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# Unicode Encoding And Decoding

The world is Unicode, but email existed long before that world. Lamson uses special encoding/decoding gear that takes just about any nasty horrible pre-Unicode email it gets and converts it to a perfect little Unicode fantasy. You do all your work in the Unicode world, which Python favors, and then when you’re ready to send, Lamson intelligently figures out how to make an email that anyone can read.

The added advantage of doing this conversion is that Lamson by default also cleans up all the various tricks spammers use to get around spam checkers. Because it’s doing a conversion from just first principles of “everything must become Unicode” the end result is a crystal clear piece of data you can filter. When you then output the same message, it gets reconverted to sane easily parseable message.

Lamson is also so persistent in this conversion that it can convert nearly every message that’s valid, and the very tiny percentage it can’t (less 1/1000th of a percent) are entirely screwed up spam that should not be transmitted anyway.

> This gear apparently doesn’t support pre-Hindic sanskrit, but then again neither does Python.

## Why

Sometimes people ask why Lamson would bother converting everything to Unicode? The reason is simple: everything you deal with now is Unicode. Either it’s in a representation like UTF-8, or it’s internally a Python Unicode string. Databases, web frameworks, ORM, network protocols, and the entire internet is Unicode.

However, there’s another practical reason. If you were to start using Lamson to process email, you would end up inventing almost the exact same gear to convert headers and bodies to Unicode. The only difference is you would do it in a typical hacker half-assed fashion that only solved your immediate problems, and you wouldn’t do it in a global useful way.

The Lamson encoding gear is basically what you should be making to deal with email in a modern language.

## How

The lamson.encoding module is the main meat of this conversion magic. This code is probably the most dense part of Lamson since it has to use various parsing tricks and heuristics to figure out how to get every part of the message into a Unicode string.

The primary trick used is that Lamson does not trust anything it’s given, and when python fails to convert a header or body, it uses the wonderful chardet library to guess at what the encoding should be based on the contents. If this fails then the entire data is considered suspect and the message is rejected.

This turns out to be surprisingly accurate in practice, and it even corrects some invalid clients that fail to encode Subject lines but still place Chinese encodings in them. Lamson will take those unencoded headers, fail to convert them to ascii, run chardet on them to see they are actually Chinese, and then convert them accurately.

## The Rules

A set of axioms controls how the encoding is done:

1. NO ENCODING IS TRUSTED, NO LANGUAGE IS SACRED, ALL ARE SUSPECT.
2. Python wants Unicode, it will get Unicode.
3. Any email that CANNOT become Unicode, CANNOT be processed by Lamson or Python.
4. Email addresses are ESSENTIAL to Lamson’s routing and security, and therefore will be canonicalized and properly encoded.
5. Lamson will therefore try to “upgrade” all email it receives to Unicode internally, and cleaning all email addresses.
6. It does this by decoding all codecs, and if the codec LIES, then it will attempt to statistically detect the codec using chardet.
7. If it can’t detect the codec, and the codec lies, then the email is bad.
8. All text bodies and attachments are then converted to Python Unicode in the same way as the headers.
9. All other attachments are converted to raw strings as-is.

Once Lamson has done this, your Python handler can now assume that all MailRequest objects are happily Unicode enabled and ready to go. The rule is:

IF IT CANNOT BE UNICODE, THEN PYTHON CANNOT WORK WITH IT.

On the outgoing end (when you send a MailResponse), Lamson tries to create the email it wants to receive by canonicalizing it:

1. All email will be encoded in the simplest cleanest way possible without losing information.
2. All headers are converted to 'ascii’, and if that doesn’t work, then 'utf-8’.
3. All text/* attachments and bodies are converted to ascii, and if that doesn’t work, 'utf-8’.
4. All other attachments are left alone.
5. All email addresses are normalized and encoded if they have not been already.

## Neat Tricks

The end result of this is that you can now take any email and then convert it to any modern data format and send it over new protocols. For example, here’s the code from librelist.com to implement the JSON dump for the archive browser Javascript interface:

    def json_encoding(base):
        ctype, ctp = base.content_encoding['Content-Type']
        cdisp, cdp = base.content_encoding['Content-Disposition']
        ctype = ctype or "text/plain"
        filename = ctp.get('name',None) or cdp.get('filename', None)

        if ctype.startswith('text') or ctype.startswith('message'):
            encoding = None
        else:
            encoding = "base64"

        return {'filename': filename, 'type': ctype, 'disposition': cdisp,
                'format': encoding}

    def json_build(base):
        data = {'headers': base.headers,
                    'body': base.body,
                    'encoding': json_encoding(base),
                    'parts': [json_build(p) for p in base.parts],
                }

        if data['encoding']['format'] and base.body:
            data['body'] = base64.b64encode(base.body)

        return data

    def to_json(base):
        return json.dumps(json_build(base), sort_keys=True, indent=4)

Since this code can assume that everything inside Lamson is fully Unicode, it only needs to worry about binary items like images and encode those as base64.

## lamson cleanse

You can also use the `lamson cleanse` command to take a Maildir or mbox as input, and then convert it into a cleaned up Maildir as output. Try it on some of your spam folders to watch the magic.

## Reporting Problems

If you happen to run into a message that you feel Lamson should accurately decode, feel free to report it and I’ll take a look.