# Source code for hypothesis.stateful

    # This file is part of Hypothesis, which may be found at
    # https://github.com/HypothesisWorks/hypothesis/
    #
    # Copyright the Hypothesis Authors.
    # Individual contributors are listed in AUTHORS.rst and the git log.
    #
    # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License,
    # v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
    # obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.

    """This module provides support for a stateful style of testing, where tests
    attempt to find a sequence of operations that cause a breakage rather than just
    a single value.

    Notably, the set of steps available at any point may depend on the
    execution to date.
    """
    import collections
    import inspect
    from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
    from copy import copy
    from functools import lru_cache
    from io import StringIO
    from time import perf_counter
    from typing import Any, Callable, ClassVar, Optional, TypeVar, Union, overload
    from unittest import TestCase

    import attr

    from hypothesis import strategies as st
    from hypothesis._settings import (
        HealthCheck,
        Verbosity,
        note_deprecation,
        settings as Settings,
    )
    from hypothesis.control import _current_build_context, current_build_context
    from hypothesis.core import TestFunc, given
    from hypothesis.errors import InvalidArgument, InvalidDefinition
    from hypothesis.internal.compat import add_note
    from hypothesis.internal.conjecture import utils as cu
    from hypothesis.internal.conjecture.engine import BUFFER_SIZE
    from hypothesis.internal.conjecture.junkdrawer import gc_cumulative_time
    from hypothesis.internal.healthcheck import fail_health_check
    from hypothesis.internal.observability import TESTCASE_CALLBACKS
    from hypothesis.internal.reflection import (
        function_digest,
        get_pretty_function_description,
        nicerepr,
        proxies,
    )
    from hypothesis.internal.validation import check_type
    from hypothesis.reporting import current_verbosity, report
    from hypothesis.strategies._internal.featureflags import FeatureStrategy
    from hypothesis.strategies._internal.strategies import (
        Ex,
        OneOfStrategy,
        SearchStrategy,
        check_strategy,
    )
    from hypothesis.vendor.pretty import RepresentationPrinter

    T = TypeVar("T")
    STATE_MACHINE_RUN_LABEL = cu.calc_label_from_name("another state machine step")
    SHOULD_CONTINUE_LABEL = cu.calc_label_from_name("should we continue drawing")

    def _is_singleton(obj: object) -> bool:
        """
        Returns True if two separately created instances of v will have the same id
        (due to interning).
        """
        # The range [-5, 256] is a cpython implementation detail. This may not work
        # well on other platforms.
        if isinstance(obj, int) and -5 <= obj <= 256:
            return True
        # cpython also interns compile-time strings, but let's just ignore those for
        # now.
        return isinstance(obj, bool) or obj is None

    class _OmittedArgument:
        """Sentinel class to prevent overlapping overloads in type hints. See comments
        above the overloads of @rule."""

    class TestCaseProperty:  # pragma: no cover
        def __get__(self, obj, typ=None):
            if obj is not None:
                typ = type(obj)
            return typ._to_test_case()

        def __set__(self, obj, value):
            raise AttributeError("Cannot set TestCase")

        def __delete__(self, obj):
            raise AttributeError("Cannot delete TestCase")

    def get_state_machine_test(state_machine_factory, *, settings=None, _min_steps=0):
        if settings is None:
            try:
                settings = state_machine_factory.TestCase.settings
                check_type(Settings, settings, "state_machine_factory.TestCase.settings")
            except AttributeError:
                settings = Settings(deadline=None, suppress_health_check=list(HealthCheck))
        check_type(Settings, settings, "settings")
        check_type(int, _min_steps, "_min_steps")
        if _min_steps < 0:
            # Because settings can vary via e.g. profiles, settings.stateful_step_count
            # overrides this argument and we don't bother cross-validating.
            raise InvalidArgument(f"_min_steps={_min_steps} must be non-negative.")

        @settings
        @given(st.data())
        def run_state_machine(factory, data):
            cd = data.conjecture_data
            machine = factory()
            check_type(RuleBasedStateMachine, machine, "state_machine_factory()")
            cd.hypothesis_runner = machine
            machine._observability_predicates = cd._observability_predicates  # alias

            print_steps = (
                current_build_context().is_final or current_verbosity() >= Verbosity.debug
            )
            cd._stateful_repr_parts = []

            def output(s):
                if print_steps:
                    report(s)
                if TESTCASE_CALLBACKS:
                    cd._stateful_repr_parts.append(s)

            try:
                output(f"state = {machine.__class__.__name__}()")
                machine.check_invariants(settings, output, cd._stateful_run_times)
                max_steps = settings.stateful_step_count
                steps_run = 0

                while True:
                    # We basically always want to run the maximum number of steps,
                    # but need to leave a small probability of terminating early
                    # in order to allow for reducing the number of steps once we
                    # find a failing test case, so we stop with probability of
                    # 2 ** -16 during normal operation but force a stop when we've
                    # generated enough steps.
                    cd.start_example(STATE_MACHINE_RUN_LABEL)
                    must_stop = None
                    if steps_run >= max_steps:
                        must_stop = True
                    elif steps_run <= _min_steps:
                        must_stop = False
                    elif cd.length > (0.8 * BUFFER_SIZE):
                        # Better to stop after fewer steps, than always overrun and retry.
                        # See https://github.com/HypothesisWorks/hypothesis/issues/3618
                        must_stop = True

                    start_draw = perf_counter()
                    start_gc = gc_cumulative_time()
                    if cd.draw_boolean(p=2**-16, forced=must_stop):
                        break
                    steps_run += 1

                    # Choose a rule to run, preferring an initialize rule if there are
                    # any which have not been run yet.
                    if machine._initialize_rules_to_run:
                        init_rules = [
                            st.tuples(st.just(rule), st.fixed_dictionaries(rule.arguments))
                            for rule in machine._initialize_rules_to_run
                        ]
                        rule, data = cd.draw(st.one_of(init_rules))
                        machine._initialize_rules_to_run.remove(rule)
                    else:
                        rule, data = cd.draw(machine._rules_strategy)
                    draw_label = f"generate:rule:{rule.function.__name__}"
                    cd.draw_times.setdefault(draw_label, 0.0)
                    in_gctime = gc_cumulative_time() - start_gc
                    cd.draw_times[draw_label] += perf_counter() - start_draw - in_gctime

                    # Pretty-print the values this rule was called with *before* calling
                    # _add_result_to_targets, to avoid printing arguments which are also
                    # a return value using the variable name they are assigned to.
                    # See https://github.com/HypothesisWorks/hypothesis/issues/2341
                    if print_steps or TESTCASE_CALLBACKS:
                        data_to_print = {
                            k: machine._pretty_print(v) for k, v in data.items()
                        }

                    # Assign 'result' here in case executing the rule fails below
                    result = multiple()
                    try:
                        data = dict(data)
                        for k, v in list(data.items()):
                            if isinstance(v, VarReference):
                                data[k] = machine.names_to_values[v.name]
                            elif isinstance(v, list) and all(
                                isinstance(item, VarReference) for item in v
                            ):
                                data[k] = [machine.names_to_values[item.name] for item in v]

                        label = f"execute:rule:{rule.function.__name__}"
                        start = perf_counter()
                        start_gc = gc_cumulative_time()
                        result = rule.function(machine, **data)
                        in_gctime = gc_cumulative_time() - start_gc
                        cd._stateful_run_times[label] += perf_counter() - start - in_gctime

                        if rule.targets:
                            if isinstance(result, MultipleResults):
                                for single_result in result.values:
                                    machine._add_result_to_targets(
                                        rule.targets, single_result
                                    )
                            else:
                                machine._add_result_to_targets(rule.targets, result)
                        elif result is not None:
                            fail_health_check(
                                settings,
                                "Rules should return None if they have no target bundle, "
                                f"but {rule.function.__qualname__} returned {result!r}",
                                HealthCheck.return_value,
                            )
                    finally:
                        if print_steps or TESTCASE_CALLBACKS:
                            # 'result' is only used if the step has target bundles.
                            # If it does, and the result is a 'MultipleResult',
                            # then 'print_step' prints a multi-variable assignment.
                            output(machine._repr_step(rule, data_to_print, result))
                    machine.check_invariants(settings, output, cd._stateful_run_times)
                    cd.stop_example()
            finally:
                output("state.teardown()")
                machine.teardown()

        # Use a machine digest to identify stateful tests in the example database
        run_state_machine.hypothesis.inner_test._hypothesis_internal_add_digest = (
            function_digest(state_machine_factory)
        )
        # Copy some attributes so @seed and @reproduce_failure "just work"
        run_state_machine._hypothesis_internal_use_seed = getattr(
            state_machine_factory, "_hypothesis_internal_use_seed", None
        )
        run_state_machine._hypothesis_internal_use_reproduce_failure = getattr(
            state_machine_factory, "_hypothesis_internal_use_reproduce_failure", None
        )
        run_state_machine._hypothesis_internal_print_given_args = False
        return run_state_machine

    def run_state_machine_as_test(state_machine_factory, *, settings=None, _min_steps=0):
        """Run a state machine definition as a test, either silently doing nothing
        or printing a minimal breaking program and raising an exception.

        state_machine_factory is anything which returns an instance of
        RuleBasedStateMachine when called with no arguments - it can be a class or a
        function. settings will be used to control the execution of the test.
        """
        state_machine_test = get_state_machine_test(
            state_machine_factory, settings=settings, _min_steps=_min_steps
        )
        state_machine_test(state_machine_factory)

    class StateMachineMeta(type):
        def __setattr__(cls, name, value):
            if name == "settings" and isinstance(value, Settings):
                descr = f"settings({value.show_changed()})"
                raise AttributeError(
                    f"Assigning {cls.__name__}.settings = {descr} does nothing. Assign "
                    f"to {cls.__name__}.TestCase.settings, or use @{descr} as a decorator "
                    f"on the {cls.__name__} class."
                )
            return super().__setattr__(name, value)

    class RuleBasedStateMachine(metaclass=StateMachineMeta):
        """A RuleBasedStateMachine gives you a structured way to define state machines.

        The idea is that a state machine carries the system under test and some supporting
        data. This data can be stored in instance variables or
        divided into Bundles. The state machine has a set of rules which may read data
        from bundles (or just from normal strategies), push data onto
        bundles, change the state of the machine, or verify properties.
        At any given point a random applicable rule will be executed.
        """

        _rules_per_class: ClassVar[dict[type, list[classmethod]]] = {}
        _invariants_per_class: ClassVar[dict[type, list[classmethod]]] = {}
        _initializers_per_class: ClassVar[dict[type, list[classmethod]]] = {}

        def __init__(self) -> None:
            if not self.rules():
                raise InvalidDefinition(f"Type {type(self).__name__} defines no rules")
            self.bundles: dict[str, list] = {}
            self.names_counters: collections.Counter = collections.Counter()
            self.names_list: list[str] = []
            self.names_to_values: dict[str, Any] = {}
            self.__stream = StringIO()
            self.__printer = RepresentationPrinter(
                self.__stream, context=_current_build_context.value
            )
            self._initialize_rules_to_run = copy(self.initialize_rules())
            self._rules_strategy = RuleStrategy(self)

            if isinstance(s := vars(type(self)).get("settings"), Settings):
                tname = type(self).__name__
                descr = f"settings({s.show_changed()})"
                raise InvalidDefinition(
                    f"Assigning settings = {descr} as a class attribute does nothing. "
                    f"Assign to {tname}.TestCase.settings, or use @{descr} as a decorator "
                    f"on the {tname} class."
                )

        def _pretty_print(self, value):
            if isinstance(value, VarReference):
                return value.name
            elif isinstance(value, list) and all(
                isinstance(item, VarReference) for item in value
            ):
                return "[" + ", ".join([item.name for item in value]) + "]"
            self.__stream.seek(0)
            self.__stream.truncate(0)
            self.__printer.output_width = 0
            self.__printer.buffer_width = 0
            self.__printer.buffer.clear()
            self.__printer.pretty(value)
            self.__printer.flush()
            return self.__stream.getvalue()

        def __repr__(self):
            return f"{type(self).__name__}({nicerepr(self.bundles)})"

        def _new_name(self, target):
            result = f"{target}_{self.names_counters[target]}"
            self.names_counters[target] += 1
            self.names_list.append(result)
            return result

        def _last_names(self, n):
            len_ = len(self.names_list)
            assert len_ >= n
            return self.names_list[len_ - n :]

        def bundle(self, name):
            return self.bundles.setdefault(name, [])

        @classmethod
        def initialize_rules(cls):
            try:
                return cls._initializers_per_class[cls]
            except KeyError:
                pass

            cls._initializers_per_class[cls] = []
            for _, v in inspect.getmembers(cls):
                r = getattr(v, INITIALIZE_RULE_MARKER, None)
                if r is not None:
                    cls._initializers_per_class[cls].append(r)
            return cls._initializers_per_class[cls]

        @classmethod
        def rules(cls):
            try:
                return cls._rules_per_class[cls]
            except KeyError:
                pass

            cls._rules_per_class[cls] = []
            for _, v in inspect.getmembers(cls):
                r = getattr(v, RULE_MARKER, None)
                if r is not None:
                    cls._rules_per_class[cls].append(r)
            return cls._rules_per_class[cls]

        @classmethod
        def invariants(cls):
            try:
                return cls._invariants_per_class[cls]
            except KeyError:
                pass

            target = []
            for _, v in inspect.getmembers(cls):
                i = getattr(v, INVARIANT_MARKER, None)
                if i is not None:
                    target.append(i)
            cls._invariants_per_class[cls] = target
            return cls._invariants_per_class[cls]

        def _repr_step(self, rule, data, result):
            output_assignment = ""
            if rule.targets:
                if isinstance(result, MultipleResults):
                    if len(result.values) == 1:
                        output_assignment = f"({self._last_names(1)[0]},) = "
                    elif result.values:
                        number_of_last_names = len(rule.targets) * len(result.values)
                        output_names = self._last_names(number_of_last_names)
                        output_assignment = ", ".join(output_names) + " = "
                else:
                    output_assignment = self._last_names(1)[0] + " = "
            args = ", ".join("%s=%s" % kv for kv in data.items())
            return f"{output_assignment}state.{rule.function.__name__}({args})"

        def _add_result_to_targets(self, targets, result):
            for target in targets:
                name = self._new_name(target)

                def printer(obj, p, cycle, name=name):
                    return p.text(name)

                # see
                # https://github.com/HypothesisWorks/hypothesis/pull/4266#discussion_r1949619102
                if not _is_singleton(result):
                    self.__printer.singleton_pprinters.setdefault(id(result), printer)
                self.names_to_values[name] = result
                self.bundles.setdefault(target, []).append(VarReference(name))

        def check_invariants(self, settings, output, runtimes):
            for invar in self.invariants():
                if self._initialize_rules_to_run and not invar.check_during_init:
                    continue
                if not all(precond(self) for precond in invar.preconditions):
                    continue
                name = invar.function.__name__
                if (
                    current_build_context().is_final
                    or settings.verbosity >= Verbosity.debug
                    or TESTCASE_CALLBACKS
                ):
                    output(f"state.{name}()")
                start = perf_counter()
                result = invar.function(self)
                runtimes[f"execute:invariant:{name}"] += perf_counter() - start
                if result is not None:
                    fail_health_check(
                        settings,
                        "The return value of an @invariant is always ignored, but "
                        f"{invar.function.__qualname__} returned {result!r} "
                        "instead of None",
                        HealthCheck.return_value,
                    )

        def teardown(self):
            """Called after a run has finished executing to clean up any necessary
            state.

            Does nothing by default.
            """

        TestCase = TestCaseProperty()

        @classmethod
        @lru_cache
        def _to_test_case(cls):
            class StateMachineTestCase(TestCase):
                settings = Settings(deadline=None, suppress_health_check=list(HealthCheck))

                def runTest(self):
                    run_state_machine_as_test(cls, settings=self.settings)

                runTest.is_hypothesis_test = True
                runTest._hypothesis_state_machine_class = cls

            StateMachineTestCase.__name__ = cls.__name__ + ".TestCase"
            StateMachineTestCase.__qualname__ = cls.__qualname__ + ".TestCase"
            return StateMachineTestCase

    @attr.s(repr=False)
    class Rule:
        targets = attr.ib()
        function = attr.ib(repr=get_pretty_function_description)
        arguments = attr.ib()
        preconditions = attr.ib()
        bundles = attr.ib(init=False)

        def __attrs_post_init__(self):
            self.arguments_strategies = {}
            bundles = []
            for k, v in sorted(self.arguments.items()):
                assert not isinstance(v, BundleReferenceStrategy)
                if isinstance(v, Bundle):
                    bundles.append(v)
                    consume = isinstance(v, BundleConsumer)
                    v = BundleReferenceStrategy(v.name, consume=consume)
                self.arguments_strategies[k] = v
            self.bundles = tuple(bundles)

        def __repr__(self) -> str:
            rep = get_pretty_function_description
            bits = [f"{k}={rep(v)}" for k, v in attr.asdict(self).items() if v]
            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({', '.join(bits)})"

    self_strategy = st.runner()

    class BundleReferenceStrategy(SearchStrategy):
        def __init__(self, name: str, *, consume: bool = False):
            self.name = name
            self.consume = consume

        def do_draw(self, data):
            machine = data.draw(self_strategy)
            bundle = machine.bundle(self.name)
            if not bundle:
                data.mark_invalid(f"Cannot draw from empty bundle {self.name!r}")
            # Shrink towards the right rather than the left. This makes it easier
            # to delete data generated earlier, as when the error is towards the
            # end there can be a lot of hard to remove padding.
            position = data.draw_integer(0, len(bundle) - 1, shrink_towards=len(bundle))
            if self.consume:
                return bundle.pop(position)  # pragma: no cover  # coverage is flaky here
            else:
                return bundle[position]

    class Bundle(SearchStrategy[Ex]):
        """A collection of values for use in stateful testing.

        Bundles are a kind of strategy where values can be added by rules,
        and (like any strategy) used as inputs to future rules.

        The ``name`` argument they are passed is the they are referred to
        internally by the state machine; no two bundles may have
        the same name. It is idiomatic to use the attribute
        being assigned to as the name of the Bundle::

            class MyStateMachine(RuleBasedStateMachine):
                keys = Bundle("keys")

        Bundles can contain the same value more than once; this becomes
        relevant when using :func:`~hypothesis.stateful.consumes` to remove
        values again.

        If the ``consume`` argument is set to True, then all values that are
        drawn from this bundle will be consumed (as above) when requested.
        """

        def __init__(
            self, name: str, *, consume: bool = False, draw_references: bool = True
        ) -> None:
            self.name = name
            self.__reference_strategy = BundleReferenceStrategy(name, consume=consume)
            self.draw_references = draw_references

        def do_draw(self, data):
            machine = data.draw(self_strategy)
            reference = data.draw(self.__reference_strategy)
            return machine.names_to_values[reference.name]

        def __repr__(self):
            consume = self.__reference_strategy.consume
            if consume is False:
                return f"Bundle(name={self.name!r})"
            return f"Bundle(name={self.name!r}, {consume=})"

        def calc_is_empty(self, recur):
            # We assume that a bundle will grow over time
            return False

        def available(self, data):
            # ``self_strategy`` is an instance of the ``st.runner()`` strategy.
            # Hence drawing from it only returns the current state machine without
            # modifying the underlying buffer.
            machine = data.draw(self_strategy)
            return bool(machine.bundle(self.name))

        def flatmap(self, expand):
            if self.draw_references:
                return type(self)(
                    self.name,
                    consume=self.__reference_strategy.consume,
                    draw_references=False,
                ).flatmap(expand)
            return super().flatmap(expand)

    class BundleConsumer(Bundle[Ex]):
        def __init__(self, bundle: Bundle[Ex]) -> None:
            super().__init__(bundle.name, consume=True)

    def consumes(bundle: Bundle[Ex]) -> SearchStrategy[Ex]:
        """When introducing a rule in a RuleBasedStateMachine, this function can
        be used to mark bundles from which each value used in a step with the
        given rule should be removed. This function returns a strategy object
        that can be manipulated and combined like any other.

        For example, a rule declared with

        ``@rule(value1=b1, value2=consumes(b2), value3=lists(consumes(b3)))``

        will consume a value from Bundle ``b2`` and several values from Bundle
        ``b3`` to populate ``value2`` and ``value3`` each time it is executed.
        """
        if not isinstance(bundle, Bundle):
            raise TypeError("Argument to be consumed must be a bundle.")
        return BundleConsumer(bundle)

    @attr.s()
    class MultipleResults(Iterable[Ex]):
        values = attr.ib()

        def __iter__(self):
            return iter(self.values)

    def multiple(*args: T) -> MultipleResults[T]:
        """This function can be used to pass multiple results to the target(s) of
        a rule. Just use ``return multiple(result1, result2, ...)`` in your rule.

        It is also possible to use ``return multiple()`` with no arguments in
        order to end a rule without passing any result.
        """
        return MultipleResults(args)

    def _convert_targets(targets, target):
        """Single validator and converter for target arguments."""
        if target is not None:
            if targets:
                raise InvalidArgument(
                    "Passing both targets=%r and target=%r is redundant - pass "
                    "targets=%r instead." % (targets, target, (*targets, target))
                )
            targets = (target,)

        converted_targets = []
        for t in targets:
            if not isinstance(t, Bundle):
                msg = "Got invalid target %r of type %r, but all targets must be Bundles."
                if isinstance(t, OneOfStrategy):
                    msg += (
                        "\nIt looks like you passed `one_of(a, b)` or `a | b` as "
                        "a target.  You should instead pass `targets=(a, b)` to "
                        "add the return value of this rule to both the `a` and "
                        "`b` bundles, or define a rule for each target if it "
                        "should be added to exactly one."
                    )
                raise InvalidArgument(msg % (t, type(t)))
            while isinstance(t, Bundle):
                if isinstance(t, BundleConsumer):
                    note_deprecation(
                        f"Using consumes({t.name}) doesn't makes sense in this context.  "
                        "This will be an error in a future version of Hypothesis.",
                        since="2021-09-08",
                        has_codemod=False,
                        stacklevel=2,
                    )
                t = t.name
            converted_targets.append(t)
        return tuple(converted_targets)

    RULE_MARKER = "hypothesis_stateful_rule"
    INITIALIZE_RULE_MARKER = "hypothesis_stateful_initialize_rule"
    PRECONDITIONS_MARKER = "hypothesis_stateful_preconditions"
    INVARIANT_MARKER = "hypothesis_stateful_invariant"

    _RuleType = Callable[..., Union[MultipleResults[Ex], Ex]]
    _RuleWrapper = Callable[[_RuleType[Ex]], _RuleType[Ex]]

    # We cannot exclude `target` or `targets` from any of these signatures because
    # otherwise they would be matched against the `kwargs`, either leading to
    # overlapping overloads of incompatible return types, or a concrete
    # implementation that does not accept all overloaded variant signatures.
    # Although it is possible to reorder the variants to fix the former, it will
    # always lead to the latter, as then the omitted parameter could be typed as
    # a `SearchStrategy`, which the concrete implementation does not accept.
    #
    # Omitted `targets` parameters, where the default value is used, are typed with
    # a special `_OmittedArgument` type. We cannot type them as `tuple[()]`, because
    # `tuple[()]` is a subtype of `Sequence[Bundle[Ex]]`, leading to signature
    # overlaps with incompatible return types. The `_OmittedArgument` type will never be
    # encountered at runtime, and exists solely to annotate the default of `targets`.
    # PEP 661 (Sentinel Values) might provide a more elegant alternative in the future.
    #
    # We could've also annotated `targets` as `tuple[_OmittedArgument]`, but then when
    # both `target` and `targets` are provided, mypy describes the type error as an
    # invalid argument type for `targets` (expected `tuple[_OmittedArgument]`, got ...).
    # By annotating it as a bare `_OmittedArgument` type, mypy's error will warn that
    # there is no overloaded signature matching the call, which is more descriptive.
    #
    # When `target` xor `targets` is provided, the function to decorate must return
    # a value whose type matches the one stored in the bundle. When neither are
    # provided, the function to decorate must return nothing. There is no variant
    # for providing `target` and `targets`, as these parameters are mutually exclusive.
    @overload
    def rule(
        *,
        targets: Sequence[Bundle[Ex]],
        target: None = ...,
        **kwargs: SearchStrategy,
    ) -> _RuleWrapper[Ex]:  # pragma: no cover
        ...

    @overload
    def rule(
        *, target: Bundle[Ex], targets: _OmittedArgument = ..., **kwargs: SearchStrategy
    ) -> _RuleWrapper[Ex]:  # pragma: no cover
        ...

    @overload
    def rule(
        *,
        target: None = ...,
        targets: _OmittedArgument = ...,
        **kwargs: SearchStrategy,
    ) -> Callable[[Callable[..., None]], Callable[..., None]]:  # pragma: no cover
        ...

    def rule(
        *,
        targets: Union[Sequence[Bundle[Ex]], _OmittedArgument] = (),
        target: Optional[Bundle[Ex]] = None,
        **kwargs: SearchStrategy,
    ) -> Union[_RuleWrapper[Ex], Callable[[Callable[..., None]], Callable[..., None]]]:
        """Decorator for RuleBasedStateMachine. Any Bundle present in ``target`` or
        ``targets`` will define where the end result of this function should go. If
        both are empty then the end result will be discarded.

        ``target`` must be a Bundle, or if the result should be replicated to multiple
        bundles you can pass a tuple of them as the ``targets`` argument.
        It is invalid to use both arguments for a single rule.  If the result
        should go to exactly one of several bundles, define a separate rule for
        each case.

        kwargs then define the arguments that will be passed to the function
        invocation. If their value is a Bundle, or if it is ``consumes(b)``
        where ``b`` is a Bundle, then values that have previously been produced
        for that bundle will be provided. If ``consumes`` is used, the value
        will also be removed from the bundle.

        Any other kwargs should be strategies and values from them will be
        provided.
        """
        converted_targets = _convert_targets(targets, target)
        for k, v in kwargs.items():
            check_strategy(v, name=k)

        def accept(f):
            if getattr(f, INVARIANT_MARKER, None):
                raise InvalidDefinition(
                    "A function cannot be used for both a rule and an invariant.",
                    Settings.default,
                )
            existing_rule = getattr(f, RULE_MARKER, None)
            existing_initialize_rule = getattr(f, INITIALIZE_RULE_MARKER, None)
            if existing_rule is not None or existing_initialize_rule is not None:
                raise InvalidDefinition(
                    "A function cannot be used for two distinct rules. ", Settings.default
                )
            preconditions = getattr(f, PRECONDITIONS_MARKER, ())
            rule = Rule(
                targets=converted_targets,
                arguments=kwargs,
                function=f,
                preconditions=preconditions,
            )

            @proxies(f)
            def rule_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                return f(*args, **kwargs)

            setattr(rule_wrapper, RULE_MARKER, rule)
            return rule_wrapper

        return accept

    # See also comments of `rule`'s overloads.
    @overload
    def initialize(
        *,
        targets: Sequence[Bundle[Ex]],
        target: None = ...,
        **kwargs: SearchStrategy,
    ) -> _RuleWrapper[Ex]:  # pragma: no cover
        ...

    @overload
    def initialize(
        *, target: Bundle[Ex], targets: _OmittedArgument = ..., **kwargs: SearchStrategy
    ) -> _RuleWrapper[Ex]:  # pragma: no cover
        ...

    @overload
    def initialize(
        *,
        target: None = ...,
        targets: _OmittedArgument = ...,
        **kwargs: SearchStrategy,
    ) -> Callable[[Callable[..., None]], Callable[..., None]]:  # pragma: no cover
        ...

    def initialize(
        *,
        targets: Union[Sequence[Bundle[Ex]], _OmittedArgument] = (),
        target: Optional[Bundle[Ex]] = None,
        **kwargs: SearchStrategy,
    ) -> Union[_RuleWrapper[Ex], Callable[[Callable[..., None]], Callable[..., None]]]:
        """Decorator for RuleBasedStateMachine.

        An initialize decorator behaves like a rule, but all ``@initialize()`` decorated
        methods will be called before any ``@rule()`` decorated methods, in an arbitrary
        order.  Each ``@initialize()`` method will be called exactly once per run, unless
        one raises an exception - after which only the ``.teardown()`` method will be run.
        ``@initialize()`` methods may not have preconditions.
        """
        converted_targets = _convert_targets(targets, target)
        for k, v in kwargs.items():
            check_strategy(v, name=k)

        def accept(f):
            if getattr(f, INVARIANT_MARKER, None):
                raise InvalidDefinition(
                    "A function cannot be used for both a rule and an invariant.",
                    Settings.default,
                )
            existing_rule = getattr(f, RULE_MARKER, None)
            existing_initialize_rule = getattr(f, INITIALIZE_RULE_MARKER, None)
            if existing_rule is not None or existing_initialize_rule is not None:
                raise InvalidDefinition(
                    "A function cannot be used for two distinct rules. ", Settings.default
                )
            preconditions = getattr(f, PRECONDITIONS_MARKER, ())
            if preconditions:
                raise InvalidDefinition(
                    "An initialization rule cannot have a precondition. ", Settings.default
                )
            rule = Rule(
                targets=converted_targets,
                arguments=kwargs,
                function=f,
                preconditions=preconditions,
            )

            @proxies(f)
            def rule_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                return f(*args, **kwargs)

            setattr(rule_wrapper, INITIALIZE_RULE_MARKER, rule)
            return rule_wrapper

        return accept

    @attr.s()
    class VarReference:
        name = attr.ib()

    # There are multiple alternatives for annotating the `precond` type, all of them
    # have drawbacks. See https://github.com/HypothesisWorks/hypothesis/pull/3068#issuecomment-906642371

    def precondition(precond: Callable[[Any], bool]) -> Callable[[TestFunc], TestFunc]:
        """Decorator to apply a precondition for rules in a RuleBasedStateMachine.
        Specifies a precondition for a rule to be considered as a valid step in the
        state machine, which is more efficient than using :func:`~hypothesis.assume`
        within the rule.  The ``precond`` function will be called with the instance of
        RuleBasedStateMachine and should return True or False. Usually it will need
        to look at attributes on that instance.

        For example::

            class MyTestMachine(RuleBasedStateMachine):
                state = 1

                @precondition(lambda self: self.state != 0)
                @rule(numerator=integers())
                def divide_with(self, numerator):
                    self.state = numerator / self.state

        If multiple preconditions are applied to a single rule, it is only considered
        a valid step when all of them return True.  Preconditions may be applied to
        invariants as well as rules.
        """

        def decorator(f):
            @proxies(f)
            def precondition_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                return f(*args, **kwargs)

            existing_initialize_rule = getattr(f, INITIALIZE_RULE_MARKER, None)
            if existing_initialize_rule is not None:
                raise InvalidDefinition(
                    "An initialization rule cannot have a precondition. ", Settings.default
                )

            rule = getattr(f, RULE_MARKER, None)
            invariant = getattr(f, INVARIANT_MARKER, None)
            if rule is not None:
                assert invariant is None
                new_rule = attr.evolve(rule, preconditions=(*rule.preconditions, precond))
                setattr(precondition_wrapper, RULE_MARKER, new_rule)
            elif invariant is not None:
                assert rule is None
                new_invariant = attr.evolve(
                    invariant, preconditions=(*invariant.preconditions, precond)
                )
                setattr(precondition_wrapper, INVARIANT_MARKER, new_invariant)
            else:
                setattr(
                    precondition_wrapper,
                    PRECONDITIONS_MARKER,
                    (*getattr(f, PRECONDITIONS_MARKER, ()), precond),
                )

            return precondition_wrapper

        return decorator

    @attr.s()
    class Invariant:
        function = attr.ib(repr=get_pretty_function_description)
        preconditions = attr.ib()
        check_during_init = attr.ib()

    def invariant(*, check_during_init: bool = False) -> Callable[[TestFunc], TestFunc]:
        """Decorator to apply an invariant for rules in a RuleBasedStateMachine.
        The decorated function will be run after every rule and can raise an
        exception to indicate failed invariants.

        For example::

            class MyTestMachine(RuleBasedStateMachine):
                state = 1

                @invariant()
                def is_nonzero(self):
                    assert self.state != 0

        By default, invariants are only checked after all
        :func:`@initialize() <hypothesis.stateful.initialize>` rules have been run.
        Pass ``check_during_init=True`` for invariants which can also be checked
        during initialization.
        """
        check_type(bool, check_during_init, "check_during_init")

        def accept(f):
            if getattr(f, RULE_MARKER, None) or getattr(f, INITIALIZE_RULE_MARKER, None):
                raise InvalidDefinition(
                    "A function cannot be used for both a rule and an invariant.",
                    Settings.default,
                )
            existing_invariant = getattr(f, INVARIANT_MARKER, None)
            if existing_invariant is not None:
                raise InvalidDefinition(
                    "A function cannot be used for two distinct invariants.",
                    Settings.default,
                )
            preconditions = getattr(f, PRECONDITIONS_MARKER, ())
            invar = Invariant(
                function=f,
                preconditions=preconditions,
                check_during_init=check_during_init,
            )

            @proxies(f)
            def invariant_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                return f(*args, **kwargs)

            setattr(invariant_wrapper, INVARIANT_MARKER, invar)
            return invariant_wrapper

        return accept

    LOOP_LABEL = cu.calc_label_from_name("RuleStrategy loop iteration")

    class RuleStrategy(SearchStrategy):
        def __init__(self, machine):
            super().__init__()
            self.machine = machine
            self.rules = list(machine.rules())

            self.enabled_rules_strategy = st.shared(
                FeatureStrategy(at_least_one_of={r.function.__name__ for r in self.rules}),
                key=("enabled rules", machine),
            )

            # The order is a bit arbitrary. Primarily we're trying to group rules
            # that write to the same location together, and to put rules with no
            # target first as they have less effect on the structure. We order from
            # fewer to more arguments on grounds that it will plausibly need less
            # data. This probably won't work especially well and we could be
            # smarter about it, but it's better than just doing it in definition
            # order.
            self.rules.sort(
                key=lambda rule: (
                    sorted(rule.targets),
                    len(rule.arguments),
                    rule.function.__name__,
                )
            )

        def __repr__(self):
            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(machine={self.machine.__class__.__name__}({{...}}))"

        def do_draw(self, data):
            if not any(self.is_valid(rule) for rule in self.rules):
                msg = f"No progress can be made from state {self.machine!r}"
                raise InvalidDefinition(msg) from None

            feature_flags = data.draw(self.enabled_rules_strategy)

            def rule_is_enabled(r):
                # Note: The order of the filters here is actually quite important,
                # because checking is_enabled makes choices, so increases the size of
                # the choice sequence. This means that if we are in a case where many
                # rules are invalid we would make a lot more choices if we ask if they
                # are enabled before we ask if they are valid, so our test cases would
                # be artificially large.
                return self.is_valid(r) and feature_flags.is_enabled(r.function.__name__)

            rule = data.draw(st.sampled_from(self.rules).filter(rule_is_enabled))

            arguments = {}
            for k, strat in rule.arguments_strategies.items():
                try:
                    arguments[k] = data.draw(strat)
                except Exception as err:
                    rname = rule.function.__name__
                    add_note(err, f"while generating {k!r} from {strat!r} for rule {rname}")
                    raise
            return (rule, arguments)

        def is_valid(self, rule):
            for b in rule.bundles:
                if not self.machine.bundle(b.name):
                    return False

            predicates = self.machine._observability_predicates
            desc = f"{self.machine.__class__.__qualname__}, rule {rule.function.__name__},"
            for pred in rule.preconditions:
                meets_precond = pred(self.machine)
                where = f"{desc} precondition {get_pretty_function_description(pred)}"
                predicates[where]["satisfied" if meets_precond else "unsatisfied"] += 1
                if not meets_precond:
                    return False

            return True