# Deployment to a production server

As already described in the Installation section, no specific deployment procedures are for PyWPS when using flask-based server. But this formula is not intended to be used in a production environment. For production, sudo service apache2 restartApache httpd or nginx servers are more advised. PyWPS is runs as a WSGI application on those servers. PyWPS relies on the Werkzeug library for this purpose.

## Deploying an individual PyWPS instance

PyWPS should be installed in your computer (as per the Installation section). As a following step, you can now create several instances of your WPS server.

It is advisable for each PyWPS instance to have its own directory, where the WSGI file along with available processes should reside. Therefore create a new directory for the PyWPS instance:

    $ sudo mkdir /path/to/pywps/

    # create a directory for your processes too
    $ sudo mkdir /path/to/pywps/processes

Note

In this configuration example it is assumed that there is only one instance of PyWPS on the server.

Each instance is represented by a single WSGI script (written in Python), which:

> 1. Loads the configuration files

> 2. Serves processes

> 3. Takes care about maximum number of concurrent processes and similar

## Creating a PyWPS WSGI instance

An example WSGI script is distributed along with the pywps-flask service, as described in the Installation section. The script is actually straightforward - in fact, it’s a just wrapper around the PyWPS server with a list of processes and configuration files passed as arguments. Here is an example of a PyWPS WSGI script:

    $ $EDITOR /path/to/pywps/pywps.wsgi

     1#!/usr/bin/env python3
     2
     3from pywps.app.Service import Service
     4
     5# processes need to be installed in PYTHON_PATH
     6from processes.sleep import Sleep
     7from processes.ultimate_question import UltimateQuestion
     8from processes.centroids import Centroids
     9from processes.sayhello import SayHello
    10from processes.feature_count import FeatureCount
    11from processes.buffer import Buffer
    12from processes.area import Area
    13
    14processes = [
    15    FeatureCount(),
    16    SayHello(),
    17    Centroids(),
    18    UltimateQuestion(),
    19    Sleep(),
    20    Buffer(),
    21    Area()
    22]
    23
    24# Service accepts two parameters:
    25# 1 - list of process instances
    26# 2 - list of configuration files
    27application = Service(
    28    processes,
    29    ['/path/to/pywps/pywps.cfg']
    30)

Note

The WSGI script is assuming that there are already some processes at hand that can be directly included. Also it assumes, that the configuration file already exists - which is not the case yet.

The Configuration is described in next chapter (Configuration), as well as process creation and deployment (Processes).

## Deployment on Apache2 httpd server

First, the WSGI module must be installed and enabled:

    $ sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-wsgi
    $ sudo a2enmod wsgi

You then can edit your site configuration file (/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/yoursite.conf) and add the following:

    # PyWPS
    WSGIDaemonProcess pywps home=/path/to/pywps user=www-data group=www-data processes=2 threads=5
    WSGIScriptAlias /pywps /path/to/pywps/pywps.wsgi process-group=pywps

    <Directory /path/to/pywps/>
        WSGIScriptReloading On
        WSGIProcessGroup pywps
        WSGIApplicationGroup %{GLOBAL}
        Require all granted
    </Directory>

Note

WSGIScriptAlias points to the pywps.wsgi script created before - it will be available under the url http://localhost/pywps

Note

Please make sure that the logs, workdir, and outputpath directories are writeable to the Apache user. The outputpath directory need also be accessible from the URL mentioned in outputurl configuration.

And of course restart the server:

    $ sudo service apache2 restart

## Deployment on Nginx-Gunicorn

Note

We will use Greenunicorn for pyWPS deployment, since it is a very simple to configurate server.

For difference between WSGI server consult: WSGI comparison.

uWSGU is more popular than gunicorn, best documentation is probably to be found at Readthedocs.

We need nginx and gunicorn server:

    $ apt install nginx-full
    $ apt install gunicorn3

It is assumed that PyWPS is installed in your system (if not see: ref:installation) and we will use pywps-flask as installation example.

First, cloning the pywps-flask example to the root / (you need to be sudoer or root to run the examples):

    $ cd /
    $ git clone https://github.com/geopython/pywps-flask.git

Second, preparing the WSGI script for gunicorn. It is necessary that the WSGI script located in the pywps-flask service is identified as a python module by gunicorn, this is done by creating a link with .py extention to the wsgi file:

    $ cd /pywps-flask/wsgi
    $ ln -s ./pywps.wsgi ./pywps_app.py

Gunicorn can already be tested by setting python path on the command options:

    $ gunicorn3 -b 127.0.0.1:8081  --workers $((2*`nproc --all`)) --log-syslog  --pythonpath /pywps-flask wsgi.pywps_app:application

The command will start a gunicorn instance on the localhost IP and port 8081, logging to systlog (/var/log/syslog), using pywps process folder /pywps-flask/processes and loading module wsgi.pywps_app and object/function application for WSGI.

Note

Gunicorn uses a prefork model where the master process forks processes (workers) that willl accept incomming connections. The –workers flag sets the number of processes, the default values is 1 but the recomended value is 2 or 4 times the number of CPU cores.

Next step is to configure NGINX, by pointing to the WSGI server by changing the location paths of the default site file but editing file /etc/nginx/sites-enabled as follows::

    server {
         listen 80 default_server;
         listen [::]:80 default_server;
         server_name _;

         #better to redirect / to wps application
         location / {
         return 301 /wps;
         }

         location /wps {
                 # with try_files active there will be problems
                 #try_files $uri $uri/ =404;

                 proxy_set_header Host $host;
                 proxy_redirect          off;
                 proxy_set_header        X-NginX-Proxy true;
                 proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
                 proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
                 proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8081;
                 }

    }

It is likely that part of the proxy configuration is already set on the file /etc/nginx/proxy.conf. Of course the necessatyrestart of nginx

    $ service nginx restart

The service will now be available on the IP of the server or localhost

    http://localhost/wps?request=GetCapabilities&service=wps

The current gunicorn instance was launched by the user. In a production server it is necessary to set gunicorn as a service

On ubuntu 16.04 the systemcltd system requires a service file that will start the gunicorn3 service. The service file (/lib/systemd/system/gunicorn.service) has to be configure as follows:

    [Unit]
    Description=gunicorn3 daemon
    After=network.target

    [Service]
    User=www-data
    Group=www-data
    PIDFile=/var/run/gunicorn3.pid
    Environment=WORKERS=3
    ExecStart=/usr/bin/gunicorn3 -b 127.0.0.1:8081   --preload --workers $WORKERS --log-syslog --pythonpath /pywps-flask wsgi.pywps_app:application
    ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
    ExecStop=/bin/kill -s TERM $MAINPID

    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target

And then enable the service and then reload the systemctl daemon:

    $ systemctl enable gunicorn3.service
    $ systemctl daemon-reload
    $ systemctl restart gunicorn3.service

And to check that everything is ok:

    $ systemctl status gunicorn3.service

Note

Todo NGIX + uWSGI

## Testing the deployment of a PyWPS instance

Note

For the purpose of this documentation, it is assumed that you’ve installed PyWPS using the localhost server domain name.

As stated, before, PyWPS should be available at http://localhost/pywps, we now can visit the url (or use wget):

    # the --content-error parameter makes sure, error response is displayed
    $ wget --content-error -O - "http://localhost/pywps"

The result should be an XML-encoded error message.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <ows:ExceptionReport xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows/1.1" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.opengis.net/ows/1.1 http://schemas.opengis.net/ows/1.1.0/owsExceptionReport.xsd" version="1.0.0">
        <ows:Exception exceptionCode="MissingParameterValue" locator="service">
            <ows:ExceptionText>service</ows:ExceptionText>
        </ows:Exception>
    </ows:ExceptionReport>

The server responded with the `pywps.exceptions.MissingParameterValue` exception, telling us that the parameter service was not set. This is compliant with the OGC WPS standard, since each request mast have at least the service and request parameters. We can say for now, that this PyWPS instance is properly deployed on the server, since it returns proper exception report.

We now have to configure the instance by editing the pywps.cfg file and adding some processes.