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If you're new to Python
and VPython: Introduction

A VPython tutorial

Pictures of 3D objects

Choose a 3D object:

Work with 3D objects:

Windows, Events, & Files:

Vector operations

Graphs

factorial/combin

What's new in Visual 5

VPython web site
Visual license
Python web site
Math module (sqrt etc.)
Numpy module (arrays)

# Additional Attributes

The following attributes apply to all VPython objects:

visible If False, object is not displayed; e.g. ball.visible = False
Use ball.visible = True to make the ball visible again.

frame Place this object into a specified frame, as in ball = sphere(frame = f1)

display When you start a VPython program, for convenience Visual creates a display window and names it scene. By default, objects you create go into that display window. You can choose to put an object in a different display like this:

scene2 = display( title = "Act IV, Scene 2" )
rod = cylinder( display = scene2 )

Executing myscene = display.get_selected() returns a reference to the display in which objects are currently being created. Given a specific display named scene2, scene2.select() makes scene2 be the "selected display", so that objects will be drawn into scene2 by default.

There is a rotate function for all objects other than curve, convex, faces, and points (which can be put into a frame and the frame rotated).

__class__ Name of the class of object. For example, ball.__class__ is sphere is true if ball is a sphere object. There are two underscores before and after the word class. In a list of visible objects provided by scene.objects, if obj is in this list you can determine the class of the object with obj.__class__. You can check for a specific kind of object by using a standard Python function: isinstance(obj, sphere) is true if "obj" is a sphere object.

__copy__() Makes a copy of an object. There are two underscores before and after copy. Without any arguments, this results in creating a second object in the exact same position as the first, which is probably not what you want. The __copy__() function takes a list of keyword=value argument pairs which are applied to the new object before making it visible. For example, to clone an object from one display to another, you would execute: new_object = old_object.__copy__( display=new_display). Restriction: If the original object is within a frame, and the new object is on a different display, you must supply both a new display and a new frame for the new object (the new frame may be None). This is due to the restriction that an object may not be located within a frame that is in a separate display.

Here is an example that uses the __copy__() function. The following routine copies all of the Visual objects currently existing in one display into a previously defined second display, as long as there are no nested frames (frames within frames):

def clone_universe( new_display, old_display):
# Create a dictionary of frames in old display to
# the corresponding frames in the new display.
frames = {} # create empty dictionary
for obj in old_display.objects:
if obj.__class__ == frame:
frames[obj] = obj.__copy__( frame=None,
display=new_display)
# For each old frame within another reference frame,
# place the new frame in appropriate frame in new
# display. Here old is an object and new is its
# frame in the new display.
for old, new in frames.iteritems():
if old.frame:
new.frame = frames[old.frame]
# Copy over the universe.
for obj in old_display.objects:
if obj.__class__ == frame:
# Already taken care of above.
pass
elif obj.frame:
# Initialize with the corresponding frame
# in the new display:
obj.__copy__( display=new_display,
frame=frames[obj.frame])
else:
# No frame issue;
obj.__copy__( display=new_display)

See Controlling One or More Visual Display Windows for more information on creating and manipulating display objects.