# Source code for bottle

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    """
    Bottle is a fast and simple micro-framework for small web applications. It
    offers request dispatching (Routes) with url parameter support, templates,
    a built-in HTTP Server and adapters for many third party WSGI/HTTP-server and
    template engines - all in a single file and with no dependencies other than the
    Python Standard Library.

    Homepage and documentation: http://bottlepy.org/

    Copyright (c) 2013, Marcel Hellkamp.
    License: MIT (see LICENSE for details)
    """

    from __future__ import with_statement

    __author__ = 'Marcel Hellkamp'
    __version__ = '0.12.7'
    __license__ = 'MIT'

    # The gevent server adapter needs to patch some modules before they are imported
    # This is why we parse the commandline parameters here but handle them later
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        from optparse import OptionParser
        _cmd_parser = OptionParser(usage="usage: %prog [options] package.module:app")
        _opt = _cmd_parser.add_option
        _opt("--version", action="store_true", help="show version number.")
        _opt("-b", "--bind", metavar="ADDRESS", help="bind socket to ADDRESS.")
        _opt("-s", "--server", default='wsgiref', help="use SERVER as backend.")
        _opt("-p", "--plugin", action="append", help="install additional plugin/s.")
        _opt("--debug", action="store_true", help="start server in debug mode.")
        _opt("--reload", action="store_true", help="auto-reload on file changes.")
        _cmd_options, _cmd_args = _cmd_parser.parse_args()
        if _cmd_options.server and _cmd_options.server.startswith('gevent'):
            import gevent.monkey; gevent.monkey.patch_all()

    import base64, cgi, email.utils, functools, hmac, imp, itertools, mimetypes,\
            os, re, subprocess, sys, tempfile, threading, time, warnings

    from datetime import date as datedate, datetime, timedelta
    from tempfile import TemporaryFile
    from traceback import format_exc, print_exc
    from inspect import getargspec
    from unicodedata import normalize

    try: from simplejson import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
    except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
        try: from json import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
        except ImportError:
            try: from django.utils.simplejson import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
            except ImportError:
                def json_dumps(data):
                    raise ImportError("JSON support requires Python 2.6 or simplejson.")
                json_lds = json_dumps

    # We now try to fix 2.5/2.6/3.1/3.2 incompatibilities.
    # It ain't pretty but it works... Sorry for the mess.

    py   = sys.version_info
    py3k = py >= (3, 0, 0)
    py25 = py <  (2, 6, 0)
    py31 = (3, 1, 0) <= py < (3, 2, 0)

    # Workaround for the missing "as" keyword in py3k.
    def _e(): return sys.exc_info()[1]

    # Workaround for the "print is a keyword/function" Python 2/3 dilemma
    # and a fallback for mod_wsgi (resticts stdout/err attribute access)
    try:
        _stdout, _stderr = sys.stdout.write, sys.stderr.write
    except IOError:
        _stdout = lambda x: sys.stdout.write(x)
        _stderr = lambda x: sys.stderr.write(x)

    # Lots of stdlib and builtin differences.
    if py3k:
        import http.client as httplib
        import _thread as thread
        from urllib.parse import urljoin, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult
        from urllib.parse import urlencode, quote as urlquote, unquote as urlunquote
        urlunquote = functools.partial(urlunquote, encoding='latin1')
        from http.cookies import SimpleCookie
        from collections import MutableMapping as DictMixin
        import pickle
        from io import BytesIO
        from configparser import ConfigParser
        basestring = str
        unicode = str
        json_loads = lambda s: json_lds(touni(s))
        callable = lambda x: hasattr(x, '__call__')
        imap = map
        def _raise(*a): raise a[0](a[1]).with_traceback(a[2])
    else: # 2.x
        import httplib
        import thread
        from urlparse import urljoin, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult
        from urllib import urlencode, quote as urlquote, unquote as urlunquote
        from Cookie import SimpleCookie
        from itertools import imap
        import cPickle as pickle
        from StringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
        from ConfigParser import SafeConfigParser as ConfigParser
        if py25:
            msg  = "Python 2.5 support may be dropped in future versions of Bottle."
            warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning)
            from UserDict import DictMixin
            def next(it): return it.next()
            bytes = str
        else: # 2.6, 2.7
            from collections import MutableMapping as DictMixin
        unicode = unicode
        json_loads = json_lds
        eval(compile('def _raise(*a): raise a[0], a[1], a[2]', '<py3fix>', 'exec'))

    # Some helpers for string/byte handling
    def tob(s, enc='utf8'):
        return s.encode(enc) if isinstance(s, unicode) else bytes(s)
    def touni(s, enc='utf8', err='strict'):
        return s.decode(enc, err) if isinstance(s, bytes) else unicode(s)
    tonat = touni if py3k else tob

    # 3.2 fixes cgi.FieldStorage to accept bytes (which makes a lot of sense).
    # 3.1 needs a workaround.
    if py31:
        from io import TextIOWrapper
        class NCTextIOWrapper(TextIOWrapper):
            def close(self): pass # Keep wrapped buffer open.

    # A bug in functools causes it to break if the wrapper is an instance method
    def update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka):
        try: functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka)
        except AttributeError: pass

    # These helpers are used at module level and need to be defined first.
    # And yes, I know PEP-8, but sometimes a lower-case classname makes more sense.

    def depr(message, hard=False):
        warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)

    def makelist(data): # This is just to handy
        if isinstance(data, (tuple, list, set, dict)): return list(data)
        elif data: return [data]
        else: return []

    class DictProperty(object):
        ''' Property that maps to a key in a local dict-like attribute. '''
        def __init__(self, attr, key=None, read_only=False):
            self.attr, self.key, self.read_only = attr, key, read_only

        def __call__(self, func):
            functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
            self.getter, self.key = func, self.key or func.__name__
            return self

        def __get__(self, obj, cls):
            if obj is None: return self
            key, storage = self.key, getattr(obj, self.attr)
            if key not in storage: storage[key] = self.getter(obj)
            return storage[key]

        def __set__(self, obj, value):
            if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
            getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key] = value

        def __delete__(self, obj):
            if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
            del getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key]

    class cached_property(object):
        ''' A property that is only computed once per instance and then replaces
            itself with an ordinary attribute. Deleting the attribute resets the
            property. '''

        def __init__(self, func):
            self.__doc__ = getattr(func, '__doc__')
            self.func = func

        def __get__(self, obj, cls):
            if obj is None: return self
            value = obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = self.func(obj)
            return value

    class lazy_attribute(object):
        ''' A property that caches itself to the class object. '''
        def __init__(self, func):
            functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
            self.getter = func

        def __get__(self, obj, cls):
            value = self.getter(cls)
            setattr(cls, self.__name__, value)
            return value

    ###############################################################################
    # Exceptions and Events ########################################################
    ###############################################################################

    class BottleException(Exception):
        """ A base class for exceptions used by bottle. """
        pass

    ###############################################################################
    # Routing ######################################################################
    ###############################################################################

    class RouteError(BottleException):
        """ This is a base class for all routing related exceptions """

    class RouteReset(BottleException):
        """ If raised by a plugin or request handler, the route is reset and all
            plugins are re-applied. """

    class RouterUnknownModeError(RouteError): pass

    class RouteSyntaxError(RouteError):
        """ The route parser found something not supported by this router. """

    class RouteBuildError(RouteError):
        """ The route could not be built. """

    def _re_flatten(p):
        ''' Turn all capturing groups in a regular expression pattern into
            non-capturing groups. '''
        if '(' not in p: return p
        return re.sub(r'(\\*)(\(\?P<[^>]+>|\((?!\?))',
            lambda m: m.group(0) if len(m.group(1)) % 2 else m.group(1) + '(?:', p)

    class Router(object):
        ''' A Router is an ordered collection of route->target pairs. It is used to
            efficiently match WSGI requests against a number of routes and return
            the first target that satisfies the request. The target may be anything,
            usually a string, ID or callable object. A route consists of a path-rule
            and a HTTP method.

            The path-rule is either a static path (e.g. `/contact`) or a dynamic
            path that contains wildcards (e.g. `/wiki/<page>`). The wildcard syntax
            and details on the matching order are described in docs:`routing`.
        '''

        default_pattern = '[^/]+'
        default_filter  = 're'

        #: The current CPython regexp implementation does not allow more
        #: than 99 matching groups per regular expression.
        _MAX_GROUPS_PER_PATTERN = 99

        def __init__(self, strict=False):
            self.rules    = [] # All rules in order
            self._groups  = {} # index of regexes to find them in dyna_routes
            self.builder  = {} # Data structure for the url builder
            self.static   = {} # Search structure for static routes
            self.dyna_routes   = {}
            self.dyna_regexes  = {} # Search structure for dynamic routes
            #: If true, static routes are no longer checked first.
            self.strict_order = strict
            self.filters = {
                're':    lambda conf:
                    (_re_flatten(conf or self.default_pattern), None, None),
                'int':   lambda conf: (r'-?\d+', int, lambda x: str(int(x))),
                'float': lambda conf: (r'-?[\d.]+', float, lambda x: str(float(x))),
                'path':  lambda conf: (r'.+?', None, None)}

        def add_filter(self, name, func):
            ''' Add a filter. The provided function is called with the configuration
            string as parameter and must return a (regexp, to_python, to_url) tuple.
            The first element is a string, the last two are callables or None. '''
            self.filters[name] = func

        rule_syntax = re.compile('(\\\\*)'\
            '(?:(?::([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?()(?:#(.*?)#)?)'\
              '|(?:<([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?(?::([a-zA-Z_]*)'\
                '(?::((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\>]+)+)?)?)?>))')

        def _itertokens(self, rule):
            offset, prefix = 0, ''
            for match in self.rule_syntax.finditer(rule):
                prefix += rule[offset:match.start()]
                g = match.groups()
                if len(g[0])%2: # Escaped wildcard
                    prefix += match.group(0)[len(g[0]):]
                    offset = match.end()
                    continue
                if prefix:
                    yield prefix, None, None
                name, filtr, conf = g[4:7] if g[2] is None else g[1:4]
                yield name, filtr or 'default', conf or None
                offset, prefix = match.end(), ''
            if offset <= len(rule) or prefix:
                yield prefix+rule[offset:], None, None

        def add(self, rule, method, target, name=None):
            ''' Add a new rule or replace the target for an existing rule. '''
            anons     = 0    # Number of anonymous wildcards found
            keys      = []   # Names of keys
            pattern   = ''   # Regular expression pattern with named groups
            filters   = []   # Lists of wildcard input filters
            builder   = []   # Data structure for the URL builder
            is_static = True

            for key, mode, conf in self._itertokens(rule):
                if mode:
                    is_static = False
                    if mode == 'default': mode = self.default_filter
                    mask, in_filter, out_filter = self.filters[mode](conf)
                    if not key:
                        pattern += '(?:%s)' % mask
                        key = 'anon%d' % anons
                        anons += 1
                    else:
                        pattern += '(?P<%s>%s)' % (key, mask)
                        keys.append(key)
                    if in_filter: filters.append((key, in_filter))
                    builder.append((key, out_filter or str))
                elif key:
                    pattern += re.escape(key)
                    builder.append((None, key))

            self.builder[rule] = builder
            if name: self.builder[name] = builder

            if is_static and not self.strict_order:
                self.static.setdefault(method, {})
                self.static[method][self.build(rule)] = (target, None)
                return

            try:
                re_pattern = re.compile('^(%s)$' % pattern)
                re_match = re_pattern.match
            except re.error:
                raise RouteSyntaxError("Could not add Route: %s (%s)" % (rule, _e()))

            if filters:
                def getargs(path):
                    url_args = re_match(path).groupdict()
                    for name, wildcard_filter in filters:
                        try:
                            url_args[name] = wildcard_filter(url_args[name])
                        except ValueError:
                            raise HTTPError(400, 'Path has wrong format.')
                    return url_args
            elif re_pattern.groupindex:
                def getargs(path):
                    return re_match(path).groupdict()
            else:
                getargs = None

            flatpat = _re_flatten(pattern)
            whole_rule = (rule, flatpat, target, getargs)

            if (flatpat, method) in self._groups:
                if DEBUG:
                    msg = 'Route <%s %s> overwrites a previously defined route'
                    warnings.warn(msg % (method, rule), RuntimeWarning)
                self.dyna_routes[method][self._groups[flatpat, method]] = whole_rule
            else:
                self.dyna_routes.setdefault(method, []).append(whole_rule)
                self._groups[flatpat, method] = len(self.dyna_routes[method]) - 1

            self._compile(method)

        def _compile(self, method):
            all_rules = self.dyna_routes[method]
            comborules = self.dyna_regexes[method] = []
            maxgroups = self._MAX_GROUPS_PER_PATTERN
            for x in range(0, len(all_rules), maxgroups):
                some = all_rules[x:x+maxgroups]
                combined = (flatpat for (_, flatpat, _, _) in some)
                combined = '|'.join('(^%s$)' % flatpat for flatpat in combined)
                combined = re.compile(combined).match
                rules = [(target, getargs) for (_, _, target, getargs) in some]
                comborules.append((combined, rules))

        def build(self, _name, *anons, **query):
            ''' Build an URL by filling the wildcards in a rule. '''
            builder = self.builder.get(_name)
            if not builder: raise RouteBuildError("No route with that name.", _name)
            try:
                for i, value in enumerate(anons): query['anon%d'%i] = value
                url = ''.join([f(query.pop(n)) if n else f for (n,f) in builder])
                return url if not query else url+'?'+urlencode(query)
            except KeyError:
                raise RouteBuildError('Missing URL argument: %r' % _e().args[0])

        def match(self, environ):
            ''' Return a (target, url_agrs) tuple or raise HTTPError(400/404/405). '''
            verb = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'].upper()
            path = environ['PATH_INFO'] or '/'
            target = None
            if verb == 'HEAD':
                methods = ['PROXY', verb, 'GET', 'ANY']
            else:
                methods = ['PROXY', verb, 'ANY']

            for method in methods:
                if method in self.static and path in self.static[method]:
                    target, getargs = self.static[method][path]
                    return target, getargs(path) if getargs else {}
                elif method in self.dyna_regexes:
                    for combined, rules in self.dyna_regexes[method]:
                        match = combined(path)
                        if match:
                            target, getargs = rules[match.lastindex - 1]
                            return target, getargs(path) if getargs else {}

            # No matching route found. Collect alternative methods for 405 response
            allowed = set([])
            nocheck = set(methods)
            for method in set(self.static) - nocheck:
                if path in self.static[method]:
                    allowed.add(verb)
            for method in set(self.dyna_regexes) - allowed - nocheck:
                for combined, rules in self.dyna_regexes[method]:
                    match = combined(path)
                    if match:
                        allowed.add(method)
            if allowed:
                allow_header = ",".join(sorted(allowed))
                raise HTTPError(405, "Method not allowed.", Allow=allow_header)

            # No matching route and no alternative method found. We give up
            raise HTTPError(404, "Not found: " + repr(path))

    class Route(object):
        ''' This class wraps a route callback along with route specific metadata and
            configuration and applies Plugins on demand. It is also responsible for
            turing an URL path rule into a regular expression usable by the Router.
        '''

        def __init__(self, app, rule, method, callback, name=None,
                     plugins=None, skiplist=None, **config):
            #: The application this route is installed to.
            self.app = app
            #: The path-rule string (e.g. ``/wiki/:page``).
            self.rule = rule
            #: The HTTP method as a string (e.g. ``GET``).
            self.method = method
            #: The original callback with no plugins applied. Useful for introspection.
            self.callback = callback
            #: The name of the route (if specified) or ``None``.
            self.name = name or None
            #: A list of route-specific plugins (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
            self.plugins = plugins or []
            #: A list of plugins to not apply to this route (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
            self.skiplist = skiplist or []
            #: Additional keyword arguments passed to the :meth:`Bottle.route`
            #: decorator are stored in this dictionary. Used for route-specific
            #: plugin configuration and meta-data.
            self.config = ConfigDict().load_dict(config, make_namespaces=True)

        def __call__(self, *a, **ka):
            depr("Some APIs changed to return Route() instances instead of"\
                 " callables. Make sure to use the Route.call method and not to"\
                 " call Route instances directly.") #0.12
            return self.call(*a, **ka)

        @cached_property
        def call(self):
            ''' The route callback with all plugins applied. This property is
                created on demand and then cached to speed up subsequent requests.'''
            return self._make_callback()

        def reset(self):
            ''' Forget any cached values. The next time :attr:`call` is accessed,
                all plugins are re-applied. '''
            self.__dict__.pop('call', None)

        def prepare(self):
            ''' Do all on-demand work immediately (useful for debugging).'''
            self.call

        @property
        def _context(self):
            depr('Switch to Plugin API v2 and access the Route object directly.')  #0.12
            return dict(rule=self.rule, method=self.method, callback=self.callback,
                        name=self.name, app=self.app, config=self.config,
                        apply=self.plugins, skip=self.skiplist)

        def all_plugins(self):
            ''' Yield all Plugins affecting this route. '''
            unique = set()
            for p in reversed(self.app.plugins + self.plugins):
                if True in self.skiplist: break
                name = getattr(p, 'name', False)
                if name and (name in self.skiplist or name in unique): continue
                if p in self.skiplist or type(p) in self.skiplist: continue
                if name: unique.add(name)
                yield p

        def _make_callback(self):
            callback = self.callback
            for plugin in self.all_plugins():
                try:
                    if hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
                        api = getattr(plugin, 'api', 1)
                        context = self if api > 1 else self._context
                        callback = plugin.apply(callback, context)
                    else:
                        callback = plugin(callback)
                except RouteReset: # Try again with changed configuration.
                    return self._make_callback()
                if not callback is self.callback:
                    update_wrapper(callback, self.callback)
            return callback

        def get_undecorated_callback(self):
            ''' Return the callback. If the callback is a decorated function, try to
                recover the original function. '''
            func = self.callback
            func = getattr(func, '__func__' if py3k else 'im_func', func)
            closure_attr = '__closure__' if py3k else 'func_closure'
            while hasattr(func, closure_attr) and getattr(func, closure_attr):
                func = getattr(func, closure_attr)[0].cell_contents
            return func

        def get_callback_args(self):
            ''' Return a list of argument names the callback (most likely) accepts
                as keyword arguments. If the callback is a decorated function, try
                to recover the original function before inspection. '''
            return getargspec(self.get_undecorated_callback())[0]

        def get_config(self, key, default=None):
            ''' Lookup a config field and return its value, first checking the
                route.config, then route.app.config.'''
            for conf in (self.config, self.app.conifg):
                if key in conf: return conf[key]
            return default

        def __repr__(self):
            cb = self.get_undecorated_callback()
            return '<%s %r %r>' % (self.method, self.rule, cb)

    ###############################################################################
    # Application Object ###########################################################
    ###############################################################################

    class Bottle(object):
        """ Each Bottle object represents a single, distinct web application and
            consists of routes, callbacks, plugins, resources and configuration.
            Instances are callable WSGI applications.

            :param catchall: If true (default), handle all exceptions. Turn off to
                             let debugging middleware handle exceptions.
        """

        def __init__(self, catchall=True, autojson=True):

            #: A :class:`ConfigDict` for app specific configuration.
            self.config = ConfigDict()
            self.config._on_change = functools.partial(self.trigger_hook, 'config')
            self.config.meta_set('autojson', 'validate', bool)
            self.config.meta_set('catchall', 'validate', bool)
            self.config['catchall'] = catchall
            self.config['autojson'] = autojson

            #: A :class:`ResourceManager` for application files
            self.resources = ResourceManager()

            self.routes = [] # List of installed :class:`Route` instances.
            self.router = Router() # Maps requests to :class:`Route` instances.
            self.error_handler = {}

            # Core plugins
            self.plugins = [] # List of installed plugins.
            if self.config['autojson']:
                self.install(JSONPlugin())
            self.install(TemplatePlugin())

        #: If true, most exceptions are caught and returned as :exc:`HTTPError`
        catchall = DictProperty('config', 'catchall')

        __hook_names = 'before_request', 'after_request', 'app_reset', 'config'
        __hook_reversed = 'after_request'

        @cached_property
        def _hooks(self):
            return dict((name, []) for name in self.__hook_names)

        def add_hook(self, name, func):
            ''' Attach a callback to a hook. Three hooks are currently implemented:

                before_request
                    Executed once before each request. The request context is
                    available, but no routing has happened yet.
                after_request
                    Executed once after each request regardless of its outcome.
                app_reset
                    Called whenever :meth:`Bottle.reset` is called.
            '''
            if name in self.__hook_reversed:
                self._hooks[name].insert(0, func)
            else:
                self._hooks[name].append(func)

        def remove_hook(self, name, func):
            ''' Remove a callback from a hook. '''
            if name in self._hooks and func in self._hooks[name]:
                self._hooks[name].remove(func)
                return True

        def trigger_hook(self, __name, *args, **kwargs):
            ''' Trigger a hook and return a list of results. '''
            return [hook(*args, **kwargs) for hook in self._hooks[__name][:]]

        def hook(self, name):
            """ Return a decorator that attaches a callback to a hook. See
                :meth:`add_hook` for details."""
            def decorator(func):
                self.add_hook(name, func)
                return func
            return decorator

        def mount(self, prefix, app, **options):
            ''' Mount an application (:class:`Bottle` or plain WSGI) to a specific
                URL prefix. Example::

                    root_app.mount('/admin/', admin_app)

                :param prefix: path prefix or `mount-point`. If it ends in a slash,
                    that slash is mandatory.
                :param app: an instance of :class:`Bottle` or a WSGI application.

                All other parameters are passed to the underlying :meth:`route` call.
            '''
            if isinstance(app, basestring):
                depr('Parameter order of Bottle.mount() changed.', True) # 0.10

            segments = [p for p in prefix.split('/') if p]
            if not segments: raise ValueError('Empty path prefix.')
            path_depth = len(segments)

            def mountpoint_wrapper():
                try:
                    request.path_shift(path_depth)
                    rs = HTTPResponse([])
                    def start_response(status, headerlist, exc_info=None):
                        if exc_info:
                            try:
                                _raise(*exc_info)
                            finally:
                                exc_info = None
                        rs.status = status
                        for name, value in headerlist: rs.add_header(name, value)
                        return rs.body.append
                    body = app(request.environ, start_response)
                    if body and rs.body: body = itertools.chain(rs.body, body)
                    rs.body = body or rs.body
                    return rs
                finally:
                    request.path_shift(-path_depth)

            options.setdefault('skip', True)
            options.setdefault('method', 'PROXY')
            options.setdefault('mountpoint', {'prefix': prefix, 'target': app})
            options['callback'] = mountpoint_wrapper

            self.route('/%s/<:re:.*>' % '/'.join(segments), **options)
            if not prefix.endswith('/'):
                self.route('/' + '/'.join(segments), **options)

        def merge(self, routes):
            ''' Merge the routes of another :class:`Bottle` application or a list of
                :class:`Route` objects into this application. The routes keep their
                'owner', meaning that the :data:`Route.app` attribute is not
                changed. '''
            if isinstance(routes, Bottle):
                routes = routes.routes
            for route in routes:
                self.add_route(route)

        def install(self, plugin):
            ''' Add a plugin to the list of plugins and prepare it for being
                applied to all routes of this application. A plugin may be a simple
                decorator or an object that implements the :class:`Plugin` API.
            '''
            if hasattr(plugin, 'setup'): plugin.setup(self)
            if not callable(plugin) and not hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
                raise TypeError("Plugins must be callable or implement .apply()")
            self.plugins.append(plugin)
            self.reset()
            return plugin

        def uninstall(self, plugin):
            ''' Uninstall plugins. Pass an instance to remove a specific plugin, a type
                object to remove all plugins that match that type, a string to remove
                all plugins with a matching ``name`` attribute or ``True`` to remove all
                plugins. Return the list of removed plugins. '''
            removed, remove = [], plugin
            for i, plugin in list(enumerate(self.plugins))[::-1]:
                if remove is True or remove is plugin or remove is type(plugin) \
                or getattr(plugin, 'name', True) == remove:
                    removed.append(plugin)
                    del self.plugins[i]
                    if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
            if removed: self.reset()
            return removed

        def reset(self, route=None):
            ''' Reset all routes (force plugins to be re-applied) and clear all
                caches. If an ID or route object is given, only that specific route
                is affected. '''
            if route is None: routes = self.routes
            elif isinstance(route, Route): routes = [route]
            else: routes = [self.routes[route]]
            for route in routes: route.reset()
            if DEBUG:
                for route in routes: route.prepare()
            self.trigger_hook('app_reset')

        def close(self):
            ''' Close the application and all installed plugins. '''
            for plugin in self.plugins:
                if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
            self.stopped = True

        def run(self, **kwargs):
            ''' Calls :func:`run` with the same parameters. '''
            run(self, **kwargs)

        def match(self, environ):
            """ Search for a matching route and return a (:class:`Route` , urlargs)
                tuple. The second value is a dictionary with parameters extracted
                from the URL. Raise :exc:`HTTPError` (404/405) on a non-match."""
            return self.router.match(environ)

        def get_url(self, routename, **kargs):
            """ Return a string that matches a named route """
            scriptname = request.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/') + '/'
            location = self.router.build(routename, **kargs).lstrip('/')
            return urljoin(urljoin('/', scriptname), location)

        def add_route(self, route):
            ''' Add a route object, but do not change the :data:`Route.app`
                attribute.'''
            self.routes.append(route)
            self.router.add(route.rule, route.method, route, name=route.name)
            if DEBUG: route.prepare()

        def route(self, path=None, method='GET', callback=None, name=None,
                  apply=None, skip=None, **config):
            """ A decorator to bind a function to a request URL. Example::

                    @app.route('/hello/:name')
                    def hello(name):
                        return 'Hello %s' % name

                The ``:name`` part is a wildcard. See :class:`Router` for syntax
                details.

                :param path: Request path or a list of paths to listen to. If no
                  path is specified, it is automatically generated from the
                  signature of the function.
                :param method: HTTP method (`GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, ...) or a list of
                  methods to listen to. (default: `GET`)
                :param callback: An optional shortcut to avoid the decorator
                  syntax. ``route(..., callback=func)`` equals ``route(...)(func)``
                :param name: The name for this route. (default: None)
                :param apply: A decorator or plugin or a list of plugins. These are
                  applied to the route callback in addition to installed plugins.
                :param skip: A list of plugins, plugin classes or names. Matching
                  plugins are not installed to this route. ``True`` skips all.

                Any additional keyword arguments are stored as route-specific
                configuration and passed to plugins (see :meth:`Plugin.apply`).
            """
            if callable(path): path, callback = None, path
            plugins = makelist(apply)
            skiplist = makelist(skip)
            def decorator(callback):
                # TODO: Documentation and tests
                if isinstance(callback, basestring): callback = load(callback)
                for rule in makelist(path) or yieldroutes(callback):
                    for verb in makelist(method):
                        verb = verb.upper()
                        route = Route(self, rule, verb, callback, name=name,
                                      plugins=plugins, skiplist=skiplist, **config)
                        self.add_route(route)
                return callback
            return decorator(callback) if callback else decorator

        def get(self, path=None, method='GET', **options):
            """ Equals :meth:`route`. """
            return self.route(path, method, **options)

        def post(self, path=None, method='POST', **options):
            """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``POST`` method parameter. """
            return self.route(path, method, **options)

        def put(self, path=None, method='PUT', **options):
            """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PUT`` method parameter. """
            return self.route(path, method, **options)

        def delete(self, path=None, method='DELETE', **options):
            """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``DELETE`` method parameter. """
            return self.route(path, method, **options)

        def error(self, code=500):
            """ Decorator: Register an output handler for a HTTP error code"""
            def wrapper(handler):
                self.error_handler[int(code)] = handler
                return handler
            return wrapper

        def default_error_handler(self, res):
            return tob(template(ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE, e=res))

        def _handle(self, environ):
            path = environ['bottle.raw_path'] = environ['PATH_INFO']
            if py3k:
                try:
                    environ['PATH_INFO'] = path.encode('latin1').decode('utf8')
                except UnicodeError:
                    return HTTPError(400, 'Invalid path string. Expected UTF-8')

            try:
                environ['bottle.app'] = self
                request.bind(environ)
                response.bind()
                try:
                    self.trigger_hook('before_request')
                    route, args = self.router.match(environ)
                    environ['route.handle'] = route
                    environ['bottle.route'] = route
                    environ['route.url_args'] = args
                    return route.call(**args)
                finally:
                    self.trigger_hook('after_request')

            except HTTPResponse:
                return _e()
            except RouteReset:
                route.reset()
                return self._handle(environ)
            except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
                raise
            except Exception:
                if not self.catchall: raise
                stacktrace = format_exc()
                environ['wsgi.errors'].write(stacktrace)
                return HTTPError(500, "Internal Server Error", _e(), stacktrace)

        def _cast(self, out, peek=None):
            """ Try to convert the parameter into something WSGI compatible and set
            correct HTTP headers when possible.
            Support: False, str, unicode, dict, HTTPResponse, HTTPError, file-like,
            iterable of strings and iterable of unicodes
            """

            # Empty output is done here
            if not out:
                if 'Content-Length' not in response:
                    response['Content-Length'] = 0
                return []
            # Join lists of byte or unicode strings. Mixed lists are NOT supported
            if isinstance(out, (tuple, list))\
            and isinstance(out[0], (bytes, unicode)):
                out = out[0][0:0].join(out) # b'abc'[0:0] -> b''
            # Encode unicode strings
            if isinstance(out, unicode):
                out = out.encode(response.charset)
            # Byte Strings are just returned
            if isinstance(out, bytes):
                if 'Content-Length' not in response:
                    response['Content-Length'] = len(out)
                return [out]
            # HTTPError or HTTPException (recursive, because they may wrap anything)
            # TODO: Handle these explicitly in handle() or make them iterable.
            if isinstance(out, HTTPError):
                out.apply(response)
                out = self.error_handler.get(out.status_code, self.default_error_handler)(out)
                return self._cast(out)
            if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse):
                out.apply(response)
                return self._cast(out.body)

            # File-like objects.
            if hasattr(out, 'read'):
                if 'wsgi.file_wrapper' in request.environ:
                    return request.environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'](out)
                elif hasattr(out, 'close') or not hasattr(out, '__iter__'):
                    return WSGIFileWrapper(out)

            # Handle Iterables. We peek into them to detect their inner type.
            try:
                iout = iter(out)
                first = next(iout)
                while not first:
                    first = next(iout)
            except StopIteration:
                return self._cast('')
            except HTTPResponse:
                first = _e()
            except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
                raise
            except Exception:
                if not self.catchall: raise
                first = HTTPError(500, 'Unhandled exception', _e(), format_exc())

            # These are the inner types allowed in iterator or generator objects.
            if isinstance(first, HTTPResponse):
                return self._cast(first)
            elif isinstance(first, bytes):
                new_iter = itertools.chain([first], iout)
            elif isinstance(first, unicode):
                encoder = lambda x: x.encode(response.charset)
                new_iter = imap(encoder, itertools.chain([first], iout))
            else:
                msg = 'Unsupported response type: %s' % type(first)
                return self._cast(HTTPError(500, msg))
            if hasattr(out, 'close'):
                new_iter = _closeiter(new_iter, out.close)
            return new_iter

        def wsgi(self, environ, start_response):
            """ The bottle WSGI-interface. """
            try:
                out = self._cast(self._handle(environ))
                # rfc2616 section 4.3
                if response._status_code in (100, 101, 204, 304)\
                or environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD':
                    if hasattr(out, 'close'): out.close()
                    out = []
                start_response(response._status_line, response.headerlist)
                return out
            except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
                raise
            except Exception:
                if not self.catchall: raise
                err = '<h1>Critical error while processing request: %s</h1>' \
                      % html_escape(environ.get('PATH_INFO', '/'))
                if DEBUG:
                    err += '<h2>Error:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
                           '<h2>Traceback:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
                           % (html_escape(repr(_e())), html_escape(format_exc()))
                environ['wsgi.errors'].write(err)
                headers = [('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8')]
                start_response('500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR', headers, sys.exc_info())
                return [tob(err)]

        def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
            ''' Each instance of :class:'Bottle' is a WSGI application. '''
            return self.wsgi(environ, start_response)

    ###############################################################################
    # HTTP and WSGI Tools ##########################################################
    ###############################################################################

    class BaseRequest(object):
        """ A wrapper for WSGI environment dictionaries that adds a lot of
            convenient access methods and properties. Most of them are read-only.

            Adding new attributes to a request actually adds them to the environ
            dictionary (as 'bottle.request.ext.<name>'). This is the recommended
            way to store and access request-specific data.
        """

        __slots__ = ('environ')

        #: Maximum size of memory buffer for :attr:`body` in bytes.
        MEMFILE_MAX = 102400

        def __init__(self, environ=None):
            """ Wrap a WSGI environ dictionary. """
            #: The wrapped WSGI environ dictionary. This is the only real attribute.
            #: All other attributes actually are read-only properties.
            self.environ = {} if environ is None else environ
            self.environ['bottle.request'] = self

        @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.app', read_only=True)
        def app(self):
            ''' Bottle application handling this request. '''
            raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to an application.')

        @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.route', read_only=True)
        def route(self):
            """ The bottle :class:`Route` object that matches this request. """
            raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to a route.')

        @DictProperty('environ', 'route.url_args', read_only=True)
        def url_args(self):
            """ The arguments extracted from the URL. """
            raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to a route.')

        @property
        def path(self):
            ''' The value of ``PATH_INFO`` with exactly one prefixed slash (to fix
                broken clients and avoid the "empty path" edge case). '''
            return '/' + self.environ.get('PATH_INFO','').lstrip('/')

        @property
        def method(self):
            ''' The ``REQUEST_METHOD`` value as an uppercase string. '''
            return self.environ.get('REQUEST_METHOD', 'GET').upper()

        @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.headers', read_only=True)
        def headers(self):
            ''' A :class:`WSGIHeaderDict` that provides case-insensitive access to
                HTTP request headers. '''
            return WSGIHeaderDict(self.environ)

        def get_header(self, name, default=None):
            ''' Return the value of a request header, or a given default value. '''
            return self.headers.get(name, default)

        @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.cookies', read_only=True)
        def cookies(self):
            """ Cookies parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. Signed cookies are NOT
                decoded. Use :meth:`get_cookie` if you expect signed cookies. """
            cookies = SimpleCookie(self.environ.get('HTTP_COOKIE','')).values()
            return FormsDict((c.key, c.value) for c in cookies)

        def get_cookie(self, key, default=None, secret=None):
            """ Return the content of a cookie. To read a `Signed Cookie`, the
                `secret` must match the one used to create the cookie (see
                :meth:`BaseResponse.set_cookie`). If anything goes wrong (missing
                cookie or wrong signature), return a default value. """
            value = self.cookies.get(key)
            if secret and value:
                dec = cookie_decode(value, secret) # (key, value) tuple or None
                return dec[1] if dec and dec[0] == key else default
            return value or default

        @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.query', read_only=True)
        def query(self):
            ''' The :attr:`query_string` parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. These
                values are sometimes called "URL arguments" or "GET parameters", but
                not to be confused with "URL wildcards" as they are provided by the
                :class:`Router`. '''
            get = self.environ['bottle.get'] = FormsDict()
            pairs = _parse_qsl(self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', ''))
            for key, value in pairs:
                get[key] = value
            return get

        @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.forms', read_only=True)
        def forms(self):
            """ Form values parsed from an `url-encoded` or `multipart/form-data`
                encoded POST or PUT request body. The result is returned as a
                :class:`FormsDict`. All keys and values are strings. File uploads
                are stored separately in :attr:`files`. """
            forms = FormsDict()
            for name, item in self.POST.allitems():
                if not isinstance(item, FileUpload):
                    forms[name] = item
            return forms

        @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.params', read_only=True)
        def params(self):
            """ A :class:`FormsDict` with the combined values of :attr:`query` and
                :attr:`forms`. File uploads are stored in :attr:`files`. """
            params = FormsDict()
            for key, value in self.query.allitems():
                params[key] = value
            for key, value in self.forms.allitems():
                params[key] = value
            return params

        @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.files', read_only=True)
        def files(self):
            """ File uploads parsed from `multipart/form-data` encoded POST or PUT
                request body. The values are instances of :class:`FileUpload`.

            """
            files = FormsDict()
            for name, item in self.POST.allitems():
                if isinstance(item, FileUpload):
                    files[name] = item
            return files

        @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.json', read_only=True)
        def json(self):
            ''' If the ``Content-Type`` header is ``application/json``, this
                property holds the parsed content of the request body. Only requests
                smaller than :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX` are processed to avoid memory
                exhaustion. '''
            ctype = self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '').lower().split(';')[0]
            if ctype == 'application/json':
                return json_loads(self._get_body_string())
            return None

        def _iter_body(self, read, bufsize):
            maxread = max(0, self.content_length)
            while maxread:
                part = read(min(maxread, bufsize))
                if not part: break
                yield part
                maxread -= len(part)

        def _iter_chunked(self, read, bufsize):
            err = HTTPError(400, 'Error while parsing chunked transfer body.')
            rn, sem, bs = tob('\r\n'), tob(';'), tob('')
            while True:
                header = read(1)
                while header[-2:] != rn:
                    c = read(1)
                    header += c
                    if not c: raise err
                    if len(header) > bufsize: raise err
                size, _, _ = header.partition(sem)
                try:
                    maxread = int(tonat(size.strip()), 16)
                except ValueError:
                    raise err
                if maxread == 0: break
                buff = bs
                while maxread > 0:
                    if not buff:
                        buff = read(min(maxread, bufsize))
                    part, buff = buff[:maxread], buff[maxread:]
                    if not part: raise err
                    yield part
                    maxread -= len(part)
                if read(2) != rn:
                    raise err

        @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.body', read_only=True)
        def _body(self):
            body_iter = self._iter_chunked if self.chunked else self._iter_body
            read_func = self.environ['wsgi.input'].read
            body, body_size, is_temp_file = BytesIO(), 0, False
            for part in body_iter(read_func, self.MEMFILE_MAX):
                body.write(part)
                body_size += len(part)
                if not is_temp_file and body_size > self.MEMFILE_MAX:
                    body, tmp = TemporaryFile(mode='w+b'), body
                    body.write(tmp.getvalue())
                    del tmp
                    is_temp_file = True
            self.environ['wsgi.input'] = body
            body.seek(0)
            return body

        def _get_body_string(self):
            ''' read body until content-length or MEMFILE_MAX into a string. Raise
                HTTPError(413) on requests that are to large. '''
            clen = self.content_length
            if clen > self.MEMFILE_MAX:
                raise HTTPError(413, 'Request to large')
            if clen < 0: clen = self.MEMFILE_MAX + 1
            data = self.body.read(clen)
            if len(data) > self.MEMFILE_MAX: # Fail fast
                raise HTTPError(413, 'Request to large')
            return data

        @property
        def body(self):
            """ The HTTP request body as a seek-able file-like object. Depending on
                :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX`, this is either a temporary file or a
                :class:`io.BytesIO` instance. Accessing this property for the first
                time reads and replaces the ``wsgi.input`` environ variable.
                Subsequent accesses just do a `seek(0)` on the file object. """
            self._body.seek(0)
            return self._body

        @property
        def chunked(self):
            ''' True if Chunked transfer encoding was. '''
            return 'chunked' in self.environ.get('HTTP_TRANSFER_ENCODING', '').lower()

        #: An alias for :attr:`query`.
        GET = query

        @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.post', read_only=True)
        def POST(self):
            """ The values of :attr:`forms` and :attr:`files` combined into a single
                :class:`FormsDict`. Values are either strings (form values) or
                instances of :class:`cgi.FieldStorage` (file uploads).
            """
            post = FormsDict()
            # We default to application/x-www-form-urlencoded for everything that
            # is not multipart and take the fast path (also: 3.1 workaround)
            if not self.content_type.startswith('multipart/'):
                pairs = _parse_qsl(tonat(self._get_body_string(), 'latin1'))
                for key, value in pairs:
                    post[key] = value
                return post

            safe_env = {'QUERY_STRING':''} # Build a safe environment for cgi
            for key in ('REQUEST_METHOD', 'CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH'):
                if key in self.environ: safe_env[key] = self.environ[key]
            args = dict(fp=self.body, environ=safe_env, keep_blank_values=True)
            if py31:
                args['fp'] = NCTextIOWrapper(args['fp'], encoding='utf8',
                                             newline='\n')
            elif py3k:
                args['encoding'] = 'utf8'
            data = cgi.FieldStorage(**args)
            self['_cgi.FieldStorage'] = data #http://bugs.python.org/issue18394#msg207958
            data = data.list or []
            for item in data:
                if item.filename:
                    post[item.name] = FileUpload(item.file, item.name,
                                                 item.filename, item.headers)
                else:
                    post[item.name] = item.value
            return post

        @property
        def url(self):
            """ The full request URI including hostname and scheme. If your app
                lives behind a reverse proxy or load balancer and you get confusing
                results, make sure that the ``X-Forwarded-Host`` header is set
                correctly. """
            return self.urlparts.geturl()

        @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.urlparts', read_only=True)
        def urlparts(self):
            ''' The :attr:`url` string as an :class:`urlparse.SplitResult` tuple.
                The tuple contains (scheme, host, path, query_string and fragment),
                but the fragment is always empty because it is not visible to the
                server. '''
            env = self.environ
            http = env.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO') or env.get('wsgi.url_scheme', 'http')
            host = env.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST') or env.get('HTTP_HOST')
            if not host:
                # HTTP 1.1 requires a Host-header. This is for HTTP/1.0 clients.
                host = env.get('SERVER_NAME', '127.0.0.1')
                port = env.get('SERVER_PORT')
                if port and port != ('80' if http == 'http' else '443'):
                    host += ':' + port
            path = urlquote(self.fullpath)
            return UrlSplitResult(http, host, path, env.get('QUERY_STRING'), '')

        @property
        def fullpath(self):
            """ Request path including :attr:`script_name` (if present). """
            return urljoin(self.script_name, self.path.lstrip('/'))

        @property
        def query_string(self):
            """ The raw :attr:`query` part of the URL (everything in between ``?``
                and ``#``) as a string. """
            return self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', '')

        @property
        def script_name(self):
            ''' The initial portion of the URL's `path` that was removed by a higher
                level (server or routing middleware) before the application was
                called. This script path is returned with leading and tailing
                slashes. '''
            script_name = self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/')
            return '/' + script_name + '/' if script_name else '/'

        def path_shift(self, shift=1):
            ''' Shift path segments from :attr:`path` to :attr:`script_name` and
                vice versa.

               :param shift: The number of path segments to shift. May be negative
                             to change the shift direction. (default: 1)
            '''
            script = self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME','/')
            self['SCRIPT_NAME'], self['PATH_INFO'] = path_shift(script, self.path, shift)

        @property
        def content_length(self):
            ''' The request body length as an integer. The client is responsible to
                set this header. Otherwise, the real length of the body is unknown
                and -1 is returned. In this case, :attr:`body` will be empty. '''
            return int(self.environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH') or -1)

        @property
        def content_type(self):
            ''' The Content-Type header as a lowercase-string (default: empty). '''
            return self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '').lower()

        @property
        def is_xhr(self):
            ''' True if the request was triggered by a XMLHttpRequest. This only
                works with JavaScript libraries that support the `X-Requested-With`
                header (most of the popular libraries do). '''
            requested_with = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH','')
            return requested_with.lower() == 'xmlhttprequest'

        @property
        def is_ajax(self):
            ''' Alias for :attr:`is_xhr`. "Ajax" is not the right term. '''
            return self.is_xhr

        @property
        def auth(self):
            """ HTTP authentication data as a (user, password) tuple. This
                implementation currently supports basic (not digest) authentication
                only. If the authentication happened at a higher level (e.g. in the
                front web-server or a middleware), the password field is None, but
                the user field is looked up from the ``REMOTE_USER`` environ
                variable. On any errors, None is returned. """
            basic = parse_auth(self.environ.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION',''))
            if basic: return basic
            ruser = self.environ.get('REMOTE_USER')
            if ruser: return (ruser, None)
            return None

        @property
        def remote_route(self):
            """ A list of all IPs that were involved in this request, starting with
                the client IP and followed by zero or more proxies. This does only
                work if all proxies support the ```X-Forwarded-For`` header. Note
                that this information can be forged by malicious clients. """
            proxy = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
            if proxy: return [ip.strip() for ip in proxy.split(',')]
            remote = self.environ.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
            return [remote] if remote else []

        @property
        def remote_addr(self):
            """ The client IP as a string. Note that this information can be forged
                by malicious clients. """
            route = self.remote_route
            return route[0] if route else None

        def copy(self):
            """ Return a new :class:`Request` with a shallow :attr:`environ` copy. """
            return Request(self.environ.copy())

        def get(self, value, default=None): return self.environ.get(value, default)
        def __getitem__(self, key): return self.environ[key]
        def __delitem__(self, key): self[key] = ""; del(self.environ[key])
        def __iter__(self): return iter(self.environ)
        def __len__(self): return len(self.environ)
        def keys(self): return self.environ.keys()
        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
            """ Change an environ value and clear all caches that depend on it. """

            if self.environ.get('bottle.request.readonly'):
                raise KeyError('The environ dictionary is read-only.')

            self.environ[key] = value
            todelete = ()

            if key == 'wsgi.input':
                todelete = ('body', 'forms', 'files', 'params', 'post', 'json')
            elif key == 'QUERY_STRING':
                todelete = ('query', 'params')
            elif key.startswith('HTTP_'):
                todelete = ('headers', 'cookies')

            for key in todelete:
                self.environ.pop('bottle.request.'+key, None)

        def __repr__(self):
            return '<%s: %s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.method, self.url)

        def __getattr__(self, name):
            ''' Search in self.environ for additional user defined attributes. '''
            try:
                var = self.environ['bottle.request.ext.%s'%name]
                return var.__get__(self) if hasattr(var, '__get__') else var
            except KeyError:
                raise AttributeError('Attribute %r not defined.' % name)

        def __setattr__(self, name, value):
            if name == 'environ': return object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
            self.environ['bottle.request.ext.%s'%name] = value

    def _hkey(key):
        if '\n' in key or '\r' in key or '\0' in key:
            raise ValueError("Header names must not contain control characters: %r" % key)
        return key.title().replace('_', '-')

    def _hval(value):
        value = value if isinstance(value, unicode) else str(value)
        if '\n' in value or '\r' in value or '\0' in value:
            raise ValueError("Header value must not contain control characters: %r" % value)
        return value

    class HeaderProperty(object):
        def __init__(self, name, reader=None, writer=None, default=''):
            self.name, self.default = name, default
            self.reader, self.writer = reader, writer
            self.__doc__ = 'Current value of the %r header.' % name.title()

        def __get__(self, obj, cls):
            if obj is None: return self
            value = obj.get_header(self.name, self.default)
            return self.reader(value) if self.reader else value

        def __set__(self, obj, value):
            obj[self.name] = self.writer(value) if self.writer else value

        def __delete__(self, obj):
            del obj[self.name]

    class BaseResponse(object):
        """ Storage class for a response body as well as headers and cookies.

            This class does support dict-like case-insensitive item-access to
            headers, but is NOT a dict. Most notably, iterating over a response
            yields parts of the body and not the headers.

            :param body: The response body as one of the supported types.
            :param status: Either an HTTP status code (e.g. 200) or a status line
                           including the reason phrase (e.g. '200 OK').
            :param headers: A dictionary or a list of name-value pairs.

            Additional keyword arguments are added to the list of headers.
            Underscores in the header name are replaced with dashes.
        """

        default_status = 200
        default_content_type = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'

        # Header blacklist for specific response codes
        # (rfc2616 section 10.2.3 and 10.3.5)
        bad_headers = {
            204: set(('Content-Type',)),
            304: set(('Allow', 'Content-Encoding', 'Content-Language',
                      'Content-Length', 'Content-Range', 'Content-Type',
                      'Content-Md5', 'Last-Modified'))}

        def __init__(self, body='', status=None, headers=None, **more_headers):
            self._cookies = None
            self._headers = {}
            self.body = body
            self.status = status or self.default_status
            if headers:
                if isinstance(headers, dict):
                    headers = headers.items()
                for name, value in headers:
                    self.add_header(name, value)
            if more_headers:
                for name, value in more_headers.items():
                    self.add_header(name, value)

        def copy(self, cls=None):
            ''' Returns a copy of self. '''
            cls = cls or BaseResponse
            assert issubclass(cls, BaseResponse)
            copy = cls()
            copy.status = self.status
            copy._headers = dict((k, v[:]) for (k, v) in self._headers.items())
            if self._cookies:
                copy._cookies = SimpleCookie()
                copy._cookies.load(self._cookies.output())
            return copy

        def __iter__(self):
            return iter(self.body)

        def close(self):
            if hasattr(self.body, 'close'):
                self.body.close()

        @property
        def status_line(self):
            ''' The HTTP status line as a string (e.g. ``404 Not Found``).'''
            return self._status_line

        @property
        def status_code(self):
            ''' The HTTP status code as an integer (e.g. 404).'''
            return self._status_code

        def _set_status(self, status):
            if isinstance(status, int):
                code, status = status, _HTTP_STATUS_LINES.get(status)
            elif ' ' in status:
                status = status.strip()
                code   = int(status.split()[0])
            else:
                raise ValueError('String status line without a reason phrase.')
            if not 100 <= code <= 999: raise ValueError('Status code out of range.')
            self._status_code = code
            self._status_line = str(status or ('%d Unknown' % code))

        def _get_status(self):
            return self._status_line

        status = property(_get_status, _set_status, None,
            ''' A writeable property to change the HTTP response status. It accepts
                either a numeric code (100-999) or a string with a custom reason
                phrase (e.g. "404 Brain not found"). Both :data:`status_line` and
                :data:`status_code` are updated accordingly. The return value is
                always a status string. ''')
        del _get_status, _set_status

        @property
        def headers(self):
            ''' An instance of :class:`HeaderDict`, a case-insensitive dict-like
                view on the response headers. '''
            hdict = HeaderDict()
            hdict.dict = self._headers
            return hdict

        def __contains__(self, name): return _hkey(name) in self._headers
        def __delitem__(self, name):  del self._headers[_hkey(name)]
        def __getitem__(self, name):  return self._headers[_hkey(name)][-1]
        def __setitem__(self, name, value): self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [_hval(value)]

        def get_header(self, name, default=None):
            ''' Return the value of a previously defined header. If there is no
                header with that name, return a default value. '''
            return self._headers.get(_hkey(name), [default])[-1]

        def set_header(self, name, value):
            ''' Create a new response header, replacing any previously defined
                headers with the same name. '''
            self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [_hval(value)]

        def add_header(self, name, value):
            ''' Add an additional response header, not removing duplicates. '''
            self._headers.setdefault(_hkey(name), []).append(_hval(value))

        def iter_headers(self):
            ''' Yield (header, value) tuples, skipping headers that are not
                allowed with the current response status code. '''
            return self.headerlist

        @property
        def headerlist(self):
            ''' WSGI conform list of (header, value) tuples. '''
            out = []
            headers = list(self._headers.items())
            if 'Content-Type' not in self._headers:
                headers.append(('Content-Type', [self.default_content_type]))
            if self._status_code in self.bad_headers:
                bad_headers = self.bad_headers[self._status_code]
                headers = [h for h in headers if h[0] not in bad_headers]
            out += [(name, val) for name, vals in headers for val in vals]
            if self._cookies:
                for c in self._cookies.values():
                    out.append(('Set-Cookie', c.OutputString()))
            return out

        content_type = HeaderProperty('Content-Type')
        content_length = HeaderProperty('Content-Length', reader=int)
        expires = HeaderProperty('Expires',
            reader=lambda x: datetime.utcfromtimestamp(parse_date(x)),
            writer=lambda x: http_date(x))

        @property
        def charset(self, default='UTF-8'):
            """ Return the charset specified in the content-type header (default: utf8). """
            if 'charset=' in self.content_type:
                return self.content_type.split('charset=')[-1].split(';')[0].strip()
            return default

        def set_cookie(self, name, value, secret=None, **options):
            ''' Create a new cookie or replace an old one. If the `secret` parameter is
                set, create a `Signed Cookie` (described below).

                :param name: the name of the cookie.
                :param value: the value of the cookie.
                :param secret: a signature key required for signed cookies.

                Additionally, this method accepts all RFC 2109 attributes that are
                supported by :class:`cookie.Morsel`, including:

                :param max_age: maximum age in seconds. (default: None)
                :param expires: a datetime object or UNIX timestamp. (default: None)
                :param domain: the domain that is allowed to read the cookie.
                  (default: current domain)
                :param path: limits the cookie to a given path (default: current path)
                :param secure: limit the cookie to HTTPS connections (default: off).
                :param httponly: prevents client-side javascript to read this cookie
                  (default: off, requires Python 2.6 or newer).

                If neither `expires` nor `max_age` is set (default), the cookie will
                expire at the end of the browser session (as soon as the browser
                window is closed).

                Signed cookies may store any pickle-able object and are
                cryptographically signed to prevent manipulation. Keep in mind that
                cookies are limited to 4kb in most browsers.

                Warning: Signed cookies are not encrypted (the client can still see
                the content) and not copy-protected (the client can restore an old
                cookie). The main intention is to make pickling and unpickling
                save, not to store secret information at client side.
            '''
            if not self._cookies:
                self._cookies = SimpleCookie()

            if secret:
                value = touni(cookie_encode((name, value), secret))
            elif not isinstance(value, basestring):
                raise TypeError('Secret key missing for non-string Cookie.')

            if len(value) > 4096: raise ValueError('Cookie value to long.')
            self._cookies[name] = value

            for key, value in options.items():
                if key == 'max_age':
                    if isinstance(value, timedelta):
                        value = value.seconds + value.days * 24 * 3600
                if key == 'expires':
                    if isinstance(value, (datedate, datetime)):
                        value = value.timetuple()
                    elif isinstance(value, (int, float)):
                        value = time.gmtime(value)
                    value = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", value)
                self._cookies[name][key.replace('_', '-')] = value

        def delete_cookie(self, key, **kwargs):
            ''' Delete a cookie. Be sure to use the same `domain` and `path`
                settings as used to create the cookie. '''
            kwargs['max_age'] = -1
            kwargs['expires'] = 0
            self.set_cookie(key, '', **kwargs)

        def __repr__(self):
            out = ''
            for name, value in self.headerlist:
                out += '%s: %s\n' % (name.title(), value.strip())
            return out

    def local_property(name=None):
        if name: depr('local_property() is deprecated and will be removed.') #0.12
        ls = threading.local()
        def fget(self):
            try: return ls.var
            except AttributeError:
                raise RuntimeError("Request context not initialized.")
        def fset(self, value): ls.var = value
        def fdel(self): del ls.var
        return property(fget, fset, fdel, 'Thread-local property')

    class LocalRequest(BaseRequest):
        ''' A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseRequest` with a different
            set of attributes for each thread. There is usually only one global
            instance of this class (:data:`request`). If accessed during a
            request/response cycle, this instance always refers to the *current*
            request (even on a multithreaded server). '''
        bind = BaseRequest.__init__
        environ = local_property()

    class LocalResponse(BaseResponse):
        ''' A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseResponse` with a different
            set of attributes for each thread. There is usually only one global
            instance of this class (:data:`response`). Its attributes are used
            to build the HTTP response at the end of the request/response cycle.
        '''
        bind = BaseResponse.__init__
        _status_line = local_property()
        _status_code = local_property()
        _cookies     = local_property()
        _headers     = local_property()
        body         = local_property()

    Request = BaseRequest
    Response = BaseResponse

    class HTTPResponse(Response, BottleException):
        def __init__(self, body='', status=None, headers=None, **more_headers):
            super(HTTPResponse, self).__init__(body, status, headers, **more_headers)

        def apply(self, response):
            response._status_code = self._status_code
            response._status_line = self._status_line
            response._headers = self._headers
            response._cookies = self._cookies
            response.body = self.body

    class HTTPError(HTTPResponse):
        default_status = 500
        def __init__(self, status=None, body=None, exception=None, traceback=None,
                     **options):
            self.exception = exception
            self.traceback = traceback
            super(HTTPError, self).__init__(body, status, **options)

    ###############################################################################
    # Plugins ######################################################################
    ###############################################################################

    class PluginError(BottleException): pass

    class JSONPlugin(object):
        name = 'json'
        api  = 2

        def __init__(self, json_dumps=json_dumps):
            self.json_dumps = json_dumps

        def apply(self, callback, route):
            dumps = self.json_dumps
            if not dumps: return callback
            def wrapper(*a, **ka):
                try:
                    rv = callback(*a, **ka)
                except HTTPError:
                    rv = _e()

                if isinstance(rv, dict):
                    #Attempt to serialize, raises exception on failure
                    json_response = dumps(rv)
                    #Set content type only if serialization succesful
                    response.content_type = 'application/json'
                    return json_response
                elif isinstance(rv, HTTPResponse) and isinstance(rv.body, dict):
                    rv.body = dumps(rv.body)
                    rv.content_type = 'application/json'
                return rv

            return wrapper

    class TemplatePlugin(object):
        ''' This plugin applies the :func:`view` decorator to all routes with a
            `template` config parameter. If the parameter is a tuple, the second
            element must be a dict with additional options (e.g. `template_engine`)
            or default variables for the template. '''
        name = 'template'
        api  = 2

        def apply(self, callback, route):
            conf = route.config.get('template')
            if isinstance(conf, (tuple, list)) and len(conf) == 2:
                return view(conf[0], **conf[1])(callback)
            elif isinstance(conf, str):
                return view(conf)(callback)
            else:
                return callback

    #: Not a plugin, but part of the plugin API. TODO: Find a better place.
    class _ImportRedirect(object):
        def __init__(self, name, impmask):
            ''' Create a virtual package that redirects imports (see PEP 302). '''
            self.name = name
            self.impmask = impmask
            self.module = sys.modules.setdefault(name, imp.new_module(name))
            self.module.__dict__.update({'__file__': __file__, '__path__': [],
                                        '__all__': [], '__loader__': self})
            sys.meta_path.append(self)

        def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
            if '.' not in fullname: return
            packname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
            if packname != self.name: return
            return self

        def load_module(self, fullname):
            if fullname in sys.modules: return sys.modules[fullname]
            modname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)[1]
            realname = self.impmask % modname
            __import__(realname)
            module = sys.modules[fullname] = sys.modules[realname]
            setattr(self.module, modname, module)
            module.__loader__ = self
            return module

    ###############################################################################
    # Common Utilities #############################################################
    ###############################################################################

    class MultiDict(DictMixin):
        """ This dict stores multiple values per key, but behaves exactly like a
            normal dict in that it returns only the newest value for any given key.
            There are special methods available to access the full list of values.
        """

        def __init__(self, *a, **k):
            self.dict = dict((k, [v]) for (k, v) in dict(*a, **k).items())

        def __len__(self): return len(self.dict)
        def __iter__(self): return iter(self.dict)
        def __contains__(self, key): return key in self.dict
        def __delitem__(self, key): del self.dict[key]
        def __getitem__(self, key): return self.dict[key][-1]
        def __setitem__(self, key, value): self.append(key, value)
        def keys(self): return self.dict.keys()

        if py3k:
            def values(self): return (v[-1] for v in self.dict.values())
            def items(self): return ((k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.items())
            def allitems(self):
                return ((k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.items() for v in vl)
            iterkeys = keys
            itervalues = values
            iteritems = items
            iterallitems = allitems

        else:
            def values(self): return [v[-1] for v in self.dict.values()]
            def items(self): return [(k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.items()]
            def iterkeys(self): return self.dict.iterkeys()
            def itervalues(self): return (v[-1] for v in self.dict.itervalues())
            def iteritems(self):
                return ((k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.iteritems())
            def iterallitems(self):
                return ((k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.iteritems() for v in vl)
            def allitems(self):
                return [(k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.iteritems() for v in vl]

        def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1, type=None):
            ''' Return the most recent value for a key.

                :param default: The default value to be returned if the key is not
                       present or the type conversion fails.
                :param index: An index for the list of available values.
                :param type: If defined, this callable is used to cast the value
                        into a specific type. Exception are suppressed and result in
                        the default value to be returned.
            '''
            try:
                val = self.dict[key][index]
                return type(val) if type else val
            except Exception:
                pass
            return default

        def append(self, key, value):
            ''' Add a new value to the list of values for this key. '''
            self.dict.setdefault(key, []).append(value)

        def replace(self, key, value):
            ''' Replace the list of values with a single value. '''
            self.dict[key] = [value]

        def getall(self, key):
            ''' Return a (possibly empty) list of values for a key. '''
            return self.dict.get(key) or []

        #: Aliases for WTForms to mimic other multi-dict APIs (Django)
        getone = get
        getlist = getall

    class FormsDict(MultiDict):
        ''' This :class:`MultiDict` subclass is used to store request form data.
            Additionally to the normal dict-like item access methods (which return
            unmodified data as native strings), this container also supports
            attribute-like access to its values. Attributes are automatically de-
            or recoded to match :attr:`input_encoding` (default: 'utf8'). Missing
            attributes default to an empty string. '''

        #: Encoding used for attribute values.
        input_encoding = 'utf8'
        #: If true (default), unicode strings are first encoded with `latin1`
        #: and then decoded to match :attr:`input_encoding`.
        recode_unicode = True

        def _fix(self, s, encoding=None):
            if isinstance(s, unicode) and self.recode_unicode: # Python 3 WSGI
                return s.encode('latin1').decode(encoding or self.input_encoding)
            elif isinstance(s, bytes): # Python 2 WSGI
                return s.decode(encoding or self.input_encoding)
            else:
                return s

        def decode(self, encoding=None):
            ''' Returns a copy with all keys and values de- or recoded to match
                :attr:`input_encoding`. Some libraries (e.g. WTForms) want a
                unicode dictionary. '''
            copy = FormsDict()
            enc = copy.input_encoding = encoding or self.input_encoding
            copy.recode_unicode = False
            for key, value in self.allitems():
                copy.append(self._fix(key, enc), self._fix(value, enc))
            return copy

        def getunicode(self, name, default=None, encoding=None):
            ''' Return the value as a unicode string, or the default. '''
            try:
                return self._fix(self[name], encoding)
            except (UnicodeError, KeyError):
                return default

        def __getattr__(self, name, default=unicode()):
            # Without this guard, pickle generates a cryptic TypeError:
            if name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__'):
                return super(FormsDict, self).__getattr__(name)
            return self.getunicode(name, default=default)

    class HeaderDict(MultiDict):
        """ A case-insensitive version of :class:`MultiDict` that defaults to
            replace the old value instead of appending it. """

        def __init__(self, *a, **ka):
            self.dict = {}
            if a or ka: self.update(*a, **ka)

        def __contains__(self, key): return _hkey(key) in self.dict
        def __delitem__(self, key): del self.dict[_hkey(key)]
        def __getitem__(self, key): return self.dict[_hkey(key)][-1]
        def __setitem__(self, key, value): self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [_hval(value)]
        def append(self, key, value): self.dict.setdefault(_hkey(key), []).append(_hval(value))
        def replace(self, key, value): self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [_hval(value)]
        def getall(self, key): return self.dict.get(_hkey(key)) or []
        def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1):
            return MultiDict.get(self, _hkey(key), default, index)
        def filter(self, names):
            for name in (_hkey(n) for n in names):
                if name in self.dict:
                    del self.dict[name]

    class WSGIHeaderDict(DictMixin):
        ''' This dict-like class wraps a WSGI environ dict and provides convenient
            access to HTTP_* fields. Keys and values are native strings
            (2.x bytes or 3.x unicode) and keys are case-insensitive. If the WSGI
            environment contains non-native string values, these are de- or encoded
            using a lossless 'latin1' character set.

            The API will remain stable even on changes to the relevant PEPs.
            Currently PEP 333, 444 and 3333 are supported. (PEP 444 is the only one
            that uses non-native strings.)
        '''
        #: List of keys that do not have a ``HTTP_`` prefix.
        cgikeys = ('CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH')

        def __init__(self, environ):
            self.environ = environ

        def _ekey(self, key):
            ''' Translate header field name to CGI/WSGI environ key. '''
            key = key.replace('-','_').upper()
            if key in self.cgikeys:
                return key
            return 'HTTP_' + key

        def raw(self, key, default=None):
            ''' Return the header value as is (may be bytes or unicode). '''
            return self.environ.get(self._ekey(key), default)

        def __getitem__(self, key):
            return tonat(self.environ[self._ekey(key)], 'latin1')

        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
            raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__)

        def __delitem__(self, key):
            raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__)

        def __iter__(self):
            for key in self.environ:
                if key[:5] == 'HTTP_':
                    yield key[5:].replace('_', '-').title()
                elif key in self.cgikeys:
                    yield key.replace('_', '-').title()

        def keys(self): return [x for x in self]
        def __len__(self): return len(self.keys())
        def __contains__(self, key): return self._ekey(key) in self.environ

    class ConfigDict(dict):
        ''' A dict-like configuration storage with additional support for
            namespaces, validators, meta-data, on_change listeners and more.

            This storage is optimized for fast read access. Retrieving a key
            or using non-altering dict methods (e.g. `dict.get()`) has no overhead
            compared to a native dict.
        '''
        __slots__ = ('_meta', '_on_change')

        class Namespace(DictMixin):

            def __init__(self, config, namespace):
                self._config = config
                self._prefix = namespace

            def __getitem__(self, key):
                depr('Accessing namespaces as dicts is discouraged. '
                     'Only use flat item access: '
                     'cfg["names"]["pace"]["key"] -> cfg["name.space.key"]') #0.12
                return self._config[self._prefix + '.' + key]

            def __setitem__(self, key, value):
                self._config[self._prefix + '.' + key] = value

            def __delitem__(self, key):
                del self._config[self._prefix + '.' + key]

            def __iter__(self):
                ns_prefix = self._prefix + '.'
                for key in self._config:
                    ns, dot, name = key.rpartition('.')
                    if ns == self._prefix and name:
                        yield name

            def keys(self): return [x for x in self]
            def __len__(self): return len(self.keys())
            def __contains__(self, key): return self._prefix + '.' + key in self._config
            def __repr__(self): return '<Config.Namespace %s.*>' % self._prefix
            def __str__(self): return '<Config.Namespace %s.*>' % self._prefix

            # Deprecated ConfigDict features
            def __getattr__(self, key):
                depr('Attribute access is deprecated.') #0.12
                if key not in self and key[0].isupper():
                    self[key] = ConfigDict.Namespace(self._config, self._prefix + '.' + key)
                if key not in self and key.startswith('__'):
                    raise AttributeError(key)
                return self.get(key)

            def __setattr__(self, key, value):
                if key in ('_config', '_prefix'):
                    self.__dict__[key] = value
                    return
                depr('Attribute assignment is deprecated.') #0.12
                if hasattr(DictMixin, key):
                    raise AttributeError('Read-only attribute.')
                if key in self and self[key] and isinstance(self[key], self.__class__):
                    raise AttributeError('Non-empty namespace attribute.')
                self[key] = value

            def __delattr__(self, key):
                if key in self:
                    val = self.pop(key)
                    if isinstance(val, self.__class__):
                        prefix = key + '.'
                        for key in self:
                            if key.startswith(prefix):
                                del self[prefix+key]

            def __call__(self, *a, **ka):
                depr('Calling ConfDict is deprecated. Use the update() method.') #0.12
                self.update(*a, **ka)
                return self

        def __init__(self, *a, **ka):
            self._meta = {}
            self._on_change = lambda name, value: None
            if a or ka:
                depr('Constructor does no longer accept parameters.') #0.12
                self.update(*a, **ka)

        def load_config(self, filename):
            ''' Load values from an *.ini style config file.

                If the config file contains sections, their names are used as
                namespaces for the values within. The two special sections
                ``DEFAULT`` and ``bottle`` refer to the root namespace (no prefix).
            '''
            conf = ConfigParser()
            conf.read(filename)
            for section in conf.sections():
                for key, value in conf.items(section):
                    if section not in ('DEFAULT', 'bottle'):
                        key = section + '.' + key
                    self[key] = value
            return self

        def load_dict(self, source, namespace='', make_namespaces=False):
            ''' Import values from a dictionary structure. Nesting can be used to
                represent namespaces.

                >>> ConfigDict().load_dict({'name': {'space': {'key': 'value'}}})
                {'name.space.key': 'value'}
            '''
            stack = [(namespace, source)]
            while stack:
                prefix, source = stack.pop()
                if not isinstance(source, dict):
                    raise TypeError('Source is not a dict (r)' % type(key))
                for key, value in source.items():
                    if not isinstance(key, str):
                        raise TypeError('Key is not a string (%r)' % type(key))
                    full_key = prefix + '.' + key if prefix else key
                    if isinstance(value, dict):
                        stack.append((full_key, value))
                        if make_namespaces:
                            self[full_key] = self.Namespace(self, full_key)
                    else:
                        self[full_key] = value
            return self

        def update(self, *a, **ka):
            ''' If the first parameter is a string, all keys are prefixed with this
                namespace. Apart from that it works just as the usual dict.update().
                Example: ``update('some.namespace', key='value')`` '''
            prefix = ''
            if a and isinstance(a[0], str):
                prefix = a[0].strip('.') + '.'
                a = a[1:]
            for key, value in dict(*a, **ka).items():
                self[prefix+key] = value

        def setdefault(self, key, value):
            if key not in self:
                self[key] = value
            return self[key]

        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
            if not isinstance(key, str):
                raise TypeError('Key has type %r (not a string)' % type(key))

            value = self.meta_get(key, 'filter', lambda x: x)(value)
            if key in self and self[key] is value:
                return
            self._on_change(key, value)
            dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)

        def __delitem__(self, key):
            dict.__delitem__(self, key)

        def clear(self):
            for key in self:
                del self[key]

        def meta_get(self, key, metafield, default=None):
            ''' Return the value of a meta field for a key. '''
            return self._meta.get(key, {}).get(metafield, default)

        def meta_set(self, key, metafield, value):
            ''' Set the meta field for a key to a new value. This triggers the
                on-change handler for existing keys. '''
            self._meta.setdefault(key, {})[metafield] = value
            if key in self:
                self[key] = self[key]

        def meta_list(self, key):
            ''' Return an iterable of meta field names defined for a key. '''
            return self._meta.get(key, {}).keys()

        # Deprecated ConfigDict features
        def __getattr__(self, key):
            depr('Attribute access is deprecated.') #0.12
            if key not in self and key[0].isupper():
                self[key] = self.Namespace(self, key)
            if key not in self and key.startswith('__'):
                raise AttributeError(key)
            return self.get(key)

        def __setattr__(self, key, value):
            if key in self.__slots__:
                return dict.__setattr__(self, key, value)
            depr('Attribute assignment is deprecated.') #0.12
            if hasattr(dict, key):
                raise AttributeError('Read-only attribute.')
            if key in self and self[key] and isinstance(self[key], self.Namespace):
                raise AttributeError('Non-empty namespace attribute.')
            self[key] = value

        def __delattr__(self, key):
            if key in self:
                val = self.pop(key)
                if isinstance(val, self.Namespace):
                    prefix = key + '.'
                    for key in self:
                        if key.startswith(prefix):
                            del self[prefix+key]

        def __call__(self, *a, **ka):
            depr('Calling ConfDict is deprecated. Use the update() method.') #0.12
            self.update(*a, **ka)
            return self

    class AppStack(list):
        """ A stack-like list. Calling it returns the head of the stack. """

        def __call__(self):
            """ Return the current default application. """
            return self[-1]

        def push(self, value=None):
            """ Add a new :class:`Bottle` instance to the stack """
            if not isinstance(value, Bottle):
                value = Bottle()
            self.append(value)
            return value

    class WSGIFileWrapper(object):

        def __init__(self, fp, buffer_size=1024*64):
            self.fp, self.buffer_size = fp, buffer_size
            for attr in ('fileno', 'close', 'read', 'readlines', 'tell', 'seek'):
                if hasattr(fp, attr): setattr(self, attr, getattr(fp, attr))

        def __iter__(self):
            buff, read = self.buffer_size, self.read
            while True:
                part = read(buff)
                if not part: return
                yield part

    class _closeiter(object):
        ''' This only exists to be able to attach a .close method to iterators that
            do not support attribute assignment (most of itertools). '''

        def __init__(self, iterator, close=None):
            self.iterator = iterator
            self.close_callbacks = makelist(close)

        def __iter__(self):
            return iter(self.iterator)

        def close(self):
            for func in self.close_callbacks:
                func()

    class ResourceManager(object):
        ''' This class manages a list of search paths and helps to find and open
            application-bound resources (files).

            :param base: default value for :meth:`add_path` calls.
            :param opener: callable used to open resources.
            :param cachemode: controls which lookups are cached. One of 'all',
                             'found' or 'none'.
        '''

        def __init__(self, base='./', opener=open, cachemode='all'):
            self.opener = open
            self.base = base
            self.cachemode = cachemode

            #: A list of search paths. See :meth:`add_path` for details.
            self.path = []
            #: A cache for resolved paths. ``res.cache.clear()`` clears the cache.
            self.cache = {}

        def add_path(self, path, base=None, index=None, create=False):
            ''' Add a new path to the list of search paths. Return False if the
                path does not exist.

                :param path: The new search path. Relative paths are turned into
                    an absolute and normalized form. If the path looks like a file
                    (not ending in `/`), the filename is stripped off.
                :param base: Path used to absolutize relative search paths.
                    Defaults to :attr:`base` which defaults to ``os.getcwd()``.
                :param index: Position within the list of search paths. Defaults
                    to last index (appends to the list).

                The `base` parameter makes it easy to reference files installed
                along with a python module or package::

                    res.add_path('./resources/', __file__)
            '''
            base = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(base or self.base))
            path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(base, os.path.dirname(path)))
            path += os.sep
            if path in self.path:
                self.path.remove(path)
            if create and not os.path.isdir(path):
                os.makedirs(path)
            if index is None:
                self.path.append(path)
            else:
                self.path.insert(index, path)
            self.cache.clear()
            return os.path.exists(path)

        def __iter__(self):
            ''' Iterate over all existing files in all registered paths. '''
            search = self.path[:]
            while search:
                path = search.pop()
                if not os.path.isdir(path): continue
                for name in os.listdir(path):
                    full = os.path.join(path, name)
                    if os.path.isdir(full): search.append(full)
                    else: yield full

        def lookup(self, name):
            ''' Search for a resource and return an absolute file path, or `None`.

                The :attr:`path` list is searched in order. The first match is
                returend. Symlinks are followed. The result is cached to speed up
                future lookups. '''
            if name not in self.cache or DEBUG:
                for path in self.path:
                    fpath = os.path.join(path, name)
                    if os.path.isfile(fpath):
                        if self.cachemode in ('all', 'found'):
                            self.cache[name] = fpath
                        return fpath
                if self.cachemode == 'all':
                    self.cache[name] = None
            return self.cache[name]

        def open(self, name, mode='r', *args, **kwargs):
            ''' Find a resource and return a file object, or raise IOError. '''
            fname = self.lookup(name)
            if not fname: raise IOError("Resource %r not found." % name)
            return self.opener(fname, mode=mode, *args, **kwargs)

    class FileUpload(object):

        def __init__(self, fileobj, name, filename, headers=None):
            ''' Wrapper for file uploads. '''
            #: Open file(-like) object (BytesIO buffer or temporary file)
            self.file = fileobj
            #: Name of the upload form field
            self.name = name
            #: Raw filename as sent by the client (may contain unsafe characters)
            self.raw_filename = filename
            #: A :class:`HeaderDict` with additional headers (e.g. content-type)
            self.headers = HeaderDict(headers) if headers else HeaderDict()

        content_type = HeaderProperty('Content-Type')
        content_length = HeaderProperty('Content-Length', reader=int, default=-1)

        @cached_property
        def filename(self):
            ''' Name of the file on the client file system, but normalized to ensure
                file system compatibility. An empty filename is returned as 'empty'.

                Only ASCII letters, digits, dashes, underscores and dots are
                allowed in the final filename. Accents are removed, if possible.
                Whitespace is replaced by a single dash. Leading or tailing dots
                or dashes are removed. The filename is limited to 255 characters.
            '''
            fname = self.raw_filename
            if not isinstance(fname, unicode):
                fname = fname.decode('utf8', 'ignore')
            fname = normalize('NFKD', fname).encode('ASCII', 'ignore').decode('ASCII')
            fname = os.path.basename(fname.replace('\\', os.path.sep))
            fname = re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9-_.\s]', '', fname).strip()
            fname = re.sub(r'[-\s]+', '-', fname).strip('.-')
            return fname[:255] or 'empty'

        def _copy_file(self, fp, chunk_size=2**16):
            read, write, offset = self.file.read, fp.write, self.file.tell()
            while 1:
                buf = read(chunk_size)
                if not buf: break
                write(buf)
            self.file.seek(offset)

        def save(self, destination, overwrite=False, chunk_size=2**16):
            ''' Save file to disk or copy its content to an open file(-like) object.
                If *destination* is a directory, :attr:`filename` is added to the
                path. Existing files are not overwritten by default (IOError).

                :param destination: File path, directory or file(-like) object.
                :param overwrite: If True, replace existing files. (default: False)
                :param chunk_size: Bytes to read at a time. (default: 64kb)
            '''
            if isinstance(destination, basestring): # Except file-likes here
                if os.path.isdir(destination):
                    destination = os.path.join(destination, self.filename)
                if not overwrite and os.path.exists(destination):
                    raise IOError('File exists.')
                with open(destination, 'wb') as fp:
                    self._copy_file(fp, chunk_size)
            else:
                self._copy_file(destination, chunk_size)

    ###############################################################################
    # Application Helper ###########################################################
    ###############################################################################

    def abort(code=500, text='Unknown Error.'):
        """ Aborts execution and causes a HTTP error. """
        raise HTTPError(code, text)

    def redirect(url, code=None):
        """ Aborts execution and causes a 303 or 302 redirect, depending on
            the HTTP protocol version. """
        if not code:
            code = 303 if request.get('SERVER_PROTOCOL') == "HTTP/1.1" else 302
        res = response.copy(cls=HTTPResponse)
        res.status = code
        res.body = ""
        res.set_header('Location', urljoin(request.url, url))
        raise res

    def _file_iter_range(fp, offset, bytes, maxread=1024*1024):
        ''' Yield chunks from a range in a file. No chunk is bigger than maxread.'''
        fp.seek(offset)
        while bytes > 0:
            part = fp.read(min(bytes, maxread))
            if not part: break
            bytes -= len(part)
            yield part

    def static_file(filename, root, mimetype='auto', download=False, charset='UTF-8'):
        """ Open a file in a safe way and return :exc:`HTTPResponse` with status
            code 200, 305, 403 or 404. The ``Content-Type``, ``Content-Encoding``,
            ``Content-Length`` and ``Last-Modified`` headers are set if possible.
            Special support for ``If-Modified-Since``, ``Range`` and ``HEAD``
            requests.

            :param filename: Name or path of the file to send.
            :param root: Root path for file lookups. Should be an absolute directory
                path.
            :param mimetype: Defines the content-type header (default: guess from
                file extension)
            :param download: If True, ask the browser to open a `Save as...` dialog
                instead of opening the file with the associated program. You can
                specify a custom filename as a string. If not specified, the
                original filename is used (default: False).
            :param charset: The charset to use for files with a ``text/*``
                mime-type. (default: UTF-8)
        """

        root = os.path.abspath(root) + os.sep
        filename = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(root, filename.strip('/\\')))
        headers = dict()

        if not filename.startswith(root):
            return HTTPError(403, "Access denied.")
        if not os.path.exists(filename) or not os.path.isfile(filename):
            return HTTPError(404, "File does not exist.")
        if not os.access(filename, os.R_OK):
            return HTTPError(403, "You do not have permission to access this file.")

        if mimetype == 'auto':
            mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)
            if encoding: headers['Content-Encoding'] = encoding

        if mimetype:
            if mimetype[:5] == 'text/' and charset and 'charset' not in mimetype:
                mimetype += '; charset=%s' % charset
            headers['Content-Type'] = mimetype

        if download:
            download = os.path.basename(filename if download == True else download)
            headers['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="%s"' % download

        stats = os.stat(filename)
        headers['Content-Length'] = clen = stats.st_size
        lm = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", time.gmtime(stats.st_mtime))
        headers['Last-Modified'] = lm

        ims = request.environ.get('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE')
        if ims:
            ims = parse_date(ims.split(";")[0].strip())
        if ims is not None and ims >= int(stats.st_mtime):
            headers['Date'] = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", time.gmtime())
            return HTTPResponse(status=304, **headers)

        body = '' if request.method == 'HEAD' else open(filename, 'rb')

        headers["Accept-Ranges"] = "bytes"
        ranges = request.environ.get('HTTP_RANGE')
        if 'HTTP_RANGE' in request.environ:
            ranges = list(parse_range_header(request.environ['HTTP_RANGE'], clen))
            if not ranges:
                return HTTPError(416, "Requested Range Not Satisfiable")
            offset, end = ranges[0]
            headers["Content-Range"] = "bytes %d-%d/%d" % (offset, end-1, clen)
            headers["Content-Length"] = str(end-offset)
            if body: body = _file_iter_range(body, offset, end-offset)
            return HTTPResponse(body, status=206, **headers)
        return HTTPResponse(body, **headers)

    ###############################################################################
    # HTTP Utilities and MISC (TODO) ###############################################
    ###############################################################################

    def debug(mode=True):
        """ Change the debug level.
        There is only one debug level supported at the moment."""
        global DEBUG
        if mode: warnings.simplefilter('default')
        DEBUG = bool(mode)

    def http_date(value):
        if isinstance(value, (datedate, datetime)):
            value = value.utctimetuple()
        elif isinstance(value, (int, float)):
            value = time.gmtime(value)
        if not isinstance(value, basestring):
            value = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", value)
        return value

    def parse_date(ims):
        """ Parse rfc1123, rfc850 and asctime timestamps and return UTC epoch. """
        try:
            ts = email.utils.parsedate_tz(ims)
            return time.mktime(ts[:8] + (0,)) - (ts[9] or 0) - time.timezone
        except (TypeError, ValueError, IndexError, OverflowError):
            return None

    def parse_auth(header):
        """ Parse rfc2617 HTTP authentication header string (basic) and return (user,pass) tuple or None"""
        try:
            method, data = header.split(None, 1)
            if method.lower() == 'basic':
                user, pwd = touni(base64.b64decode(tob(data))).split(':',1)
                return user, pwd
        except (KeyError, ValueError):
            return None

    def parse_range_header(header, maxlen=0):
        ''' Yield (start, end) ranges parsed from a HTTP Range header. Skip
            unsatisfiable ranges. The end index is non-inclusive.'''
        if not header or header[:6] != 'bytes=': return
        ranges = [r.split('-', 1) for r in header[6:].split(',') if '-' in r]
        for start, end in ranges:
            try:
                if not start:  # bytes=-100    -> last 100 bytes
                    start, end = max(0, maxlen-int(end)), maxlen
                elif not end:  # bytes=100-    -> all but the first 99 bytes
                    start, end = int(start), maxlen
                else:          # bytes=100-200 -> bytes 100-200 (inclusive)
                    start, end = int(start), min(int(end)+1, maxlen)
                if 0 <= start < end <= maxlen:
                    yield start, end
            except ValueError:
                pass

    def _parse_qsl(qs):
        r = []
        for pair in qs.replace(';','&').split('&'):
            if not pair: continue
            nv = pair.split('=', 1)
            if len(nv) != 2: nv.append('')
            key = urlunquote(nv[0].replace('+', ' '))
            value = urlunquote(nv[1].replace('+', ' '))
            r.append((key, value))
        return r

    def _lscmp(a, b):
        ''' Compares two strings in a cryptographically safe way:
            Runtime is not affected by length of common prefix. '''
        return not sum(0 if x==y else 1 for x, y in zip(a, b)) and len(a) == len(b)

    def cookie_encode(data, key):
        ''' Encode and sign a pickle-able object. Return a (byte) string '''
        msg = base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(data, -1))
        sig = base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(key), msg).digest())
        return tob('!') + sig + tob('?') + msg

    def cookie_decode(data, key):
        ''' Verify and decode an encoded string. Return an object or None.'''
        data = tob(data)
        if cookie_is_encoded(data):
            sig, msg = data.split(tob('?'), 1)
            if _lscmp(sig[1:], base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(key), msg).digest())):
                return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(msg))
        return None

    def cookie_is_encoded(data):
        ''' Return True if the argument looks like a encoded cookie.'''
        return bool(data.startswith(tob('!')) and tob('?') in data)

    def html_escape(string):
        ''' Escape HTML special characters ``&<>`` and quotes ``'"``. '''
        return string.replace('&','&amp;').replace('<','&lt;').replace('>','&gt;')\
                     .replace('"','&quot;').replace("'",'&#039;')

    def html_quote(string):
        ''' Escape and quote a string to be used as an HTTP attribute.'''
        return '"%s"' % html_escape(string).replace('\n','&#10;')\
                        .replace('\r','&#13;').replace('\t','&#9;')

    def yieldroutes(func):
        """ Return a generator for routes that match the signature (name, args)
        of the func parameter. This may yield more than one route if the function
        takes optional keyword arguments. The output is best described by example::

            a()         -> '/a'
            b(x, y)     -> '/b/<x>/<y>'
            c(x, y=5)   -> '/c/<x>' and '/c/<x>/<y>'
            d(x=5, y=6) -> '/d' and '/d/<x>' and '/d/<x>/<y>'
        """
        path = '/' + func.__name__.replace('__','/').lstrip('/')
        spec = getargspec(func)
        argc = len(spec[0]) - len(spec[3] or [])
        path += ('/<%s>' * argc) % tuple(spec[0][:argc])
        yield path
        for arg in spec[0][argc:]:
            path += '/<%s>' % arg
            yield path

    def path_shift(script_name, path_info, shift=1):
        ''' Shift path fragments from PATH_INFO to SCRIPT_NAME and vice versa.

            :return: The modified paths.
            :param script_name: The SCRIPT_NAME path.
            :param script_name: The PATH_INFO path.
            :param shift: The number of path fragments to shift. May be negative to
              change the shift direction. (default: 1)
        '''
        if shift == 0: return script_name, path_info
        pathlist = path_info.strip('/').split('/')
        scriptlist = script_name.strip('/').split('/')
        if pathlist and pathlist[0] == '': pathlist = []
        if scriptlist and scriptlist[0] == '': scriptlist = []
        if shift > 0 and shift <= len(pathlist):
            moved = pathlist[:shift]
            scriptlist = scriptlist + moved
            pathlist = pathlist[shift:]
        elif shift < 0 and shift >= -len(scriptlist):
            moved = scriptlist[shift:]
            pathlist = moved + pathlist
            scriptlist = scriptlist[:shift]
        else:
            empty = 'SCRIPT_NAME' if shift < 0 else 'PATH_INFO'
            raise AssertionError("Cannot shift. Nothing left from %s" % empty)
        new_script_name = '/' + '/'.join(scriptlist)
        new_path_info = '/' + '/'.join(pathlist)
        if path_info.endswith('/') and pathlist: new_path_info += '/'
        return new_script_name, new_path_info

    def auth_basic(check, realm="private", text="Access denied"):
        ''' Callback decorator to require HTTP auth (basic).
            TODO: Add route(check_auth=...) parameter. '''
        def decorator(func):
            def wrapper(*a, **ka):
                user, password = request.auth or (None, None)
                if user is None or not check(user, password):
                    err = HTTPError(401, text)
                    err.add_header('WWW-Authenticate', 'Basic realm="%s"' % realm)
                    return err
                return func(*a, **ka)
            return wrapper
        return decorator

    # Shortcuts for common Bottle methods.
    # They all refer to the current default application.

    def make_default_app_wrapper(name):
        ''' Return a callable that relays calls to the current default app. '''
        @functools.wraps(getattr(Bottle, name))
        def wrapper(*a, **ka):
            return getattr(app(), name)(*a, **ka)
        return wrapper

    route     = make_default_app_wrapper('route')
    get       = make_default_app_wrapper('get')
    post      = make_default_app_wrapper('post')
    put       = make_default_app_wrapper('put')
    delete    = make_default_app_wrapper('delete')
    error     = make_default_app_wrapper('error')
    mount     = make_default_app_wrapper('mount')
    hook      = make_default_app_wrapper('hook')
    install   = make_default_app_wrapper('install')
    uninstall = make_default_app_wrapper('uninstall')
    url       = make_default_app_wrapper('get_url')

    ###############################################################################
    # Server Adapter ###############################################################
    ###############################################################################

    class ServerAdapter(object):
        quiet = False
        def __init__(self, host='127.0.0.1', port=8080, **options):
            self.options = options
            self.host = host
            self.port = int(port)

        def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
            pass

        def __repr__(self):
            args = ', '.join(['%s=%s'%(k,repr(v)) for k, v in self.options.items()])
            return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, args)

    class CGIServer(ServerAdapter):
        quiet = True
        def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
            from wsgiref.handlers import CGIHandler
            def fixed_environ(environ, start_response):
                environ.setdefault('PATH_INFO', '')
                return handler(environ, start_response)
            CGIHandler().run(fixed_environ)

    class FlupFCGIServer(ServerAdapter):
        def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
            import flup.server.fcgi
            self.options.setdefault('bindAddress', (self.host, self.port))
            flup.server.fcgi.WSGIServer(handler, **self.options).run()

    class WSGIRefServer(ServerAdapter):
        def run(self, app): # pragma: no cover
            from wsgiref.simple_server import WSGIRequestHandler, WSGIServer
            from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
            import socket

            class FixedHandler(WSGIRequestHandler):
                def address_string(self): # Prevent reverse DNS lookups please.
                    return self.client_address[0]
                def log_request(*args, **kw):
                    if not self.quiet:
                        return WSGIRequestHandler.log_request(*args, **kw)

            handler_cls = self.options.get('handler_class', FixedHandler)
            server_cls  = self.options.get('server_class', WSGIServer)

            if ':' in self.host: # Fix wsgiref for IPv6 addresses.
                if getattr(server_cls, 'address_family') == socket.AF_INET:
                    class server_cls(server_cls):
                        address_family = socket.AF_INET6

            srv = make_server(self.host, self.port, app, server_cls, handler_cls)
            srv.serve_forever()

    class CherryPyServer(ServerAdapter):
        def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
            from cherrypy import wsgiserver
            self.options['bind_addr'] = (self.host, self.port)
            self.options['wsgi_app'] = handler

            certfile = self.options.get('certfile')
            if certfile:
                del self.options['certfile']
            keyfile = self.options.get('keyfile')
            if keyfile:
                del self.options['keyfile']

            server = wsgiserver.CherryPyWSGIServer(**self.options)
            if certfile:
                server.ssl_certificate = certfile
            if keyfile:
                server.ssl_private_key = keyfile

            try:
                server.start()
            finally:
                server.stop()

    class WaitressServer(ServerAdapter):
        def run(self, handler):
            from waitress import serve
            serve(handler, host=self.host, port=self.port)

    class PasteServer(ServerAdapter):
        def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
            from paste import httpserver
            from paste.translogger import TransLogger
            handler = TransLogger(handler, setup_console_handler=(not self.quiet))
            httpserver.serve(handler, host=self.host, port=str(self.port),
                             **self.options)

    class MeinheldServer(ServerAdapter):
        def run(self, handler):
            from meinheld import server
            server.listen((self.host, self.port))
            server.run(handler)

    class FapwsServer(ServerAdapter):
        """ Extremely fast webserver using libev. See http://www.fapws.org/ """
        def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
            import fapws._evwsgi as evwsgi
            from fapws import base, config
            port = self.port
            if float(config.SERVER_IDENT[-2:]) > 0.4:
                # fapws3 silently changed its API in 0.5
                port = str(port)
            evwsgi.start(self.host, port)
            # fapws3 never releases the GIL. Complain upstream. I tried. No luck.
            if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ and not self.quiet:
                _stderr("WARNING: Auto-reloading does not work with Fapws3.\n")
                _stderr("         (Fapws3 breaks python thread support)\n")
            evwsgi.set_base_module(base)
            def app(environ, start_response):
                environ['wsgi.multiprocess'] = False
                return handler(environ, start_response)
            evwsgi.wsgi_cb(('', app))
            evwsgi.run()

    class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter):
        """ The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """
        def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
            import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop
            container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler)
            server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container)
            server.listen(port=self.port,address=self.host)
            tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

    class AppEngineServer(ServerAdapter):
        """ Adapter for Google App Engine. """
        quiet = True
        def run(self, handler):
            from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util
            # A main() function in the handler script enables 'App Caching'.
            # Lets makes sure it is there. This _really_ improves performance.
            module = sys.modules.get('__main__')
            if module and not hasattr(module, 'main'):
                module.main = lambda: util.run_wsgi_app(handler)
            util.run_wsgi_app(handler)

    class TwistedServer(ServerAdapter):
        """ Untested. """
        def run(self, handler):
            from twisted.web import server, wsgi
            from twisted.python.threadpool import ThreadPool
            from twisted.internet import reactor
            thread_pool = ThreadPool()
            thread_pool.start()
            reactor.addSystemEventTrigger('after', 'shutdown', thread_pool.stop)
            factory = server.Site(wsgi.WSGIResource(reactor, thread_pool, handler))
            reactor.listenTCP(self.port, factory, interface=self.host)
            reactor.run()

    class DieselServer(ServerAdapter):
        """ Untested. """
        def run(self, handler):
            from diesel.protocols.wsgi import WSGIApplication
            app = WSGIApplication(handler, port=self.port)
            app.run()

    class GeventServer(ServerAdapter):
        """ Untested. Options:

            * `fast` (default: False) uses libevent's http server, but has some
              issues: No streaming, no pipelining, no SSL.
            * See gevent.wsgi.WSGIServer() documentation for more options.
        """
        def run(self, handler):
            from gevent import wsgi, pywsgi, local
            if not isinstance(threading.local(), local.local):
                msg = "Bottle requires gevent.monkey.patch_all() (before import)"
                raise RuntimeError(msg)
            if not self.options.pop('fast', None): wsgi = pywsgi
            self.options['log'] = None if self.quiet else 'default'
            address = (self.host, self.port)
            server = wsgi.WSGIServer(address, handler, **self.options)
            if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ:
                import signal
                signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, lambda s, f: server.stop())
            server.serve_forever()

    class GeventSocketIOServer(ServerAdapter):
        def run(self,handler):
            from socketio import server
            address = (self.host, self.port)
            server.SocketIOServer(address, handler, **self.options).serve_forever()

    class GunicornServer(ServerAdapter):
        """ Untested. See http://gunicorn.org/configure.html for options. """
        def run(self, handler):
            from gunicorn.app.base import Application

            config = {'bind': "%s:%d" % (self.host, int(self.port))}
            config.update(self.options)

            class GunicornApplication(Application):
                def init(self, parser, opts, args):
                    return config

                def load(self):
                    return handler

            GunicornApplication().run()

    class EventletServer(ServerAdapter):
        """ Untested """
        def run(self, handler):
            from eventlet import wsgi, listen
            try:
                wsgi.server(listen((self.host, self.port)), handler,
                            log_output=(not self.quiet))
            except TypeError:
                # Fallback, if we have old version of eventlet
                wsgi.server(listen((self.host, self.port)), handler)

    class RocketServer(ServerAdapter):
        """ Untested. """
        def run(self, handler):
            from rocket import Rocket
            server = Rocket((self.host, self.port), 'wsgi', { 'wsgi_app' : handler })
            server.start()

    class BjoernServer(ServerAdapter):
        """ Fast server written in C: https://github.com/jonashaag/bjoern """
        def run(self, handler):
            from bjoern import run
            run(handler, self.host, self.port)

    class AutoServer(ServerAdapter):
        """ Untested. """
        adapters = [WaitressServer, PasteServer, TwistedServer, CherryPyServer, WSGIRefServer]
        def run(self, handler):
            for sa in self.adapters:
                try:
                    return sa(self.host, self.port, **self.options).run(handler)
                except ImportError:
                    pass

    server_names = {
        'cgi': CGIServer,
        'flup': FlupFCGIServer,
        'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,
        'waitress': WaitressServer,
        'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,
        'paste': PasteServer,
        'fapws3': FapwsServer,
        'tornado': TornadoServer,
        'gae': AppEngineServer,
        'twisted': TwistedServer,
        'diesel': DieselServer,
        'meinheld': MeinheldServer,
        'gunicorn': GunicornServer,
        'eventlet': EventletServer,
        'gevent': GeventServer,
        'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer,
        'rocket': RocketServer,
        'bjoern' : BjoernServer,
        'auto': AutoServer,
    }

    ###############################################################################
    # Application Control ##########################################################
    ###############################################################################

    def load(target, **namespace):
        """ Import a module or fetch an object from a module.

            * ``package.module`` returns `module` as a module object.
            * ``pack.mod:name`` returns the module variable `name` from `pack.mod`.
            * ``pack.mod:func()`` calls `pack.mod.func()` and returns the result.

            The last form accepts not only function calls, but any type of
            expression. Keyword arguments passed to this function are available as
            local variables. Example: ``import_string('re:compile(x)', x='[a-z]')``
        """
        module, target = target.split(":", 1) if ':' in target else (target, None)
        if module not in sys.modules: __import__(module)
        if not target: return sys.modules[module]
        if target.isalnum(): return getattr(sys.modules[module], target)
        package_name = module.split('.')[0]
        namespace[package_name] = sys.modules[package_name]
        return eval('%s.%s' % (module, target), namespace)

    def load_app(target):
        """ Load a bottle application from a module and make sure that the import
            does not affect the current default application, but returns a separate
            application object. See :func:`load` for the target parameter. """
        global NORUN; NORUN, nr_old = True, NORUN
        try:
            tmp = default_app.push() # Create a new "default application"
            rv = load(target) # Import the target module
            return rv if callable(rv) else tmp
        finally:
            default_app.remove(tmp) # Remove the temporary added default application
            NORUN = nr_old

    _debug = debug
    def run(app=None, server='wsgiref', host='127.0.0.1', port=8080,
            interval=1, reloader=False, quiet=False, plugins=None,
            debug=None, **kargs):
        """ Start a server instance. This method blocks until the server terminates.

            :param app: WSGI application or target string supported by
                   :func:`load_app`. (default: :func:`default_app`)
            :param server: Server adapter to use. See :data:`server_names` keys
                   for valid names or pass a :class:`ServerAdapter` subclass.
                   (default: `wsgiref`)
            :param host: Server address to bind to. Pass ``0.0.0.0`` to listens on
                   all interfaces including the external one. (default: 127.0.0.1)
            :param port: Server port to bind to. Values below 1024 require root
                   privileges. (default: 8080)
            :param reloader: Start auto-reloading server? (default: False)
            :param interval: Auto-reloader interval in seconds (default: 1)
            :param quiet: Suppress output to stdout and stderr? (default: False)
            :param options: Options passed to the server adapter.
         """
        if NORUN: return
        if reloader and not os.environ.get('BOTTLE_CHILD'):
            try:
                lockfile = None
                fd, lockfile = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='bottle.', suffix='.lock')
                os.close(fd) # We only need this file to exist. We never write to it
                while os.path.exists(lockfile):
                    args = [sys.executable] + sys.argv
                    environ = os.environ.copy()
                    environ['BOTTLE_CHILD'] = 'true'
                    environ['BOTTLE_LOCKFILE'] = lockfile
                    p = subprocess.Popen(args, env=environ)
                    while p.poll() is None: # Busy wait...
                        os.utime(lockfile, None) # I am alive!
                        time.sleep(interval)
                    if p.poll() != 3:
                        if os.path.exists(lockfile): os.unlink(lockfile)
                        sys.exit(p.poll())
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                pass
            finally:
                if os.path.exists(lockfile):
                    os.unlink(lockfile)
            return

        try:
            if debug is not None: _debug(debug)
            app = app or default_app()
            if isinstance(app, basestring):
                app = load_app(app)
            if not callable(app):
                raise ValueError("Application is not callable: %r" % app)

            for plugin in plugins or []:
                app.install(plugin)

            if server in server_names:
                server = server_names.get(server)
            if isinstance(server, basestring):
                server = load(server)
            if isinstance(server, type):
                server = server(host=host, port=port, **kargs)
            if not isinstance(server, ServerAdapter):
                raise ValueError("Unknown or unsupported server: %r" % server)

            server.quiet = server.quiet or quiet
            if not server.quiet:
                _stderr("Bottle v%s server starting up (using %s)...\n" % (__version__, repr(server)))
                _stderr("Listening on http://%s:%d/\n" % (server.host, server.port))
                _stderr("Hit Ctrl-C to quit.\n\n")

            if reloader:
                lockfile = os.environ.get('BOTTLE_LOCKFILE')
                bgcheck = FileCheckerThread(lockfile, interval)
                with bgcheck:
                    server.run(app)
                if bgcheck.status == 'reload':
                    sys.exit(3)
            else:
                server.run(app)
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            pass
        except (SystemExit, MemoryError):
            raise
        except:
            if not reloader: raise
            if not getattr(server, 'quiet', quiet):
                print_exc()
            time.sleep(interval)
            sys.exit(3)

    class FileCheckerThread(threading.Thread):
        ''' Interrupt main-thread as soon as a changed module file is detected,
            the lockfile gets deleted or gets to old. '''

        def __init__(self, lockfile, interval):
            threading.Thread.__init__(self)
            self.lockfile, self.interval = lockfile, interval
            #: Is one of 'reload', 'error' or 'exit'
            self.status = None

        def run(self):
            exists = os.path.exists
            mtime = lambda path: os.stat(path).st_mtime
            files = dict()

            for module in list(sys.modules.values()):
                path = getattr(module, '__file__', '')
                if path[-4:] in ('.pyo', '.pyc'): path = path[:-1]
                if path and exists(path): files[path] = mtime(path)

            while not self.status:
                if not exists(self.lockfile)\
                or mtime(self.lockfile) < time.time() - self.interval - 5:
                    self.status = 'error'
                    thread.interrupt_main()
                for path, lmtime in list(files.items()):
                    if not exists(path) or mtime(path) > lmtime:
                        self.status = 'reload'
                        thread.interrupt_main()
                        break
                time.sleep(self.interval)

        def __enter__(self):
            self.start()

        def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
            if not self.status: self.status = 'exit' # silent exit
            self.join()
            return exc_type is not None and issubclass(exc_type, KeyboardInterrupt)

    ###############################################################################
    # Template Adapters ############################################################
    ###############################################################################

    class TemplateError(HTTPError):
        def __init__(self, message):
            HTTPError.__init__(self, 500, message)

    class BaseTemplate(object):
        """ Base class and minimal API for template adapters """
        extensions = ['tpl','html','thtml','stpl']
        settings = {} #used in prepare()
        defaults = {} #used in render()

        def __init__(self, source=None, name=None, lookup=[], encoding='utf8', **settings):
            """ Create a new template.
            If the source parameter (str or buffer) is missing, the name argument
            is used to guess a template filename. Subclasses can assume that
            self.source and/or self.filename are set. Both are strings.
            The lookup, encoding and settings parameters are stored as instance
            variables.
            The lookup parameter stores a list containing directory paths.
            The encoding parameter should be used to decode byte strings or files.
            The settings parameter contains a dict for engine-specific settings.
            """
            self.name = name
            self.source = source.read() if hasattr(source, 'read') else source
            self.filename = source.filename if hasattr(source, 'filename') else None
            self.lookup = [os.path.abspath(x) for x in lookup]
            self.encoding = encoding
            self.settings = self.settings.copy() # Copy from class variable
            self.settings.update(settings) # Apply
            if not self.source and self.name:
                self.filename = self.search(self.name, self.lookup)
                if not self.filename:
                    raise TemplateError('Template %s not found.' % repr(name))
            if not self.source and not self.filename:
                raise TemplateError('No template specified.')
            self.prepare(**self.settings)

        @classmethod
        def search(cls, name, lookup=[]):
            """ Search name in all directories specified in lookup.
            First without, then with common extensions. Return first hit. """
            if not lookup:
                depr('The template lookup path list should not be empty.') #0.12
                lookup = ['.']

            if os.path.isabs(name) and os.path.isfile(name):
                depr('Absolute template path names are deprecated.') #0.12
                return os.path.abspath(name)

            for spath in lookup:
                spath = os.path.abspath(spath) + os.sep
                fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(spath, name))
                if not fname.startswith(spath): continue
                if os.path.isfile(fname): return fname
                for ext in cls.extensions:
                    if os.path.isfile('%s.%s' % (fname, ext)):
                        return '%s.%s' % (fname, ext)

        @classmethod
        def global_config(cls, key, *args):
            ''' This reads or sets the global settings stored in class.settings. '''
            if args:
                cls.settings = cls.settings.copy() # Make settings local to class
                cls.settings[key] = args[0]
            else:
                return cls.settings[key]

        def prepare(self, **options):
            """ Run preparations (parsing, caching, ...).
            It should be possible to call this again to refresh a template or to
            update settings.
            """
            raise NotImplementedError

        def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
            """ Render the template with the specified local variables and return
            a single byte or unicode string. If it is a byte string, the encoding
            must match self.encoding. This method must be thread-safe!
            Local variables may be provided in dictionaries (args)
            or directly, as keywords (kwargs).
            """
            raise NotImplementedError

    class MakoTemplate(BaseTemplate):
        def prepare(self, **options):
            from mako.template import Template
            from mako.lookup import TemplateLookup
            options.update({'input_encoding':self.encoding})
            options.setdefault('format_exceptions', bool(DEBUG))
            lookup = TemplateLookup(directories=self.lookup, **options)
            if self.source:
                self.tpl = Template(self.source, lookup=lookup, **options)
            else:
                self.tpl = Template(uri=self.name, filename=self.filename, lookup=lookup, **options)

        def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
            for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
            _defaults = self.defaults.copy()
            _defaults.update(kwargs)
            return self.tpl.render(**_defaults)

    class CheetahTemplate(BaseTemplate):
        def prepare(self, **options):
            from Cheetah.Template import Template
            self.context = threading.local()
            self.context.vars = {}
            options['searchList'] = [self.context.vars]
            if self.source:
                self.tpl = Template(source=self.source, **options)
            else:
                self.tpl = Template(file=self.filename, **options)

        def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
            for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
            self.context.vars.update(self.defaults)
            self.context.vars.update(kwargs)
            out = str(self.tpl)
            self.context.vars.clear()
            return out

    class Jinja2Template(BaseTemplate):
        def prepare(self, filters=None, tests=None, globals={}, **kwargs):
            from jinja2 import Environment, FunctionLoader
            if 'prefix' in kwargs: # TODO: to be removed after a while
                raise RuntimeError('The keyword argument `prefix` has been removed. '
                    'Use the full jinja2 environment name line_statement_prefix instead.')
            self.env = Environment(loader=FunctionLoader(self.loader), **kwargs)
            if filters: self.env.filters.update(filters)
            if tests: self.env.tests.update(tests)
            if globals: self.env.globals.update(globals)
            if self.source:
                self.tpl = self.env.from_string(self.source)
            else:
                self.tpl = self.env.get_template(self.filename)

        def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
            for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
            _defaults = self.defaults.copy()
            _defaults.update(kwargs)
            return self.tpl.render(**_defaults)

        def loader(self, name):
            fname = self.search(name, self.lookup)
            if not fname: return
            with open(fname, "rb") as f:
                return f.read().decode(self.encoding)

    class SimpleTemplate(BaseTemplate):

        def prepare(self, escape_func=html_escape, noescape=False, syntax=None, **ka):
            self.cache = {}
            enc = self.encoding
            self._str = lambda x: touni(x, enc)
            self._escape = lambda x: escape_func(touni(x, enc))
            self.syntax = syntax
            if noescape:
                self._str, self._escape = self._escape, self._str

        @cached_property
        def co(self):
            return compile(self.code, self.filename or '<string>', 'exec')

        @cached_property
        def code(self):
            source = self.source
            if not source:
                with open(self.filename, 'rb') as f:
                    source = f.read()
            try:
                source, encoding = touni(source), 'utf8'
            except UnicodeError:
                depr('Template encodings other than utf8 are no longer supported.') #0.11
                source, encoding = touni(source, 'latin1'), 'latin1'
            parser = StplParser(source, encoding=encoding, syntax=self.syntax)
            code = parser.translate()
            self.encoding = parser.encoding
            return code

        def _rebase(self, _env, _name=None, **kwargs):
            if _name is None:
                depr('Rebase function called without arguments.'
                     ' You were probably looking for {{base}}?', True) #0.12
            _env['_rebase'] = (_name, kwargs)

        def _include(self, _env, _name=None, **kwargs):
            if _name is None:
                depr('Rebase function called without arguments.'
                     ' You were probably looking for {{base}}?', True) #0.12
            env = _env.copy()
            env.update(kwargs)
            if _name not in self.cache:
                self.cache[_name] = self.__class__(name=_name, lookup=self.lookup)
            return self.cache[_name].execute(env['_stdout'], env)

        def execute(self, _stdout, kwargs):
            env = self.defaults.copy()
            env.update(kwargs)
            env.update({'_stdout': _stdout, '_printlist': _stdout.extend,
                'include': functools.partial(self._include, env),
                'rebase': functools.partial(self._rebase, env), '_rebase': None,
                '_str': self._str, '_escape': self._escape, 'get': env.get,
                'setdefault': env.setdefault, 'defined': env.__contains__ })
            eval(self.co, env)
            if env.get('_rebase'):
                subtpl, rargs = env.pop('_rebase')
                rargs['base'] = ''.join(_stdout) #copy stdout
                del _stdout[:] # clear stdout
                return self._include(env, subtpl, **rargs)
            return env

        def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
            """ Render the template using keyword arguments as local variables. """
            env = {}; stdout = []
            for dictarg in args: env.update(dictarg)
            env.update(kwargs)
            self.execute(stdout, env)
            return ''.join(stdout)

    class StplSyntaxError(TemplateError): pass

    class StplParser(object):
        ''' Parser for stpl templates. '''
        _re_cache = {} #: Cache for compiled re patterns
        # This huge pile of voodoo magic splits python code into 8 different tokens.
        # 1: All kinds of python strings (trust me, it works)
        _re_tok = '((?m)[urbURB]?(?:\'\'(?!\')|""(?!")|\'{6}|"{6}' \
                   '|\'(?:[^\\\\\']|\\\\.)+?\'|"(?:[^\\\\"]|\\\\.)+?"' \
                   '|\'{3}(?:[^\\\\]|\\\\.|\\n)+?\'{3}' \
                   '|"{3}(?:[^\\\\]|\\\\.|\\n)+?"{3}))'
        _re_inl = _re_tok.replace('|\\n','') # We re-use this string pattern later
        # 2: Comments (until end of line, but not the newline itself)
        _re_tok += '|(#.*)'
        # 3,4: Keywords that start or continue a python block (only start of line)
        _re_tok += '|^([ \\t]*(?:if|for|while|with|try|def|class)\\b)' \
                   '|^([ \\t]*(?:elif|else|except|finally)\\b)'
        # 5: Our special 'end' keyword (but only if it stands alone)
        _re_tok += '|((?:^|;)[ \\t]*end[ \\t]*(?=(?:%(block_close)s[ \\t]*)?\\r?$|;|#))'
        # 6: A customizable end-of-code-block template token (only end of line)
        _re_tok += '|(%(block_close)s[ \\t]*(?=$))'
        # 7: And finally, a single newline. The 8th token is 'everything else'
        _re_tok += '|(\\r?\\n)'
        # Match the start tokens of code areas in a template
        _re_split = '(?m)^[ \t]*(\\\\?)((%(line_start)s)|(%(block_start)s))(%%?)'
        # Match inline statements (may contain python strings)
        _re_inl = '%%(inline_start)s((?:%s|[^\'"\n]*?)+)%%(inline_end)s' % _re_inl

        default_syntax = '<% %> % {{ }}'

        def __init__(self, source, syntax=None, encoding='utf8'):
            self.source, self.encoding = touni(source, encoding), encoding
            self.set_syntax(syntax or self.default_syntax)
            self.code_buffer, self.text_buffer = [], []
            self.lineno, self.offset = 1, 0
            self.indent, self.indent_mod = 0, 0

        def get_syntax(self):
            ''' Tokens as a space separated string (default: <% %> % {{ }}) '''
            return self._syntax

        def set_syntax(self, syntax):
            self._syntax = syntax
            self._tokens = syntax.split()
            if not syntax in self._re_cache:
                names = 'block_start block_close line_start inline_start inline_end'
                etokens = map(re.escape, self._tokens)
                pattern_vars = dict(zip(names.split(), etokens))
                patterns = (self._re_split, self._re_tok, self._re_inl)
                patterns = [re.compile(p%pattern_vars) for p in patterns]
                self._re_cache[syntax] = patterns
            self.re_split, self.re_tok, self.re_inl = self._re_cache[syntax]

        syntax = property(get_syntax, set_syntax)

        def translate(self):
            if self.offset: raise RuntimeError('Parser is a one time instance.')
            while True:
                m = self.re_split.search(self.source[self.offset:])
                if m:
                    text = self.source[self.offset:self.offset+m.start()]
                    self.text_buffer.append(text)
                    self.offset += m.end()
                    if m.group(1): # New escape syntax
                        line, sep, _ = self.source[self.offset:].partition('\n')
                        self.text_buffer.append(m.group(2)+m.group(5)+line+sep)
                        self.offset += len(line+sep)+1
                        continue
                    elif m.group(5): # Old escape syntax
                        depr('Escape code lines with a backslash.') #0.12
                        line, sep, _ = self.source[self.offset:].partition('\n')
                        self.text_buffer.append(m.group(2)+line+sep)
                        self.offset += len(line+sep)+1
                        continue
                    self.flush_text()
                    self.read_code(multiline=bool(m.group(4)))
                else: break
            self.text_buffer.append(self.source[self.offset:])
            self.flush_text()
            return ''.join(self.code_buffer)

        def read_code(self, multiline):
            code_line, comment = '', ''
            while True:
                m = self.re_tok.search(self.source[self.offset:])
                if not m:
                    code_line += self.source[self.offset:]
                    self.offset = len(self.source)
                    self.write_code(code_line.strip(), comment)
                    return
                code_line += self.source[self.offset:self.offset+m.start()]
                self.offset += m.end()
                _str, _com, _blk1, _blk2, _end, _cend, _nl = m.groups()
                if code_line and (_blk1 or _blk2): # a if b else c
                    code_line += _blk1 or _blk2
                    continue
                if _str:    # Python string
                    code_line += _str
                elif _com:  # Python comment (up to EOL)
                    comment = _com
                    if multiline and _com.strip().endswith(self._tokens[1]):
                        multiline = False # Allow end-of-block in comments
                elif _blk1: # Start-block keyword (if/for/while/def/try/...)
                    code_line, self.indent_mod = _blk1, -1
                    self.indent += 1
                elif _blk2: # Continue-block keyword (else/elif/except/...)
                    code_line, self.indent_mod = _blk2, -1
                elif _end:  # The non-standard 'end'-keyword (ends a block)
                    self.indent -= 1
                elif _cend: # The end-code-block template token (usually '%>')
                    if multiline: multiline = False
                    else: code_line += _cend
                else: # \n
                    self.write_code(code_line.strip(), comment)
                    self.lineno += 1
                    code_line, comment, self.indent_mod = '', '', 0
                    if not multiline:
                        break

        def flush_text(self):
            text = ''.join(self.text_buffer)
            del self.text_buffer[:]
            if not text: return
            parts, pos, nl = [], 0, '\\\n'+'  '*self.indent
            for m in self.re_inl.finditer(text):
                prefix, pos = text[pos:m.start()], m.end()
                if prefix:
                    parts.append(nl.join(map(repr, prefix.splitlines(True))))
                if prefix.endswith('\n'): parts[-1] += nl
                parts.append(self.process_inline(m.group(1).strip()))
            if pos < len(text):
                prefix = text[pos:]
                lines = prefix.splitlines(True)
                if lines[-1].endswith('\\\\\n'): lines[-1] = lines[-1][:-3]
                elif lines[-1].endswith('\\\\\r\n'): lines[-1] = lines[-1][:-4]
                parts.append(nl.join(map(repr, lines)))
            code = '_printlist((%s,))' % ', '.join(parts)
            self.lineno += code.count('\n')+1
            self.write_code(code)

        def process_inline(self, chunk):
            if chunk[0] == '!': return '_str(%s)' % chunk[1:]
            return '_escape(%s)' % chunk

        def write_code(self, line, comment=''):
            line, comment = self.fix_backward_compatibility(line, comment)
            code  = '  ' * (self.indent+self.indent_mod)
            code += line.lstrip() + comment + '\n'
            self.code_buffer.append(code)

        def fix_backward_compatibility(self, line, comment):
            parts = line.strip().split(None, 2)
            if parts and parts[0] in ('include', 'rebase'):
                depr('The include and rebase keywords are functions now.') #0.12
                if len(parts) == 1:   return "_printlist([base])", comment
                elif len(parts) == 2: return "_=%s(%r)" % tuple(parts), comment
                else:                 return "_=%s(%r, %s)" % tuple(parts), comment
            if self.lineno <= 2 and not line.strip() and 'coding' in comment:
                m = re.match(r"#.*coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)", comment)
                if m:
                    depr('PEP263 encoding strings in templates are deprecated.') #0.12
                    enc = m.group(1)
                    self.source = self.source.encode(self.encoding).decode(enc)
                    self.encoding = enc
                    return line, comment.replace('coding','coding*')
            return line, comment

    def template(*args, **kwargs):
        '''
        Get a rendered template as a string iterator.
        You can use a name, a filename or a template string as first parameter.
        Template rendering arguments can be passed as dictionaries
        or directly (as keyword arguments).
        '''
        tpl = args[0] if args else None
        adapter = kwargs.pop('template_adapter', SimpleTemplate)
        lookup = kwargs.pop('template_lookup', TEMPLATE_PATH)
        tplid = (id(lookup), tpl)
        if tplid not in TEMPLATES or DEBUG:
            settings = kwargs.pop('template_settings', {})
            if isinstance(tpl, adapter):
                TEMPLATES[tplid] = tpl
                if settings: TEMPLATES[tplid].prepare(**settings)
            elif "\n" in tpl or "{" in tpl or "%" in tpl or '$' in tpl:
                TEMPLATES[tplid] = adapter(source=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings)
            else:
                TEMPLATES[tplid] = adapter(name=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings)
        if not TEMPLATES[tplid]:
            abort(500, 'Template (%s) not found' % tpl)
        for dictarg in args[1:]: kwargs.update(dictarg)
        return TEMPLATES[tplid].render(kwargs)

    mako_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=MakoTemplate)
    cheetah_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=CheetahTemplate)
    jinja2_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=Jinja2Template)

    def view(tpl_name, **defaults):
        ''' Decorator: renders a template for a handler.
            The handler can control its behavior like that:

              - return a dict of template vars to fill out the template
              - return something other than a dict and the view decorator will not
                process the template, but return the handler result as is.
                This includes returning a HTTPResponse(dict) to get,
                for instance, JSON with autojson or other castfilters.
        '''
        def decorator(func):
            @functools.wraps(func)
            def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                if isinstance(result, (dict, DictMixin)):
                    tplvars = defaults.copy()
                    tplvars.update(result)
                    return template(tpl_name, **tplvars)
                elif result is None:
                    return template(tpl_name, defaults)
                return result
            return wrapper
        return decorator

    mako_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=MakoTemplate)
    cheetah_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=CheetahTemplate)
    jinja2_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=Jinja2Template)

    ###############################################################################
    # Constants and Globals ########################################################
    ###############################################################################

    TEMPLATE_PATH = ['./', './views/']
    TEMPLATES = {}
    DEBUG = False
    NORUN = False # If set, run() does nothing. Used by load_app()

    #: A dict to map HTTP status codes (e.g. 404) to phrases (e.g. 'Not Found')
    HTTP_CODES = httplib.responses
    HTTP_CODES[418] = "I'm a teapot" # RFC 2324
    HTTP_CODES[428] = "Precondition Required"
    HTTP_CODES[429] = "Too Many Requests"
    HTTP_CODES[431] = "Request Header Fields Too Large"
    HTTP_CODES[511] = "Network Authentication Required"
    _HTTP_STATUS_LINES = dict((k, '%d %s'%(k,v)) for (k,v) in HTTP_CODES.items())

    #: The default template used for error pages. Override with @error()
    ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE = """
    %%try:
        %%from %s import DEBUG, HTTP_CODES, request, touni
        <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
        <html>
            <head>
                <title>Error: {{e.status}}</title>
                <style type="text/css">
                  html {background-color: #eee; font-family: sans;}
                  body {background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #ddd;
                        padding: 15px; margin: 15px;}
                  pre {background-color: #eee; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 5px;}
                </style>
            </head>
            <body>
                <h1>Error: {{e.status}}</h1>
                <p>Sorry, the requested URL <tt>{{repr(request.url)}}</tt>
                   caused an error:</p>
                <pre>{{e.body}}</pre>
                %%if DEBUG and e.exception:
                  <h2>Exception:</h2>
                  <pre>{{repr(e.exception)}}</pre>
                %%end
                %%if DEBUG and e.traceback:
                  <h2>Traceback:</h2>
                  <pre>{{e.traceback}}</pre>
                %%end
            </body>
        </html>
    %%except ImportError:
        <b>ImportError:</b> Could not generate the error page. Please add bottle to
        the import path.
    %%end
    """ % __name__

    #: A thread-safe instance of :class:`LocalRequest`. If accessed from within a
    #: request callback, this instance always refers to the *current* request
    #: (even on a multithreaded server).
    request = LocalRequest()

    #: A thread-safe instance of :class:`LocalResponse`. It is used to change the
    #: HTTP response for the *current* request.
    response = LocalResponse()

    #: A thread-safe namespace. Not used by Bottle.
    local = threading.local()

    # Initialize app stack (create first empty Bottle app)
    # BC: 0.6.4 and needed for run()
    app = default_app = AppStack()
    app.push()

    #: A virtual package that redirects import statements.
    #: Example: ``import bottle.ext.sqlite`` actually imports `bottle_sqlite`.
    ext = _ImportRedirect('bottle.ext' if __name__ == '__main__' else __name__+".ext", 'bottle_%s').module

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        opt, args, parser = _cmd_options, _cmd_args, _cmd_parser
        if opt.version:
            _stdout('Bottle %s\n'%__version__)
            sys.exit(0)
        if not args:
            parser.print_help()
            _stderr('\nError: No application specified.\n')
            sys.exit(1)

        sys.path.insert(0, '.')
        sys.modules.setdefault('bottle', sys.modules['__main__'])

        host, port = (opt.bind or 'localhost'), 8080
        if ':' in host and host.rfind(']') < host.rfind(':'):
            host, port = host.rsplit(':', 1)
        host = host.strip('[]')

        run(args[0], host=host, port=int(port), server=opt.server,
            reloader=opt.reload, plugins=opt.plugin, debug=opt.debug)

    # THE END