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# Overview: Easy, clean, reliable Python 2/3 compatibility

`python-future` is the missing compatibility layer between Python 2 and Python 3. It allows you to use a single, clean Python 3.x-compatible codebase to support both Python 2 and Python 3 with minimal overhead.

It provides `future` and `past` packages with backports and forward ports of features from Python 3 and 2. It also comes with `futurize` and `pasteurize`, customized 2to3-based scripts that helps you to convert either Py2 or Py3 code easily to support both Python 2 and 3 in a single clean Py3-style codebase, module by module.

Notable projects that use `python-future` for Python 2/3 compatibility are Mezzanine and ObsPy.

## Features

- `future.builtins` package (also available as `builtins` on Py2) provides backports and remappings for 20 builtins with different semantics on Py3 versus Py2
- support for directly importing 30 standard library modules under their Python 3 names on Py2
- support for importing the other 14 refactored standard library modules under their Py3 names relatively cleanly via `future.standard_library` and `future.moves`
- `past.builtins` package provides forward-ports of 19 Python 2 types and builtin functions. These can aid with per-module code migrations.
- `past.translation` package supports transparent translation of Python 2 modules to Python 3 upon import. [This feature is currently in alpha.]
- 1000+ unit tests, including many from the Py3.3 source tree.
- `futurize` and `pasteurize` scripts based on `2to3` and parts of `3to2` and `python-modernize`, for automatic conversion from either Py2 or Py3 to a clean single-source codebase compatible with Python 2.6+ and Python 3.3+.
- a curated set of utility functions and decorators in `future.utils` and `past.utils` selected from Py2/3 compatibility interfaces from projects like `six`, `IPython`, `Jinja2`, `Django`, and `Pandas`.
- support for the `surrogateescape` error handler when encoding and decoding the backported `str` and `bytes` objects. [This feature is currently in alpha.]

## Code examples

Replacements for Py2’s built-in functions and types are designed to be imported at the top of each Python module together with Python’s built-in `__future__` statements. For example, this code behaves identically on Python 2.6/2.7 after these imports as it does on Python 3.3+:

    from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
    from builtins import (bytes, str, open, super, range,
                          zip, round, input, int, pow, object)

    # Backported Py3 bytes object
    b = bytes(b'ABCD')
    assert list(b) == [65, 66, 67, 68]
    assert repr(b) == "b'ABCD'"
    # These raise TypeErrors:
    # b + u'EFGH'
    # bytes(b',').join([u'Fred', u'Bill'])

    # Backported Py3 str object
    s = str(u'ABCD')
    assert s != bytes(b'ABCD')
    assert isinstance(s.encode('utf-8'), bytes)
    assert isinstance(b.decode('utf-8'), str)
    assert repr(s) == "'ABCD'"      # consistent repr with Py3 (no u prefix)
    # These raise TypeErrors:
    # bytes(b'B') in s
    # s.find(bytes(b'A'))

    # Extra arguments for the open() function
    f = open('japanese.txt', encoding='utf-8', errors='replace')

    # New zero-argument super() function:
    class VerboseList(list):
        def append(self, item):
            print('Adding an item')
            super().append(item)

    # New iterable range object with slicing support
    for i in range(10**15)[:10]:
        pass

    # Other iterators: map, zip, filter
    my_iter = zip(range(3), ['a', 'b', 'c'])
    assert my_iter != list(my_iter)

    # The round() function behaves as it does in Python 3, using
    # "Banker's Rounding" to the nearest even last digit:
    assert round(0.1250, 2) == 0.12

    # input() replaces Py2's raw_input() (with no eval()):
    name = input('What is your name? ')
    print('Hello ' + name)

    # pow() supports fractional exponents of negative numbers like in Py3:
    z = pow(-1, 0.5)

    # Compatible output from isinstance() across Py2/3:
    assert isinstance(2**64, int)        # long integers
    assert isinstance(u'blah', str)
    assert isinstance('blah', str)       # only if unicode_literals is in effect

    # Py3-style iterators written as new-style classes (subclasses of
    # future.types.newobject) are automatically backward compatible with Py2:
    class Upper(object):
        def __init__(self, iterable):
            self._iter = iter(iterable)
        def __next__(self):                 # note the Py3 interface
            return next(self._iter).upper()
        def __iter__(self):
            return self
    assert list(Upper('hello')) == list('HELLO')

There is also support for renamed standard library modules. The recommended interface works like this:

    # Many Py3 module names are supported directly on both Py2.x and 3.x:
    from http.client import HttpConnection
    import html.parser
    import queue
    import xmlrpc.client

    # Refactored modules with clashing names on Py2 and Py3 are supported
    # as follows:
    from future import standard_library
    standard_library.install_aliases()

    # Then, for example:
    from itertools import filterfalse, zip_longest
    from urllib.request import urlopen
    from collections import ChainMap
    from collections import UserDict, UserList, UserString
    from subprocess import getoutput, getstatusoutput
    from collections import Counter, OrderedDict   # backported to Py2.6

## Automatic conversion to Py2/3-compatible code

`python-future` comes with two scripts called `futurize` and `pasteurize` to aid in making Python 2 code or Python 3 code compatible with both platforms (Py2/3). It is based on 2to3 and uses fixers from `lib2to3`, `lib3to2`, and `python-modernize`, as well as custom fixers.

`futurize` passes Python 2 code through all the appropriate fixers to turn it into valid Python 3 code, and then adds `__future__` and `future` package imports so that it also runs under Python 2.

For conversions from Python 3 code to Py2/3, use the `pasteurize` script instead. This converts Py3-only constructs (e.g. new metaclass syntax) to Py2/3 compatible constructs and adds `__future__` and `future` imports to the top of each module.

In both cases, the result should be relatively clean Py3-style code that runs mostly unchanged on both Python 2 and Python 3.

### Futurize: 2 to both

For example, running `futurize -w mymodule.py` turns this Python 2 code:

    import Queue
    from urllib2 import urlopen

    def greet(name):
        print 'Hello',
        print name

    print "What's your name?",
    name = raw_input()
    greet(name)

into this code which runs on both Py2 and Py3:

    from __future__ import print_function
    from future import standard_library
    standard_library.install_aliases()
    from builtins import input
    import queue
    from urllib.request import urlopen

    def greet(name):
        print('Hello', end=' ')
        print(name)

    print("What's your name?", end=' ')
    name = input()
    greet(name)

See futurize: Py2 to Py2/3 and pasteurize: Py3 to Py2/3 for more details.

## Automatic translation

The `past` package can automatically translate some simple Python 2 modules to Python 3 upon import. The goal is to support the “long tail” of real-world Python 2 modules (e.g. on PyPI) that have not been ported yet. For example, here is how to use a Python 2-only package called `plotrique` on Python 3. First install it:

    $ pip3 install plotrique==0.2.5-7 --no-compile   # to ignore SyntaxErrors

(or use `pip` if this points to your Py3 environment.)

Then pass a whitelist of module name prefixes to the `autotranslate()` function. Example:

    $ python3

    >>> from past import autotranslate
    >>> autotranslate(['plotrique'])
    >>> import plotrique

This transparently translates and runs the `plotrique` module and any submodules in the `plotrique` package that `plotrique` imports.

This is intended to help you migrate to Python 3 without the need for all your code’s dependencies to support Python 3 yet. It should be used as a last resort; ideally Python 2-only dependencies should be ported properly to a Python 2/3 compatible codebase using a tool like `futurize` and the changes should be pushed to the upstream project.

Note: the auto-translation feature is still in alpha; it needs more testing and development, and will likely never be perfect.

For more info, see Using Python 2-only dependencies on Python 3.

## Licensing

Author: | Ed Schofield
Copyright: | 2013-2015 Python Charmers Pty Ltd, Australia.
Sponsor: | Python Charmers Pty Ltd, Australia, and Python Charmers Pte Ltd, Singapore. http://pythoncharmers.com
Licence: | MIT. See `LICENSE.txt` or here.
Other credits: | See here.

## Next steps

If you are new to Python-Future, check out the Quickstart Guide.

For an update on changes in the latest version, see the What’s New page.

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