# Security

The two main security components you will use with the Python driver are Authentication and SSL.

## Authentication

Versions 2.0 and higher of the driver support a SASL-based authentication mechanism when `protocol_version` is set to 2 or higher. To use this authentication, set `auth_provider` to an instance of a subclass of `AuthProvider`. When working with Cassandra’s `PasswordAuthenticator`, you can use the `PlainTextAuthProvider` class.

For example, suppose Cassandra is setup with its default ‘cassandra’ user with a password of ‘cassandra’:

    from cassandra.cluster import Cluster
    from cassandra.auth import PlainTextAuthProvider

    auth_provider = PlainTextAuthProvider(username='cassandra', password='cassandra')
    cluster = Cluster(auth_provider=auth_provider, protocol_version=2)

### Custom Authenticators

If you’re using something other than Cassandra’s `PasswordAuthenticator`, `SaslAuthProvider` is provided for generic SASL authentication mechanisms, utilizing the `pure-sasl` package. If these do not suit your needs, you may need to create your own subclasses of `AuthProvider` and `Authenticator`. You can use the Sasl classes as example implementations.

### Protocol v1 Authentication

When working with Cassandra 1.2 (or a higher version with `protocol_version` set to `1`), you will not pass in an `AuthProvider` instance. Instead, you should pass in a function that takes one argument, the IP address of a host, and returns a dict of credentials with a `username` and `password` key:

    from cassandra.cluster import Cluster

    def get_credentials(host_address):
        return {'username': 'joe', 'password': '1234'}

    cluster = Cluster(auth_provider=get_credentials, protocol_version=1)

## SSL

SSL should be used when client encryption is enabled in Cassandra.

To give you as much control as possible over your SSL configuration, our SSL API takes a user-created SSLContext instance from the Python standard library. These docs will include some examples for how to achieve common configurations, but the ssl.SSLContext documentation gives a more complete description of what is possible.

To enable SSL with version 3.17.0 and higher, you will need to set `Cluster.ssl_context` to a `ssl.SSLContext` instance to enable SSL. Optionally, you can also set `Cluster.ssl_options` to a dict of options. These will be passed as kwargs to `ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket()` when new sockets are created.

If you create your SSLContext using ssl.create_default_context, be aware that SSLContext.check_hostname is set to True by default, so the hostname validation will be done by Python and not the driver. For this reason, we need to set the server_hostname at best effort, which is the resolved ip address. If this validation needs to be done against the FQDN, consider enabling it using the ssl_options as described in the following examples or implement your own `EndPoint` and `EndPointFactory`.

The following examples assume you have generated your Cassandra certificate and keystore files with these intructions:

- Setup SSL Cert

It might be also useful to learn about the different levels of identity verification to understand the examples:

- Using SSL in DSE drivers

### SSL with Twisted or Eventlet

Twisted and Eventlet both use an alternative SSL implementation called pyOpenSSL, so if your Cluster’s connection class is `TwistedConnection` or `EventletConnection`, you must pass a pyOpenSSL context instead. An example is provided in these docs, and more details can be found in the documentation. pyOpenSSL is not installed by the driver and must be installed separately.

### SSL Configuration Examples

Here, we’ll describe the server and driver configuration necessary to set up SSL to meet various goals, such as the client verifying the server and the server verifying the client. We’ll also include Python code demonstrating how to use servers and drivers configured in these ways.

#### No identity verification

No identity verification at all. Note that this is not recommended for for production deployments.

The Cassandra configuration:

    client_encryption_options:
      enabled: true
      keystore: /path/to/127.0.0.1.keystore
      keystore_password: myStorePass
      require_client_auth: false

The driver configuration:

    from cassandra.cluster import Cluster, Session
    from ssl import SSLContext, PROTOCOL_TLSv1

    ssl_context = SSLContext(PROTOCOL_TLSv1)

    cluster = Cluster(['127.0.0.1'], ssl_context=ssl_context)
    session = cluster.connect()

#### Client verifies server

Ensure the python driver verifies the identity of the server.

The Cassandra configuration:

    client_encryption_options:
      enabled: true
      keystore: /path/to/127.0.0.1.keystore
      keystore_password: myStorePass
      require_client_auth: false

For the driver configuration, it’s very important to set ssl_context.verify_mode to CERT_REQUIRED. Otherwise, the loaded verify certificate will have no effect:

    from cassandra.cluster import Cluster, Session
    from ssl import SSLContext, PROTOCOL_TLSv1, CERT_REQUIRED

    ssl_context = SSLContext(PROTOCOL_TLSv1)
    ssl_context.load_verify_locations('/path/to/rootca.crt')
    ssl_context.verify_mode = CERT_REQUIRED

    cluster = Cluster(['127.0.0.1'], ssl_context=ssl_context)
    session = cluster.connect()

Additionally, you can also force the driver to verify the hostname of the server by passing additional options to ssl_context.wrap_socket via the ssl_options kwarg:

    from cassandra.cluster import Cluster, Session
    from ssl import SSLContext, PROTOCOL_TLSv1, CERT_REQUIRED

    ssl_context = SSLContext(PROTOCOL_TLSv1)
    ssl_context.load_verify_locations('/path/to/rootca.crt')
    ssl_context.verify_mode = CERT_REQUIRED
    ssl_context.check_hostname = True
    ssl_options = {'server_hostname': '127.0.0.1'}

    cluster = Cluster(['127.0.0.1'], ssl_context=ssl_context, ssl_options=ssl_options)
    session = cluster.connect()

#### Server verifies client

If Cassandra is configured to verify clients (`require_client_auth`), you need to generate SSL key and certificate files.

The cassandra configuration:

    client_encryption_options:
      enabled: true
      keystore: /path/to/127.0.0.1.keystore
      keystore_password: myStorePass
      require_client_auth: true
      truststore: /path/to/dse-truststore.jks
      truststore_password: myStorePass

The Python `ssl` APIs require the certificate in PEM format. First, create a certificate conf file:

    cat > gen_client_cert.conf <<EOF
    [ req ]
    distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
    prompt = no
    output_password = ${ROOT_CERT_PASS}
    default_bits = 2048

    [ req_distinguished_name ]
    C = ${CERT_COUNTRY}
    O = ${CERT_ORG_NAME}
    OU = ${CERT_OU}
    CN = client
    EOF

Make sure you replaced the variables with the same values you used for the initial root CA certificate. Then, generate the key:

    openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout client.key -out client.csr -config gen_client_cert.conf

And generate the client signed certificate:

    openssl x509 -req -CA ${ROOT_CA_BASE_NAME}.crt -CAkey ${ROOT_CA_BASE_NAME}.key -passin pass:${ROOT_CERT_PASS} \
        -in client.csr -out client.crt_signed -days ${CERT_VALIDITY} -CAcreateserial

Finally, you can use that configuration with the following driver code:

    from cassandra.cluster import Cluster, Session
    from ssl import SSLContext, PROTOCOL_TLSv1

    ssl_context = SSLContext(PROTOCOL_TLSv1)
    ssl_context.load_cert_chain(
        certfile='/path/to/client.crt_signed',
        keyfile='/path/to/client.key')

    cluster = Cluster(['127.0.0.1'], ssl_context=ssl_context)
    session = cluster.connect()

#### Server verifies client and client verifies server

See the previous section for examples of Cassandra configuration and preparing the client certificates.

The following driver code specifies that the connection should use two-way verification:

    from cassandra.cluster import Cluster, Session
    from ssl import SSLContext, PROTOCOL_TLSv1, CERT_REQUIRED

    ssl_context = SSLContext(PROTOCOL_TLSv1)
    ssl_context.load_verify_locations('/path/to/rootca.crt')
    ssl_context.verify_mode = CERT_REQUIRED
    ssl_context.load_cert_chain(
        certfile='/path/to/client.crt_signed',
        keyfile='/path/to/client.key')

    cluster = Cluster(['127.0.0.1'], ssl_context=ssl_context)
    session = cluster.connect()

The driver uses `SSLContext` directly to give you many other options in configuring SSL. Consider reading the Python SSL documentation for more details about `SSLContext` configuration.

Server verifies client and client verifies server using Twisted and pyOpenSSL

    from OpenSSL import SSL, crypto
    from cassandra.cluster import Cluster
    from cassandra.io.twistedreactor import TwistedConnection

    ssl_context = SSL.Context(SSL.TLSv1_METHOD)
    ssl_context.set_verify(SSL.VERIFY_PEER, callback=lambda _1, _2, _3, _4, ok: ok)
    ssl_context.use_certificate_file('/path/to/client.crt_signed')
    ssl_context.use_privatekey_file('/path/to/client.key')
    ssl_context.load_verify_locations('/path/to/rootca.crt')

    cluster = Cluster(
        contact_points=['127.0.0.1'],
        connection_class=TwistedConnection,
        ssl_context=ssl_context,
        ssl_options={'check_hostname': True}
    )
    session = cluster.connect()

Connecting using Eventlet would look similar except instead of importing and using `TwistedConnection`, you would import and use `EventletConnection`, including the appropriate monkey-patching.

### Versions 3.16.0 and lower

To enable SSL you will need to set `Cluster.ssl_options` to a dict of options. These will be passed as kwargs to `ssl.wrap_socket()` when new sockets are created. Note that this use of ssl_options will be deprecated in the next major release.

By default, a `ca_certs` value should be supplied (the value should be a string pointing to the location of the CA certs file), and you probably want to specify `ssl_version` as `ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1` to match Cassandra’s default protocol.

For example:

    from cassandra.cluster import Cluster
    from ssl import PROTOCOL_TLSv1, CERT_REQUIRED

    ssl_opts = {
        'ca_certs': '/path/to/my/ca.certs',
        'ssl_version': PROTOCOL_TLSv1,
        'cert_reqs': CERT_REQUIRED  # Certificates are required and validated
    }
    cluster = Cluster(ssl_options=ssl_opts)

This is only an example to show how to pass the ssl parameters. Consider reading the python ssl documentation for your configuration. For further reading, Andrew Mussey has published a thorough guide on Using SSL with the DataStax Python driver.

#### SSL with Twisted

In case the twisted event loop is used pyOpenSSL must be installed or an exception will be risen. Also to set the `ssl_version` and `cert_reqs` in `ssl_opts` the appropriate constants from pyOpenSSL are expected.

## DSE Authentication

When authenticating against DSE, the Cassandra driver provides two auth providers that work both with legacy kerberos and Cassandra authenticators, as well as the new DSE Unified Authentication. This allows client to configure this auth provider independently, and in advance of any server upgrade. These auth providers are configured in the same way as any previous implementation:

    from cassandra.auth import DSEGSSAPIAuthProvider
    auth_provider = DSEGSSAPIAuthProvider(service='dse', qops=["auth"])
    cluster = Cluster(auth_provider=auth_provider)
    session = cluster.connect()

Implementations are `DSEPlainTextAuthProvider`, `DSEGSSAPIAuthProvider` and `SaslAuthProvider`.

### DSE Unified Authentication

With DSE (>=5.1), unified Authentication allows you to:

- Proxy Login: Authenticate using a fixed set of authentication credentials but allow authorization of resources based another user id.

- Proxy Execute: Authenticate using a fixed set of authentication credentials but execute requests based on another user id.

#### Proxy Login

Proxy login allows you to authenticate with a user but act as another one. You need to ensure the authenticated user has the permission to use the authorization of resources of the other user. ie. this example will allow the server user to authenticate as usual but use the authorization of user1:

    GRANT PROXY.LOGIN on role user1 to server

then you can do the proxy authentication….

    from cassandra.cluster import Cluster
    from cassandra.auth import SaslAuthProvider

    sasl_kwargs = {
      "service": 'dse',
      "mechanism":"PLAIN",
      "username": 'server',
      'password': 'server',
      'authorization_id': 'user1'
    }

    auth_provider = SaslAuthProvider(**sasl_kwargs)
    c = Cluster(auth_provider=auth_provider)
    s = c.connect()
    s.execute(...)  # all requests will be executed as 'user1'

If you are using kerberos, you can use directly `DSEGSSAPIAuthProvider` and pass the authorization_id, like this:

    from cassandra.cluster import Cluster
    from cassandra.auth import DSEGSSAPIAuthProvider

    # Ensure the kerberos ticket of the server user is set with the kinit utility.
    auth_provider = DSEGSSAPIAuthProvider(service='dse', qops=["auth"], principal="server@DATASTAX.COM",
                                          authorization_id='user1@DATASTAX.COM')
    c = Cluster(auth_provider=auth_provider)
    s = c.connect()
    s.execute(...)  # all requests will be executed as 'user1'

#### Proxy Execute

Proxy execute allows you to execute requests as another user than the authenticated one. You need to ensure the authenticated user has the permission to use the authorization of resources of the specified user. ie. this example will allow the server user to execute requests as user1:

    GRANT PROXY.EXECUTE on role user1 to server

then you can do a proxy execute…

    from cassandra.cluster import Cluster
    from cassandra.auth import DSEPlainTextAuthProvider,

    auth_provider = DSEPlainTextAuthProvider('server', 'server')

    c = Cluster(auth_provider=auth_provider)
    s = c.connect()
    s.execute('select * from k.t;', execute_as='user1')  # the request will be executed as 'user1'

Please see the official documentation for more details on the feature and configuration process.