(900, action=lazy.spawn("/path/to/screen_off.sh"))
            ]

  Idle inhibitors

An active idle inhibitor will prevent a timer action being triggered. Users can define rules for inhibitors in the idle_inhibitors section of the config file. This is a list of IdleInhibitor objects. Each inhibitor defines a Match to check whether the rule should apply to a window. There is also a setting to determine what state the window must be in to activate the inhibitor.

            from libqtile.config import IdleInhibitor, Match
            from libqtile.lazy import lazy

            idle_inhibitors = [
               IdleInhibitor(match=Match(wm_class="vlc"), when="fullscreen"),
            ]

ARCHITECTURE

This page explains how Qtile's API works and how it can be accessed. Users who just want to find a list of commands can jump to the API commands page <>.

Qtile's command API is based on a graph of objects, where each object has a set of associated commands, combined with a number of interfaces that are used to navigate the graph and execute associated commands.

This page gives an overview of the command graph and the various interfaces accessible by users. The documentation also contains details of all the commands that are exposed by objects on the graph.

Note:
        While users are able to access the internal python objects (e.g. via a qtile instance), this is not part of the "official" API. These objects and method are not currently included in the documentation but can be viewed by looking at the source code on github. Changes to commonly-used internal objects will be kept to a minimum.

The graph and object commands are used in a number of different places:

    •   Commands can be bound to keys <#config-keys> in the Qtile configuration file using the lazy interface.

    •   Commands can be called from a script using one of the various available interfaces <#scripting-interfaces> to interact with Qtile from Python or shell scripts.

A couple of additional options are available if you are looking for more interactive access:

    •   Commands can be called through qtile shell <#qtile-shell>, the Qtile shell.

    •   The shell can also be hooked into a Jupyter kernel called iqshell <#iqshell> (NB this interface is currently broken).

If the explanations in the pages below seems a bit complex, please take a moment to explore the API using the qtile shell command shell. The shell provides a way to navigate the graph, allowing you to see how nodes are connected. Available nodes can be displayed with the ls command while command lists and detailed documentation can be accessed from the built-in help command. Commands can also be executed from this shell.

  The Command Graph

The objects in Qtile's command graph come in eight flavours, matching the eight basic components of the window manager: layouts, windows, groups, bars, widgets, screens, core, and a special root node. Objects are addressed by a path specification that starts at the root and follows the available paths in the graph. This is what the graph looks like:

Each arrow can be read as "holds a reference to". So, we can see that a widget object holds a reference to objects of type bar and screen. Let's start with some simple examples of how the addressing works. Which particular objects we hold reference to depends on the context - for instance, widgets hold a reference to the screen that they appear on, and the bar they are attached to.

Let's look at an example, starting at the root node. The following script runs the status command on the root node, which, in this case, is represented by the InteractiveCommandClient object:

            from libqtile.command.client import InteractiveCommandClient
            c = InteractiveCommandClient()
            print(c.status())

The InteractiveCommandClient is a class that allows us to traverse the command graph using attributes to select child nodes or commands. In this example, we have resolved the status() command on the root object. The interactive command client will automatically find and connect to a running Qtile instance, and which it will use to dispatch the call and print out the return.

An alternative is to use the CommandClient, which allows for a more precise resolution of command graph objects, but is not as easy to interact with from a REPL:

            from libqtile.command.client import CommandClient
            c = CommandClient()
            print(c.call("status"))

Like the interactive client, the command client will automatically connect to a running Qtile instance. Here, we first resolve the status() command with the .call("status"), which simply located the function, then we can invoke the call with no arguments.

For the rest of this example, we will use the interactive command client. From the graph, we can see that the root node holds a reference to group nodes. We can access the "info" command on the current group like so:

            c.group.info()

To access a specific group, regardless of whether or not it is current, we use the Python mapping lookup syntax. This command sends group "b" to screen 1 (by the libqtile.config.Group.toscreen() method):

            c.group["b"].toscreen(1)

In different contexts, it is possible to access a default object, where in other contexts a key is required. From the root of the graph, the current group, layout, screen and window can be accessed by simply leaving the key specifier out. The key specifier is mandatory for widget and bar nodes.

With this context, we can now drill down deeper in the graph, following the edges in the graphic above. To access the screen currently displaying group "b", we can do this:

            c.group["b"].screen.info()

Be aware, however, that group "b" might not currently be displayed. In that case, it has no associated screen, the path resolves to a non-existent node, and we get an exception:

            libqtile.command.CommandError: No object screen in path 'group['b'].screen'

The graph is not a tree, since it can contain cycles. This path (redundantly) specifies the group belonging to the screen that belongs to group "b":

            c.group["b"].screen.group

This amount of connectivity makes it easy to reach out from a given object when callbacks and events fire on that object to related objects.

  Navigating the command graph

As noted previously, some objects require a selector to ensure that the correct object is selected, while other nodes provide a default object without a selector.

The table below shows what selectors are required for the different nodes and whether the selector is optional (i.e. if it can be omitted to select the default object).
Object | Key | Optional? | Example
bar <> | "top", "bottom" (Note: if accessing this node from the root, users on multi-monitor setups may wish to navigate via a screen node to ensure that they select the correct object.) | No | c.screen.bar["bottom"]
group <> | Name string | Yes | c.group["one"] c.group
layout <> | Integer index | Yes | c.layout[2] c.layout
screen <> | Integer index | Yes | c.screen[1] c.screen
widget <> | Widget name (This is usually the name of the widget class in lower case but can be set by passing the name parameter to the widget.) | No | c.widget["textbox"]
window <> | Integer window ID | Yes | c.window[123456] c.window
core <> | No | n/a | c.core

  Command graph development

This page provides further detail on how Qtile's command graph works. If you just want to script your Qtile window manager the earlier information <>, in addition to the documentation on the available commands <> should be enough to get started.

To develop the Qtile manager itself, we can dig into how Qtile represents these objects, which will lead to the way the commands are dispatched.

  Client-Server Scripting Model

Qtile has a client-server control model - the main Qtile instance listens on a named pipe, over which marshalled command calls and response data is passed. This allows Qtile to be controlled fully from external scripts. Remote interaction occurs through an instance of the libqtile.command.interface.IPCCommandInterface class. This class establishes a connection to the currently running instance of Qtile. A libqtile.command.client.InteractiveCommandClient can use this connection to dispatch commands to the running instance. Commands then appear as methods with the appropriate signature on the InteractiveCommandClient object. The object hierarchy is described in the Architecture <#commands-api> section of this manual. Full command documentation is available through the Qtile Shell <#qtile-shell>.

  Digging Deeper: Command Objects

All of the configured objects setup by Qtile are CommandObject subclasses. These objects are so named because we can issue commands against them using the command scripting API. Looking through the code, the commands that are exposed are commands that are decorated with the @expose_command() decorator. When writing custom layouts, widgets, or any other object, you can add your own custom functions and, once you add the decorator, they will be callable using the standard command infrastructure. An available command can be extracted by calling .command() with the name of the command.

In addition to having a set of associated commands, each command object also has a collection of items associated with it. This is what forms the graph that is shown above. For a given object type, the items() method returns all of the names of the associated objects of that type and whether or not there is a defaultable value. For example, from the root, .items("group") returns the name of all of the groups and that there is a default value, the currently focused group.

To navigate from one command object to the next, the .select() method is used. This method resolves a requested object from the command graph by iteratively selecting objects. A selector like [("group", "b"), ("screen", None)] would be to first resolve group "b", then the screen associated to the group.

  The Command Graph

In order to help in specifying command objects, there is the abstract command graph structure. The command graph structure allows us to address any valid command object and issue any command against it without needing to have any Qtile instance running or have anything to resolve the objects to. This is particularly useful when constructing lazy calls, where the Qtile instance does not exist to specify the path that will be resolved when the command is executed. The only limitation of traversing the command graph is that it must follow the allowed edges specified in the first section above.

Every object in the command graph is represented by a CommandGraphNode. Any call can be resolved from a given node. In addition, each node knows about all of the children objects that can be reached from it and have the ability to .navigate() to the other nodes in the command graph. Each of the object types are represented as CommandGraphObject types and the root node of the graph, the CommandGraphRoot represents the Qtile instance. When a call is performed on an object, it returns a CommandGraphCall. Each call will know its own name as well as be able to resolve the path through the command graph to be able to find itself.

Note that the command graph itself can standalone, there is no other functionality within Qtile that it relies on. While we could have started here and built up, it is helpful to understand the objects that the graph is meant to represent, as the graph is just a representation of a traversal of the real objects in a running Qtile window manager. In order to tie the running Qtile instance to the abstract command graph, we move on to the command interface.

  Executing graph commands: Command Interface

The CommandInterface is what lets us take an abstract call on the command graph and resolve it against a running command object. Put another way, this is what takes the graph traversal .group["b"].screen.info() and executes the info() command against the addressed screen object. Additional functionality can be used to check that a given traversal resolves to actual objcets and that the requested command actually exists. Note that by construction of the command graph, the traversals here must be feasible, even if they cannot be resolved for a given configuration state. For example, it is possible to check the screen assoctiated to a group, even though the group may not be on a screen, but it is not possible to check the widget associated to a group.

The simplest form of the command interface is the QtileCommandInterface, which can take an in-process Qtile instance as the root CommandObject and execute requested commands. This is typically how we run the unit tests for Qtile.

The other primary example of this is the IPCCommandInterface which is able to then route all calls through an IPC client connected to a running Qtile instance. In this case, the command graph call can be constructed on the client side without having to dispatch to Qtile and once the call is constructed and deemed valid, the call can be executed.

In both of these cases, executing a command on a command interface will return the result of executing the command on a running Qtile instance. To support lazy execution, the LazyCommandInterface instead returns a LazyCall which is able to be resolved later by the running Qtile instance when it is configured to fire.

  Tying it together: Command Client

So far, we have our running Command Objects and the Command Interface to dispatch commands against these objects as well as the Command Graph structure itself which encodes how to traverse the connections between the objects. The final component which ties everything together is the Command Client, which allows us to navigate through the graph to resolve objects, find their associated commands, and execute the commands against the held command interface.

The idea of the command client is that it is created with a reference into the command graph and a command interface. All navigation can be done against the command graph, and traversal is done by creating a new command client starting from the new node. When a command is executed against a node, that command is dispatched to the held command interface. The key decision here is how to perform the traversal. The command client exists in two different flavors: the standard CommandClient which is useful for handling more programmatic traversal of the graph, calling methods to traverse the graph, and the InteractiveCommandClient which behaves more like a standard Python object, traversing by accessing properties and performing key lookups.

Returning to our examples above, we now have the full context to see what is going on when we call:

            from libqtile.command.client import CommandClient
            c = CommandClient()
            print(c.call("status")())
            from libqtile.command.client import InteractiveCommandClient
            c = InteractiveCommandClient()
            print(c.status())

In both cases, the command clients are constructed with the default command interface, which sets up an IPC connection to the running Qtile instance, and starts the client at the graph root. When we call c.call("status") or c.status, we navigate the command client to the status command on the root graph object. When these are invoked, the commands graph calls are dispatched via the IPC command interface and the results then sent back and printed on the local command line.

The power that can be realized by separating out the traversal and resolution of objects in the command graph from actually invoking or looking up any objects within the graph can be seen in the lazy module. By creating a lazy evaluated command client, we can expose the graph traversal and object resolution functionality via the same InteractiveCommandClient that is used to perform live command execution in the Qtile prompt.

INTERFACES

  Introduction

This page provides an overview of the various interfaces available to interact with Qtile's command graph.

    •   lazy calls

    •   when running qtile shell

    •   when running qtile cmd-obj

    •   when using CommandClient or InteractiveCommandClient in python

The way that these commands are called varies depending on which option you select. However, all interfaces follow the same, basic approach: navigate to the desired object and then execute a command on that object. The following examples illustrate this principle by showing how the same command can be accessed by the various interfaces:

            Lazy call:
            lazy.widget["volume"].increase_volume()

            qtile shell:
            > cd widget/volume
            widget[volume] > increase_volume()

            qtile cmd-obj:
            qtile cmd-obj -o widget volume -f increase_volume

            CommandClient:
            >>> from libqtile.command.client import CommandClient
            >>> c = CommandClient()
            >>> c.navigate("widget", "volume").call("increase_volume")

            InteractiveCommandClient:
            >>> from libqtile.command.client import InteractiveCommandClient
            >>> c = InteractiveCommandClient()
            >>> c.widget["volume"].increase_volume()

  The Interfaces

From the examples above, you can see that there are five main interfaces which can be used to interact with Qtile's command graph. Which one you choose will depend on how you intend to use it as each interface is suited to different scenarios.

    •   The lazy interface is used in config scripts to bind commands to keys and mouse callbacks.

    •   The qtile shell is a tool for exploring the graph by presenting it as a file structure. It is not designed to be used for scripting.

    •   For users creating shell scripts, the qtile cmd-obj interface would be the recommended choice.

    •   For users wanting to control Qtile from a python script, there are two available interfaces libqtile.command.client.CommandClient and libqtile.command.client.InteractiveCommandClient. Users are advised to use the InteractiveCommandClient as this simplifies the syntax for navigating the graph and calling commands.

  The Lazy interface

The lazy.lazy object is a special helper object to specify a command for later execution. Lazy objects are typically users' first exposure to Qtile's command graph but they may not realise it. However, understanding this will help users when they try using some of the other interfaces listed on this page.

The basic syntax for a lazy command is:

            lazy.node[selector].command(arguments)

No node is required when accessing commands on the root node. In addition, multiple nodes can be sequenced if required to navigate to a specific object. For example, bind a key that would focus the next window on the active group on screen 2, you would create a lazy object as follows:

            lazy.screen[1].group.next_window()

Note:
        As noted above, lazy calls do not call the relevant command but only create a reference to it. While this makes it ideal for binding commands to key presses and mouse_callbacks for widgets, it also means that lazy calls cannot be included in user-defined functions.

  qtile shell

The qtile shell maps the command graph to a virtual filesystem that can be navigated in a similar way. While it is unlikely to be used for scripting, the qtile shell interface provides an excellent means for users to navigate and familiarise themselves with the command graph.

For more information, please refer to qtile shell <>

  qtile cmd-obj

qtile cmd-obj is a command line interface for executing commands on the command graph. It can be used as a standalone command (e.g. executed directly from the terminal) or incorporated into shell scripts.

For more information, please refer to qtile cmd-obj <>

  CommandClient

The CommandClient interface is a low-level python interface for accessing and navigating the command graph. The low-level nature means that navigation steps must be called explicitly, rather than being inferred from the body of the calling command.

For example:

            from libqtile.command.client import CommandClient

            c = CommandClient()

            # Call info command on clock widget
            info = c.navigate("widget", "clock").call("info")

            # Call info command on the screen displaying the clock widget
            info = c.navigate("widget", "clock").navigate("screen", None).call("info")

Note from the last example that each navigation step must be called separately. The arguments passed to navigate() are node and selector. selector is None when you wish to access the default object on that node (e.g. the current screen).

More technical explanation about the python command clients can be found at Executing graph commands: Command Interface <#command-interface>.

  InteractiveCommandClient

The InteractiveCommandClient is likely to be the more popular interface for users wishing to access the command graph via external python scripts. One of the key differences between the InteractiveCommandClient and the above CommandClient is that the InteractiveCommandClient removes the need to call navigate and call explicitly. Instead, the syntax mimics that of the lazy interface.

For example, to call the same commands in the above example:

            from libqtile.command.client import InteractiveCommandClient

            c = InteractiveCommandClient()

            # Call info command on clock widget
            info = c.widget["clock"].info()

            # Call info command on the screen displaying the clock widget
            info = c.widget["clock"].screen.info()

COMMANDS API

The following pages list all the commands that are exposed by Qtile's command graph. As a result, all of these commands are accessible by any of the various interfaces provided by Qtile (e.g. the lazy interface for keybindings and mouse callbacks).

  Qtile root object

The root node represents the main Qtile manager instance. Many of the commands on this node are therefore related to the running of the application itself.

The root can access every other node in the command graph. Certain objects can be accessed without a selector resulting in the current object being selected (e.g. current group, screen, layout, window).

  Layout objects

Layouts position windows according to their specific rules. Layout commands typically include moving windows around the layout and changing the size of windows.

Layouts can access the windows being displayed, the group holding the layout and the screen displaying the layout.

  Window objects

The size and position of windows is determined by the current layout. Nevertheless, windows can still change their appearance in multiple ways (toggling floating state, fullscreen, opacity).

Windows can access objects relevant to the display of the window (i.e. the screen, group and layout).

  Group objects

Groups are Qtile's workspaces. Groups are not responsible for the positioning of windows (that is handled by the layouts <>) so the available commands are somewhat more limited in scope.

Groups have access to the layouts in that group, the windows in the group and the screen displaying the group.

  Bar objects

The bar is primarily used to display widgets on the screen. As a result, the bar does not need many of its own commands.

To select a bar on the command graph, you must use a selector (as there is no default bar). The selector is the position of the bar on the screen i.e. "top", "bottom", "left" or "right".

The bar can access the screen it's on and the widgets it contains via the command graph.

  Widget objects

Widgets are small scripts that are used to provide content or add functionality to the bar. Some widgets will expose commands in order for functionality to be triggered indirectly (e.g. via a keypress).

Widgets can access the parent bar and screen via the command graph.

  Screen objects

Screens are the display area that holds bars and an active group. Screen commands include changing the current group and changing the wallpaper.

Screens can access objects displayed on that screen e.g. bar, widgets, groups, layouts and windows.

  Backend core objects

The backend core is the link between the Qtile objects (windows, layouts, groups etc.) and the specific backend (X11 or Wayland). This core should be largely invisible to users and, as a result, these objects do not expose many commands.

Nevertheless, both backends do contain important commands, notably set_keymap on X11 and change_vt used to change to a different TTY on Wayland.

The backend core has no access to other nodes on the command graph.

  X11 backend

  Wayland backend

HACKING ON QTILE

  Requirements

Here are Qtile's additional dependencies that may be required for tests:
Dependency | Ubuntu Package | Needed for
pytest <https://docs.pytest.org> | python3-pytest | Running tests
pre-commit <https://pre-commit.com/> | pre-commit | Running linters
PyGObject | python3-gi | Running tests (test windows)
Xephyr <https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/Xephyr> | xserver-xephyr | Testing with X11 backend (optional, see below)
mypy | python3-mypy | Testing qtile check (optional)
imagemagick>=6.8 | imagemagick | test/test_images* (optional)
gtk-layer-shell | libgtk-layer-shell0 | Testing notification windows in Wayland (optional)
dbus-launch | dbus-x11 | Testing dbus-using widgets (optional)
notify-send | libnotify-bin | Testing Notify widget (optional)
xvfb | xvfb | Testing with X11 headless (optional)

  Backends

The test suite can be run using the X11 or Wayland backend, or both. By default, only the X11 backend is used for tests. To test a single backend or both backends, specify as arguments to pytest:

            pytest --backend wayland  # Test just Wayland backend
            pytest --backend x11 --backend wayland  # Test both

Testing with the X11 backend requires Xephyr <https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/Xephyr> (and xvfb for headless mode) in addition to the core dependencies.

  Setting up the environment

In the root of the project, run uv venv. It will create a virtualenv called .venv.

Activate this virtualenv with

    •   bash, zsh: source .venv/bin/activate

    •   fish: source .venv/bin/activate.fish

Deactivate it with the deactivate command.

To Install every python dependencies that Qtile needs with make deps.

To build wayland backend with make build-wayland.

Install locally into the virtualenv with uv pip install ..

  Building the documentation

To build the documentation, you will also need to install graphviz <https://www.graphviz.org/download/>.

Build the documentation with make docs from the root directory.

Check the result by opening docs/_build/html/index.html in your browser.

Note:
        The screenshots can take a while to build, so you can export QTILE_NO_BUILD_SCREENSHOTS to disable building them.

  Development and testing

In practice, the development cycle looks something like this:

    1.  make minor code change

    2.  run appropriate test: pytest tests/test_module.py or pytest -k PATTERN

    3.  GOTO 1, until hackage is complete

    4.  run entire test suite to make sure you didn't break anything else: pytest

    5.  try to commit, get changes and feedback from the pre-commit hooks

    6.  GOTO 5, until your changes actually get committed

Tests and pre-commit hooks will be run by our CI on every pull request as well so you can see whether or not your contribution passes.

  Coding style

While not all of our code follows PEP8 <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/>, we do try to adhere to it where possible. All new code should be PEP8 compliant.

The make lint command (or pre-commit run -a) will run our linters and formatters with our configuration over the whole libqtile to ensure your patch complies with reasonable formatting constraints. We also request that git commit messages follow the standard format <https://tbaggery.com/2008/04/19/a-note-about-git-commit-messages.html>.

  Logging

Logs are important to us because they are our best way to see what Qtile is doing when something abnormal happens. However, our goal is not to have as many logs as possible, as this hinders readability. What we want are relevant logs.

To decide which log level to use, refer to the following scenarios:

    •   ERROR: a problem affects the behavior of Qtile in a way that is noticeable to the end user, and we can't work around it.

    •   WARNING: a problem causes Qtile to operate in a suboptimal manner.

    •   INFO: the state of Qtile has changed.

    •   DEBUG: information is worth giving to help the developer better understand which branch the process is in.

Be careful not to overuse DEBUG and clutter the logs. No information should be duplicated between two messages.

Also, keep in mind that any other level than DEBUG is aimed at users who don't necessarily have advanced programming knowledge; adapt your message accordingly. If it can't make sense to your grandma, it's probably meant to be a DEBUG message.

  Using Xephyr

Qtile has a very extensive test suite, using the Xephyr nested X server. When tests are run, a nested X server with a nested instance of Qtile is fired up, and then tests interact with the Qtile instance through the client API. The fact that we can do this is a great demonstration of just how completely scriptable Qtile is. In fact, Qtile is designed expressly to be scriptable enough to allow unit testing in a nested environment.

The Qtile repo includes a tiny helper script to let you quickly pull up a nested instance of Qtile in Xephyr, using your current configuration. Run it from the top-level of the repository, like this:

            ./scripts/xephyr

Change the screen size by setting the SCREEN_SIZE environment variable. Default: 800x600. Example:

            SCREEN_SIZE=1920x1080 ./scripts/xephyr

Change the log level by setting the LOG_LEVEL environment variable. Default: INFO. Example:

            LOG_LEVEL=DEBUG ./scripts/xephyr

The script will also pass any additional options to Qtile. For example, you can use a specific configuration file like this:

            ./scripts/xephyr -c ~/.config/qtile/other_config.py

Once the Xephyr window is running and focused, you can enable capturing the keyboard shortcuts by hitting Control+Shift. Hitting them again will disable the capture and let you use your personal keyboard shortcuts again.

You can close the Xephyr window by enabling the capture of keyboard shortcuts and hit Mod4+Control+Q. Mod4 (or Mod) is usually the Super key (or Windows key). You can also close the Xephyr window by running qtile cmd-obj -o cmd -f shutdown in a terminal (from inside the Xephyr window of course).

You don't need to run the Xephyr script in order to run the tests as the test runner will launch its own Xephyr instances.

  Second X Session

Some users prefer to test Qtile in a second, completely separate X session: Just switch to a new tty and run startx normally to use the ~/.xinitrc X startup script.

It's likely though that you want to use a different, customized startup script for testing purposes, for example ~/.config/qtile/xinitrc. You can do so by launching X with:

            startx ~/.config/qtile/xinitrc

startx deals with multiple X sessions automatically. If you want to use xinit instead, you need to first copy /etc/X11/xinit/xserverrc to ~/.xserverrc; when launching it, you have to specify a new session number:

            xinit ~/.config/qtile/xinitrc -- :1

Examples of custom X startup scripts are available in qtile-examples <https://github.com/qtile/qtile-examples>.

  Debugging in PyCharm

Make sure to have all the requirements installed and your development environment setup.

PyCharm should automatically detect the venv virtualenv when opening the project. If you are using another viirtualenv, just instruct PyCharm to use it in Settings -> Project: qtile -> Project interpreter.

In the project tree, on the left, right-click on the libqtile folder, and click on Mark Directory as -> Sources Root.

Next, add a Configuration using a Python template with these fields:

    •   Script path: libqtile/scripts/main.py, or the absolute path to it

    •   Parameters: -c libqtile/resources/default_config.py, or nothing if you want to use your own config file in ~/.config/qtile/config.py

    •   Environment variables: PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1;DISPLAY=:1

    •   Working directory: the root of the project

    •   Add contents root to PYTHONPATH: yes

    •   Add source root to PYTHONPATH: yes

Then, in a terminal, run:
        Xephyr +extension RANDR -screen 1920x1040 :1 -ac &

Note that we used the same display, :1, in both the terminal command and the PyCharm configuration environment variables. Feel free to change the screen size to fit your own screen.

Finally, place your breakpoints in the code and click on Debug!

Once you finished debugging, you can close the Xephyr window with kill PID (use the jobs builtin to get its PID).

  Debugging in VSCode

Make sure to have all the requirements installed and your development environment setup.

Open the root of the repo in VSCode. If you have created it, VSCode should detect the venv virtualenv, if not, select it.

Create a launch.json file with the following lines.

            {
              "version": "0.2.0",
              "configurations": [
                  {
                      "name": "Python: Qtile",
                      "type": "python",
                      "request": "launch",
                      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/libqtile/scripts/main.py",
                      "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
                      "args": ["-c", "libqtile/resources/default_config.py"],
                      "console": "integratedTerminal",
                      "env": {"PYTHONUNBUFFERED":"1", "DISPLAY":":1"}
                  }
              ]
            }

Then, in a terminal, run:
        Xephyr +extension RANDR -screen 1920x1040 :1 -ac &

Note that we used the same display, :1, in both the terminal command and the VSCode configuration environment variables. Then debug usually in VSCode. Feel free to change the screen size to fit your own screen.

  Profiling

py-spy <https://github.com/benfred/py-spy> is a sampling profiler that attaches to any running Python process with no code changes and no restart required:

            pip install py-spy

            # Record a 30-second flamegraph (interactive SVG)
            py-spy record -o flamegraph.svg -d 30 --pid $(pidof qtile)

Open flamegraph.svg in a browser to explore the call stack interactively. py-spy top gives a live top-style view of where time is being spent.

For memory, use the built-in qtile top <> subcommand, which wraps tracemalloc:

            qtile top          # live curses view of top allocators
            qtile top --raw    # one-shot snapshot

  Resources

Here are a number of resources that may come in handy:

    •   Inter-Client Conventions Manual <https://tronche.com/gui/x/icccm/>

    •   Extended Window Manager Hints <https://specifications.freedesktop.org/wm-spec/wm-spec-latest.html>

    •   A reasonable basic Xlib Manual <https://tronche.com/gui/x/xlib/>

CONTRIBUTING

  Reporting bugs

Perhaps the easiest way to contribute to Qtile is to report any bugs you run into on the GitHub issue tracker <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/issues>.

Useful bug reports are ones that get bugs fixed. A useful bug report normally has two qualities:

    1.  Reproducible. If your bug is not reproducible it will never get fixed. You should clearly mention the steps to reproduce the bug. Do not assume or skip any reproducing step. Describe the issue, step-by-step, so that it is easy to reproduce and fix.

    2.  Specific. Do not write an essay about the problem. Be specific and to the point. Try to summarize the problem in a succinct manner. Do not combine multiple problems even if they seem to be similar. Write different reports for each problem.

Ensure to include any appropriate log entries from ~/.local/share/qtile/qtile.log and/or ~/.xsession-errors! Sometimes, an xtrace is requested. If that is the case, refer to capturing an xtrace <#capturing-an-xtrace>.

  Writing code

To get started writing code for Qtile, check out our guide to Hacking on Qtile <#hacking>. A more detailed page on creating widgets is available here <#widget-creation>.

Important:
        Use a separate git branch to make rebasing easy. Ideally, you would git checkout -b <my_feature_branch_name> before starting your work.

        See also: using git <#using-git>.

  Submit a pull request

You've done your hacking and are ready to submit your patch to Qtile. Great! Now it's time to submit a pull request <https://help.github.com/articles/using-pull-requests> to our issue tracker <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/issues> on GitHub.

Important:
        Pull requests are not considered complete until they include all of the following:

            •   Code that conforms to our linters and formatters. Run pre-commit install to install pre-commit hooks that will make sure your code is compliant before any commit.

            •   Unit tests that pass locally and in our CI environment (More below). Please add unit tests to ensure that your code works and stays working!

            •   Documentation updates on an as needed basis.

            •   A qtile migrate migration is required for config-breaking changes. See here <> for current migrations and see below for further information.

            •   Code that does not include unrelated changes. Examples for this are formatting changes, replacing quotes or whitespace in other parts of the code or "fixing" linter warnings popping up in your editor on existing code. Do not include anything like the above!

            •   Widgets don't need to catch their own exceptions, or introduce their own polling infrastructure. The code in libqtile.widget.base.* does all of this. Your widget should generally only include whatever parsing/rendering code is necessary, any other changes should go at the framework level. Make sure to double-check that you are not re-implementing parts of libqtile.widget.base.

            •   Commit messages are more important that Github PR notes, since this is what people see when they are spelunking via git blame. Please include all relevant detail in the actual git commit message (things like exact stack traces, copy/pastes of discussion in IRC/mailing lists, links to specifications or other API docs are all good). If your PR fixes a Github issue, it might also be wise to link to it with #1234 in the commit message.

            •   PRs with multiple commits should not introduce code in one patch to then change it in a later patch. Please do a patch-by-patch review of your PR, and make sure each commit passes CI and makes logical sense on its own. In other words: do introduce your feature in one commit and maybe add the tests and documentation in a separate commit. Don't push commits that partially implement a feature and are basically broken.

Note:
        Others might ban force-pushes, we allow them and prefer them over incomplete commits or commits that have a bad and meaningless commit description.

Feel free to add your contribution (no matter how small) to the appropriate place in the CHANGELOG as well!

  Unit testing

We must test each unit of code to ensure that new changes to the code do not break existing functionality. The framework we use to test Qtile is pytest <https://docs.pytest.org>. How pytest works is outside of the scope of this documentation, but there are tutorials online that explain how it is used.

Our tests are written inside the test folder at the top level of the repository. Reading through these, you can get a feel for the approach we take to test a given unit. Most of the tests involve an object called manager. This is the test manager (defined in test/helpers.py), which exposes a command client at manager.c that we use to test a Qtile instance running in a separate thread as if we were using a command client from within a running Qtile session.

For any Qtile-specific question on testing, feel free to ask on our issue tracker <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/issues> or on IRC (#qtile on irc.oftc.net).

  Running tests locally

You can run our various CI bits locally with:

            make lint  # to run the pre-commit checks
            make check  # to run both backends for the minimum python version
            make QTILE_CI_PYTHON=3.13 QTILE_CI_BACKEND=x11  # to run a specific backend/python version combination
            uv run --python=3.13 pytest --backend=wayland ./test/widgets/test_widgetbox.py::test_widgetbox_widget # to run a specific test

See .github/workflows/ci.yml for the full matrix of supported python+backend versions. All of these will matter, but for most changes it is only necessary to run one set locally to confirm the change is correct.

Important:
        The CI is configured to run all the environments. Hence it can be time- consuming to make all the tests pass. As stated above, pull requests that don't pass the tests are considered incomplete. Don't forget that this does not only include the functionality, but the style, typing annotations (if necessary) and documentation as well!

  Writing migrations

Migrations are needed when a commit introduces a change which makes a breaking change to a user's config. Examples include renaming classes, methods, arguments and moving modules or class definitions.

Where these changes are made, it is strongly encouraged to support the old syntax where possible and warn the user about the deprecations.

Whether or not a deprecation warning is provided, a migration script should be provided that will modify the user's config when they run qtile migrate.

Click here for detailed instructions on How to write a migration script <>.

  How to write a migration script

Qtile's migration scripts should provide two functions:

    •   Update config files to fix any breaking changes introduced by a commit

    •   Provide linting summary of errors in existing configs

To do this, we use LibCST <https://libcst.readthedocs.io/en/latest/> to parse the config file and make changes as appropriate. Basic tips for using LibCST are included below but it is recommended that you read their documentation to familiarise yourself with the available functionalities.

  Structure of a migration file

Migrations should be saved as a new file in libqtile/scripts/migrations.

A basic migration will look like this:

            from libqtile.scripts.migrations._base import MigrationTransformer, _QtileMigrator, add_migration

            class MyMigration(MigrationTransformer):
                """The class that actually modifies the code."""
                ...

            class Migrator(_QtileMigrator):
                ID = "MyMigrationName"

                SUMMARY = "Summary of migration."

                HELP = """
                Longer text explaining purpose of the migration and, ideally,
                giving code examples.

                """

                AFTER_VERSION = "0.22.1"

                TESTS = []

                visitor = MyMigration

            add_migration(Migrator)

  Providing details about the migration

The purpose of Migrator class in the code above is to provide the information about the migration.

It is important that the information is as helpful as possible as it is used in multiple places.

    •   The ID attribute is a short, unique name to identify the migration. This allows users to select specific migrations to run via qtile migrate --run-migrations ID.

    •   The SUMMARY attribute is used to provide a brief summary of the migration and is used when a user runs qtile migrate --list-migrations. It is also used in the documentation.

    •   Similarly, the HELP attribute is used for the script (qtie migrate --info ID) and the documentation. This text should be longer and can include example code. As it is used in the documentation, it should use RST syntax (e.g. .. code:: python for codeblocks etc.).

    •   AFTER_VERSION should be set the name of the current release. This allows users to filter migrations to those that were added after the last release.

    •   The visitor attribute is a link to the class definition (not and instance of the class) for the transformer that you wish to use.

    •   The add_migration call at the end is required to ensure the migration is loaded into the list of available migrations.

    •   See below for details on TESTS.

  How migrations are run

You are pretty much free to transform the code as you see fit. By default, the script will run the visit method on the parsed code and will pass the visitor attribute of the _QtileMigrator class object. Therefore, if all your transformations can be performed in a single visitor, it is not necessary to do anything further in the Migrator class.

However, if you want to run multiple visitors, transformers, codemods, this is possible by overriding the run method of the _QtileMigrator class. For example, the RemoveCmdPrefix migrator has the following code:

            def run(self, original):
                # Run the base migrations
                transformer = CmdPrefixTransformer()
                updated = original.visit(transformer)
                self.update_lint(transformer)

                # Check if we need to add an import line
                if transformer.needs_import:
                    # We use the built-in visitor to add the import
                    context = codemod.CodemodContext()
                    AddImportsVisitor.add_needed_import(
                        context, "libqtile.command.base", "expose_command"
                    )
                    visitor = AddImportsVisitor(context)

                    # Run the visitor over the updated code
                    updated = updated.visit(visitor)

                return original, updated

In this migration, it may be required to add an import statement. LibCST has a built-in transformation for doing this so we can run that after our own transformation has been performed.

Important:
        The run method must return a tuple of the original code and the updated code.

  Transforming the code

It is recommended that you use a transformed <https://libcst.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html#Build-Visitor-or-Transformer> to update the code. For convenience, a MigrationTransformer class is defined in libqtile.scripts.migrations._base. This class definition includes some metadata information and a lint method for outputting details of errors.

Let's look at an example transformer to understand how the migration works. The code below shows how to change a positional argument to a keyword argument in the WidgetBox widget.

            class WidgetboxArgsTransformer(MigrationTransformer):
                @m.call_if_inside(
                    m.Call(func=m.Name("WidgetBox")) | m.Call(func=m.Attribute(attr=m.Name("WidgetBox")))
                )
                @m.leave(m.Arg(keyword=None))
                def update_widgetbox_args(self, original_node, updated_node) -> cst.Arg:
                    """Changes positional  argumentto 'widgets' kwargs."""
                    self.lint(
                        original_node,
                        "The positional argument should be replaced with a keyword argument named 'widgets'.",
                    )
                    return updated_node.with_changes(keyword=cst.Name("widgets"), equal=EQUALS_NO_SPACE)

Our class (which inherits from MigrationTransformer) defines a single method to perform the transformation. We take advantage of LibCST and its Matchers <https://libcst.readthedocs.io/en/latest/matchers_tutorial.html> to narrow the scope of when the transformation is run.

We are looking to modify an argument so we use the @m.leave(m.Arg()) decorator to call the function at end of parsing an argument. We can restrict when this is called by specify m.Arg(keyword=None) so that it is only called for positional arguments. Furthermore, as we only want this called for WidgetBox instantiation lines, we add an additional decorator @m.call_if_inside(m.Call()). This ensures the method is only called when we're in a call. On its own, that's not helpful as args would almost always be part of a call. However, we can say we only want to match calls to WidgetBox. The reason for the long syntax above is that LibCST parses WidgetBox() and widget.WidgetBox() differently. In the first one, WidgetBox is in the func property of the call. However, in the second, the func is an Attribute as it is a dotted name and so we need to check the attr property.

The decorated method takes two arguments, original_mode and updated_node (note: The original_node should not be modified). The method should also confirm the return type.

The above method provides a linting message by calling self.lint and passing the original node and a helpful message.

Finally, the method updates the code by calling updated_node.with_changes(). In this instance, we add a keyword ("widgets") to the argument. We also remove spaces around the equals sign as these are added by default by LibCST. The updated node is returned.

  Helper classes

Helper classes are provided for common transformations.

    •   RenamerTransformer will update all instances of a name, replacing it with another. The class will also handle the necessary linting.

                class RenameHookTransformer(RenamerTransformer):
                    from_to = ("window_name_change", "client_name_updated")

  Testing the migration

All migrations must be tested, ideally with a number of scenarios to confirm that the migration works as expected.

Unlike other tests, the tests for the migrations are defined within the TESTS attribute.

This is a list that should take a Check, Change or NoChange object (all are imported from libqtile.scripts.migrations._base).

A Change object needs two parameters, the input code and the expected output. A NoChange object just defines the input (as the output should be the same).

A Check object is identical to Change however, when running the test suite, the migrated code will be verified with qtile check. The code will therefore need to include all relevant imports etc.

Based on the above, the following is recommended as best practice:

    •   Define one Check test which addresses every situation anticipated by the migration

    •   Use as many Change tests as required to test individual scenarios in a minimal way

    •   Use NoChange tests where there are specific cases that should not be modified

    •   Depending on the simplicity of the migration, a single Check may be all that is required

For example, the RemoveCmdPrefix migration has the following TESTS:

            TESTS = [
                Change("""qtile.cmd_spawn("alacritty")""", """qtile.spawn("alacritty")"""),
                Change("""qtile.cmd_groups()""", """qtile.get_groups()"""),
                Change("""qtile.cmd_screens()""", """qtile.get_screens()"""),
                Change("""qtile.current_window.cmd_hints()""", """qtile.current_window.get_hints()"""),
                Change(
                    """qtile.current_window.cmd_opacity(0.5)""",
                    """qtile.current_window.set_opacity(0.5)""",
                ),
                Change(
                    """
                    class MyWidget(widget.Clock):
                        def cmd_my_command(self):
                            pass
                    """,
                    """
                    from libqtile.command.base import expose_command

                    class MyWidget(widget.Clock):
                        @expose_command
                        def my_command(self):
                            pass
                    """
                ),
                NoChange(
                    """
                    def cmd_some_other_func():
                        pass
                    """
                ),
                Check(
                    """
                    from libqtile import qtile, widget

                    class MyClock(widget.Clock):
                        def cmd_my_exposed_command(self):
                            pass

                    def my_func(qtile):
                        qtile.cmd_spawn("rickroll")
                        hints = qtile.current_window.cmd_hints()
                        groups = qtile.cmd_groups()
                        screens = qtile.cmd_screens()
                        qtile.current_window.cmd_opacity(0.5)

                    def cmd_some_other_func():
                        pass
                    """,
                    """
                    from libqtile import qtile, widget
                    from libqtile.command.base import expose_command

                    class MyClock(widget.Clock):
                        @expose_command
                        def my_exposed_command(self):
                            pass

                    def my_func(qtile):
                        qtile.spawn("rickroll")
                        hints = qtile.current_window.get_hints()
                        groups = qtile.get_groups()
                        screens = qtile.get_screens()
                        qtile.current_window.set_opacity(0.5)

                    def cmd_some_other_func():
                        pass
                    """
                )
            ]

The tests check:

    •   cmd_ prefix is removed on method calls, updating specific changes as required

    •   Exposed methods in a class should use the expose_command decorator (adding the import if it's not already included)

    •   No change is made to a function definition (as it's not part of a class definition)

Note:
        Tests will fail in the following scenarios:

            •   If no tests are defined

            •   If a Change test does not result in linting output

            •   If no Check test is defined

You can check your tests by running pytest -k <YourMigrationID>. Note, mpypy must be installed for the Check tests to be run.

  Deprecation Policy

Interfaces that have been deprecated for at least two years after the first release containing the deprecation notice can be deleted. Since all new breaking changes should have a migration, users can use qtile migrate to bootstrap across versions when migrations are deleted if necessary.

Deprecated interfaces that do not have a migration (i.e. whose deprecation was noted before the migration feature was introduced) are all fair game to be deleted, since the migration feature is more than two years old.

  Recommended Resources for Getting Started with Wayland Development

  Source Code Repositories

The following are some repositories with useful Wayland source code:

    •   wlroots <https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wlroots/wlroots>

        The Wayland library we use. Useful documentation is in header files.

    •   TinyWL <https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wlroots/wlroots/-/tree/master/tinywl>

        A minimal Wayland compositor built with Wlroots.

    •   DWL <https://codeberg.org/dwl/dwl>

        A compact, hackable Wayland compositor inspired by dwm.

    •   Sway <https://github.com/swaywm/sway>

        A tiling Wayland compositor and drop-in replacement for i3.

    •   LabWC <https://github.com/labwc/labwc>

        A wlroots-based window-stacking compositor for Wayland, inspired by Openbox.

    •   weston <https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wayland/weston/-/tree/main/>

        The reference Wayland compositor.

    •   River <https://github.com/riverwm/river>

        A dynamic tiling Wayland compositor written in Zig.

  Articles & Documentation

    •   The Wayland Book <https://wayland-book.com/> - An introduction to Wayland

    •   Wayland Architecture Overview <https://wayland.freedesktop.org/architecture.html> - Wayland architecture

    •   Protocol Extensions <https://wayland.app/> - Interactive protocol browser and documentation

    •   wlroots Documentation <https://wlroots.pages.freedesktop.org/wlroots/> - Wlroots header file docs as HTML

Some outdated/old resources but that still are useful: * Introduction to Wayland <https://drewdevault.com/2017/06/10/Introduction-to-Wayland.html> by Drew DeVault * Wayland Compositor Series by Drew DeVault:

            •   Part 1: Hello wlroots <https://drewdevault.com/2018/02/17/Writing-a-Wayland-compositor-1.html>

            •   Part 2: Rigging up the server <https://drewdevault.com/2018/02/22/Writing-a-wayland-compositor-part-2.html>

            •   Part 3: Rendering a window <https://drewdevault.com/2018/02/28/Writing-a-wayland-compositor-part-3.html>

    •   Input handling in wlroots <https://drewdevault.com/2018/07/17/Input-handling-in-wlroots.html>

    •   Wayland Shells <https://drewdevault.com/2018/07/29/Wayland-shells.html>

    •   Intro to Damage Tracking <https://emersion.fr/blog/2019/intro-to-damage-tracking/> by emersion

  Video & Talks

    •   Wayland Explained by Daniel Stone (FOSDEM) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIctzAQOe44>

    •   Drew DeVault - Building Wayland desktop components with layer shell <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuRXHJu5Kmg>

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

  Why the name Qtile?

Users often wonder, why the Q? Does it have something to do with Qt? No. Below is an IRC excerpt where cortesi explains the great trial that ultimately brought Qtile into existence, thanks to the benevolence of the Open Source Gods. Praise be to the OSG!

            ramnes:  what does Qtile mean?
            ramnes:  what's the Q?
            @tych0:  ramnes: it doesn't :)
            @tych0:  cortesi was just looking for the first letter that wasn't registered
                     in a domain name with "tile" as a suffix
            @tych0:  qtile it was :)
            cortesi: tych0, dx: we really should have something more compelling to
                     explain the name. one day i was swimming at manly beach in sydney,
                     where i lived at the time. suddenly, i saw an enormous great white
                     right beside me. it went for my leg with massive, gaping jaws, but
                     quick as a flash, i thumb-punched it in both eyes. when it reared
                     back in agony, i saw that it had a jagged, gnarly scar on its
                     stomach... a scar shaped like the letter "Q".
            cortesi: while it was distracted, i surfed a wave to shore. i knew that i
                     had to dedicate my next open source project to the ocean gods, in
                     thanks for my lucky escape. and thus, qtile got its name...

  When I first start xterm/urxvt/rxvt containing an instance of Vim, I see text and layout corruption. What gives?

Vim is not handling terminal resizes correctly. You can fix the problem by starting your xterm with the "-wf" option, like so:

            xterm -wf -e vim

Alternatively, you can just cycle through your layouts a few times, which usually seems to fix it.

  How do I know which modifier specification maps to which key?

To see a list of modifier names and their matching keys, use the xmodmap command. On my system, the output looks like this:

            $ xmodmap
            xmodmap:  up to 3 keys per modifier, (keycodes in parentheses):

            shift       Shift_L (0x32),  Shift_R (0x3e)
            lock        Caps_Lock (0x9)
            control     Control_L (0x25),  Control_R (0x69)
            mod1        Alt_L (0x40),  Alt_R (0x6c),  Meta_L (0xcd)
            mod2        Num_Lock (0x4d)
            mod3
            mod4        Super_L (0xce),  Hyper_L (0xcf)
            mod5        ISO_Level3_Shift (0x5c),  Mode_switch (0xcb)

  My "pointer mouse cursor" isn't the one I expect it to be!

Qtile should set the default cursor to left_ptr, you must install xcb-util-cursor if you want support for themed cursors.

  LibreOffice menus don't appear or don't stay visible

A workaround for problem with the mouse in libreoffice is setting the environment variable »SAL_USE_VCLPLUGIN=gen«. It is dependent on your system configuration as to where to do this. e.g. ArchLinux with libreoffice-fresh in /etc/profile.d/libreoffice-fresh.sh.

  How can I get my groups to stick to screens?

This behaviour can be replicated by configuring your keybindings to not move groups between screens. For example if you want groups "1", "2" and "3" on one screen and "q", "w", and "e" on the other, instead of binding keys to lazy.group[name].toscreen(), use this:

            groups = [
                # Screen affinity here is used to make
                # sure the groups startup on the right screens
                Group(name="1", screen_affinity=0),
                Group(name="2", screen_affinity=0),
                Group(name="3", screen_affinity=0),
                Group(name="q", screen_affinity=1),
                Group(name="w", screen_affinity=1),
                Group(name="e", screen_affinity=1),
            ]

            def go_to_group(name: str):
                def _inner(qtile):
                    if len(qtile.screens) == 1:
                        qtile.groups_map[name].toscreen()
                        return

                    if name in '123':
                        qtile.focus_screen(0)
                        qtile.groups_map[name].toscreen()
                    else:
                        qtile.focus_screen(1)
                        qtile.groups_map[name].toscreen()

                return _inner

            for i in groups:
                keys.append(Key([mod], i.name, lazy.function(go_to_group(i.name))))

To be able to move windows across these groups while switching groups, a similar function can be used:

            def go_to_group_and_move_window(name: str):
                def _inner(qtile):
                    if len(qtile.screens) == 1:
                        qtile.current_window.togroup(name, switch_group=True)
                        return

                    if name in "123":
                        qtile.current_window.togroup(name, switch_group=False)
                        qtile.focus_screen(0)
                        qtile.groups_map[name].toscreen()
                    else:
                        qtile.current_window.togroup(name, switch_group=False)
                        qtile.focus_screen(1)
                        qtile.groups_map[name].toscreen()

                return _inner

            for i in groups:
                keys.append(Key([mod, "shift"], i.name, lazy.function(go_to_group_and_move_window(i.name))))

If you use the GroupBox widget you can make it reflect this behaviour:

            groupbox1 = widget.GroupBox(visible_groups=['1', '2', '3'])
            groupbox2 = widget.GroupBox(visible_groups=['q', 'w', 'e'])

And if you jump between having single and double screens then modifying the visible groups on the fly may be useful:

            @hook.subscribe.screens_reconfigured
            async def _():
                if len(qtile.screens) > 1:
                    groupbox1.visible_groups = ['1', '2', '3']
                else:
                    groupbox1.visible_groups = ['1', '2', '3', 'q', 'w', 'e']
                if hasattr(groupbox1, 'bar'):
                    groupbox1.bar.draw()

  Where can I find example configurations and other scripts?

Please visit our qtile-examples <https://github.com/qtile/qtile-examples> repo which contains examples of users' configurations, scripts and other useful links.

  Where are the log files for Qtile?

The log files for qtile are at ~/.local/share/qtile/qtile.log.

  How can I match the bar with picom?

You can use "QTILE_INTERNAL:32c = 1" in your picom.conf to match the bar. This will match all internal Qtile windows, so if you want to avoid that or to target bars individually, you can set a custom property and match that:

            mybar = Bar(...)

            @hook.subscribe.startup
            def _():
                mybar.window.window.set_property("QTILE_BAR", 1, "CARDINAL", 32)

This would enable matching on mybar's window using "QTILE_BAR:32c = 1". See 2526 <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/issues/2526> and 1515 <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/issues/1515> for more discussion.

  Why do get a warning that fonts cannot be loaded?

When installing Qtile on a new system, when running the test suite or the Xephyr script (./scripts/xephyr), you might see errors in the output like the following or similar:

    •   Xephyr script:

                xterm: cannot load font "-Misc-Fixed-medium-R-*-*-13-120-75-75-C-120-ISO10646-1"
                xterm: cannot load font "-misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso10646-1"

    •   pytest:

                ---------- Captured stderr call ----------
                Warning: Cannot convert string "8x13" to type FontStruct
                Warning: Unable to load any usable ISO8859 font
                Warning: Unable to load any usable ISO8859 font
                Error: Aborting: no font found

                -------- Captured stderr teardown --------
                Qtile exited with exitcode: -9

If it happens, it might be because you're missing fonts on your system.

On ArchLinux, you can fix this by installing xorg-fonts-misc:

            sudo pacman -S xorg-fonts-misc

Try to search for "xorg fonts misc" with your distribution name on the internet to find how to install them.

  I've upgraded and Qtile's broken. What do I do?

If you've recently upgraded, the first thing to do is check the changelog <> and see if any breaking changes were made.

Next, check your log file (see above) to see if any error messages explain what the problem is.

If you're still stuck, come and ask for help on Discord, IRC or GitHub.

HOW TO CREATE A WIDGET

The aim of this page is to explain the main components of qtile widgets, how they work, and how you can use them to create your own widgets.

Note:
        This page is not meant to be an exhaustive summary of everything needed to make a widget.

        It is highly recommended that users wishing to create their own widget refer to the source documentation of existing widgets to familiarise themselves with the code.

        However, the detail below may prove helpful when read in conjunction with the source code.

  What is a widget?

In Qtile, a widget is a small drawing that is displayed on the user's bar. The widget can display text, images and drawings. In addition, the widget can be configured to update based on timers, hooks, dbus_events etc. and can also respond to mouse events (clicks, scrolls and hover).

  Widget base classes

Qtile provides a number of base classes for widgets than can be used to implement commonly required features (e.g. display text).

Your widget should inherit one of these classes. Whichever base class you inherit for your widget, if you override either the __init__ and/or _configure methods, you should make sure that your widget calls the equivalent method from the superclass.

            class MyCustomWidget(base._TextBox):

                def __init__(self, **config):
                    super().__init__("", **config)
                    # My widget's initialisation code here

The functions of the various base classes are explained further below.

  _Widget

This is the base widget class that defines the core components required for a widget. All other base classes are based off this class.

This is like a blank canvas so you're free to do what you want but you don't have any of the extra functionality provided by the other base classes.

The base._Widget class is therefore typically used for widgets that want to draw graphics on the widget as opposed to displaying text.

  _TextBox

The base._TextBox class builds on the bare widget and adds a drawer.TextLayout which is accessible via the self.layout property. The widget will adjust its size to fit the amount of text to be displayed.

Text can be updated via the self.text property but note that this does not trigger a redrawing of the widget.

Parameters including font, fontsize, fontshadow, padding and foreground (font colour) can be configured. It is recommended not to hard-code these parameters as users may wish to have consistency across units.

  InLoopPollText

The base.InLoopPollText class builds on the base._TextBox by adding a timer to periodically refresh the displayed text.

Widgets using this class should override the poll method to include a function that returns the required text.

Note:
        This loop runs in the event loop so it is important that the poll method does not call some blocking function. If this is required, widgets should inherit the base.BackgroundPoll class (see below).

  BackgroundPoll

The base.BackgroundPoll class is very similar to the base.InLoopPollText class. The key difference is that the poll method is run asynchronously and triggers a callback once the function completes. This allows widgets to get text from long-running functions without blocking Qtile.

  Mixins

As well as inheriting from one of the base classes above, widgets can also inherit one or more mixins to provide some additional functionality to the widget.

  PaddingMixin

This provides the padding(_x|_y|) attributes which can be used to change the appearance of the widget. And padding(_side|_top|) properties to get the appropriate value based on bar orientation.

  MarginMixin

This is essentially exactly the same as the before, but instead, it provides the margin(_x|_y|) attributes. And the bar oriented margin(_side|_top|) properties.

  Configuration

Now you know which class to base your widget on, you need to know how the widget gets configured.

  Defining Parameters

Each widget will likely have a number of parameters that users can change to customise the look and feel and/or behaviour of the widget for their own needs.

The widget should therefore provide the default values of these parameters as a class attribute called defaults. The format of this attribute is a list of tuples.

            defaults = [
                ("parameter_name",
                 default_parameter_value,
                 "Short text explaining what parameter does")
            ]

Users can override the default value when creating their config.py file.

            MyCustomWidget(parameter_name=updated_value)

Once the widget is initialised, these parameters are available at self.parameter_name.

  The __init__ method

Parameters that should not be changed by users can be defined in the __init__ method.

This method is run when the widgets are initially created. This happens before the qtile object is available.

  The _configure method

The _configure method is called by the bar object and sets the self.bar and self.qtile attributes of the widget. It also creates the self.drawer attribute which is necessary for displaying any content.

Once this method has been run, your widget should be ready to display content as the bar will draw once it has finished its configuration.

Calls to methods required to prepare the content for your widget should therefore be made from this method rather than __init__.

  Displaying output

A Qtile widget is just a drawing that is displayed at a certain location the user's bar. The widget's job is therefore to create a small drawing surface that can be placed in the appropriate location on the bar.

  The "draw" method

The draw method is called when the widget needs to update its appearance. This can be triggered by the widget itself (e.g. if the content has changed) or by the bar (e.g. if the bar needs to redraw its entire contents).

This method therefore needs to contain all the relevant code to draw the various components that make up the widget. Examples of displaying text, icons and drawings are set out below.

It is important to note that the bar controls the placing of the widget by assigning the offsetx value (for horizontal positioning) and offsety value (for vertical positioning). While the widget controls its width and height. These four values should be use at the end of the draw method. It is recommended to call this helper function to do it automatically:

            self.draw_at_default_position()

Note:
        If you need to trigger a redrawing of your widget, you should call self.draw() if the width of your widget is unchanged. Otherwise you need to call self.bar.draw() as this method means the bar recalculates the position of all widgets.

  Displaying text

Text is displayed by using a drawer.TextLayout object. If all you are doing is displaying text then it's highly recommended that you use the base._TextBox superclass as this simplifies adding and updating text.

If you wish to implement this manually, you can create your own drawer.TextLayout by calling the self.drawer.textlayout method of the widget (only available after the _configure method has been run).

Some additional formatting of Text can be displayed using pango markup and ensuring the markup parameter is set to True.

            self.layout = self.drawer.textlayout(
                "Text",
                "ffffff",      # Font colour
                "sans",        # Font family
                12,            # Font size
                None,          # Font shadow
                markup=False,  # Pango markup (False by default)
                wrap=True,     # Wrap long lines (True by default)
            )

Note:
        In base._TextBox inherited widgets, after _configure has been run, modifications to the widget's font, fontsize, fontshadow, foreground and markup parameters will not be automatically applied to the text layout. You will need to modify these values directly on the self.layout.* attributes. Since these attributes have different names to the widget parameters, you may use the set_font method, available in these widgets, to update the text layout attributes with the advantage of using the same parameter names as with the widget parameters:

                    # All parameters are optional
                    self.set_font(
                        font="mono",
                        fontsize=14,
                        fontshadow="000000",
                        foreground="ff0000",
                        markup=True
                    )

  Displaying icons and images

Qtile provides a helper library to convert images to a surface that can be drawn by the widget. If the images are static then you should only load them once when the widget is configured. Given the small size of the bar, this is most commonly used to draw icons but the same method applies to other images.

            from libqtile import images

            def setup_images(self):

                self.surfaces = {}

                # File names to load (will become keys to the `surfaces` dictionary)
                names = (
                    "audio-volume-muted",
                    "audio-volume-low",
                    "audio-volume-medium",
                    "audio-volume-high"
                )

                d_images = images.Loader(self.imagefolder)(*names)  # images.Loader can take more than one folder as an argument

                new_height = self.bar.size - 2
                for name, img in d_images.items():
                    img.resize(height=new_height)   # Resize images to fit widget
                    self.surfaces[name] = img.pattern  # Images added to the `surfaces` dictionary

Drawing the image is then just a matter of painting it to the relevant surface:

            def draw(self):
                self.drawer.ctx.set_source(self.surfaces[img_name])  # Use correct key here for your image
                self.drawer.ctx.paint()
                self.draw_at_default_position()

  Drawing shapes

It is possible to draw shapes directly to the widget. The Drawer class (available in your widget after configuration as self.drawer) provides some basic functions rounded_rectangle, rounded_fillrect, rectangle and fillrect.

In addition, you can access the Cairo <https://pycairo.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/context.html> context drawing functions via self.drawer.ctx.

For example, the following code can draw a wifi icon showing signal strength:

            import math

            ...

            def to_rads(self, degrees):
                return degrees * math.pi / 180.0

            def draw_wifi(self, percentage):

                WIFI_HEIGHT = 12
                WIFI_ARC_DEGREES = 90

                y_margin = (self.bar.size - WIFI_HEIGHT) / 2
                half_arc = WIFI_ARC_DEGREES / 2

                # Draw grey background
                self.drawer.ctx.new_sub_path()
                self.drawer.ctx.move_to(WIFI_HEIGHT, y_margin + WIFI_HEIGHT)
                self.drawer.ctx.arc(WIFI_HEIGHT,
                                    y_margin + WIFI_HEIGHT,
                                    WIFI_HEIGHT,
                                    self.to_rads(270 - half_arc),
                                    self.to_rads(270 + half_arc))
                self.drawer.set_source_rgb("666666")
                self.drawer.ctx.fill()

                # Draw white section to represent signal strength
                self.drawer.ctx.new_sub_path()
                self.drawer.ctx.move_to(WIFI_HEIGHT, y_margin + WIFI_HEIGHT)
                self.drawer.ctx.arc(WIFI_HEIGHT
                                    y_margin + WIFI_HEIGHT,
                                    WIFI_HEIGHT * percentage,
                                    self.to_rads(270 - half_arc),
                                    self.to_rads(270 + half_arc))
                self.drawer.set_source_rgb("ffffff")
                self.drawer.ctx.fill()

This creates something looking like this: [image: wifi_image] [image] .

  Background

At the start of the draw method, the widget should clear the drawer by drawing the background. Usually this is done by including the following line at the start of the method:

            self.drawer.clear(self.background or self.bar.background)

The background can be a single colour or a list of colours which will result in a linear gradient from top to bottom.

  Vertical Orientation

If you plan to support vertical orientation in your widget, after calling self.drawer.clear and self.drawer.ctx.save place this function in the draw method:

            self.rotate_drawer()

  Updating the widget

Widgets will usually need to update their content periodically. There are numerous ways that this can be done. Some of the most common ones are summarised below.

  Timers

A non-blocking timer can be called by using the self.timeout_add method.

            self.timeout_add(delay_in_seconds, method_to_call, (method_args))

Note:
        Consider using the BackgroundPoll superclass where you are calling a function repeatedly and displaying its output as text.

  Hooks

Qtile has a number of hooks built in which are triggered on certain events.

The WindowCount widget is a good example of using hooks to trigger updates. It includes the following method which is run when the widget is configured:

            from libqtile import hook

            ...

            def _setup_hooks(self):
                hook.subscribe.client_killed(self._win_killed)
                hook.subscribe.client_managed(self._wincount)
                hook.subscribe.current_screen_change(self._wincount)
                hook.subscribe.setgroup(self._wincount)

Read the Built-in Hooks <#ref-hooks> page for details of which hooks are available and which arguments are passed to the callback function.

  Using dbus

Qtile uses dbus-fast for interacting with dbus.

If you just want to listen for signals then Qtile provides a helper method called add_signal_receiver which can subscribe to a signal and trigger a callback whenever that signal is broadcast.

Note:
        Qtile uses the asyncio based functions of dbus-fast so your widget must make sure, where necessary, calls to dbus are made via coroutines.

        There is a _config_async coroutine in the base widget class which can be overridden to provide an entry point for asyncio calls in your widget.

For example, the Mpris2 widget uses the following code:

            from libqtile.utils import add_signal_receiver

            ...

            async def _config_async(self):
                subscribe = await add_signal_receiver(
                                self.message,  # Callback function
                                session_bus=True,
                                signal_name="PropertiesChanged",
                                bus_name=self.objname,
                                path="/org/mpris/MediaPlayer2",
                                dbus_interface="org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties")

dbus-fast can also be used to query properties, call methods etc. on dbus interfaces. Refer to the dbus-fast documentation <https://python-dbus-fast.readthedocs.io/en/latest/> for more information on how to use the module.

  Mouse events

By default, widgets handle button presses and will call any function that is bound to the button in the mouse_callbacks dictionary. The dictionary keys are as follows:

            •   Button1: Left click

            •   Button2: Middle click

            •   Button3: Right click

            •   Button4: Scroll up

            •   Button5: Scroll down

            •   Button6: Scroll left

            •   Button7: Scroll right

You can then define your button bindings in your widget (e.g. in __init__):

            class MyWidget(widget.TextBox)

                def __init__(self, *args, **config):
                    widget.TextBox.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
                    self.add_callbacks(
                        {
                            "Button1": self.left_click_method,
                            "Button3": self.right_click_method
                        }
                    )

Note:
        As well as functions, you can also bind LazyCall objects to button presses. For example:

                    self.add_callbacks(
                        {
                            "Button1": lazy.spawn("xterm"),
                        }
                    )

In addition to button presses, you can also respond to mouse enter and leave events. For example, to make a clock show a longer date when you put your mouse over it, you can do the following:

            class MouseOverClock(widget.Clock):
                defaults = [
                    (
                        "long_format",
                        "%A %d %B %Y | %H:%M",
                        "Format to show when mouse is over widget."
                    )
                ]

                def __init__(self, **config):
                    widget.Clock.__init__(self, **config)
                    self.add_defaults(MouseOverClock.defaults)
                    self.short_format = self.format

                def mouse_enter(self, *args, **kwargs):
                    self.format = self.long_format
                    self.bar.draw()

                def mouse_leave(self, *args, **kwargs):
                    self.format = self.short_format
                    self.bar.draw()

  Exposing commands to the IPC interface

If you want to control your widget via lazy or scripting commands (such as qtile cmd-obj), you will need to expose the relevant methods in your widget. Exposing commands is done by adding the @expose_command() decorator to your method. For example:

            from libqtile.command.base import expose_command
            from libqtile.widget import TextBox

            class ExposedWidget(TextBox):

                @expose_command()
                def uppercase(self):
                    self.update(self.text.upper())

Text in the ExposedWidget can now be made into upper case by calling lazy.widget["exposedwidget"].uppercase() or qtile cmd-onj -o widget exposedwidget -f uppercase.

If you want to expose a method under multiple names, you can pass these additional names to the decorator. For example, decorating a method with:

            @expose_command(["extra", "additional"])
            def mymethod(self):
                ...

will make make the method visible under mymethod, extra and additional.

  Debugging

You can use the logger object to record messages in the Qtile log file to help debug your development.

            from libqtile.log_utils import logger

            ...

            logger.debug("Callback function triggered")

Note:
        The default log level for the Qtile log is INFO so you may either want to change this when debugging or use logger.info instead.

        Debugging messages should be removed from your code before submitting pull requests.

  Submitting the widget to the official repo

The following sections are only relevant for users who wish for their widgets to be submitted as a PR for inclusion in the main Qtile repo.

  Including the widget in libqtile.widget

You should include your widget in the widgets dict in libqtile.widget.__init__.py. The relevant format is {"ClassName": "modulename"}.

This has a number of benefits:

    •   Lazy imports

    •   Graceful handling of import errors (useful where widget relies on third party modules)

    •   Inclusion in basic unit testing (see below)

  Testing

Any new widgets should include an accompanying unit test.

Basic initialisation and configurations (using defaults) will automatically be tested by test/widgets/test_widget_init_configure.py if the widget has been included in libqtile.widget.__init__.py (see above).

However, where possible, it is strongly encouraged that widgets include additional unit tests that test specific functionality of the widget (e.g. reaction to hooks).

See Unit testing <#unit-testing> for more.

  Documentation

It is really important that we maintain good documentation for Qtile. Any new widgets must therefore include sufficient documentation in order for users to understand how to use/configure the widget.

The majority of the documentation is generated automatically from your module. The widget's docstring will be used as the description of the widget. Any parameters defined in the widget's defaults attribute will also be displayed. It is essential that there is a clear explanation of each new parameter defined by the widget.

  Screenshots

While not essential, it is strongly recommended that the documentation includes one or more screenshots.

Screenshots can be generated automatically with a minimal amount of coding by using the fixtures created by Qtile's test suite.

A screenshot file must satisfy the following criteria:

            •   Be named ss_[widgetname].py

            •   Any function that takes a screenshot must be prefixed with ss_

            •   Define a pytest fixture named widget

An example screenshot file is below:

            import pytest

            from libqtile.widget import wttr
            from test.widgets.docs_screenshots.conftest import vertical_bar, widget_config

            RESPONSE = "London: +17°C"

            @pytest.fixture
            def widget(monkeypatch):
                def result(self):
                    return RESPONSE

                monkeypatch.setattr("libqtile.widget.wttr.Wttr.fetch", result)
                yield wttr.Wttr

            @widget_config([{"location": {"London": "Home"}}])
            def ss_wttr(screenshot_manager):
                screenshot_manager.take_screenshot()

            @vertical_bar
            def ss_wttr_vertical(screenshot_manager):
                screenshot_manager.take_screenshot()

The widget fixture returns the widget class (not an instance of the widget). Any monkeypatching of the widget should be included in this fixture.

The screenshot function (here, called ss_wttr) must take an argument called screenshot_manager. The function can also be parameterized, in which case, each dict object will be used to configure the widget for the screenshot (and the configuration will be displayed in the docs). If you want to include parameterizations but also want to show the default configuration, you should include an empty dict ({}) as the first object in the list.

Taking a screenshot is then as simple as calling screenshot_manager.take_screenshot(). The method can be called multiple times in the same function.

Screenshots can also be taken in a vertical bar orientation by using the @vertical_bar decorator as shown in the above example.

screenshot_manager.take_screenshot() only takes a picture of the widget. If you need to take a screenshot of the bar then you need a few extra steps:

            def ss_bar_screenshot(screenshot_manager):
                # Generate a filename for the screenshot
                target = screenshot_manager.target()

                # Get the bar object
                bar = screenshot_manager.c.bar["top"]

                # Take a screenshot. Will take screenshot of whole bar unless
                # a `width` parameter is set.
                bar.take_screenshot(target, width=width)

HOW TO CREATE A LAYOUT

The aim of this page is to explain the main components of qtile layouts, how they work, and how you can use them to create your own layouts or hack existing layouts to make them work the way you want them.

Note:
        It is highly recommended that users wishing to create their own layout refer to the source documentation of existing layouts to familiarise themselves with the code.

  What is a layout?

In Qtile, a layout is essentially a set of rules that determine how windows should be displayed on the screen. The layout is responsible for positioning all windows other than floating windows, "static" windows, internal windows (e.g. the bar) and windows that have requested not to be managed by the window manager.

  Base classes

To simplify the creation of layouts, a couple of base classes are available to users.

  The Layout class

As a bare minimum, all layouts should inherit the base Layout class object as this class defines a number of methods required for basic usage and will also raise errors if the required methods are not implemented. Further information on these required methods is set out below.

  The _SimpleLayoutBase class

This class implements everything needed for a basic layout with the exception of the configure method. Therefore, unless your layout requires special logic for updating and navigating the list of clients, it is strongly recommended that your layout inherits this base class

  The _ClientList class

This class defines a list of clients and the current client.

The collection is meant as a base or utility class for special layouts, which need to maintain one or several collections of windows, for example Columns or Stack, which use this class as base for their internal helper.

The property current_index get and set the index to the current client, whereas current_client property can be used with clients directly.

  Required methods

To create a minimal, functioning layout your layout must include the methods listed below:

    •   __init__

    •   configure

    •   add_client

    •   remove

    •   focus_first

    •   focus_last

    •   focus_next

    •   focus_previous

    •   next

    •   previous

As noted above, if you create a layout based on the _SimpleLayoutBase class, you will only need to define configure (and _init__, if you have custom parameters). However, for the purposes of this document, we will show examples of all required methods.

  __init__

Initialise your layout's variables here. The main use of this method will be to load any default parameters defined by layout. These are defined in a class attribute called defaults. The format of this attribute is a list of tuples.

            from libqtile.layout import base

            class TwoByTwo(base.Layout):
                """
                A simple layout with a fixed two by two grid.

                By default, unfocused windows are smaller than the focused window.
                """
                defaults = [
                    ("border_width", 5, "Window border width"),
                    ("border_colour", "00ff00", "Window border colour"),
                    ("margin_focused", 5, "Margin width for focused windows"),
                    ("margin_unfocused", 50, "Margin width for unfocused windows")
                ]

                def __init__(self, **config):
                    base.Layout.__init__(self, **config)
                    self.add_defaults(TwoByTwo.defaults)
                    self.clients = []
                    self.current_client = None

Once the layouts is initialised, these parameters are available at self.border_width etc.

  configure

This is where the magic happens! This method is responsible for determining how to position a window on the screen.

This method should therefore configure the dimensions and borders of a window using the window's .place() method. The layout can also call either hide() or .unhide() on the window.

            def configure(self, client: Window, screen_rect: ScreenRect) -> None:
                """Simple example breaking screen into four quarters."""
                try:
                    index = self.clients.index(client)
                except ValueError:
                    # Layout not expecting this window so ignore it
                    return

                # We're only showing first 4 windows
                if index > 3:
                    client.hide()
                    return

                # Unhide the window in case it was hiddent before
                client.unhide()

                # List to help us calculate x and y values of
                quarters = [
                    (0, 0),
                    (0.5, 0),
                    (0, 0.5),
                    (0.5, 0.5)
                ]

                # Calculate size and position for each window
                xpos, ypos = quarters[index]

                x = int(screen_rect.width * xpos) + screen_rect.x
                y = int(screen_rect.height * ypos) + screen_rect.y
                w = screen_rect.width // 2
                h = screen_rect.height // 2

                if client is self.current_client:
                    margin = self.margin_focused
                else:
                    margin = self.margin_unfocused

                client.place(
                    x,
                    y,
                    w - self.border_width * 2,
                    h - self.border_width * 2,
                    self.border_width,
                    self.border_colour,
                    margin=[margin] * 4,
                )

  add_client

This method is called whenever a window is added to the group, regardless of whether the layout is current or not. The layout should just add the window to its internal datastructures, without mapping or configuring/displaying.

            def add_client(self, client: Window) -> None:
                # Assumes self.clients is simple list
                self.clients.insert(0, client)
                self.current_client = client

  remove

This method is called whenever a window is removed from the group, regardless of whether the layout is current or not. The layout should just de-register the window from its data structures, without unmapping the window.

The method must also return the "next" window that should gain focus or None if there are no other windows.

            def remove(self, client: Window) -> Window | None:
                # Assumes self.clients is a simple list
                # Client already removed so ignore this
                if client not in self.clients:
                    return None
                # Client is only window in the list
                elif len(self.clients) == 1:
                    self.clients.remove(client)
                    self.current_client = None
                    # There are no other windows so return None
                    return None
                else:
                    # Find position of client in our list
                    index = self.clients.index(client)
                    # Remove client
                    self.clients.remove(client)
                    # Ensure the index value is not greater than list size
                    # i.e. if we closed the last window in the list, we need to return
                    # the first one (index 0).
                    index %= len(self.clients)
                    next_client = self.clients[index]
                    self.current_client = next_client
                    return next_client

  focus_first

This method is called when the first client in the layout should be focused.

This method should just return the first client in the layout, if any. NB the method should not focus the client itself, this is done by caller.

            def focus_first(self) -> Window | None:
                if not self.clients:
                    return None

                return self.client[0]

  focus_last

This method is called when the last client in the layout should be focused.

This method should just return the last client in the layout, if any. NB the method should not focus the client itself, this is done by caller.

            def focus_last(self) -> Window | None:
                if not self.clients:
                    return None

                return self.client[-1]

  focus_next

This method is called the next client in the layout should be focused.

This method should return the next client in the layout, if any. NB the layout should not cycle clients when reaching the end of the list as there are other method in the group for cycling windows which focus floating windows once the the end of the tiled client list is reached.

In addition, the method should not focus the client.

            def focus_next(self, win: Window) -> Window | None:
                try:
                    return self.clients[self.clients.index(win) + 1]
                except IndexError:
                    return None

  focus_previous

This method is called the previous client in the layout should be focused.

This method should return the previous client in the layout, if any. NB the layout should not cycle clients when reaching the end of the list as there are other method in the group for cycling windows which focus floating windows once the the end of the tiled client list is reached.

In addition, the method should not focus the client.

            def focus_previous(self, win: Window) -> Window | None:
                if not self.clients or self.clients.index(win) == 0
                    return None

                try:
                    return self.clients[self.clients.index(win) - 1]
                except IndexError:
                    return None

  next

This method focuses the next tiled window and can cycle back to the beginning of the list.

            def next(self) -> None:
                if self.current_client is None:
                    return
                # Get the next client or, if at the end of the list, get the first
                client = self.focus_next(self.current_client) or self.focus_first()
                self.group.focus(client, True)

  previous

This method focuses the previous tiled window and can cycle back to the end of the list.

            def previous(self) -> None:
                if self.current_client is None:
                    return
                # Get the previous client or, if at the end of the list, get the last
                client = self.focus_previous(self.current_client) or self.focus_last()
                self.group.focus(client, True)

  Additional methods

While not essential to implement, the following methods can also be defined:

    •   clone

    •   show

    •   hide

    •   swap

    •   focus

    •   blur

  clone

Each group gets a copy of the layout. The clone method is used to create this copy. The default implementation in Layout is as follows:

            def clone(self, group: _Group) -> Self:
                c = copy.copy(self)
                c._group = group
                return c

  show

This method can be used to run code when the layout is being displayed. The method receives one argument, the ScreenRect for the screen showing the layout.

The default implementation is a no-op:

            def show(self, screen_rect: ScreenRect) -> None:
                pass

  hide

This method can be used to run code when the layout is being hidden.

The default implementation is a no-op:

            def hide(self) -> None:
                pass

  swap

This method is used to change the position of two windows in the layout.

            def swap(self, c1: Window, c2: Window) -> None:
                if c1 not in self.clients and c2 not in self.clients:
                    return

                index1 = self.clients.index(c1)
                index2 = self.clients.index(c2)

                self.clients[index1], self.clients[index2] = self.clients[index2], self.clients[index1]

  focus

This method is called when a given window is being focused.

            def focus(self, client: Window) -> None:
                if client not in self.clients:
                    self.current_client = None
                    return

                index = self.clients.index(client)

                # Check if window is not visible
                if index > 3:
                    c = self.clients.pop(index)
                    self.clients.insert(0, c)

                self.current_client = client

  blur

This method is called when the layout loses focus.

            def blur(self) -> None:
                self.current_client = None

  Adding commands

Adding commands allows users to modify the behaviour of the layout. To make commands available via the command interface (e.g. via lazy.layout calls), the layout must include the following import:

            from libqtile.command.base import expose_command

Commands are then decorated with @expose_command. For example:

            @expose_command
            def rotate(self, clockwise: bool = True) -> None:
                if not self.clients:
                    return

                if clockwise:
                    client = self.clients.pop(-1)
                    self.clients.insert(0, client)
                else:
                    client = self.clients.pop(0)
                    self.clients.append(client)

                # Check if current client has been rotated off the screen
                if self.current_client and self.clients.index(self.current_client) > 3:
                    if clockwise:
                        self.current_client = self.clients[3]
                    else:
                        self.current_client = self.clients[0]

                # Redraw the layout
                self.group.layout_all()

  The info command

Layouts should also implement an info method to provide information about the layout.

As a minimum, the test suite (see below) will expect a layout to return the following information:

    •   Its name

    •   Its group

    •   The clients managed by the layout

NB the last item is not included in Layout's implementation of the method so it should be added when defining a class that inherits that base.

            @expose_command
            def info(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
                inf = base.Layout.info(self)
                inf["clients"] = self.clients
                return inf

  Adding layout to main repo

If you think your layout is amazing and you want to share with other users by including it in the main repo then there are a couple of extra steps that you need to take.

  Add to list of layouts

You must save the layout in libqtile/layout and then add a line importing the layout definition to libqtile/layout/__init__.py e.g.

            from libqtile.layout.twobytwo import TwoByTwo

  Add tests

Basic functionality for all layouts is handled automatically by the core test suite. However, you should create tests for any custom functionality of your layout (e.g. testing the rotate command defined above).

  Full example

The full code for the example layout is as follows:

            from __future__ import annotations

            from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

            from libqtile.command.base import expose_command
            from libqtile.layout import base

            if TYPE_CHECKING:
                from libqtile.backend.base import Window
                from libqtile.config import ScreenRect
                from libqtile.group import _Group

            class TwoByTwo(base.Layout):
                """
                A simple layout with a fixed two by two grid.

                By default, unfocused windows are smaller than the focused window.
                """
                defaults = [
                    ("border_width", 5, "Window border width"),
                    ("border_colour", "00ff00", "Window border colour"),
                    ("margin_focused", 5, "Margin width for focused windows"),
                    ("margin_unfocused", 50, "Margin width for unfocused windows")
                ]

                def __init__(self, **config):
                    base.Layout.__init__(self, **config)
                    self.add_defaults(TwoByTwo.defaults)
                    self.clients = []
                    self.current_client = None

                def configure(self, client: Window, screen_rect: ScreenRect) -> None:
                    """Simple example breaking screen into four quarters."""
                    try:
                        index = self.clients.index(client)
                    except ValueError:
                        # Layout not expecting this window so ignore it
                        return

                    # We're only showing first 4 windows
                    if index > 3:
                        client.hide()
                        return

                    # Unhide the window in case it was hiddent before
                    client.unhide()

                    # List to help us calculate x and y values of
                    quarters = [
                        (0, 0),
                        (0.5, 0),
                        (0, 0.5),
                        (0.5, 0.5)
                    ]

                    # Calculate size and position for each window
                    xpos, ypos = quarters[index]

                    x = int(screen_rect.width * xpos) + screen_rect.x
                    y = int(screen_rect.height * ypos) + screen_rect.y
                    w = screen_rect.width // 2
                    h = screen_rect.height // 2

                    if client is self.current_client:
                        margin = self.margin_focused
                    else:
                        margin = self.margin_unfocused

                    client.place(
                        x,
                        y,
                        w - self.border_width * 2,
                        h - self.border_width * 2,
                        self.border_width,
                        self.border_colour,
                        margin=[margin] * 4,
                    )

                def add_client(self, client: Window) -> None:
                    # Assumes self.clients is simple list
                    self.clients.insert(0, client)
                    self.current_client = client

                def remove(self, client: Window) -> Window | None:
                    # Assumes self.clients is a simple list
                    # Client already removed so ignore this
                    if client not in self.clients:
                        return None
                    # Client is only window in the list
                    elif len(self.clients) == 1:
                        self.clients.remove(client)
                        self.current_client = None
                        # There are no other windows so return None
                        return None
                    else:
                        # Find position of client in our list
                        index = self.clients.index(client)
                        # Remove client
                        self.clients.remove(client)
                        # Ensure the index value is not greater than list size
                        # i.e. if we closed the last window in the list, we need to return
                        # the first one (index 0).
                        index %= len(self.clients)
                        next_client = self.clients[index]
                        self.current_client = next_client
                        return next_client

                def focus_first(self) -> Window | None:
                    if not self.clients:
                        return None

                    return self.client[0]

                def focus_last(self) -> Window | None:
                    if not self.clients:
                        return None

                    return self.client[-1]

                def focus_next(self, win: Window) -> Window | None:
                    try:
                        return self.clients[self.clients.index(win) + 1]
                    except IndexError:
                        return None

                def focus_previous(self, win: Window) -> Window | None:
                    if not self.clients or self.clients.index(win) == 0:
                        return None

                    try:
                        return self.clients[self.clients.index(win) - 1]
                    except IndexError:
                        return None

                def next(self) -> None:
                    if self.current_client is None:
                        return
                    # Get the next client or, if at the end of the list, get the first
                    client = self.focus_next(self.current_client) or self.focus_first()
                    self.group.focus(client, True)

                def previous(self) -> None:
                    if self.current_client is None:
                        return
                    # Get the previous client or, if at the end of the list, get the last
                    client = self.focus_previous(self.current_client) or self.focus_last()
                    self.group.focus(client, True)

                def swap(self, c1: Window, c2: Window) -> None:
                    if c1 not in self.clients and c2 not in self.clients:
                        return

                    index1 = self.clients.index(c1)
                    index2 = self.clients.index(c2)

                    self.clients[index1], self.clients[index2] = self.clients[index2], self.clients[index1]

                def focus(self, client: Window) -> None:
                    if client not in self.clients:
                        self.current_client = None
                        return

                    index = self.clients.index(client)

                    # Check if window is not visible
                    if index > 3:
                        c = self.clients.pop(index)
                        self.clients.insert(0, c)

                    self.current_client = client

                def blur(self) -> None:
                    self.current_client = None

                @expose_command
                def rotate(self, clockwise: bool = True) -> None:
                    if not self.clients:
                        return

                    if clockwise:
                        client = self.clients.pop(-1)
                        self.clients.insert(0, client)
                    else:
                        client = self.clients.pop(0)
                        self.clients.append(client)

                    # Check if current client has been rotated off the screen
                    if self.current_client and self.clients.index(self.current_client) > 3:
                        if clockwise:
                            self.current_client = self.clients[3]
                        else:
                            self.current_client = self.clients[0]

                    # Redraw the layout
                    self.group.layout_all()

                @expose_command
                def info(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
                    inf = base.Layout.info(self)
                    inf["clients"] = self.clients
                    return inf

This should result in a layout looking like this: [image: layout_image] [image] .

USING GIT

git is the version control system that is used to manage all of the source code. It is very powerful, but might be frightening at first. This page should give you a quick overview, but for a complete guide you will have to search the web on your own. Another great resource to get started practically without having to try out the newly-learned commands on a pre-existing repository is learn git branching <https://learngitbranching.js.org>. You should probably learn the basic git vocabulary and then come back to find out how you can use all that practically. This guide will be oriented on how to create a pull request and things might be in a different order compared to the introductory guides.

Warning:
        This guide is not complete and never will be. If something isn't clear, consult other sources until you are confident you know what you are doing.

  I want to try out a feature somebody is working on

If you see a pull request on GitHub <https://www.github.com/qtile/qtile/pulls> that you want to try out, have a look at the line where it says:

            user wants to merge n commits into qtile:master from user:branch

Right now you probably have one remote from which you can fetch changes, the origin. If you cloned qtile/qtile, git remote show origin will spit out the upstream url. If you cloned your fork, origin points to it and you probably want to git remote add upstream https://www.github.com/qtile/qtile. To try out somebody's work, you can add their fork as a new remote:

            git remote add <user> https://www.github.com/user/qtile

where you fill in the username from the line we asked you to search for before. Then you can load data from that remote with git fetch and then ultimately check out the branch with git checkout <user>/<branch>.

Alternatively, it is also possible to fetch and checkout pull requests without needing to add other remotes. The upstream remote is sufficient:

            git fetch upstream pull/<id>/head:pr<id>
            git checkout pr<id>

The numeric pull request id can be found in the url or next to the title (preceded by a # symbol).

Note:
        Having the feature branch checked out doesn't mean that it is installed and will be loaded when you restart qtile. You might still need to install it with uv.

  I committed changes and the tests failed

You can easily change your last commit: After you have done your work, git add everything you need and use git commit --amend to change your last commit. This causes the git history of your local clone to be diverged from your fork on GitHub, so you need to force-push your changes with:

            git push -f <origin> <feature-branch>

where origin might be your user name or origin if you cloned your fork and feature-branch is to be replaced by the name of the branch you are working on.

Assuming the feature branch is currently checked out, you can usually omit it and just specify the origin.

  I was told to rebase my work

If upstream/master is changed and you happened to change the same files as the commits that were added upstream, you should rebase your work onto the most recent upstream/master. Checkout your master, pull from upstream, checkout your branch again and then rebase it:

            git checkout master
            git pull upstream/master
            git checkout <feature-branch>
            git rebase upstream/master

You will be asked to solve conflicts where your diff cannot be applied with confidence to the work that was pushed upstream. If that is the case, open the files in your text editor and resolve the conflicts manually. You possibly need to git rebase --continue after you have resolved conflicts for one commit if you are rebasing multiple commits.

Note that the above doesn't work if you didn't create a branch. In that case you will find guides elsewhere to fix this problem, ideally by creating a branch and resetting your master branch to where it should be.

  I was told to squash some commits

If you introduce changes in one commit and replace them in another, you are told to squash these changes into one single commit without the intermediate step:

            git rebase -i master

opens a text editor with your commits and a comment block reminding you what you can do with your commits. You can reword them to change the commit message, reorder them or choose fixup to squash the changes of a commit into the commit on the line above.

This also changes your git history and you will need to force-push your changes afterwards.

Note that interactive rebasing also allows you to split, reorder and edit commits.

  I was told to edit a commit message

If you need to edit the commit message of the last commit you did, use:

            git commit --amend

to open an editor giving you the possibility to reword the message. If you want to reword the message of an older commit or multiple commits, use git rebase -i as above with the reword command in the editor.

  Releasing Qtile

Here is a short document about how to tag Qtile releases.

    1.  create a "Release vX.XX.XX" commit. I like to thank all the contributors; I find that list with something like:

            git log --oneline --no-merges --format=%an $(git describe --tags --abbrev=0)..HEAD | sort -u

note that this can sometimes generate duplicates if people commit with slightly different names; I typically clean it up manually.

Be sure that you GPG-sign (i.e. the -S argument to git commit) this commit.

    2.  Create a GPG-signed annotated tag (git tag -a -s vX.XX.XX); I usually just use exactly the same commit message as the actual release commit above.

    3.  Push your tag to qtile/qtile directly:

            git push origin vX.XX.XX

    4.  Check the Release action <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/actions/workflows/release.yml>; the "Test PyPI upload" action should build and upload the wheels to the test environment. If this step breaks, you can delete your tag (git push ... :vX.XX.XX), fix the bug, re-tag, and hopefully that will work.

    5.  Create a new Github release <https://github.com/qtile/qtile/releases/new>; this is what will trigger the actions in .github/workflows/release.yml to actually do the real pypi upload.

    6.  Make sure all of these actions complete as green. The release should show up in a few minutes after completion here: <https://pypi.org/project/qtile/>

    7.  Push your tag commit to master.

    8.  Update the release string <https://github.com/qtile/qtile.org/blob/master/config.toml#L49> on qtile.org.

    8.  Relax and enjoy a $beverage. Thanks for releasing!

LICENSE

This project is distributed under the MIT license.

Copyright (c) 2008-2025, the Qtile contributors. All rights reserved.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

CHANGELOG

            Qtile x.xx.x, released xxxx-xx-xx:
                * features
                * bugfixes

            Qtile 0.36.0, released 2026-05-22:
                * features
                  - The Clock widget now uses the stdlib zoneinfo module for string
                    timezone lookup. pytz is no longer a (optional) dependency.
                  - prompt widget: add options for block, invisible, and bar cursor
                  - df widget: add used space formatting parameter
                  - wayland: add ability to set opacity on windows
                  - wayland: add grab click support
                  - Add client_focus_by_click hook
                  - Allow WindowName to have calculated width
                * bugfixes
                  - Fix timers on BackgrounPoll-based widgets not clearing on config reload
                  - prompt widget: fix sanitization issue
                  - df widget: use floating point division for better precision
                  - Thermal sensor widget: make threaded again
                  - wayland: dispatch pointer enter/leave/motion to bar widgets
                  - x11: ungrab click on focus by click regardless of origin
                  - wayland: modify keep-above behaviour
                  - wayland: update active keyboard when destroyed
                  - wayland: ignore qtile key bindings if a layer has exclusive focus
                  - wayland: disable client focus when exclusive_layer held
                  - wayland: fix build when xwayland support is absent
                  - Fix `qtile cmd-obj -f spawn` crash
                  - Fix qtile shell on python 3.14
                  - Improve battery name getter for Linux in the battery widget
                  - Remove scratchpad hooks when client killed
                  - Restore solid background for systray widgets
                  - Fix Volume widget crash on reload
                  - Fix window losing focus when dragged between screens
                  - Initialise fontconfig before starting qtile
                  - nix: add fontconfig to runtime library configuration
                  - Only pass button presses to bar when press is inside bar
                  - Stop Prompt widget cancelling text entry when window closes

            Qtile 0.35.0, released 2026-03-20:
                !!! Breaking changes !!!
                  - Removed the cmus and moc widgets. These were GPL licensed, and as such
                    incompatible with our MIT license. They were added to the tree by
                    mistake.
                  - Removed cmd_ prefix fallback. This has been deprecated since 0.23.0,
                    and the core CommandObject code (lazy.*, CommandClient) doesn't use
                    it, so it seems like there are probably no users left. This has the
                    added bonus that we undefine __getattr__, and as a result do a lot
                    more type checking in the core codebase.
                * features
                  - a new generate_screens() config API for dynamically generating Screen
                    objects
                * bugfixes
                  - many (many) wayc backends

            Qtile 0.34.1, released 2025-12-14:
                * bugfixes
                  - many wayc bugfixes
                  - a few x11 bugfixes for floating

            Qtile 0.34.0, released 2025-11-22:
                !!! Breaking changes !!!
                - The Wayland backend has been completely rewritten in C.
                  The old backend based on `pywlroots` has been removed.
                  Wayland-related dependencies have changed:
                    - Removed python dependencies: pywlroots, pywayland, python-xkbcommon
                    - Upgraded: wlroots 0.17.0 -> 0.19.0
                    - Added system dependencies: wayland-scanner, wayland-protocols

                  See the current Wayland backend status:
                  https://docs.qtile.org/en/stable/manual/wayland_status.html
                - dropped support for python 3.11

                * features
                  - consolidate development infrastructure on uv
                  - rename ThreadPoolText -> BackgroundPoll with a new `async def apoll()`
                    method for widgets to optionally run in the main event loop. There is
                    a migration for this people can run via `qtile migrate`, and old
                    widgets with a `def poll()` will continue use that as the preferred
                    method for polling, running in a separate thread as it always has.
                  - the GenPollUrl widget now uses the asyncio infrastrcutre of
                    BackgroundPoll above, and depends on aiohttp as a result. in-tree
                    widgets that use GenPollUrl also depend on aihottp now.
                  - Add `swap` method to Bsp layout
                  - Add `swap` method to Columns layout
                * bugfixes
                  - fix which xdg dependency we (optionally) requre xdg -> pyxdg
                  - fix programs launched by spawn() having qtile's stdin as their own,
                    causing hangs sometimes
                  - x11: clear _NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW when no window is focused
                  - port lots of in-loop widgets to asyncio, so that they can not block
                    qtile's main loop if their polling takes a long time
                  - port lots of threaded widgets to asyncio (and aiohttp), so that they
                    do not use lots of resources or cause races in drawing when executing
                    in parallel
                  - x11: don't focus twice in focus_by_click()
                  - x11: use less memory when resolving window attributes
                  - x11: use less memory when resolving which event handler to use
                  - fix stretch widget allocation when there are multiple stretch widgets
                  - fix GroupBox in center_aligned mode
                  - drop use of asyncio.DefaultEventLoopPolicy since it has been removed
                    in python 3.14
                  - drop `qtile udev` and fix udev rules to chmod directly

            Qtile 0.33.0, released 2025-07-24:
                !!! breaking changes !!!
                  - Remove CurrentLayoutIcon, functionality merged with CurrentLayout
                * features
                  - Add support for orientation vertical to the new CurrentLayout widget
                  - Draw icon and text together with the same CurrentLayout widget
                * bugfixes
                  - rearrange default screen ordering to try and match xrandr's

            Qtile 0.32.0, released 2025-06-09:
                !!! breaking changes !!!
                  - Output of `qtile cmd-obj` is now in JSON.
                * features
                    - Add support for `single-pixel-buffer` protocol for wayland
                    - Add charging foreground/background colors to Battery widget
                * bugfixes
                    - `window.can_steal_focus = False` should be set in a `group_window_add` instead of the previously recommended `client_new` hook.
                    - Fix Xwayland popup windows that fail to reappear #5155
                    - Wayland: retain keybindings when switching keyboard layouts

            Qtile 0.31.0, released 2025-03-07:
                !!! breaking changes !!!
                    - Spiral layout: `shuffle_up` and `shuffle_down` commands now shuffle the focused window instead of rotating all windows.
                * features
                    - Add TunedManager Widget to show the currently active power profile and cycle through a list of configurable power profiles
                * bugfixes
                    - Fix StatusNotifier displaying wrong icon when icon changes too quickly (e.g. nm-applet)
                    - PulseVolume widget: fix breakage with xrandr/wlr-randr + reload config #5111

            Qtile 0.30.0, released 2025-01-06:
                !!! breaking changes !!!
                  - dbus-fast is now required for dbus support.
                    dbus-next was removed as the package is unmaintained.
                * features
                    - Add `SwayNC` widget to interact with Sway Notification Centre (wayland only)
                    - Add `swap` method to Plasma layout
                    - New `click_or_drag_only` option for follow_mouse_focus to change the focus to the window under the mouse when click or drag
                    - Customize battery widget "Full" and "Empty" short text with `full_short_text` and `empty_short_text`
                * bugfixes
                    - Make MonadWide layout up/down focus navigation behave like MonadTall's left/right

            Qtile 0.29.0, released 2024-10-19:
                * features
                    - A Nix flake has been added which can be used by Nix(OS) users to update to the latest version easily
                    - Add `group_window_remove` hook when window is removed from group
                    - Switched to ruff for formatting
                * bugfixes
                    - Add returns to lazy.function and qtile.core.function
                    - Fix a bug with newer versions of cairo breaking the bar
                    - Fix a few TreeTab rendering bugs
                    - Fix a TaskList crash
                    - Fix a scratchpad window size bug

            Qtile 0.28.1, released 2024-08-12:
                * bugfixes
                    - fix a crash in the StatusNotifier widget #4959 #4960

            Qtile 0.28.0, released 2024-08-11:
                * bugfixes
                    - various bug fixes to widgets from previous releases
                    - fix xrandr commands racing with qtile startup

            Qtile 0.27.0, released 2024-07-12:
                * features
                    - Make default `Plasma` add mode dynamic
                    - Add `background` parameter to `Screen` to paint a solid colour background
                    - Add ability to use key codes to bind keys. Will benefit users who change keyboard layouts but
                      wish to retain same bindings, irrespective of layout.
                    - Wayland: Add support for idle-notify-v1 protocol needed by swayidle.
                    - Wayland: Make keybinds repeat according to the keyboard's repeat rate and delay. Previously the keybinds did not repeat.

                * bugfixes
                  - Fix `Plasma` layout with `ScreenSplit` by implementing `get_windows`
                  - Fix border bug in fullscreening/maximizing wayland windows
                  - Fix automatic fullscreening for many XWayland applications (e.g. games) by checking if they want to fullscreen on map

            Qtile 0.26.0, released 2024-05-21:
                !!! breaking changes !!!
                  - this release drops support for python 3.9
                  - deleted the (very old) libqtile/command_* deprecation wrappers
                  - SIGUSR2 no longer restarts qtile, instead it dumps stack traces
                  - lazy.<object>.when(when_floating=X) now behaves differently: the lazy call will be executed
                    independently of the current window's float state by default, and can be limited to when it
                    is floating or tiled by passing when_floating as True or False respectively.
                  - Dropped support for KDE idle protocol on Wayland
                !!! Notice for packagers - Wayland backend !!!
                  - Qtile's Wayland backend now requires wlroots 0.17.x, pywlroots 0.17.x and pywayland >= 0.4.17.
                !!! Notice for pip package - Pypy !!!
                  - We currently do not build for pypy-3.10 as there seems to be a resolution error in either pypy or pip (https://github.com/pypy/pypy/issues/4956)
                * features
                  - For Wayland you can now set the cursor theme and size to forcefully use in Qtile,
                    set `wl_xcursor_theme` and `wl_xcursor_size` in the configuration
                  - automatically lift types to their annotated type when specified via
                    the `qtile cmd-obj` command line
                  - Add `Plasma` layout. The original layout (https://github.com/numirias/qtile-plasma) appears to be unmaintained
                    so we have added this to the main codebase.
                  - Add ability to specify muted and unmuted formats for `Volume` and `PulseVolume` widgets.
                  - Add back server-side opacity support for Wayland backend
                * bugfixes

            Qtile 0.25.0, released 2024-04-06:
                * features
                  - The Battery widget now supports dynamic charge control, allowing for
                    protecting battery life.
                  - To support the above (plus the other widgets that modify sysfs), qtile
                    now ships with its own udev rules, located at
                    /resources/99-qtile.rules; distro packagers will probably want to
                    install this rule set.
                * bugfixes
                  - Fix groups marked with `persist=False` not being deleted when their last window is moved to another group.
                  - Fallback icon in StatusNotifier widget

            Qtile 0.24.0, released 2024-01-20:
                !!! config breakage/changes !!!
                  - Matches no longer use "include/substring" style matching. But match the string exactly. Previously on X11, if the WM_TYPE of a spawned window is e.g. dialog a match with wm_type dialognoonereadschangelogs would return true. Additionally a window with an empty WM_CLASS (which can happen) would match anything. If you rely this style of substring matching, pass a regex to your match or use a function with func=.
                    Using a list of strings inside Match with role, title, wm_class, wm_instance_class, wm_type are also deprecated, use a regex. Right now we replace the property with a regex if it's a list and warn with a deprecation message. You can use "qtile migrate" to migrate your config to this.
                * features
                  - Change how `tox` runs tests. See https://docs.qtile.org/en/latest/manual/contributing.html#running-tests-locally
                  for more information on how to run tests locally.
                  - Add `ScreenSplit` layout which allows multiple layouts per screen. Also adds `ScreenSplit`
                    widget to display name of active split.
                  - Updated `Bluetooth` widget which allows users to manage multiple devices in a single widget
                  - Add `align` option to `Columns` layout so new windows can be added to left or right column.
                  - `.when()` have two new parameters:
                    - `func: Callable`: Enable call when the result of the callable evaluates to True
                    - `condition: bool`: a boolean value to determine whether the lazy object should be run. Unlike `func`, the
                      condition is evaluated once when the config file is first loaded.
                  - Add ability to have bar drawns over windows by adding `reserve=False` to bar's config to
                    stop the bar reserving screen space.
                  - Add ability for third-party code (widgets, layouts) to create hooks
                  - Add ability to create user-defined hooks which can be fired from external scripts
                * bugfixes
                  - Fix two bugs in stacking transient windows in X11
                  - Checking configs containing `qtile.core.name` with `python config.py` don't fail anymore (but `qtile.core.name`
                    will be `None`)
                  - Fix an error if a wayland xwindow has unknown wm_type

            Qtile 0.23.0, released 2023-09-24:
                !!! Dependency Changes !!!
                  - xcffib must be upgraded to >= 1.4.0
                  - cairocffi must be upgraded to >= 1.6.0
                  - New optional dependency `pulsectl-asyncio` required for `PulseVolume` widget
                !!! Notice for packagers - wlroots (optional dependency) bump !!!
                  - Qtile's wayland backend now requires on wlroots 0.16 (and pywlroots 0.16)
                !!! config breakage/changes !!!
                  - The `cmd_` prefix has been dropped from all commands (this means command names are common when accessed
                    via the command interface or internal python objects).
                  - Custom widgets should now expose command methods with the `@expose_command` decorator (available via
                    `from libqtile.command.base import expose_command`).
                  - Some commands have been renamed (in addition to dropping the 'cmd_' prefix):
                      `hints` -> `get_hints`
                      `groups` -> `get_groups`
                      `screens` -> `get_screens`
                  - Layouts need to rename some methods:
                    - `add` to `add_client`
                    - `cmd_next` to `next`
                    - `cmd_previous` to `previous`
                  - Layouts or widgets that redefine the `commands` property need to update the signature:
                      `@expose_command()`
                      `def commands(self) -> list[str]:`
                  - `Window.getsize` has been renamed `Window.get_size` (i.e. merged with the get_size command).
                  - `Window.getposition` has been renamed `Window.get_position` (i.e. merged with the get_position command).
                  - The `StockTicker` widget `function` option is being deprecated: rename it to `func`.
                  - The formatting of `NetWidget` has changed, if you use the `format` parameter in your config include
                    `up_suffix`, `total_suffix` and `down_suffix` to display the respective units.
                  - The `Notify` widget now has separate `default_timeout` properties for differenct urgency levels. Previously,
                    `default_timeout` was `None` which meant that there was no timeout for all notifications (unless this had been
                    set by the client sending the notification). Now, `default_timeout` is for normal urgency notifications and this
                    has been set to a default of 10 seconds. `default_timeout_urgent`, for critical notifications, has a timeout of `None`.
                  - The `PulseVolume` widget now depends on a third party library, `pulsectl-asyncio`, to interact with the pulse audio
                    server. Users will now see an `ImportError` until they install that library.
                * features
                    - Add ability to set icon size in `LaunchBar` widget.
                    - Add 'warp_pointer' option to `Drag` that when set will warp the pointer to the bottom right of
                      the window when dragging begins.
                    - Add `currentsong` status to `Mpd2` widget.
                    - Add ability to disable group toggling in `GroupBox` widget
                    - Add ability to have different border color when windows are stacked in Stack layout. Requires
                      setting `border_focus_stack` and `border_normal_stack` variables.
                    - Add ability to have different single border width for Columns layout by setting 'single_border_width' key.
                    - Add ability to have different border and margin widths when VerticalTile layout only contains 1 window by
                      setting 'single_border_width' and 'single_margin' keys.
                    - New widget: GenPollCommand
                    - Add `format` and `play_icon` parameters for styling cmus widget.
                    - Add ability to add a group at a specified index
                    - Add ability to spawn the `WidgetBox` widget opened.
                    - Add ability to swap focused window based on index, and change the order of windows inside current group
                    - Add ability to update the widget only once if `update_interval` is None.
                    - Add `move_to_slice` command to move current window to single layout in `Slice` layout
                    - Made the `NetWidget` text formattable.
                    - Qtile no longer floods the log following X server disconnection, instead handling those errors.
                    - `Key` and `KeyChord` bindings now have another argument `swallow`.
                      It indicates whether or not the pressed keys should be passed on to the focused client.
                      By default the keys are not passed (swallowed), so this argument is set to `True`.
                      When set to `False`, the keys are passed to the focused client. A key is never swallowed if the
                      function is not executed, e.g. due to failing the `.when()` check.
                    - Add ability to set custom "Undefined" status key value to `Mpd2Widget`.
                    - `Mpd2Widget` now searches for artist name in all similar keys (i.e `albumartist`, `performer`, etc.).
                    - Add svg support to `CustomLayoutIcon`
                    - added layering controls for X11 (Wayland support coming soon!):
                      - `lazy.window.keep_above()/keep_below()` marks windows to be kept above/below other windows permanently.
                         Calling the functions with no arguments toggles the state, otherwise pass `enable=True` or `enable=False`.
                      - `lazy.window.move_up()/move_down()` moves windows up and down the z axis.
                      - added `only_focused` setting to Max layout, allowing to draw multiple clients on top of each other when
                        set to False
                    - Add `suspend` hook to run functions before system goes to sleep.
                * bugfixes
                    - Fix bug where Window.center() centers window on the wrong screen when using multiple monitors.
                    - Fix `Notify` bug when apps close notifications.
                    - Fix `CPU` precision bug with specific version of `psutil`
                    - Fix config being reevaluated twice during reload (e.g. all hooks from config were doubled)
                    - Fix `PulseVolume` high CPU usage when update_interval set to 0.
                    - Fix `Battery` widget on FreeBSD without explicit `battery` index given.
                    - Fix XMonad layout faulty call to nonexistent _shrink_up
                    - Fix setting tiled position by mouse for layouts using _SimpleLayoutBase. To support this in other layouts, add a swap method taking two windows.
                    - Fix unfullscreening bug in conjunction with Chromium based clients when auto_fullscreen is set to `False`.
                    - Ensure `CurrentLayoutIcon` expands paths for custom folders.
                    - Fix vertical alignment of icons in `TaskList` widget
                    - Fix laggy resize/positioning of floating windows in X11 by handling motion notify events later. We also introduced a cap setting if you want to limit these events further, e.g. for limiting resource usage. This is configurable with the x11_drag_polling_rate variable for each `Screen` which is set to None by default, indicating no cap.
                * python version support
                    - We have added support for python 3.11 and pypy 3.9.
                    - python 3.7, 3.8 and pypy 3.7 are not longer supported.
                    - Fix bug where `StatusNotifier` does not update icons

            Qtile 0.22.0, released 2022-09-22:
                !!! Config breakage !!!
                    - lazy.qtile.display_kb() no longer receives any arguments. If you passed it any arguments
                      (which were ignored previously), remove them.
                    - If you have a custom startup Python script that you use instead of `qtile start` and run init_log
                      manually, the signature has changed. Please check the source for the updated arguments.
                    - `KeyChord`'s signature has changed. ``mode`` is now a boolean to indicate whether the mode should persist.
                      The ``name`` parameter should be used to name the chord (e.g. for the ``Chord`` widget).
                * features
                    - Add ability to draw borders and add margins to the `Max` layout.
                    - The default XWayland cursor is now set at startup to left_ptr, so an xsetroot call is not needed to
                      avoid the ugly X cursor.
                    - Wayland: primary clipboard should now behave same way as with X after selecting something it
                      should be copied into clipboard
                    - Add `resume` hook when computer resumes from sleep/suspend/hibernate.
                    - Add `text_only` option for `LaunchBar` widget.
                    - Add `force_update` command to `ThreadPoolText` widgets to simplify updating from key bindings
                    - Add scrolling ability to `_TextBox`-based widgets.
                    - Add player controls (via mouse callbacks) to `Mpris2` widget.
                    - Wayland: input inhibitor protocol support added (pywayland>=0.4.14 & pywlroots>=0.15.19)
                    - Add commands to control Pomodoro widget.
                    - Add icon theme support to `TaskList` widget (available on X11 and Wayland backends).
                    - Wayland: Use `qtile cmd-obj -o core -f get_inputs` to get input device identifiers for
                      configuring inputs. Also input configs will be updated by config reloads (pywlroots>=0.15.21)
                * bugfixes
                    - Widgets that are incompatible with a backend (e.g. Systray on Wayland) will no longer show
                      as a ConfigError in the bar. Instead the widget is silently removed from the bar and a message
                      included in the logs.
                    - Reduce error messages in `StatusNotifier` widget from certain apps.
                    - Reset colours in `Chord` widget
                    - Prevent crash in `LaunchBar` when using SVG icons
                    - Improve scrolling in `Mpris2` widget (options to repeat scrolling etc.)

            Qtile 0.21.0, released 2022-03-23:
                * features
                    - Add `lazy.window.center()` command to center a floating window on the screen.
                    - Wayland: added power-output-management-v1 protocol support, added idle protocol,
                      added idle inhibit protocol
                    - Add MonadThreeCol layout based on XMonad's ThreeColumns.
                    - Add `lazy.screen.set_wallpaper` command.
                    - Added ability to scale the battery icon's size
                    - Add Spiral layout
                    - Add `toggle` argument to `Window.togroup` with the same functionality as in `Group.toscreen`.
                    - Added `margin_on_single` and `border_on_single` to Bsp layout
                * bugfixes
                    - Fix `Systray` crash on `reconfigure_screens`.
                    - Fix bug where widgets can't be mirrored in same bar.
                    - Fix various issues with setting fullscreen windows floating and vice versa.
                    - Fix a bug where a .when() check for lazy functions errors out when matching
                      on focused windows when none is focused. By default we do not match on focused windows,
                      to change this set `if_no_focused` to True.
                    - Widget with duplicate names will be automatically renamed by appending numeric suffixes
                    - Fix resizing of wallpaper when screen scale changes (X11)
                    - Two small bugfixes for `StatusNotifier` - better handling of Ayatana indicators
                    - Fix bug where StatusNotifierItem crashes due to invalid object paths (e.g. Zoom)

            Qtile 0.20.0, released 2022-01-24:
                * features
                    - Add `place_right` option in the TreeTab layout to place the tab panel on the right side
                    - X11: Add support for _NET_DESKTOP_VIEWPORT. E.g. can be used by rofi to map on current output.
                    - Wayland: Bump wlroots version. 0.15.x wlroots and 0.15.2+ pywlroots are required.
                    - Add XWayland support to the Wayland backend. XWayland will start up as needed, if it is installed.
                * bugfixes
                    - Remove non-commandable windows from IPC. Fixes bug where IPC would fail when trying to get info
                      on all windows but Systray has icons (which are non-commandable `_Window`s.)
                    - Fix bug where bars were not reconfigured correctly when screen layout changes.
                    - Fix a Wayland bug where layer-shell surface like dunst would freeze up and stop updating.
                    - Change timing of `screens_reconfigured` hook. Will now be called ONLY if `cmd_reconfigure_screens`
                      has been called and completed.
                    - Fix order of icons in Systray widget when restarting/reloading config.
                    - Fix rounding error in PulseVolume widget's reported volume.
                    - Fix bug where Volume widget did not load images where `theme_path` had been set in `widget_defaults`.
                    - Remove ability to have multiple `Systray` widgets. Additional `Systray` widgets will result in a
                      ConfigError.
                    - Release notification name from dbus when finalising `Notify` widget. This allows other notification
                      managers to request the name.
                    - Fix bug where `Battery` widget did not retrieve `background` from `widget_defaults`.
                    - Fix bug where widgets in a `WidgetBox` are rendered on top of bar borders.

                    - Add ability to swap focused window based on index, and change the order of windows inside current group
            Qtile 0.19.0, released 2021-12-22:
                * features
                    - Add ability to draw borders to the Bar. Can customise size and colour per edge.
                    - Add `StatusNotifier` widget implementing the `StatusNotifierItem` specification.
                      NB Widget does not provide context menus.
                    - Add `total` bandwidth format value to the Net widget.
                    - Scratchpad groups could be defined as single so that only one of the scratchpad in the group is visible
                      at a given time.
                    - All scratchpads in a Scratchpad group can be hidden with hide_all() function.
                    - For saving states of scratchpads during restart, we use wids instead of pids.
                    - Scratchpads can now be defined with an optional matcher to match with window properties.
                    - `Qtile.cmd_reload_config` is added for reloading the config without completely restarting.
                    - Window.cmd_togroup's argument `groupName` should be changed to
                      `group_name`. For the time being a log warning is in place and a
                      migration is added. In the future `groupName` will fail.
                    - Add `min/max_ratio` to Tile layout and fix bug where windows can extend offscreen.
                    - Add ability for widget `mouse_callbacks` to take `lazy` calls (similar to keybindings)
                    - Add `aliases` to `lazy.spawncmd()` which takes a dictionary mapping convenient aliases
                      to full command lines.
                    - Add a new 'prefix' option to the net widget to display speeds with a static unit (e.g. MB).
                    - `lazy.group.toscreen()` now does not toggle groups by default. To get this behaviour back, use
                      `lazy.group.toscreen(toggle=True)`
                    - Tile layout has new `margin_on_single` and `border_on_single` option to specify
                      whether to draw margin and border when there is only one window.
                    - Thermal zone widget.
                    - Allow TextBox-based widgets to display in vertical bars.
                    - Added a focused attribute to `lazy.function.when` which can be used to Match on focused windows.
                    - Allow one to update Image widget with update() function by giving a new path.
                * bugfixes
                    - Windows are now properly re-ordered in the layouts when toggled on and off fullscreen

            Qtile 0.18.1, released 2021-09-16:
                * features
                    - All layouts will accept a list of colors for border_* options with which
                      they will draw multiple borders on the appropriate windows.

            Qtile 0.18.0, released 2021-07-04:
                !!! Config breakage !!!
                    - The `qtile` entry point doesn't run `qtile start` by default anymore
                    - New optional dependency for dbus related features: dbus-next.
                      Replaces previous reliance on dbus/Glib and allows qtile to use async
                      dbus calls within asyncio's eventloop.
                    - widget.BatteryIcon no longer has a fallback text mode; use
                      widget.Battery instead
                    - MonadX layout key new_at_current is deprecated, use new_client_position.
                    - `libqtile.window` has been moved to `libqtile.backend.x11.window`; a migration has been added for this.
                !!! deprecation warning !!!
                    - 'main' config functions, deprecated in 0.16.1, will no longer be executed.
                !!! Notice for packagers - new dependencies !!!
                    - Tests now require the 'dbus-next' python module plus 'dbus-launch' and 'notify-send' applications
                * features
                    - added transparency in x11 and wayland backends
                    - added measure_mem and measure_swap attributes to memory widget to allow user to choose measurement units.
                    - memory widget can now be displayed with decimal values
                    - new "qtile migrate" command, which will attempt to upgrade previous
                      configs to the current version in the case of qtile API breaks.
                    - A new `reconfigure_screens` config setting. When `True` (default) it
                      hooks `Qtile.reconfigure_screens` to the `screen_change` hook,
                      reconfiguring qtile's screens in response to randr events. This
                      removes the need to restart qtile when adding/removing external
                      monitors.
                    - improved key chord / sequence functionality. Leaving a chord with `mode`
                      set brings you to a named mode you activated before, see #2264.
                      A new command, `lazy.ungrab_all_chords`, was introduced to return to the root bindings.
                      The `enter_chord` hook is now always called with a string argument.
                      The third argument to `KeyChord` was renamed from `submaping` to `submapping` (typo fix).
                    - added new argument for CheckUpdates widget: `custom_command_modify` which allows user to modify the
                      the line count of the output of `custom_command` with a lambda function (i.e. `lambda x: x-3`).
                      Argument defaults to `lambda x: x` and is overridden by `distro` argument's internal lambda.
                    - added new argument for the WindowName, WindowTabs and Tasklist widgets: `parse_text` which allows users to
                      define a function that takes a window name as an input, modify it in some way (e.g. str.replace(), str.upper() or regex)
                      and show that modification on screen.
                    - A Wayland backend has been added which can be used by calling `qtile start -b wayland` directly in your TTY.
                      It requires the latest releases of wlroots, python-xkbcommon, pywayland and pywlroots. It is expected to be
                      unstable so please let us know if you find any bugs!
                    - The 'focus` argument to `Click` and `Drag` objects in your config are no longer necessary (and are ignored).

            Qtile 0.17.0, released 2021-02-13:
                !!! Python version breakage !!!
                    - Python 3.5 and 3.6 are no longer supported
                !!! Config breakage !!!
                    - Pacman widget has been removed. Use CheckUpdates instead.
                    - Mpris widget has been removed. Use Mpris2 instead.
                    - property "masterWindows" of Tile layout renamed to master_length
                    - Match objects now only allow one string argument for their wm
                      name/class/etc. properties. to update your config, do e.g.
                               Group('www', spawn='firefox', layout='xmonad',
                          -          matches=[Match(wm_class=['Firefox', 'google-chrome', 'Google-chrome'])]),
                          +          matches=[Match(wm_class='Firefox'), Match(wm_class='google-chrome'), Match(wm_class='Google-chrome')]),
                    - properties wname, wmclass and role of Slice-layout replaced by Match-
                      type property "match"
                    - rules specified in `layout.Floating`'s `float_rules` are now evaluated with
                      AND-semantics instead of OR-semantics, i.e. if you specify 2 different
                      property rules, both have to match
                    - check the new `float_rules` for `floating_layout` in the default config and
                      extend your own rules appropriately: some non-configurable auto-floating rules
                      were made explicit and added to the default config
                    - using `dict`s for `layout.Floating`'s `float_rules` is now deprecated, please
                      use `config.Match` objects instead
                    - `no_reposition_match` in `layout.Floating` has been removed; use the list of
                      `config.Match`-objects `no_reposition_rules` instead
                    - Command line has been modernized to a single entry point, the `qtile`
                      binary. Translations are below:
                            qtile     -> qtile start
                            qtile-cmd -> qtile cmd-obj
                            qtile-run -> qtile run-cmd
                            qtile-top -> qtile top
                            qshell    -> qtile shell
                      iqshell and dqtile-cmd are no longer distributed with the
                      package, as they were either user or developer scripts. Both are
                      still available in the qtile repo in /scripts.

                      Running `qtile` without arguments will continue to work for the
                      foreseeable future, but will be eventually deprecated. qtile prints a
                      warning when run in this configuration.
                    - Qtile.cmd_focus_by_click is no longer an available command.
                    - Qtile.cmd_get_info is no longer an available command.
                    - libqtile.command_* has been deprecated, it has been moved to
                      libqtile.command.*
                    - libqtile.widget.base.ThreadedPollText has been removed; out of tree
                      widgets can use ThreadPoolText in the same package instead.
                    - the YahooWeather widget was removed since Yahoo retired their free
                      tier of the weather API
                    - Deprecated hook `window_name_change` got removed, use
                      `client_name_updated` instead.
                    - show_state attribute from WindowName widget has been removed. Use format attribute instead.
                            show_state = True  -> format = '{state}{name}'
                            show_state = False -> format = '{name}'
                    - mouse_callbacks no longer receives the qtile object as an argument
                      (they receive no arguments); import it via `from libqtile import
                      qtile` instead.
                * features
                    - new WidgetBox widget
                    - new restart and shutdown hooks
                    - rules specified in `layout.Floating`'s `float_rules` are now evaluated with
                      AND-semantics, allowing for more complex and specific rules
                    - Python 3.9 support
                    - switch to Github Actions for CI
                    - Columns layout has new `margin_on_single` option to specify margin
                      size when there is only one window (default -1: use `margin` option).
                    - new OpenWeather widget to replace YahooWeather
                    - new format attribute for WindowName widget
                    - new max_chars attribute for WindowName widget
                    - libqtile now exports type information
                    - add a new `qtile check` subcommand, which will check qtile configs
                      for various things:
                          - validates configs against the newly exported type information
                            if mypy is present in the environment
                          - validates that qtile can import the config file (e.g. that
                            syntax is correct, ends in a .py extension, etc.)
                          - validates Key and Mouse mod/keysym arguments are ok.
                    - Columns layout now enables column swapping by using swap_column_left and swap_column_right
                !!! warning !!!
                    - When (re)starting, Qtile passes its state to the new process in a
                      file now, where previously it passed state directly as a string. This
                      fixes a bug where some character encodings (i.e. in group names) were
                      getting messed up in the conversion to/from said string. This change
                      will cause issues if you update Qtile then restart it, causing the
                      running old version to pass state in the previous format to the new
                      process which recognises the new.

            Qtile 0.16.1, released 2020-08-11:
                !!! Config breakage !!!
                    - Hooks 'addgroup', 'delgroup' and 'screen_change' will no longer
                      receive the qtile object as an argument. It can be accessed directly
                      at libqtile.qtile.
                !!! deprecation warning !!!
                    - defining a main function in your config is deprecated. You should use
                      @hook.subscribe.startup_complete instead. If you need access to the
                      qtile object, import it from libqtile directly.
                * bugfixes
                    - include tests in the release for distros to consume
                    - don't resize 0th screen incorrectly on root ConfigureNotify
                    - expose qtile object as libqtile.qtile (note that we still consider
                      anything not prefixed with cmd_ to be a private API)
                    - fix transparent borders
                    - MonadTall, MonadWide, and TreeTab now work with Slice

            Qtile 0.16.0, released 2020-07-20:
                !!! Config breakage !!!
                    - Imports from libqtile.widget are now made through a function
                      proxy to avoid the side effects of importing all widgets at
                      once. If you subclass a widget in your config, import it from
                      its own module.
                      e.g. from libqtile.widget.pomodoro import Pomodoro
                * features
                    - added `guess_terminal` in utils
                    - added keybinding cheet sheet image generator
                    - custom keyboardlayout display
                    - added native support for key chords
                    - validate config before restart and refuse to restart with a bad
                      config
                    - added a bunch of type annotations to config objects (more to come)
                * bugfixes
                    - major focus rework; Java-based IDEs such as PyCharm, NetBrains, etc.
                      now focus correctly
                    - fix a bug where spotify (or any window with focus-to=parent) was
                      closed, nothing would be focused and no hotkeys would work
                    - support windows unsetting the input hint
                    - respects window's/user's location setting if present (WM_SIZE_HINTS)
                    - fixed YahooWeather widget for new API
                    - fix a bug where _NET_WM_DESKTOPS wasn't correctly updated when
                      switching screens in some cases
                    - fix a crash in the BSP layout
                    - fix a stacktrace when unknown keysyms are encounted
                    - make qtile --version output more sane
                    - fix a rendering issue with special characters in window names
                    - keyboard widget no longer re-sets the keyboard settings every second
                    - fix qtile-top with the new IPC model
                    - Image widget respects its background setting now
                    - correctly re-draw non-focused screens on qtile restart
                    - fix a crash when decoding images
                    - fix the .when() constraint for lazy objects

            Qtile 0.15.1, released 2020-04-14
                * bugfixes
                    - fix qtile reload (it was crashing)

            Qtile 0.15.0, released 2020-04-12:
                !!! Config breakage !!!
                    - removed the mpd widget, which depended on python-mpd.
                    - the Clock widget now requires pytz to handle timezones that are
                      passed as string
                    - libqtile.command.Client does not exist anymore and has been
                      replaced by libqtile.command_client.CommandClient
                !!! deprecation warning !!!
                    - libqtile.command.lazy is deprecated in favor of libqtile.lazy.lazy
                * features
                    - Python 3.8 support
                    - `wallpaper` and `wallpaper_mode` for screens
                    - bars can now have margins
                    - `lazy.toscreen` called twice will now toggle the groups
                      (optional with the `toggle` parameter)
                    - `lazy.window.togroup` now has `switch_group` parameter to follow
                      the window to the group it is sent to
                    - qtile now copies the default config if the config file does not exist
                    - all widgets now use Pango markup by default
                    - add an `fmt` option for all textbox widgets
                    - new PulseVolume widget for controlling PulseAudio
                    - new QuickExit widget, mainly for the default config
                    - new non-graph CPU widget
                    - KeyboardLayout widget: new `options` parameter
                    - CheckUpdates widget: support ArchLinux yay
                    - GroupBox widget: new `block_highlight_text_color` parameter
                    - Mpd2 widget: new `color_progress` parameter
                    - Maildir widget can now display the inbox grand total
                    - the Net widget can now use bits as unit
                    - Spacer widget: new `background_color` parameter
                    - More consistent resize behavior in Columns layout
                    - various improvements of the default config
                    - large documentation update and improvements (e.g. widget
                      dependencies)
                * bugfixes
                    - qtile binary: don't fail if we can't set the locale
                    - don't print help if qtile-cmd function returns nothing
                    - Monad layout: fix margins when flipped

            Qtile 0.14.2, released 2019-06-19:
                * bugfixes
                    - previous release still exhibited same issues with package data,
                      really fix it this time

            Qtile 0.14.1, released 2019-06-19:
                * bugfixes
                    - properly include png files in the package data to install included
                      icons

            Qtile 0.14.0, released 2019-06-19:
                !!! Python version breakage !!!
                    - Python 2 is no longer supported
                    - Python 3.4 and older is no longer supported
                !!! Config breakage !!!
                    - Many internal things were renamed from camel case to snake case. If
                      your config uses main(), or any lazy.function() invocations that
                      interact directly with the qtile object, you may need to forward port
                      them. Also note that we do *not* consider the qtile object to be a
                      stable api, so you will need to continue forward porting these things
                      for future refactorings (for wayland, etc.). A better approach may be
                      to add an upstream API for what you want to do ;)
                    - Maildir's subFolder and maildirPath changed to maildir_path and
                      sub_folder.
                    - the graph widget requires the psutil library to be installed
                * features
                    - add custom `change_command` to backlight widget
                    - add CommandSet extension to list available commands
                    - simplify battery monitoring widget interface and add freebsd
                      compatible battery widget implementation
                    - track last known mouse coordinates on the qtile manager
                    - allow configuration of warping behavior in columns layout
                * bugfixes
                    - with cursor warp enabled, the cursor is warped on screen change
                    - fix stepping groups to skip the scratch pad group
                    - fix stack layout to properly shuffle
                    - silence errors when unmapping windows

            Qtile 0.13.0, released 2018-12-23:
                !!! deprecation warning !!!
                    - wmii layout is deprecated in terms of columns layout, which has the
                      same behavior with different defaults, see the wmii definition for
                      more details
                * features
                    - add svg handling for images
                    - allow addgroup command to set the layout
                    - add command to get current log level
                    - allow groupbox to hide unused groups
                    - add caps lock indicator widget
                    - add custom_command to check_update widget
                * bugfixes
                    - better shutdown handling
                    - fix clientlist current client tracking
                    - fix typo in up command on ratiotile layout
                    - various fixes to check_update widget
                    - fix 0 case for resize screen

            Qtile 0.12.0, released 2018-07-20:
                !!! Config breakage !!!
                    - Tile layout commands up/down/shuffle_up/shuffle_down changed to be
                      more consistent with other layouts
                    - move qcmd to qtile-cmd because of conflict with renameutils, move
                      dqcmd to dqtile-cmd for symmetry
                * features
                    - add `add_after_last` option to Tile layout to add windows to the end
                      of the list.
                    - add new formatting options to TaskList
                    - allow Volume to open app on right click
                * bugfixes
                    - fix floating of file transfer windows and java drop-downs
                    - fix exception when calling `cmd_next` and `cmd_previous` on layout
                      without windows
                    - fix caps lock affected behaviour of key bindings
                    - re-create cache dir if it is deleted while qtile is running
                    - fix CheckUpdates widget color when no updates
                    - handle cases where BAT_DIR does not exist
                    - fix the wallpaper widget when using `wallpaper_command`
                    - fix Tile layout order to not reverse on reset
                    - fix calling `focus_previous/next` with no windows
                    - fix floating bug is BSP layout

            Qtile 0.11.1, released 2018-03-01:
                * bug fix
                    - fixed pip install of qtile

            Qtile 0.11.0, released 2018-02-28:
                !!! Completely changed extension configuration, see the documentation !!!
                !!! `extention` subpackage renamed to `extension` !!!
                !!! `extentions` configuration variable changed to `extension_defaults` !!!
                * features
                    - qshell improvements
                    - new MonadWide layout
                    - new Bsp layout
                    - new pomodoro widget
                    - new stock ticker widget
                    - new `client_name_updated` hook
                    - new RunCommand and J4DmenuDesktop extension
                    - task list expands to fill space, configurable via `spacing` parameter
                    - add group.focus_by_name() and group.info_by_name()
                    - add disk usage ratio to df widget
                    - allow displayed group name to differ from group name
                    - enable custom TaskList icon size
                    - add qcmd and dqcmd to extend functionality around qtile.command
                      functionality
                    - add ScratchPad group that has configurable drop downs
                * bugfixes
                    - fix race condition in Window.fullscreen
                    - fix for string formatting in qtile_top
                    - fix unicode literal in tasklist
                    - move mpris2 initialization out of constructor
                    - fix wlan widget variable naming and division
                    - normalize behavior of layouts on various commands
                    - add better fallback to default config
                    - update btc widget to use coinbase
                    - fix cursor warp when using default layout implementation
                    - don't crash when using widget with unmet dependencies
                    - fix floating window default location

            Qtile 0.10.7, released 2017-02-14:
                * features
                    - new MPD widget, widget.MPD2, based on `mpd2` library
                    - add option to ignore duplicates in prompt widget
                    - add additional margin options to GroupBox widget
                    - add option to ignore mouse wheel to GroupBox widget
                    - add `watts` formatting string option to Battery widgets
                    - add volume commands to Volume widget
                    - add Window.focus command
                * bugfixes
                    - place transient windows in the middle of their parents
                    - fix TreeTab layout
                    - fix CurrentLayoutIcon in Python 3
                    - fix xcb handling for xcffib 0.5.0
                    - fix bug in Screen.resize
                    - fix Qtile.display_kb command

            Qtile 0.10.6, released 2016-05-24:
                !!! qsh renamed to qshell !!!
                    This avoids name collision with other packages
                * features
                    - Test framework changed to pytest
                    - Add `startup_complete` hook
                * bugfixes
                    - Restore dynamic groups on restart
                    - Correct placement of transient_for windows
                    - Major bug fixes with floating window handling
                * file path changes (XDG Base Directory specification)
                    - the default log file path changed from ~/.qtile.log to
                      ~/.local/share/qtile/qtile.log
                    - the cache directory changed from ~/.cache to ~/.cache/qtile
                    - the prompt widget's history file changed from ~/.qtile_history to
                      ~/.cache/qtile/prompt_history

            Qtile 0.10.5, released 2016-03-06:
                !!! Python 3.2 support dropped !!!
                !!! GoogleCalendar widget dropped for KhalCalendar widget !!!
                !!! qtile-session script removed in favor of qtile script !!!
                * features
                    - new Columns layout, composed of dynamic and configurable columns of
                      windows
                    - new iPython kernel for qsh, called iqsh, see docs for installing
                    - new qsh command `display_kb` to show current key binding
                    - add json interface to IPC server
                    - add commands for resizing MonadTall main panel
                    - wlan widget shows when you are disconnected and uses a configurable
                      format
                * bugfixes
                    - fix path handling in PromptWidget
                    - fix KeyboardLayout widget cycling keyboard
                    - properly guard against setting screen to too large screen index

            Qtile 0.10.4, released 2016-01-19:
                !!! Config breakage !!!
                    - positional arguments to Slice layout removed, now `side` and `width`
                      must be passed in as keyword arguments
                * features
                    - add alt coin support to BitcoinTracker widget
                * bugfixes
                    - don't use six.moves assignment (fix for >=setuptools-19.3)
                    - improved floating and fullscreen handling
                    - support empty or non-charging secondary battery in BatteryWidget
                    - fix GoogleCalendar widget crash

            Qtile 0.10.3, released 2015-12-25:
                * features
                    - add wmii layout
                    - add BSD support to graph widgets
                * bugfixes
                    - fix (some) fullscreen problems
                    - update google calendar widget to latest google api
                    - improve multiple keyboard layout support
                    - fix displaying Systray widget on secondary monitor
                    - fix spawn file descriptor handling in Python 3
                    - remove duplicate assert code in test_verticaltile.py
                    - allow padding_{x,y} and margin_{x,y} widget attrs to be set to 0

            Qtile 0.10.2, released 2015-10-19:
                * features
                    - add qtile-top memory monitoring
                    - GroupBox can set visible groups
                    - new GroupBox highlighting, line
                    - allow window state to be hidden on WindowName widget
                    - cmd_togroup can move to current group when None sent
                    - added MOC playback widget
                    - added memory usage widget
                    - log truncation, max log size, and number of log backups configurable
                    - add a command to change to specific layout index
                      (lazy.to_layout_index(index))
                * bugfixes
                    - fixed memory leak in dgroups
                    - margin fixes for MonalTall layout
                    - improved cursor warp
                    - remove deprecated imp for Python >= 3.3
                    - properly close file for NetGraph
                    - fix MondadTall layout grow/shrink secondary panes for Python 2
                    - Clock widget uses datetime.now() rather than .fromtimestamp()
                    - fix Python 3 compatibility of ThermalSensor widget
                    - various Systray fixes, including implementing XEMBED protocol
                    - print exception to log during loading config
                    - fixed xmonad layout margins between main and secondary panes
                    - clear last window name from group widgets when closed
                    - add toggleable window border to single xmonad layout
                * config breakage
                    - layouts.VerticalTile `windows` is now `clients`
                    - layouts.VerticalTile focus_next/focus_previous now take a single
                      argument, similar to other layouts

            Qtile 0.10.1, released 2015-07-08:
                This release fixes a problem that made the PyPI package uninstallable,
                qtile will work with a pip install now

            Qtile 0.10.0, released 2015-07-07:
                !!! Config breakage !!!
                    - various deprecated commands have been removed:
                        Screen.cmd_nextgroup: use cmd_next_group
                        Screen.cmd_prevgroup: use cmd_prev_group
                        Qtile.cmd_nextlayout: use cmd_next_layout
                        Qtile.cmd_prevlayout: use cmd_prev_layout
                        Qtile.cmd_to_next_screen: use cmd_next_screen
                        Qtile.cmd_to_prev_screen: use cmd_prev_screen
                    - Clock widget: remove fmt kwarg, use format kwarg
                    - GmailChecker widget: remove settings parameter
                    - Maildir widget: remove maildirPath, subFolders, and separator kwargs
                * Dependency updates
                    - cffi>=1.1 is now required, along with xcffib>=0.3 and cairocffi>=0.7
                      (the cffi 1.0 compatible versions of each)
                    - Care must be taken that xcffib is installed *before* cairocffi
                * features
                    - add support for themed cursors using xcb-cursor if available
                    - add CheckUpdate widget, for checking package updates, this deprecates
                      the Pacman widget
                    - add KeyboardKbdd widget, for changing keyboard layouts
                    - add Cmus widget, for showing song playing in cmus
                    - add Wallpaper widget, for showing and cycling wallpaper
                    - add EzConfig classes allowing shortcuts to define key bindings
                    - allow GroupBox urgent highlighting through text
                    - Bar can be placed vertically on sides of screens (widgets must be
                      adapted for vertical viewing)
                    - add recognizing brightness keys
                * bugfixes
                    - deprecation warnings were not printing to logs, this has been fixed
                    - fix calculation of y property of Gap
                    - fix focus after closing floating windows and floating windows
                    - fix various Python 3 related int/float problems
                    - remember screen focus across restarts
                    - handle length 1 list passed to Drawer.set_source_rgb without raising
                      divide by zero error
                    - properly close files opened in Graph widget
                    - handle _NET_WM_STATE_DEMANDS_ATTENTION as setting urgency
                    - fix get_wm_transient_for, request WINDOW, not ATOM

            Qtile 0.9.1, released 2015-02-13:
                This is primarily a unicode bugfix release for 0.9.0; there were several
                nits related to the python2/3 unicode conversion that were simply wrong.
                This release also adds license headers to each file, which is necessary for
                distro maintainers to package Qtile.
                * bugfixes
                    - fix python2's importing of gobject
                    - fix unicode handling in several places

            Qtile 0.9.0, released 2015-01-20:
                * !!! Dependency Changes !!!
                  New dependencies will need to be installed for Qtile to work
                    - drop xpyb for xcffib (XCB bindings)
                    - drop py2cairo for cairocffi (Cairo bindings)
                    - drop PyGTK for asyncio (event loop, pangocairo bindings managed
                      internally)
                    - Qtile still depends on gobject if you want to use anything that uses
                      dbus (e.g. the mpris widgets or the libnotify widget)
                * features
                    - add Python 3 and pypy support (made possible by dependency changes)
                    - new layout for vertical monitors
                    - add startup_once hook, which is called exactly once per session (i.e.
                      it is not called when qtile is restarted via lazy.restart()). This
                      eliminates the need for the execute_once() function found in lots of
                      user configs.
                    - add a command for showing/hiding the bar (lazy.hide_show_bar())
                    - warn when a widget's dependencies cannot be imported
                    - make qtile.log more useful via better warnings in general, including
                      deprecation and various other warnings that were previously
                      nonexistent
                    - new text-polling widget super classes, which enable easy
                      implementation of various widgets that need to poll things outside
                      the event loop.
                    - add man pages
                    - large documentation update, widget/layout documentation is now
                      autogenerated from the docstrings
                    - new ImapWidget for checking imap mailboxes
                * bugfixes
                    - change default wmname to "LG3D" (this prevents some java apps from
                      not working out of the box)
                    - all code passes flake8
                    - default log level is now WARNING
                    - all widgets now use our config framework
                    - windows with the "About" role float by default
                    - got rid of a bunch of unnecessary bare except: clauses

            Qtile 0.8.0, released 2014-08-18:
                * features
                    - massive widget/layout documentation update
                    - new widget debuginfo for use in Qtile development
                    - stack has new autosplit, fair options
                    - matrix, ratiotile, stack, xmonad, zoomy get 'margin' option
                    - new launchbar widget
                    - support for matching WM_CLASS and pid in Match
                    - add support for adding dgroups rules dynamically and via ipc
                    - Clock supports non-system timezones
                    - new mpris2 widget
                    - volume widget can use emoji instead of numbers
                    - add an 'eval' function to qsh at every object level
                    - bar gradients support more colors
                    - new Clipboard widget (very handy!)
                * bugfixes
                    - bitcoin ticker widget switched from MtGox (dead) to btc-e
                    - all widgets now use Qtile's defaults system, so their defaults are
                      settable globally, etc.
                    - fix behavior when screens are cloned
                    - all widgets use a unified polling framework
                    - "dialog" WM_TYPEs float by default
                    - respect xrandr --primary
                    - use a consistent font size in the default config
                    - default config supports mouse movements and floating
                    - fix a bug where the bar was not redrawn correctly in some multiscreen
                      environments
                    - add travis-ci support and make tests vastly more robust
                * config breakage
                    - libqtile.layout.Stack's `stacks` parameter is now `num_stacks`

            Qtile 0.7.0, released 2014-03-30:
                * features
                    - new disk free percentage widget
                    - new widget to display static image
                    - per core CPU graphs
                    - add "screen affinity" in dynamic groups
                    - volume widget changes volume linear-ly instead of log-ly
                    - only draw bar when idle, vastly reducing the number of bar draws and
                      speeding things up
                    - new Gmail widget
                    - Tile now supports automatically managing master windows via the
                      `master_match` parameter.
                    - include support for minimum height, width, size increment hints
                * bugfixes
                    - don't crash on any exception in main loop
                    - don't crash on exceptions in hooks
                    - fix a ZeroDivisionError in CPU graph
                    - remove a lot of duplicate and unused code
                    - Steam windows are placed more correctly
                    - Fixed several crashes in qsh
                    - performance improvements for some layouts
                    - keyboard layout widget behaves better with multiple keyboard
                      configurations
                * config breakage
                    - Tile's shuffleMatch is renamed to resetMaster

            Qtile 0.6, released 2013-05-11:
                !!! Config breakage !!!
                This release breaks your config file in several ways:
                    - The Textbox widget no longer takes a ``name'' positional parameter,
                      since it was redundant; you can use the ``name'' kwarg to define it.
                    - manager.Group (now _Group) is not used to configure groups any more;
                      config.Group replaces it. For simple configurations (i.e.
                      Group("a") type configs), this should be a drop in replacement.
                      config.Group also provides many more options for showing and hiding
                      groups, assigning windows to groups by default, etc.
                    - The Key, Screen, Drag, and Click objects have moved from the manager
                      module to the config module.
                    - The Match object has moved from the dgroups module to the config
                      module.
                    - The addgroup hook now takes two parameters: the qtile object and the
                      name of the group added:
                          @hook.subscribe
                          def addgroup_hook(qtile, name):
                              pass
                    - The nextgroup and prevgroup commands are now on Screen instead of
                      Group.
                For most people, you should be able to just:
                    sed -i -e 's/libqtile.manager/libqtile.config' config.py
                ...dgroups users will need to go to a bit more work, but hopefully
                configuration will be much simpler now for new users.
                * features
                    - New widgets: task list,
                    - New layout: Matrix
                    - Added ability to drag and drop groups on GroupBox
                    - added "next urgent window" command
                    - added font shadowing on widgets
                    - maildir widget supports multiple folders
                    - new config option log_level to set logging level (any of
                      logging.{DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR, CRITICAL})
                    - add option to battery widget to hide while level is above a certain
                      amount
                    - vastly simplify configuration of dynamic groups
                    - MPD widget now supports lots of metadata options
                * bugfixes
                    - don't crash on restart when the config has errors
                    - save layout and selected group state on restart
                    - varous EWMH properties implemented correctly
                    - fix non-black systray icon backgrounds
                    - drastically reduce the number of timeout_add calls in most widgets
                    - restart on RandR attach events to allow for new screens
                    - log level defaults to ERROR
                    - default config options are no longer initialized when users define
                      their corresponding option (preventing duplicate widgets, etc.)
                    - don't try to load config in qsh (not used)
                    - fix font alignment across Textbox based widgets

            Qtile 0.5, released 2012-11-11:
                (Note, this is not complete! Many, many changes have gone in to 0.5, by a
                large number of contributors. Thanks to everyone who reported a bug or
                fixed one!)
                * features
                    - Test framework is now nose
                    - Documentation is now in sphinx
                    - Several install guides for various OSes
                    - New widgets: battery based icon, MPRIS1, canto, current layout, yahoo
                      weather, sensors, screen brightness, notify, pacman, windowtabs,
                      she, crashme, wifi.
                    - Several improvements to old widgets (e.g. battery widget displays low
                      battery in red, GroupBox now has a better indication of which screen
                      has focus in multi-screen setups, improvements to Prompt, etc.)
                    - Desktop notification service.
                    - More sane way to handle configuration files
                    - Promote dgroups to a first class entity in libqtile
                    - Allow layouts to be named on an instance level, so you can:
                        layouts = [
                            # a layout just for gimp
                            layout.Slice('left', 192, name='gimp', role='gimp-toolbox',
                                fallback=layout.Slice('right', 256, role='gimp-dock',
                                fallback=layout.Stack(stacks=1, **border_args)))
                        ]
                        ...

                        dynamic_groups = { 'gimp': {'layout': 'gimp'} }

                        Dgroups(..., dynamic_groups, ...)
                    - New Layout: Zoomy
                    - Add a session manager to re-exec qtile if things go south
                    - Support for WM_TAKE_FOCUS protocol
                    - Basic .desktop file for support in login managers
                    - Qsh reconnects after qtile is restarted from within it
                    - Textbox supports pango markup
                    - Examples moved to qtile-examples repository.

                * bugfixes
                    - Fix several classes of X races in a more sane way
                    - Minor typo fixes to most widgets
                    - Fix several crashes when drawing systray icons too early
                    - Create directories for qtile socket as necessary
                    - PEP8 formatting updates (though we're not totally there yet)
                    - All unit tests pass
                    - Lots of bugfixes to MonadTall
                    - Create IPC socket directory if necessary
                    - Better error if two widgets have STRETCH length
                    - Autofloat window classes can now be overridden
                    - xkeysyms updated

            # vim :set ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 et :

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