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# scipy.io.netcdf_file

class `scipy.io.``netcdf_file`(filename, mode='r', mmap=None, version=1, maskandscale=False)

  A file object for NetCDF data.

  A `netcdf_file` object has two standard attributes: dimensions and variables. The values of both are dictionaries, mapping dimension names to their associated lengths and variable names to variables, respectively. Application programs should never modify these dictionaries.

  All other attributes correspond to global attributes defined in the NetCDF file. Global file attributes are created by assigning to an attribute of the `netcdf_file` object.

  Parameters:

  filename : string or file-like

  > string -> filename

  mode : {‘r’, ‘w’, ‘a’}, optional

  > read-write-append mode, default is ‘r’

  mmap : None or bool, optional

  > Whether to mmap filename when reading. Default is True when filename is a file name, False when filename is a file-like object. Note that when mmap is in use, data arrays returned refer directly to the mmapped data on disk, and the file cannot be closed as long as references to it exist.

  version : {1, 2}, optional

  > version of netcdf to read / write, where 1 means Classic format and 2 means 64-bit offset format. Default is 1. See here for more info.

  maskandscale : bool, optional

  > Whether to automatically scale and/or mask data based on attributes. Default is False.

  Notes

  The major advantage of this module over other modules is that it doesn’t require the code to be linked to the NetCDF libraries. This module is derived from pupynere.

  NetCDF files are a self-describing binary data format. The file contains metadata that describes the dimensions and variables in the file. More details about NetCDF files can be found here. There are three main sections to a NetCDF data structure:

  1. Dimensions
  2. Variables
  3. Attributes

  The dimensions section records the name and length of each dimension used by the variables. The variables would then indicate which dimensions it uses and any attributes such as data units, along with containing the data values for the variable. It is good practice to include a variable that is the same name as a dimension to provide the values for that axes. Lastly, the attributes section would contain additional information such as the name of the file creator or the instrument used to collect the data.

  When writing data to a NetCDF file, there is often the need to indicate the ‘record dimension’. A record dimension is the unbounded dimension for a variable. For example, a temperature variable may have dimensions of latitude, longitude and time. If one wants to add more temperature data to the NetCDF file as time progresses, then the temperature variable should have the time dimension flagged as the record dimension.

  In addition, the NetCDF file header contains the position of the data in the file, so access can be done in an efficient manner without loading unnecessary data into memory. It uses the `mmap` module to create Numpy arrays mapped to the data on disk, for the same purpose.

  Note that when `netcdf_file` is used to open a file with mmap=True (default for read-only), arrays returned by it refer to data directly on the disk. The file should not be closed, and cannot be cleanly closed when asked, if such arrays are alive. You may want to copy data arrays obtained from mmapped Netcdf file if they are to be processed after the file is closed, see the example below.

  Examples

  To create a NetCDF file:

      >>> from scipy.io import netcdf
      >>> f = netcdf.netcdf_file('simple.nc', 'w')
      >>> f.history = 'Created for a test'
      >>> f.createDimension('time', 10)
      >>> time = f.createVariable('time', 'i', ('time',))
      >>> time[:] = np.arange(10)
      >>> time.units = 'days since 2008-01-01'
      >>> f.close()

  Note the assignment of `range(10)` to `time[:]`. Exposing the slice of the time variable allows for the data to be set in the object, rather than letting `range(10)` overwrite the `time` variable.

  To read the NetCDF file we just created:

      >>> from scipy.io import netcdf
      >>> f = netcdf.netcdf_file('simple.nc', 'r')
      >>> print(f.history)
      Created for a test
      >>> time = f.variables['time']
      >>> print(time.units)
      days since 2008-01-01
      >>> print(time.shape)
      (10,)
      >>> print(time[-1])
      9

  NetCDF files, when opened read-only, return arrays that refer directly to memory-mapped data on disk:

      >>> data = time[:]
      >>> data.base.base
      <mmap.mmap object at 0x7fe753763180>

  If the data is to be processed after the file is closed, it needs to be copied to main memory:

      >>> data = time[:].copy()
      >>> f.close()
      >>> data.mean()
      4.5

  A NetCDF file can also be used as context manager:

      >>> from scipy.io import netcdf
      >>> with netcdf.netcdf_file('simple.nc', 'r') as f:
      ...     print(f.history)
      Created for a test

  Methods

  `close`() | Closes the NetCDF file.
  `createDimension`(name, length) | Adds a dimension to the Dimension section of the NetCDF data structure.
  `createVariable`(name, type, dimensions) | Create an empty variable for the `netcdf_file` object, specifying its data type and the dimensions it uses.
  `flush`() | Perform a sync-to-disk flush if the `netcdf_file` object is in write mode.
  `sync`() | Perform a sync-to-disk flush if the `netcdf_file` object is in write mode.