# `uuid` — UUID objects according to RFC 9562

Source code: Lib/uuid.py

This module provides immutable `UUID` objects (the `UUID` class) and functions for generating UUIDs corresponding to a specific UUID version as specified in RFC 9562 (which supersedes RFC 4122), for example, `uuid1()` for UUID version 1, `uuid3()` for UUID version 3, and so on. Note that UUID version 2 is deliberately omitted as it is outside the scope of the RFC.

If all you want is a unique ID, you should probably call `uuid1()` or `uuid4()`. Note that `uuid1()` may compromise privacy since it creates a UUID containing the computer’s network address. `uuid4()` creates a random UUID.

Depending on support from the underlying platform, `uuid1()` may or may not return a “safe” UUID. A safe UUID is one which is generated using synchronization methods that ensure no two processes can obtain the same UUID. All instances of `UUID` have an `is_safe` attribute which relays any information about the UUID’s safety, using this enumeration:

class uuid.SafeUUID

  Added in version 3.7.

  safe

    The UUID was generated by the platform in a multiprocessing-safe way.

  unsafe

    The UUID was not generated in a multiprocessing-safe way.

  unknown

    The platform does not provide information on whether the UUID was generated safely or not.

class uuid.UUID(hex=None, bytes=None, bytes_le=None, fields=None, int=None, version=None, *, is_safe=SafeUUID.unknown)

  Create a UUID from either a string of 32 hexadecimal digits, a string of 16 bytes in big-endian order as the bytes argument, a string of 16 bytes in little-endian order as the bytes_le argument, a tuple of six integers (32-bit time_low, 16-bit time_mid, 16-bit time_hi_version, 8-bit clock_seq_hi_variant, 8-bit clock_seq_low, 48-bit node) as the fields argument, or a single 128-bit integer as the int argument. When a string of hex digits is given, curly braces, hyphens, and a URN prefix are all optional. For example, these expressions all yield the same UUID:

      UUID('{12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678}')
      UUID('12345678123456781234567812345678')
      UUID('urn:uuid:12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678')
      UUID(bytes=b'\x12\x34\x56\x78'*4)
      UUID(bytes_le=b'\x78\x56\x34\x12\x34\x12\x78\x56' +
                    b'\x12\x34\x56\x78\x12\x34\x56\x78')
      UUID(fields=(0x12345678, 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x12, 0x34, 0x567812345678))
      UUID(int=0x12345678123456781234567812345678)

  Exactly one of hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, or int must be given. The version argument is optional; if given, the resulting UUID will have its variant and version number set according to RFC 9562, overriding bits in the given hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, or int.

  Comparison of UUID objects are made by way of comparing their `UUID.int` attributes. Comparison with a non-UUID object raises a `TypeError`.

  `str(uuid)` returns a string in the form `12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678` where the 32 hexadecimal digits represent the UUID.

`UUID` instances have these read-only attributes:

UUID.bytes

  The UUID as a 16-byte string (containing the six integer fields in big-endian byte order).

UUID.bytes_le

  The UUID as a 16-byte string (with time_low, time_mid, and time_hi_version in little-endian byte order).

UUID.fields

  A tuple of the six integer fields of the UUID, which are also available as six individual attributes and two derived attributes:

Field | Meaning

UUID.time_low

The first 32 bits of the UUID. Only relevant to version 1.

UUID.time_mid

The next 16 bits of the UUID. Only relevant to version 1.

UUID.time_hi_version

The next 16 bits of the UUID. Only relevant to version 1.

UUID.clock_seq_hi_variant

The next 8 bits of the UUID. Only relevant to versions 1 and 6.

UUID.clock_seq_low

The next 8 bits of the UUID. Only relevant to versions 1 and 6.

UUID.node

The last 48 bits of the UUID. Only relevant to version 1.

UUID.time

The 60-bit timestamp as a count of 100-nanosecond intervals since Gregorian epoch (1582-10-15 00:00:00) for versions 1 and 6, or the 48-bit timestamp in milliseconds since Unix epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00) for version 7.

UUID.clock_seq

The 14-bit sequence number. Only relevant to versions 1 and 6.

UUID.hex

  The UUID as a 32-character lowercase hexadecimal string.

UUID.int

  The UUID as a 128-bit integer.

UUID.urn

  The UUID as a URN as specified in RFC 9562.

UUID.variant

  The UUID variant, which determines the internal layout of the UUID. This will be one of the constants `RESERVED_NCS`, `RFC_4122`, `RESERVED_MICROSOFT`, or `RESERVED_FUTURE`.

UUID.version

  The UUID version number (1 through 8, meaningful only when the variant is `RFC_4122`).

  Changed in version 3.14: Added UUID versions 6, 7 and 8.

UUID.is_safe

  An enumeration of `SafeUUID` which indicates whether the platform generated the UUID in a multiprocessing-safe way.

  Added in version 3.7.

The `uuid` module defines the following functions:

uuid.getnode()

  Get the hardware address as a 48-bit positive integer. The first time this runs, it may launch a separate program, which could be quite slow. If all attempts to obtain the hardware address fail, we choose a random 48-bit number with the multicast bit (least significant bit of the first octet) set to 1 as recommended in RFC 4122. “Hardware address” means the MAC address of a network interface. On a machine with multiple network interfaces, universally administered MAC addresses (i.e. where the second least significant bit of the first octet is unset) will be preferred over locally administered MAC addresses, but with no other ordering guarantees.

  Changed in version 3.7: Universally administered MAC addresses are preferred over locally administered MAC addresses, since the former are guaranteed to be globally unique, while the latter are not.

uuid.uuid1(node=None, clock_seq=None)

  Generate a UUID from a host ID, sequence number, and the current time according to RFC 9562, §5.1.

  When node is not specified, `getnode()` is used to obtain the hardware address as a 48-bit positive integer. When a sequence number clock_seq is not specified, a pseudo-random 14-bit positive integer is generated.

  If node or clock_seq exceed their expected bit count, only their least significant bits are kept.

uuid.uuid3(namespace, name)

  Generate a UUID based on the MD5 hash of a namespace identifier (which is a UUID) and a name (which is a `bytes` object or a string that will be encoded using UTF-8) according to RFC 9562, §5.3.

uuid.uuid4()

  Generate a random UUID in a cryptographically-secure method according to RFC 9562, §5.4.

uuid.uuid5(namespace, name)

  Generate a UUID based on the SHA-1 hash of a namespace identifier (which is a UUID) and a name (which is a `bytes` object or a string that will be encoded using UTF-8) according to RFC 9562, §5.5.

uuid.uuid6(node=None, clock_seq=None)

  Generate a UUID from a sequence number and the current time according to RFC 9562, §5.6.

  This is an alternative to `uuid1()` to improve database locality.

  When node is not specified, `getnode()` is used to obtain the hardware address as a 48-bit positive integer. When a sequence number clock_seq is not specified, a pseudo-random 14-bit positive integer is generated.

  If node or clock_seq exceed their expected bit count, only their least significant bits are kept.

  Added in version 3.14.

uuid.uuid7()

  Generate a time-based UUID according to RFC 9562, §5.7.

  For portability across platforms lacking sub-millisecond precision, UUIDs produced by this function embed a 48-bit timestamp and use a 42-bit counter to guarantee monotonicity within a millisecond.

  Added in version 3.14.

uuid.uuid8(a=None, b=None, c=None)

  Generate a pseudo-random UUID according to RFC 9562, §5.8.

  When specified, the parameters a, b and c are expected to be positive integers of 48, 12 and 62 bits respectively. If they exceed their expected bit count, only their least significant bits are kept; non-specified arguments are substituted for a pseudo-random integer of appropriate size.

  By default, a, b and c are not generated by a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator (CSPRNG). Use `uuid4()` when a UUID needs to be used in a security-sensitive context.

  Added in version 3.14.

The `uuid` module defines the following namespace identifiers for use with `uuid3()` or `uuid5()`.

uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS

  When this namespace is specified, the name string is a fully qualified domain name.

uuid.NAMESPACE_URL

  When this namespace is specified, the name string is a URL.

uuid.NAMESPACE_OID

  When this namespace is specified, the name string is an ISO OID.

uuid.NAMESPACE_X500

  When this namespace is specified, the name string is an X.500 DN in DER or a text output format.

The `uuid` module defines the following constants for the possible values of the `variant` attribute:

uuid.RESERVED_NCS

  Reserved for NCS compatibility.

uuid.RFC_4122

  Specifies the UUID layout given in RFC 4122. This constant is kept for backward compatibility even though RFC 4122 has been superseded by RFC 9562.

uuid.RESERVED_MICROSOFT

  Reserved for Microsoft compatibility.

uuid.RESERVED_FUTURE

  Reserved for future definition.

The `uuid` module defines the special Nil and Max UUID values:

uuid.NIL

  A special form of UUID that is specified to have all 128 bits set to zero according to RFC 9562, §5.9.

  Added in version 3.14.

uuid.MAX

  A special form of UUID that is specified to have all 128 bits set to one according to RFC 9562, §5.10.

  Added in version 3.14.

See also

RFC 9562 - A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace

  This specification defines a Uniform Resource Name namespace for UUIDs, the internal format of UUIDs, and methods of generating UUIDs.

## Command-Line Usage

Added in version 3.12.

The `uuid` module can be executed as a script from the command line.

    python -m uuid [-h] [-u {uuid1,uuid3,uuid4,uuid5,uuid6,uuid7,uuid8}] [-n NAMESPACE] [-N NAME]

The following options are accepted:

-h, --help

  Show the help message and exit.

-u <uuid>
--uuid <uuid>

  Specify the function name to use to generate the uuid. By default `uuid4()` is used.

  Changed in version 3.14: Allow generating UUID versions 6, 7 and 8.

-n <namespace>
--namespace <namespace>

  The namespace is a `UUID`, or `@ns` where `ns` is a well-known predefined UUID addressed by namespace name. Such as `@dns`, `@url`, `@oid`, and `@x500`. Only required for `uuid3()` / `uuid5()` functions.

-N <name>
--name <name>

  The name used as part of generating the uuid. Only required for `uuid3()` / `uuid5()` functions.

-C <num>
--count <num>

  Generate num fresh UUIDs.

  Added in version 3.14.

## Example

Here are some examples of typical usage of the `uuid` module:

    >>> import uuid

    >>> # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time
    >>> uuid.uuid1()
    UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e')

    >>> # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
    >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
    UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e')

    >>> # make a random UUID
    >>> uuid.uuid4()
    UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da')

    >>> # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
    >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
    UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d')

    >>> # make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored)
    >>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}')

    >>> # convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form
    >>> str(x)
    '00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f'

    >>> # get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID
    >>> x.bytes
    b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f'

    >>> # make a UUID from a 16-byte string
    >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes)
    UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')

    >>> # get the Nil UUID
    >>> uuid.NIL
    UUID('00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000')

    >>> # get the Max UUID
    >>> uuid.MAX
    UUID('ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff')

    >>> # same as UUIDv1 but with fields reordered to improve DB locality
    >>> uuid.uuid6()
    UUID('1f0799c0-98b9-62db-92c6-a0d365b91053')

    >>> # get UUIDv7 creation (local) time as a timestamp in milliseconds
    >>> u = uuid.uuid7()
    >>> u.time
    1743936859822

    >>> # get UUIDv7 creation (local) time as a datetime object
    >>> import datetime as dt
    >>> dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(u.time / 1000)
    datetime.datetime(...)

    >>> # make a UUID with custom blocks
    >>> uuid.uuid8(0x12345678, 0x9abcdef0, 0x11223344)
    UUID('00001234-5678-8ef0-8000-000011223344')

## Command-Line Example

Here are some examples of typical usage of the `uuid` command-line interface:

    # generate a random UUID - by default uuid4() is used
    $ python -m uuid

    # generate a UUID using uuid1()
    $ python -m uuid -u uuid1

    # generate a UUID using uuid5
    $ python -m uuid -u uuid5 -n @url -N example.com

    # generate 42 random UUIDs
    $ python -m uuid -C 42