# Request Handlers

(You can use the Index to directly jump to a specific handler).

class `llfuse.``Operations`

  This class defines the general and request handler methods that an Python-LLFUSE file system may implement. If a particular request handler has not been implemented, it must raise `FUSEError` with an errorcode of `errno.ENOSYS`. Further requests of this type will then be handled directly by the FUSE kernel module without calling the handler again.

  The only exception that request handlers are allowed to raise is `FUSEError`. This will cause the specified errno to be returned by the syscall that is being handled.

  It is recommended that file systems are derived from this class and only overwrite the handlers that they actually implement. (The methods defined in this class all just raise `FUSEError(ENOSYS)` or do nothing).

  `access`(self, inode, mode, ctx)

    Check if requesting process has mode rights on inode.

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    The method must return a boolean value.

    If the `default_permissions` mount option is given, this method is not called.

    When implementing this method, the `get_sup_groups` function may be useful.

  `create`(self, parent_inode, name, mode, flags, ctx)

    Create a file with permissions mode and open it with flags

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    The method must return a tuple of the form (fh, attr), where fh is a file handle like the one returned by `open` and attr is an `EntryAttributes` instance with the attributes of the newly created directory entry.

    (Successful) execution of this handler increases the lookup count for the returned inode by one.

  `destroy`(self)

    Clean up operations.

    This method will be called when `llfuse.close` has been called and the file system is about to be unmounted.

    This method must not raise any exceptions (not even `FUSEError`), since it is not handling a particular client request.

  `flush`(self, fh)

    Handle close() syscall.

    fh will by an integer filehandle returned by a prior `open` or `create` call.

    This method is called whenever a file descriptor is closed. It may be called multiple times for the same open file (e.g. if the file handle has been duplicated).

  `forget`(self, inode_list)

    Decrease lookup counts for inodes in inode_list

    inode_list is a list of `(inode, nlookup)` tuples. This method should reduce the lookup count for each inode by nlookup.

    If the lookup count reaches zero, the inode is currently not known to the kernel. In this case, the file system will typically check if there are still directory entries referring to this inode and, if not, remove the inode.

    If the file system is unmounted, it may not have received `forget` calls to bring all lookup counts to zero. The `destroy` method should be used to clean up inodes that at that point still have non-zero lookup count (e.g. by calling `forget` with the current lookup count for every such inode).

    This method must not raise any exceptions (not even `FUSEError`), since it is not handling a particular client request.

  `fsync`(self, fh, datasync)

    Flush buffers for open file fh

    If datasync is true, only the file contents should be flushed (in contrast to the metadata about the file).

    fh will by an integer filehandle returned by a prior `open` or `create` call.

  `fsyncdir`(self, fh, datasync)

    Flush buffers for open directory fh

    If datasync is true, only the directory contents should be flushed (in contrast to metadata about the directory itself).

  `getattr`(self, inode, ctx)

    Get attributes for inode

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    This method should return an `EntryAttributes` instance with the attributes of inode. The `entry_timeout` attribute is ignored in this context.

  `getxattr`(self, inode, name, ctx)

    Return extended attribute name of inode

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    If the attribute does not exist, the method must raise `FUSEError` with an error code of `ENOATTR`. name will be of type `bytes`, but is guaranteed not to contain zero-bytes (`\0`).

  `init`(self)

    Initialize operations

    This method will be called just before the file system starts handling requests. It must not raise any exceptions (not even `FUSEError`), since it is not handling a particular client request.

  `link`(self, inode, new_parent_inode, new_name, ctx)

    Create directory entry name in parent_inode refering to inode.

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    The method must return an `EntryAttributes` instance with the attributes of the newly created directory entry.

    (Successful) execution of this handler increases the lookup count for the returned inode by one.

  `listxattr`(self, inode, ctx)

    Get list of extended attributes for inode

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    This method must return an iterator over a sequence of `bytes` objects. The objects must not to include zero-bytes (`\0`).

  `lookup`(self, parent_inode, name, ctx)

    Look up a directory entry by name and get its attributes.

    This method should return an `EntryAttributes` instance for the directory entry name in the directory with inode parent_inode.

    If there is no such entry, the method should either return an `EntryAttributes` instance with zero `st_ino` value (in which case the negative lookup will be cached as specified by `entry_timeout`), or it should raise `FUSEError` with an errno of `errno.ENOENT` (in this case the negative result will not be cached).

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    The file system must be able to handle lookups for `.` and `..`, no matter if these entries are returned by `readdir` or not.

    (Successful) execution of this handler increases the lookup count for the returned inode by one.

  `mkdir`(self, parent_inode, name, mode, ctx)

    Create a directory

    This method must create a new directory name with mode mode in the directory with inode parent_inode. ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    This method must return an `EntryAttributes` instance with the attributes of the newly created directory entry.

    (Successful) execution of this handler increases the lookup count for the returned inode by one.

  `mknod`(self, parent_inode, name, mode, rdev, ctx)

    Create (possibly special) file

    This method must create a (special or regular) file name in the directory with inode parent_inode. Whether the file is special or regular is determined by its mode. If the file is neither a block nor character device, rdev can be ignored. ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    The method must return an `EntryAttributes` instance with the attributes of the newly created directory entry.

    (Successful) execution of this handler increases the lookup count for the returned inode by one.

  `open`(self, inode, flags, ctx)

    Open a inode inode with flags.

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    flags will be a bitwise or of the open flags described in the open(2) manpage and defined in the `os` module (with the exception of `O_CREAT`, `O_EXCL`, `O_NOCTTY` and `O_TRUNC`)

    This method must return an integer file handle. The file handle will be passed to the `read`, `write`, `flush`, `fsync` and `release` methods to identify the open file.

  `opendir`(self, inode, ctx)

    Open the directory with inode inode

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    This method should return an integer file handle. The file handle will be passed to the `readdir`, `fsyncdir` and `releasedir` methods to identify the directory.

  `read`(self, fh, off, size)

    Read size bytes from fh at position off

    fh will by an integer filehandle returned by a prior `open` or `create` call.

    This function should return exactly the number of bytes requested except on EOF or error, otherwise the rest of the data will be substituted with zeroes.

  `readdir`(self, fh, off)

    Read entries in open directory fh.

    This method should return an iterator over the contents of directory fh (as returned by a prior `opendir` call), starting at the entry identified by off.

    The iterator must yield tuples of the form `(name, attr, next_)`, where attr is an `EntryAttributes` instance and next_ gives an offset that can be passed as off to start a successive `readdir` call at the right position.

    Iteration may be stopped as soon as enough elements have been retrieved. The method should be prepared for this case.

    If entries are added or removed during a `readdir` cycle, they may or may not be returned. However, they must not cause other entries to be skipped or returned more than once.

    `.` and `..` entries may be included but are not required.

  `readlink`(self, inode, ctx)

    Return target of symbolic link inode.

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

  `release`(self, fh)

    Release open file

    This method will be called when the last file descriptor of fh has been closed, i.e. when the file is no longer opened by any client process.

    fh will by an integer filehandle returned by a prior `open` or `create` call. Once `release` has been called, no future requests for fh will be received (until the value is re-used in the return value of another `open` or `create` call).

    This method may return an error by raising `FUSEError`, but the error will be discarded because there is no corresponding client request.

  `releasedir`(self, fh)

    Release open directory

    This method will be called exactly once for each `opendir` call. After fh has been released, no further `readdir` requests will be received for it (until it is opened again with `opendir`).

  `removexattr`(self, inode, name, ctx)

    Remove extended attribute name of inode

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    If the attribute does not exist, the method must raise `FUSEError` with an error code of `ENOATTR`. name will be of type `bytes`, but is guaranteed not to contain zero-bytes (`\0`).

  `rename`(self, parent_inode_old, name_old, parent_inode_new, name_new, ctx)

    Rename a directory entry.

    This method must rename name_old in the directory with inode parent_inode_old to name_new in the directory with inode parent_inode_new. If name_new already exists, it should be overwritten. ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    Let the inode associated with name_old in parent_inode_old be inode_moved, and the inode associated with name_new in parent_inode_new (if it exists) be called inode_deref.

    If inode_deref exists and has a non-zero lookup count, or if there are other directory entries referring to inode_deref), the file system must update only the directory entry for name_new to point to inode_moved instead of inode_deref. (Potential) removal of inode_deref (containing the previous contents of name_new) must be deferred to the `forget` method to be carried out when the lookup count reaches zero (and of course only if at that point there are no more directory entries associated with inode_deref either).

  `rmdir`(self, parent_inode, name, ctx)

    Remove directory name

    This method must remove the directory name from the direcory with inode parent_inode. ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance. If there are still entries in the directory, the method should raise `FUSEError(errno.ENOTEMPTY)`.

    If the inode associated with name (i.e., not the parent_inode) has a non-zero lookup count, the file system must remove only the directory entry (so that future calls to `readdir` for parent_inode will no longer include name, but e.g. calls to `getattr` for file’s inode still succeed). Removal of the associated inode holding the directory contents and metadata must be deferred to the `forget` method to be carried out when the lookup count reaches zero.

    (Since hard links to directories are not allowed by POSIX, this method is not required to check if there are still other directory entries refering to the same inode. This conveniently avoids the ambigiouties associated with the `.` and `..` entries).

  `setattr`(self, inode, attr, fields, fh, ctx)

    Change attributes of inode

    fields will be an `SetattrFields` instance that specifies which attributes are to be updated. attr will be an `EntryAttributes` instance for inode that contains the new values for changed attributes, and undefined values for all other attributes.

    Most file systems will additionally set the `st_ctime_ns` attribute to the current time (to indicate that the inode metadata was changed).

    If the syscall that is being processed received a file descriptor argument (like e.g. ftruncate(2) or fchmod(2)), fh will be the file handle returned by the corresponding call to the `open` handler. If the syscall was path based (like e.g. truncate(2) or chmod(2)), fh will be `None`.

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    The method should return an `EntryAttributes` instance (containing both the changed and unchanged values).

  `setxattr`(self, inode, name, value, ctx)

    Set extended attribute name of inode to value.

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    The attribute may or may not exist already. Both name and value will be of type `bytes`. name is guaranteed not to contain zero-bytes (`\0`).

  `stacktrace`(self)

    Asynchronous debugging

    This method will be called when the `fuse_stacktrace` extended attribute is set on the mountpoint. It will be called without holding the global lock. The default implementation logs the current stack trace of every running Python thread. This can be quite useful to debug file system deadlocks.

  `statfs`(self, ctx)

    Get file system statistics

    ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    The method must return an appropriately filled `StatvfsData` instance.

  `symlink`(self, parent_inode, name, target, ctx)

    Create a symbolic link

    This method must create a symbolink link named name in the directory with inode parent_inode, pointing to target. ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    The method must return an `EntryAttributes` instance with the attributes of the newly created directory entry.

    (Successful) execution of this handler increases the lookup count for the returned inode by one.

  `unlink`(self, parent_inode, name, ctx)

    Remove a (possibly special) file

    This method must remove the (special or regular) file name from the direcory with inode parent_inode. ctx will be a `RequestContext` instance.

    If the inode associated with file (i.e., not the parent_inode) has a non-zero lookup count, or if there are still other directory entries referring to this inode (due to hardlinks), the file system must remove only the directory entry (so that future calls to `readdir` for parent_inode will no longer include name, but e.g. calls to `getattr` for file’s inode still succeed). (Potential) removal of the associated inode with the file contents and metadata must be deferred to the `forget` method to be carried out when the lookup count reaches zero (and of course only if at that point there are no more directory entries associated with the inode either).

  `write`(self, fh, off, buf)

    Write buf into fh at off

    fh will by an integer filehandle returned by a prior `open` or `create` call.

    This method must returns the number of bytes written. However, uuless the file system has been mounted with the `direct_io` option, the file system must always write all the provided data (i.e., return `len(buf)`).