# Examples

Basic round trip of parsing YAML to Python objects, modifying and generating YAML:

    import sys
    from ruyaml import YAML

    inp = """\
    # example
    name:
      # details
      family: Smith   # very common
      given: Alice    # one of the siblings
    """

    yaml = YAML()
    code = yaml.load(inp)
    code['name']['given'] = 'Bob'

    yaml.dump(code, sys.stdout)

Resulting in:

    # example
    name:
      # details
      family: Smith   # very common
      given: Bob      # one of the siblings

with the old API:

    from __future__ import print_function

    import sys
    import ruyaml

    inp = """\
    # example
    name:
      # details
      family: Smith   # very common
      given: Alice    # one of the siblings
    """

    code = ruyaml.load(inp, ruyaml.RoundTripLoader)
    code['name']['given'] = 'Bob'

    ruyaml.dump(code, sys.stdout, Dumper=ruyaml.RoundTripDumper)

    # the last statement can be done less efficient in time and memory with
    # leaving out the end='' would cause a double newline at the end
    # print(ruyaml.dump(code, Dumper=ruyaml.RoundTripDumper), end='')

Resulting in

    # example
    name:
      # details
      family: Smith   # very common
      given: Bob      # one of the siblings

YAML handcrafted anchors and references as well as key merging are preserved. The merged keys can transparently be accessed using `[]` and `.get()`:

    from ruyaml import YAML

    inp = """\
    - &CENTER {x: 1, y: 2}
    - &LEFT {x: 0, y: 2}
    - &BIG {r: 10}
    - &SMALL {r: 1}
    # All the following maps are equal:
    # Explicit keys
    - x: 1
      y: 2
      r: 10
      label: center/big
    # Merge one map
    - <<: *CENTER
      r: 10
      label: center/big
    # Merge multiple maps
    - <<: [*CENTER, *BIG]
      label: center/big
    # Override
    - <<: [*BIG, *LEFT, *SMALL]
      x: 1
      label: center/big
    """

    yaml = YAML()
    data = yaml.load(inp)
    assert data[7]['y'] == 2

The `CommentedMap`, which is the `dict` like construct one gets when round-trip loading, supports insertion of a key into a particular position, while optionally adding a comment:

    import sys
    from ruyaml import YAML

    yaml_str = """\
    first_name: Art
    occupation: Architect  # This is an occupation comment
    about: Art Vandelay is a fictional character that George invents...
    """

    yaml = YAML()
    data = yaml.load(yaml_str)
    data.insert(1, 'last name', 'Vandelay', comment="new key")
    yaml.dump(data, sys.stdout)

gives:

    first_name: Art
    last name: Vandelay    # new key
    occupation: Architect  # This is an occupation comment
    about: Art Vandelay is a fictional character that George invents...

Please note that the comment is aligned with that of its neighbour (if available).

The above was inspired by a question posted by demux on StackOverflow.

By default `ruyaml` indents with two positions in block style, for both mappings and sequences. For sequences the indent is counted to the beginning of the scalar, with the dash taking the first position of the indented “space”.

You can change this default indentation by e.g. using `yaml.indent()`:

    import sys
    from ruyaml import YAML

    d = dict(a=dict(b=2),c=[3, 4])
    yaml = YAML()
    yaml.dump(d, sys.stdout)
    print('0123456789')
    yaml = YAML()
    yaml.indent(mapping=4, sequence=6, offset=3)
    yaml.dump(d, sys.stdout)
    print('0123456789')

giving:

    a:
      b: 2
    c:
    - 3
    - 4
    0123456789
    a:
        b: 2
    c:
       -  3
       -  4
    0123456789

If a block sequence or block mapping is the element of a sequence, the are, by default, displayed compact notation. This means that the dash of the “parent” sequence is on the same line as the first element resp. first key/value pair of the child collection.

If you want either or both of these (sequence within sequence, mapping within sequence) to begin on the next line use `yaml.compact()`:

    import sys
    from ruyaml import YAML

    d = [dict(b=2), [3, 4]]
    yaml = YAML()
    yaml.dump(d, sys.stdout)
    print('='*15)
    yaml = YAML()
    yaml.compact(seq_seq=False, seq_map=False)
    yaml.dump(d, sys.stdout)

giving:

    - b: 2
    - - 3
      - 4
    ===============
    -
      b: 2
    -
      - 3
      - 4

The following program uses three dumps on the same data, resulting in a stream with three documents:

    import sys
    from ruyaml import YAML

    data = {1: {1: [{1: 1, 2: 2}, {1: 1, 2: 2}], 2: 2}, 2: 42}

    yaml = YAML()
    yaml.explicit_start = True
    yaml.dump(data, sys.stdout)
    yaml.indent(sequence=4, offset=2)
    yaml.dump(data, sys.stdout)

    def sequence_indent_four(s):
        # this will fail on direclty nested lists: {1; [[2, 3], 4]}
        levels = []
        ret_val = ''
        for line in s.splitlines(True):
            ls = line.lstrip()
            indent = len(line) - len(ls)
            if ls.startswith('- '):
                if not levels or indent > levels[-1]:
                    levels.append(indent)
                elif levels:
                    if indent < levels[-1]:
                        levels = levels[:-1]
                # same -> do nothing
            else:
                if levels:
                    if indent <= levels[-1]:
                        while levels and indent <= levels[-1]:
                            levels = levels[:-1]
            ret_val += '  ' * len(levels) + line
        return ret_val

    yaml = YAML()
    yaml.explicit_start = True
    yaml.dump(data, sys.stdout, transform=sequence_indent_four)

gives as output:

    ---
    1:
      1:
      - 1: 1
        2: 2
      - 1: 1
        2: 2
      2: 2
    2: 42
    ---
    1:
      1:
        - 1: 1
          2: 2
        - 1: 1
          2: 2
      2: 2
    2: 42
    ---
    1:
      1:
        - 1: 1
          2: 2
        - 1: 1
          2: 2
      2: 2
    2: 42

The transform example, in the last document, was inspired by a question posted by *nowox* on StackOverflow.

## Output of `dump()` as a string

The single most abused “feature” of the old API is not providing the (second) stream parameter to one of the `dump()` variants, in order to get a monolithic string representation of the stream back.

Apart from being memory inefficient and slow, quite often people using this did not realise that `print(round_trip_dump(dict(a=1, b=2)))` gets you an extra, empty, line after `b: 2`.

The real question is why this functionality, which is seldom really necessary, is available in the old API (and in PyYAML) in the first place. One explanation you get by looking at what someone would need to do to make this available if it weren’t there already. Apart from subclassing the `Serializer` and providing a new `dump` method, which would ten or so lines, another hundred lines, essentially the whole `dumper.py` file, would need to be copied and to make use of this serializer.

The fact is that one should normally be doing `round_trip_dump(dict(a=1, b=2)), sys.stdout)` and do away with 90% of the cases for returning the string, and that all post-processing YAML, before writing to stream, can be handled by using the `transform=` parameter of dump, being able to handle most of the rest. But it is also much easier in the new API to provide that YAML output as a string if you really need to have it (or think you do):

    import sys
    from ruyaml import YAML
    from io import StringIO

    class MyYAML(YAML):
        def dump(self, data, stream=None, **kw):
            inefficient = False
            if stream is None:
                inefficient = True
                stream = StringIO()
            YAML.dump(self, data, stream, **kw)
            if inefficient:
                return stream.getvalue()

    yaml = MyYAML()   # or typ='safe'/'unsafe' etc

with about one tenth of the lines needed for the old interface, you can once more do:

    print(yaml.dump(dict(a=1, b=2)))

instead of:

    yaml.dump((dict(a=1, b=2)), sys.stdout)
    print()  # or sys.stdout.write('\n')