# HTTP Clients

This documentation covers the common design of a Python OAuth 2.0 client. Authlib provides three implementations of OAuth 2.0 client:

1. `requests_client.OAuth2Session` implementation of OAuth 2.0 for Requests, which is a replacement for requests-oauthlib.

2. `httpx_client.AsyncOAuth2Client` implementation of OAuth 2.0 for HTTPX, which is async OAuth 2.0 client powered by HTTPX.

`requests_client.OAuth2Session` and `httpx_client.AsyncOAuth2Client` shares the same API.

If you are not familiar with OAuth 2.0, it is better to read Concepts now.

- OAuth 2.0 for Requests
- OAuth 2.0 for HTTPX
- Reference

## OAuth2Session for Authorization Code

There are two steps in OAuth 2 to obtain an access token with authorization code grant type. Initialize the session for reuse:

    >>> client_id = 'Your GitHub client ID'
    >>> client_secret = 'Your GitHub client secret'
    >>> scope = 'user:email'  # we want to fetch user's email
    >>>
    >>> # using requests implementation
    >>> from authlib.integrations.requests_client import OAuth2Session
    >>> client = OAuth2Session(client_id, client_secret, scope=scope)
    >>>
    >>> # using httpx implementation
    >>> from authlib.integrations.httpx_client import AsyncOAuth2Client
    >>> client = AsyncOAuth2Client(client_id, client_secret, scope=scope)

You can assign a `redirect_uri` in case you want to specify the callback url.

### Redirect to Authorization Endpoint

Unlike OAuth 1, there is no request token. The first step is to jump to the remote authorization server:

    >>> authorization_endpoint = 'https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize'
    >>> uri, state = client.create_authorization_url(authorization_endpoint)
    >>> print(uri)
    https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=c..id&scope=user%3Aemail&state=d..t

The `create_authorization_url` returns a tuple of `(uri, state)`, in real project, you should save the state for later use.

Now head over to the generated authorization url, and grant the authorization.

### Fetch Token

The authorization server will redirect you back to your site with a code and state arguments:

    https://example.com/github?code=42..e9&state=d..t

Use `.fetch_token` to obtain access token. This method will also verify the state in case of CSRF attack:

    >>> authorization_response = 'https://example.com/github?code=42..e9&state=d..t'
    >>> token_endpoint = 'https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token'
    >>> token = client.fetch_token(token_endpoint, authorization_response=authorization_response)
    >>> print(token)
    {
        'access_token': 'e..ad',
        'token_type': 'bearer',
        'scope': 'user:email'
    }

Save this token to access users’ protected resources.

In real project, this session can not be reused since you are redirected to another website. You need to create another session yourself:

    >>> state = restore_previous_state()
    >>>
    >>> # using requests
    >>> from authlib.integrations.requests_client import OAuth2Session
    >>> client = OAuth2Session(client_id, client_secret, state=state)
    >>>
    >>> # using httpx
    >>> from authlib.integrations.httpx_client import AsyncOAuth2Client
    >>> client = AsyncOAuth2Client(client_id, client_secret, state=state)
    >>>
    >>> await client.fetch_token(token_endpoint, authorization_response=authorization_response)

Authlib has a built-in Flask/Django integration. Learn from them.

### Add PKCE for Authorization Code

Authlib client can handle PKCE automatically, just pass `code_verifier` to `create_authorization_url` and `fetch_token`:

    >>> client = OAuth2Session(..., code_challenge_method='S256')
    >>> code_verifier = generate_token(48)
    >>> uri, state = client.create_authorization_url(authorization_endpoint, code_verifier=code_verifier)
    >>> # ...
    >>> token = client.fetch_token(..., code_verifier=code_verifier)

## OAuth2Session for Implicit

OAuth2Session supports implicit grant type. It can fetch the access token with the `response_type` of `token`:

    >>> uri, state = client.create_authorization_url(authorization_endpoint, response_type='token')
    >>> print(uri)
    https://some-service.com/oauth/authorize?response_type=token&client_id=be..4d&...

Visit this link, and grant the authorization, the OAuth authorization server will redirect back to your redirect_uri, the response url would be something like:

    https://example.com/cb#access_token=2..WpA&state=xyz&token_type=bearer&expires_in=3600

Fetch access token from the fragment with `.fetch_token` method:

    >>> token = client.fetch_token(authorization_response=authorization_response)
    >>> # if you don't specify access token endpoint, it will fetch from fragment.
    >>> print(token)
    {'access_token': '2..WpA', 'token_type': 'bearer', 'expires_in': 3600}

Note

GitHub doesn’t support `token` response type, try with other services.

## OAuth2Session for Password

The `password` grant type is supported since Version 0.5. Use `username` and `password` to fetch the access token:

    >>> token = client.fetch_token(token_endpoint, username='a-name', password='a-password')

## OAuth2Session for Client Credentials

The `client_credentials` grant type is supported since Version 0.5. If no `code` or no user info provided, it would be a `client_credentials` request. But it is suggested that you specify a `grant_type` for it:

    >>> token = client.fetch_token(token_endpoint)
    >>> # or with grant_type
    >>> token = client.fetch_token(token_endpoint, grant_type='client_credentials')

## Client Authentication

When fetching access token, the authorization server will require a client authentication, Authlib provides three default methods defined by RFC7591:

- client_secret_basic

- client_secret_post

- none

The default value is `client_secret_basic`. You can change the auth method with `token_endpoint_auth_method`:

    >>> client = OAuth2Session(token_endpoint_auth_method='client_secret_post')

If the authorization server requires other means of authentication, you can construct an `auth` for your own need, and pass it to `fetch_token`:

    >>> auth = YourAuth(...)
    >>> token = client.fetch_token(token_endpoint, auth=auth, ...)

It is also possible to extend the client authentication method with `.register_client_auth_method`. Besides the default three authentication methods, there are more provided by Authlib. e.g.

- client_secret_jwt

- private_key_jwt

These two methods are defined by RFC7523 and OpenID Connect. Find more in Using JWTs Client Assertion in OAuth2Session.

There are still cases that developers need to define a custom client authentication method. Take issue #158 as an example, the provider requires us put `client_id` and `client_secret` on URL when sending POST request:

    POST /oauth/token?grant_type=code&code=...&client_id=...&client_secret=...

Let’s call this weird authentication method `client_secret_uri`, and this is how we can get our OAuth 2.0 client authenticated:

    from authlib.common.urls import add_params_to_uri

    def auth_client_secret_uri(client, method, uri, headers, body):
        uri = add_params_to_uri(uri, [
            ('client_id', client.client_id),
            ('client_secret', client.client_secret),
        ])
        uri = uri + '&' + body
        body = ''
        return uri, headers, body

    client = OAuth2Session(
        'client_id', 'client_secret',
        token_endpoint_auth_method='client_secret_uri',
        ...
    )
    client.register_client_auth_method(('client_secret_uri', auth_client_secret_uri))

With `client_secret_uri` registered, OAuth 2.0 client will authenticate with the signed URI. It is also possible to assign the function to `token_endpoint_auth_method` directly:

    client = OAuth2Session(
        'client_id', 'client_secret',
        token_endpoint_auth_method=auth_client_secret_uri,
    )

## Access Protected Resources

Now you can access the protected resources. If you reuse the session, you don’t need to do anything:

    >>> account_url = 'https://api.github.com/user'
    >>> resp = client.get(account_url)
    <Response [200]>
    >>> resp.json()
    {...}

The above is not the real flow, just like what we did in Fetch Token, we need to create another session ourselves:

    >>> token = restore_previous_token_from_database()
    >>> # token is a dict which must contain ``access_token``, ``token_type``
    >>> client = OAuth2Session(client_id, client_secret, token=token)
    >>> account_url = 'https://api.github.com/user'
    >>> resp = client.get(account_url)

## Refresh & Auto Update Token

It is possible that your previously saved token is expired when accessing protected resources. In this case, we can refresh the token manually, or even better, Authlib will refresh the token automatically and update the token for us.

### Automatically refreshing tokens

If your `OAuth2Session` class was created with the token_endpoint parameter, Authlib will automatically refresh the token when it has expired:

    >>> openid_configuration = requests.get("https://example.org/.well-known/openid-configuration").json()
    >>> session = OAuth2Session(…, token_endpoint=openid_configuration["token_endpoint"])

By default, the token will be refreshed 60 seconds before its actual expiry time, to avoid clock skew issues. You can control this behaviour by setting the `leeway` parameter of the `OAuth2Session` class.

### Manually refreshing tokens

To call `refresh_token()` manually means we are going to exchange a new “access_token” with “refresh_token”:

    >>> token = restore_previous_token_from_database()
    >>> new_token = client.refresh_token(token_endpoint, refresh_token=token.refresh_token)

Authlib can also refresh a new token automatically when requesting resources. This is done by passing a `update_token` function when constructing the client instance:

    def update_token(token, refresh_token=None, access_token=None):
        if refresh_token:
            item = OAuth2Token.find(name=name, refresh_token=refresh_token)
        elif access_token:
            item = OAuth2Token.find(name=name, access_token=access_token)
        else:
            return

        # update old token
        item.access_token = token['access_token']
        item.refresh_token = token.get('refresh_token')
        item.expires_at = token['expires_at']
        item.save()

    client = OAuth2Session(client_id, client_secret, update_token=update_token)

When sending a request to resources endpoint, if our previously saved token is expired, this `client` will invoke `.refresh_token` method itself and call this our defined `update_token` to save the new token:

    token = restore_previous_token_from_database()
    client.token = token

    # if the token is expired, this GET request will update token
    client.get('https://openidconnect.googleapis.com/v1/userinfo')

## Revoke and Introspect Token

If the provider support token revocation and introspection, you can revoke and introspect the token with:

    token_endpoint = 'https://example.com/oauth/token'

    token = get_your_previous_saved_token()
    client.revoke_token(token_endpoint, token=token)
    client.introspect_token(token_endpoint, token=token)

You can find the available parameters in API docs:

- `requests_client.OAuth2Session.revoke_token()`

- `requests_client.OAuth2Session.introspect_token()`

- `httpx_client.AsyncOAuth2Client.revoke_token()`

- `httpx_client.AsyncOAuth2Client.introspect_token()`

## Compliance Fix for non Standard

There are services that claimed they are providing OAuth API, but with a little differences. Some services even return with the wrong Content Type. Compliance hooks are provided to solve those problems:

- `access_token_response`: invoked before token parsing.

- `refresh_token_response`: invoked before refresh token parsing.

- `protected_request`: invoked before making a request.

For instance, Stackoverflow MUST add a site parameter in query string to protect users’ resources. And stackoverflow’s response is not in JSON. Let’s fix it:

    from authlib.common.urls import add_params_to_uri, url_decode

    def _non_compliant_param_name(url, headers, data):
        params = {'site': 'stackoverflow'}
        url = add_params_to_uri(url, params)
        return url, headers, body

    def _fix_token_response(resp):
        data = dict(url_decode(resp.text))
        data['token_type'] = 'Bearer'
        data['expires_in'] = int(data['expires'])
        resp.json = lambda: data
        return resp

    session.register_compliance_hook(
        'protected_request', _non_compliant_param_name)
    session.register_compliance_hook(
        'access_token_response', _fix_token_response)

If you find a non standard OAuth 2 services, and you can’t fix it. Please report it in GitHub issues.

## OAuth 2 OpenID Connect

For services that support OpenID Connect, if a scope of `openid` is provided, the authorization server will return a value of `id_token` in response:

    >>> client_id = 'Your Google client ID'
    >>> client_secret = 'Your Google client secret'
    >>> scope = 'openid email profile'
    >>> # using requests
    >>> client = OAuth2Session(client_id, client_secret, scope=scope)
    >>> # using httpx
    >>> client = AsyncOAuth2Client(client_id, client_secret, scope=scope)

The remote server may require other parameters for OpenID Connect requests, for instance, it may require a `nonce` parameter, in this case, you need to generate it yourself, and pass it to `create_authorization_url`:

    >>> from authlib.common.security import generate_token
    >>> # remember to save this nonce for verification
    >>> nonce = generate_token()
    >>> client.create_authorization_url(url, redirect_uri='xxx', nonce=nonce, ...)

At the last step of `client.fetch_token`, the return value contains a `id_token`:

    >>> resp = session.fetch_token(...)
    >>> print(resp['id_token'])

This `id_token` is a JWT text, it can not be used unless it is parsed. Authlib has provided tools for parsing and validating OpenID Connect id_token:

    >>> from authlib.oidc.core import CodeIDToken
    >>> from joserfc import jwt
    >>> # GET keys from https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v3/certs
    >>> token = jwt.decode(resp['id_token'], keys)
    >>> claims = CodeIDToken(token.claims, token.header)
    >>> claims.validate()

Changed in version 1.7: We use joserfc for JWT encoding and decoding. Checkout the JWT guide on https://jose.authlib.org/en/guide/jwt/

## AssertionSession

`AssertionSession` is a Requests Session for Assertion Framework of OAuth 2.0 Authorization Grants. It is also know as service account. A configured `AssertionSession` with handle token authorization automatically, which means you can just use it.

Take Google Service Account as an example, with the information in your service account JSON configure file:

    import json
    from authlib.integrations.requests_client import AssertionSession

    with open('MyProject-1234.json') as f:
        conf = json.load(f)

    token_uri = conf['token_uri']
    header = {'alg': 'RS256'}
    key_id = conf.get('private_key_id')
    if key_id:
        header['kid'] = key_id

    # Google puts scope in payload
    claims = {'scope': scope}

    session = AssertionSession(
        token_endpoint=token_uri,
        issuer=conf['client_email'],
        audience=token_uri,
        claims=claims,
        subject=None,
        key=conf['private_key'],
        header=header,
    )
    session.get(...)
    session.post(...)

There is a ready to use `GoogleServiceAccount` in loginpass. You can also read these posts:

- Access Google Analytics API.

- Using Authlib with gspread.