# Source code for apsw.ext

    # Provides various useful routines

    from __future__ import annotations
    import collections
    import collections.abc

    import dataclasses
    from dataclasses import dataclass, make_dataclass, is_dataclass

    import typing
    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
        from typing import Union, Any, Callable, Sequence, TextIO, Literal, Iterator, Generator
        import types

    import functools
    import abc
    import enum
    import inspect
    import unicodedata
    import logging
    import traceback
    import re
    import string
    import textwrap
    import apsw
    import sys

    try:
        from keyword import iskeyword as _iskeyword
    except ImportError:
        # From https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords
        _keywords = set("""
        False      await      else       import     pass
        None       break      except     in         raise
        True       class      finally    is         return
        and        continue   for        lambda     try
        as         def        from       nonlocal   while
        assert     del        global     not        with
        async      elif       if         or         yield
        """.split())

        def _iskeyword(s: str) -> bool:
            return s in _keywords

    class DataClassRowFactory:
        """Returns each row as a :mod:`dataclass <dataclasses>`, accessible by column name.

        To use set an instance as :attr:`Connection.rowtrace
        <apsw.Connection.rowtrace>` to affect all :class:`cursors
        <apsw.Cursor>`, or on a specific cursor::

            connection.rowtrace = apsw.ext.DataClassRowFactory()
            for row in connection.execute("SELECT title, sum(orders) AS total, ..."):
                # You can now access by name
                print (row.title, row.total)
                # you can get the underlying description
                print (row.__description__)

        You can use as many instances of this class as you want, each across as many
        :class:`connections <apsw.Connection>` as you want.

        :param rename:     Column names could be duplicated, or not
            valid in Python (eg a column named `continue`).
            If `rename` is True, then invalid/duplicate names are replaced
            with `_` and their position starting at zero.  For example `title,
            total, title, continue` would become `title, total, _2, _3`.  If
            `rename` is False then problem column names will result in
            :exc:`TypeError` raised by :func:`dataclasses.make_dataclass`

        :param dataclass_kwargs: Additional parameters when creating the dataclass
           as described in :func:`dataclasses.dataclass`.  For example you may
           want `frozen = True` to make the dataclass read-only, or `slots = True`
           to reduce memory consumption.

        """

        def __init__(self, *, rename: bool = True, dataclass_kwargs: dict[str, Any] | None = None):
            self.dataclass_kwargs = dataclass_kwargs or {}
            self.rename = rename

        @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=16)
        def get_dataclass(self, description: tuple[tuple[str, str], ...]) -> tuple[Any, tuple[str, ...]]:
            """Returns dataclass and tuple of (potentially renamed) column names

            The dataclass is what is returned for each row with that
            :meth:`description <apsw.Cursor.getdescription>`

            This method caches its results.
            """
            names = [d[0] for d in description]
            if self.rename:
                new_names: list[str] = []
                for i, n in enumerate(names):
                    if n.isidentifier() and not _iskeyword(n) and n not in new_names:
                        new_names.append(n)
                    else:
                        new_names.append(f"_{ i }")
                names = new_names
            types = [self.get_type(d[1]) for d in description]

            kwargs = self.dataclass_kwargs.copy()
            if "namespace" not in kwargs:
                kwargs["namespace"] = {}
            kwargs["namespace"]["__description__"] = description

            # some magic to make the reported classnames different
            suffix = (".%06X" % hash(repr(description)))[:7]

            return make_dataclass(f"{ self.__class__.__name__ }{ suffix }", zip(names, types), **kwargs), tuple(names)

        def get_type(self, t: str | None) -> Any:
            """Returns the `type hint <https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html>`__ to use in the dataclass based on the type in the :meth:`description <apsw.Cursor.getdescription>`

            `SQLite's affinity rules  <https://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html#affname>`__ are followed.

            The values have no effect on how your program runs, but can be used by tools like
            mypy.  Column information like whether `null` is allowed is not present, so
            this is just a hint.
            """
            if not t:
                return typing.Any
            # From 3.1 https://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html
            t = t.upper()
            if "INT" in t:
                return int
            if "CHAR" in t or "CLOB" in t or "TEXT" in t:
                return str
            if "BLOB" in t:
                return bytes
            if "REAL" in t or "FLOA" in t or "DOUB" in t:
                return float
            return typing.Union[float, int]

        def __call__(self, cursor: apsw.Cursor, row: apsw.SQLiteValues) -> Any:
            """What the row tracer calls

            This :meth:`looks up <get_dataclass>` the dataclass and column
            names, and then returns an instance of the dataclass.
            """
            dc, column_names = self.get_dataclass(cursor.getdescription())
            return dc(**dict(zip(column_names, row)))

    class SQLiteTypeAdapter(abc.ABC):
        """A metaclass to indicate conversion to SQLite types is supported

        This is one way to indicate your type supports conversion to a
        value supported by SQLite.  You can either inherit from this class,
        or call the register method::

           apsw.ext.SQLiteTypeAdapter.register(YourClassHere)

        Doing either is entirely sufficient and there is no need to
        register with :class:`TypesConverterCursorFactory`
        """

        @abc.abstractmethod
        def to_sqlite_value(self) -> apsw.SQLiteValue:
            "Return a SQLite compatible value for this object"
            raise NotImplementedError

    class TypesConverterCursorFactory:
        """Provides cursors that can convert objects into one of the types supported by SQLite. or back from SQLite

        :param metaclass: Which metaclass to consider as conversion capable
        """

        def __init__(self, abstract_base_class: abc.ABCMeta = SQLiteTypeAdapter):
            self.abstract_base_class = abstract_base_class
            # to sqlite value
            self.adapters: dict[type, Callable[[Any], apsw.SQLiteValue]] = {}
            # from sqlite value
            self.converters: dict[str, Callable[[apsw.SQLiteValue], Any]] = {}

        def register_adapter(self, klass: type, callable: Callable[[Any], apsw.SQLiteValue]) -> None:
            """Registers a callable that converts from `klass` to one of the supported SQLite types"""
            self.adapters[klass] = callable

        def register_converter(self, name: str, callable: Callable[[apsw.SQLiteValue], Any]) -> None:
            """Registers a callable that converts from a SQLite value"""
            self.converters[name] = callable

        def __call__(self, connection: apsw.Connection) -> TypeConverterCursor:
            "Returns a new :class:`cursor <apsw.Cursor>` for the `connection`"
            return TypesConverterCursorFactory.TypeConverterCursor(connection, self)

        def adapt_value(self, value: Any) -> apsw.SQLiteValue:
            "Returns SQLite representation of `value`"
            if value is None or isinstance(value, (int, bytes, str, float)):
                return value
            if isinstance(value, self.abstract_base_class):
                return value.to_sqlite_value()
            adapter = self.adapters.get(type(value))
            if not adapter:
                raise TypeError(f"No adapter registered for type { type(value) }")
            return adapter(value)

        def convert_value(self, schematype: str, value: apsw.SQLiteValue) -> Any:
            "Returns Python object from schema type and SQLite value"
            converter = self.converters.get(schematype)
            if not converter:
                return value
            return converter(value)

        def wrap_bindings(self, bindings: apsw.Bindings | None) -> apsw.Bindings | None:
            "Wraps bindings that are supplied to underlying execute"
            if bindings is None:
                return None
            if isinstance(bindings, (dict, collections.abc.Mapping)):
                return TypesConverterCursorFactory.DictAdapter(self, bindings)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
            # turn into a list since PySequence_Fast does that anyway
            return [self.adapt_value(v) for v in bindings]

        def wrap_sequence_bindings(self,
                                   sequenceofbindings: Sequence[apsw.Bindings]) -> Generator[apsw.Bindings, None, None]:
            "Wraps a sequence of bindings that are supplied to the underlying executemany"
            for binding in sequenceofbindings:
                yield self.wrap_bindings(binding)  # type: ignore[misc]

        class DictAdapter(collections.abc.Mapping):
            "Used to wrap dictionaries supplied as bindings"

            def __init__(self, factory: TypesConverterCursorFactory, data: collections.abc.Mapping[str, apsw.SQLiteValue]):
                self.data = data
                self.factory = factory

            def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> apsw.SQLiteValue:
                return self.factory.adapt_value(self.data[key])

            def __iter__(self):
                "Required by mapping, but not used"
                raise NotImplementedError

            def __len__(self):
                "Required by mapping, but not used"
                raise NotImplementedError

        class TypeConverterCursor(apsw.Cursor):
            "Cursor used to do conversions"

            def __init__(self, connection: apsw.Connection, factory: TypesConverterCursorFactory):
                super().__init__(connection)
                self.factory = factory
                self.rowtrace = self._rowtracer

            def _rowtracer(self, cursor: apsw.Cursor, values: apsw.SQLiteValues) -> tuple[Any, ...]:
                return tuple(self.factory.convert_value(d[1], v) for d, v in zip(cursor.getdescription(), values))

            def execute(self,
                        statements: str,
                        bindings: apsw.Bindings | None = None,
                        *,
                        can_cache: bool = True,
                        prepare_flags: int = 0,
                        explain: int = -1) -> apsw.Cursor:
                """Executes the statements doing conversions on supplied and returned values

                See :meth:`apsw.Cursor.execute` for parameter details"""
                return super().execute(statements,
                                       self.factory.wrap_bindings(bindings),
                                       can_cache=can_cache,
                                       prepare_flags=prepare_flags,
                                       explain=explain)

            def executemany(self,
                            statements: str,
                            sequenceofbindings: Sequence[apsw.Bindings],
                            *,
                            can_cache: bool = True,
                            prepare_flags: int = 0,
                            explain: int = -1) -> apsw.Cursor:
                """Executes the statements against each item in sequenceofbindings, doing conversions on supplied and returned values

                See :meth:`apsw.Cursor.executemany` for parameter details"""
                return super().executemany(
                    statements,
                    self.factory.wrap_sequence_bindings(sequenceofbindings),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
                    can_cache=can_cache,
                    prepare_flags=prepare_flags,
                    explain=explain)

    def log_sqlite(*, level: int = logging.ERROR) -> None:
        """Send SQLite log messages to :mod:`logging`

        :param level: level to log at

        SQLite's `logging <https://www.sqlite.org/errlog.html>`__ has many
        useful messages, including those that aren't raised as exceptions.
        """

        def handler(errcode: int, message: str) -> None:
            nonlocal level
            err_str = apsw.mapping_result_codes.get(errcode & 255, str(errcode))
            extra = {"sqlite_code": errcode, "sqlite_code_name": err_str, "sqlite_message": message}
            if errcode & 0xff == apsw.SQLITE_WARNING:
                level = min(level, logging.WARNING)
            logging.log(level,
                        "SQLITE_LOG: %s (%d) %s %s",
                        message,
                        errcode,
                        err_str,
                        apsw.mapping_extended_result_codes.get(errcode, ""),
                        extra=extra)

        apsw.config(apsw.SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG, handler)

    def print_augmented_traceback(exc_type: type[BaseException],
                                  exc_value: BaseException,
                                  exc_traceback: types.TracebackType,
                                  *,
                                  file: TextIO | None = None) -> None:
        """Prints a standard exception, but also includes the value of variables in each stack frame

        :param exc_type: The exception type
        :param exc_value: The exception value
        :param exc_traceback: Traceback for the exception
        :param file: (default ``sys.stderr``) Where the print goes
        """

        file = file or sys.stderr

        tbe = traceback.TracebackException(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback, capture_locals=True, compact=True)
        for line in tbe.format():
            print(line, file=file)

    def index_info_to_dict(o: apsw.IndexInfo,
                           *,
                           column_names: list[str] | None = None,
                           rowid_name: str = "__ROWID__") -> dict[str, Any]:
        """
        Returns a :class:`apsw.IndexInfo` as a dictionary.

        If *column_names* is supplied then additional keys with column
        names are present, using *rowid_name* for the rowid.

        Here is an example response::

            query = '''
                SELECT orderid, note FROM sales WHERE
                        price > 74.99
                        AND quantity<=?
                        AND customer in ('Acme Widgets', 'Acme Industries')
                ORDER BY date desc
                LIMIT 10'''

            {'aConstraint': [{'collation': 'BINARY',
                            'iColumn': 5,
                            'iColumn_name': 'price',
                            'op': 4,
                            'op_str': 'SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT',
                            'rhs': 74.99,
                            'usable': True},
                            {'collation': 'BINARY',
                            'iColumn': 7,
                            'iColumn_name': 'quantity',
                            'op': 8,
                            'op_str': 'SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE',
                            'rhs': None,
                            'usable': True},
                            {'collation': 'BINARY',
                            'iColumn': 8,
                            'iColumn_name': 'customer',
                            'op': 2,
                            'op_str': 'SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ',
                            'rhs': None,
                            'usable': True},
                            {'collation': 'BINARY',
                            'op': 73,
                            'op_str': 'SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LIMIT',
                            'rhs': 10,
                            'usable': True}],
            'aConstraintUsage': [{'argvIndex': 0, 'in': False, 'omit': False},
                                {'argvIndex': 0, 'in': False, 'omit': False},
                                {'argvIndex': 0, 'in': True, 'omit': False},
                                {'argvIndex': 0, 'in': False, 'omit': False}],
            'aOrderBy': [{'desc': True, 'iColumn': 9, 'iColumn_name': 'date'}],
            'colUsed': {0, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9},
            'colUsed_names': {'date', 'note', 'customer', 'quantity', 'orderid', 'price'},
            'distinct': 0,
            'estimatedCost': 5e+98,
            'estimatedRows': 25,
            'idxFlags': 0,
            'idxFlags_set': set(),
            'idxNum': 0,
            'idxStr': None,
            'nConstraint': 4,
            'nOrderBy': 1,
            'orderByConsumed': False}
        """

        res = {
            "nConstraint":
            o.nConstraint,
            "aConstraint": [{
                "iColumn": o.get_aConstraint_iColumn(n),
                "op": o.get_aConstraint_op(n),
                "op_str": apsw.mapping_bestindex_constraints.get(o.get_aConstraint_op(n)),
                "usable": o.get_aConstraint_usable(n),
                "collation": o.get_aConstraint_collation(n),
                "rhs": o.get_aConstraint_rhs(n),
            } for n in range(o.nConstraint)],
            "nOrderBy":
            o.nOrderBy,
            "aOrderBy": [{
                "iColumn": o.get_aOrderBy_iColumn(n),
                "desc": o.get_aOrderBy_desc(n),
            } for n in range(o.nOrderBy)],
            "aConstraintUsage": [{
                "argvIndex": o.get_aConstraintUsage_argvIndex(n),
                "omit": o.get_aConstraintUsage_omit(n),
                "in": o.get_aConstraintUsage_in(n),
            } for n in range(o.nConstraint)],
            "idxNum":
            o.idxNum,
            "idxStr":
            o.idxStr,
            "orderByConsumed":
            o.orderByConsumed,
            "estimatedCost":
            o.estimatedCost,
            "estimatedRows":
            o.estimatedRows,
            "idxFlags":
            o.idxFlags,
            "idxFlags_set":
            set(v for k, v in apsw.mapping_virtual_table_scan_flags.items() if isinstance(k, int) and o.idxFlags & k),
            "colUsed":
            o.colUsed,
            "distinct":
            o.distinct,
        }

        for aConstraint in res["aConstraint"]:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
            if aConstraint["op"] in (apsw.SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_OFFSET, apsw.SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LIMIT):
                del aConstraint["iColumn"]
            if aConstraint["op"] >= apsw.SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION and aConstraint["op"] <= 255:
                aConstraint[
                    "op_str"] = f"SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION+{ aConstraint['op'] - apsw.SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION }"

        if column_names:
            for aconstraint in res["aConstraint"]:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
                if "iColumn" in aconstraint:
                    aconstraint["iColumn_name"] = rowid_name if aconstraint["iColumn"] == -1 else column_names[
                        aconstraint["iColumn"]]
            for aorderby in res["aOrderBy"]:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
                aorderby["iColumn_name"] = rowid_name if aorderby["iColumn"] == -1 else column_names[aorderby["iColumn"]]
            # colUsed has all bits set when SQLite just wants the whole row
            # eg when doing an update
            res["colUsed_names"] = set(column_names[i] for i in o.colUsed if i < len(column_names))
            if 63 in o.colUsed:  # could be one or more of the rest - we add all
                res["colUsed_names"].update(column_names[63:])  # type: ignore[attr-defined]

        return res

    def dbinfo(db: apsw.Connection,
               schema: str = "main") -> tuple[DatabaseFileInfo | None, JournalFileInfo | WALFileInfo | None]:
        """Extracts fields from the database files

        Based on the `file format description <https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat2.html>`__.  The
        headers are read using :meth:`apsw.Connection.read` so you see inside encrypted, compressed,
        zip etc formats. not necessarily the actual on disk file.

        Memory databases return `None` for both.
        """

        dbinfo: DatabaseFileInfo | None = None
        journalinfo: JournalFileInfo | WALFileInfo | None = None

        try:
            ok, header_page = db.read(schema, 0, 0, 128)
        except apsw.SQLError:
            ok = False

        be_int = functools.partial(int.from_bytes, byteorder="big", signed=False)

        be_sint = functools.partial(int.from_bytes, byteorder="big", signed=True)

        def be_bool(b: bytes) -> bool:
            return bool(be_int(b))

        def be_page_size(b: bytes) -> int:
            v = be_int(b)
            if v == 1:
                v = 65536
            return v

        def text_encoding(b: bytes) -> str:
            v = be_int(b)
            return {0: "(pending)", 1: "UTF-8", 2: "UTF-16le", 3: "UTF-16be"}.get(v, f"<< INVALID VALUE { v } >>")

        if ok:
            kw: dict[str, Any] = {"filename": db.filename}
            for name, offset, size, converter in (
                ("header", 0, 16, bytes),
                ("page_size", 16, 2, be_page_size),
                ("write_format", 18, 1, be_int),
                ("read_format", 19, 1, be_int),
                ("reserved_bytes", 20, 1, be_int),
                ("file_change_counter", 24, 4, be_int),
                ("page_count", 28, 4, be_int),
                ("freelist_pages", 36, 4, be_int),
                ("schema_cookie", 40, 4, be_int),
                ("schema_format", 44, 4, be_int),
                ("default_cache_size", 48, 4, be_int),
                ("autovacuum_top_root", 52, 4, be_int),
                ("text_encoding", 56, 4, text_encoding),
                ("user_version", 60, 4, be_int),
                ("incremental_vacuum", 64, 4, be_bool),
                ("application_id", 68, 4, be_int),
                ("version_valid_for", 92, 4, be_int),
                ("sqlite_version", 96, 4, be_int),
            ):
                b = header_page[offset:offset + size]
                kw[name] = converter(b)  # type: ignore [operator]
            dbinfo = DatabaseFileInfo(**kw)

        try:
            ok, journal_page = db.read(schema, 1, 0, 32)
        except apsw.SQLError:
            ok = False

        if ok:
            kw: dict[str, Any] = {}  # type: ignore [no-redef]
            if db.pragma("journal_mode") == "wal":
                kw["filename"] = db.filename_wal
                for name, offset, size, converter in (
                    ("magic_number", 0, 4, be_int),
                    ("format_version", 4, 4, be_int),
                    ("page_size", 8, 4, be_page_size),
                    ("checkpoint_sequence_number", 12, 4, be_int),
                    ("salt_1", 16, 4, be_int),
                    ("salt_2", 20, 4, be_int),
                    ("checksum_1", 24, 4, be_int),
                    ("checksum_2", 28, 4, be_int),
                ):
                    b = journal_page[offset:offset + size]
                    kw[name] = converter(b)  # type: ignore [operator]
                journalinfo = WALFileInfo(**kw)
            else:
                header_valid = lambda b: b == b"\xd9\xd5\x05\xf9\x20\xa1\x63\xd7"
                kw["filename"] = db.filename_journal
                for name, offset, size, converter in (
                    ("header", 0, 8, bytes),
                    ("header_valid", 0, 8, header_valid),
                    ("page_count", 8, 4, be_sint),
                    ("random_nonce", 12, 4, be_int),
                    ("initial_pages", 16, 4, be_int),
                    ("sector_size", 20, 4, be_int),
                    ("page_size", 24, 4, be_int),
                ):
                    b = journal_page[offset:offset + size]
                    kw[name] = converter(b)  # type: ignore [operator]
                journalinfo = JournalFileInfo(**kw)

        return dbinfo, journalinfo

    def format_query_table(db: apsw.Connection,
                           query: str,
                           bindings: apsw.Bindings | None = None,
                           *,
                           colour: bool = False,
                           quote: bool = False,
                           string_sanitize: Union[Callable[[str], str], Union[Literal[0], Literal[1], Literal[2]]] = 1,
                           binary: Callable[[bytes], str] = lambda x: f"[ { len(x) } bytes ]",
                           null: str = "(null)",
                           truncate: int = 4096,
                           truncate_val: str = " ...",
                           text_width: int = 80,
                           use_unicode: bool = True,
                           word_wrap: bool = True) -> str:
        r"""Produces query output in an attractive text table

        See :ref:`the example <example_format_query>`.

        :param db: Connection to run the query on
        :param query: Query to run
        :param bindings: Bindings for query (if needed)
        :param colour: If True then `ANSI colours <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#Colors>`__ are
            used to outline the header, and show the type of each value.
        :param quote: If True then :meth:`apsw.format_sql_value` is used to get a textual representation of a
             value
        :param string_sanitize:  If this is a callable then each string is passed to it for cleaning up.
            Bigger numbers give more sanitization to the string.  Using an example source string of::

                '''hello \\ \t\f\0日本語 world'''

            .. list-table::
                :header-rows: 1
                :widths: auto

                * - param
                  - example output
                  - description
                * - 0
                  - hello \\\\  \0日本語 world
                  - Various whitespace (eg tabs, vertical form feed) are replaced. backslashes
                    are escaped, embedded nulls become \\0
                * - 1
                  - hello \\\\  \\0{CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-65E5}{CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672C}{CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A9E} world
                  - After step 0, all non-ascii characters are replaced with their :func:`unicodedata.name` or \\x and hex value
                * - 2
                  - hello.\\........world
                  - All non-ascii characters and whitespace are replaced by a dot

        :param binary: Called to convert bytes to string
        :param null: How to represent the null value
        :param truncate: How many characters to truncate long strings at (after sanitization)
        :param truncate_val: Appended to truncated strings to show it was truncated
        :param text_width: Maximum output width to generate
        :param use_unicode: If True then unicode line drawing characters are used.  If False then +---+ and | are
            used.
        :param word_wrap: If True then :mod:`textwrap` is used to break wide text into fit column width
        """
        # args we pass on to format_table
        kwargs = {
            "colour": colour,
            "quote": quote,
            "string_sanitize": string_sanitize,
            "binary": binary,
            "null": null,
            "truncate": truncate,
            "truncate_val": truncate_val,
            "text_width": text_width,
            "use_unicode": use_unicode,
            "word_wrap": word_wrap
        }

        res: list[str] = []

        cursor = db.cursor()
        colnames = None
        rows = []

        def trace(c: apsw.Cursor, query: str, bindings: apsw.Bindings | None) -> bool:
            nonlocal colnames, rows
            if colnames:
                res.append(format_query_table._format_table(colnames, rows, **kwargs))
                rows = []
            colnames = [n for n, _ in c.getdescription()]
            return True

        cursor.exectrace = trace
        # mitigate any existing rowtracer
        if db.rowtrace:
            cursor.rowtrace = lambda x, y: y

        for row in cursor.execute(query, bindings):
            rows.append(list(row))

        if colnames:
            res.append(format_query_table._format_table(colnames, rows, **kwargs))  # type: ignore[attr-defined]

        if len(res) == 1:
            return res[0]
        return "\n".join(res)

    def _format_table(colnames: list[str], rows: list[apsw.SQLiteValues], colour: bool, quote: bool,
                      string_sanitize: Union[Callable[[str], str],
                                             Union[Literal[0], Literal[1],
                                                   Literal[2]]], binary: Callable[[bytes], str], null: str, truncate: int,
                      truncate_val: str, text_width: int, use_unicode: bool, word_wrap: bool) -> str:
        "Internal table formatter"
        if colour:
            c: Callable[[int], str] = lambda v: f"\x1b[{ v }m"
            colours = {
                # inverse
                "header_start": c(7) + c(1),
                "header_end": c(27) + c(22),
                # red
                "null_start": c(31),
                "null_end": c(39),
                # yellow
                "string_start": c(33),
                "string_end": c(39),
                # blue
                "blob_start": c(34),
                "blob_end": c(39),
                # magenta
                "number_start": c(35),
                "number_end": c(39),
            }

            def colour_wrap(text: str, kind: type | None, header: bool = False) -> str:
                if header:
                    return colours["header_start"] + text + colours["header_end"]
                if kind == str:
                    tkind = "string"
                elif kind == bytes:
                    tkind = "blob"
                elif kind in (int, float):
                    tkind = "number"
                else:
                    tkind = "null"
                return colours[tkind + "_start"] + text + colours[tkind + "_end"]

        else:
            colours = {}

            def colour_wrap(text: str, kind: type | None, header: bool = False) -> str:
                return text

        colwidths = [max(len(v) for v in c.splitlines()) for c in colnames]
        coltypes: list[set[type]] = [set() for _ in colnames]

        # type, measure and stringize each cell
        for row in rows:
            for i, cell in enumerate(row):
                coltypes[i].add(type(cell))
                if isinstance(cell, str):
                    if callable(string_sanitize):
                        cell = string_sanitize(cell)
                    else:
                        cell = unicodedata.normalize("NFKC", cell)
                        if string_sanitize in (0, 1):
                            cell = cell.replace("\\", "\\\\")
                            cell = cell.replace("\r\n", "\n")
                            cell = cell.replace("\r", " ")
                            cell = cell.replace("\t", " ")
                            cell = cell.replace("\f", "")
                            cell = cell.replace("\v", "")
                            cell = cell.replace("\0", "\\0")

                        if string_sanitize == 1:

                            def repl(s):
                                if s[0] in string.printable:
                                    return s[0]
                                try:
                                    return "{" + unicodedata.name(s[0]) + "}"
                                except ValueError:
                                    return "\\x" + f"{ord(s[0]):02}"

                            cell = re.sub(".", repl, cell)

                        if string_sanitize == 2:

                            def repl(s):
                                if s[0] in string.printable and s[0] not in string.whitespace:
                                    return s[0]
                                return "."

                            cell = re.sub(".", repl, cell)
                if quote:
                    val = apsw.format_sql_value(cell)
                else:
                    if isinstance(cell, str):
                        val = cell
                    elif isinstance(cell, (float, int)):
                        val = str(cell)
                    elif isinstance(cell, bytes):
                        val = binary(cell)
                    else:
                        val = null
                assert isinstance(val, str), f"expected str not { val!r}"

                val = val.replace("\r\n", "\n")

                if truncate > 0 and len(val) > truncate:
                    val = val[:truncate] + truncate_val
                row[i] = (val, type(cell))  # type: ignore[index]
                colwidths[i] = max(colwidths[i], max(len(v) for v in val.splitlines()) if val else 0)

        ## work out widths
        # we need a space each side of a cell plus a cell separator hence 3
        # "| cell " and another for the final "|"
        total_width: Callable[[], int] = lambda: sum(w + 3 for w in colwidths) + 1

        # proportionally reduce column widths
        victim = len(colwidths) - 1
        while total_width() > text_width:
            # if all are 1 then we can't go any narrower
            if sum(colwidths) == len(colwidths):
                break

            # this makes wider columns take more of the width blame
            proportions = [w * 1.1 / total_width() for w in colwidths]

            excess = total_width() - text_width

            # start with widest columns first
            for _, i in reversed(sorted((proportions[n], n) for n in range(len(colwidths)))):
                w = colwidths[i]
                w -= int(proportions[i] * excess)
                w = max(1, w)
                colwidths[i] = w
                new_excess = total_width() - text_width
                # narrower than needed?
                if new_excess < 0:
                    colwidths[i] -= new_excess
                    break

            # if still too wide, then punish victim
            if total_width() > text_width:
                if colwidths[victim] > 1:
                    colwidths[victim] -= 1
                victim -= 1
                if victim < 0:
                    victim = len(colwidths) - 1

        # can't fit
        if total_width() > text_width:
            raise ValueError("Results can't be fitted in text width even with 1 char wide columns")

        # break headers and cells into lines
        if word_wrap:

            def wrap(text: str, width: int) -> list[str]:
                res: list[str] = []
                for para in text.splitlines():
                    if para:
                        res.extend(textwrap.wrap(para, width=width, drop_whitespace=False))
                    else:
                        res.append("")
                return res
        else:

            def wrap(text: str, width: int) -> list[str]:
                res: list[str] = []
                for para in text.splitlines():
                    if len(para) < width:
                        res.append(para)
                    else:
                        res.extend([para[s:s + width] for s in range(0, len(para), width)])
                return res

        colnames = [wrap(colnames[i], colwidths[i]) for i in range(len(colwidths))]  # type: ignore
        for row in rows:
            for i, (text, t) in enumerate(row):  # type: ignore[misc]
                row[i] = (wrap(text, colwidths[i]), t)  # type: ignore

        ## output
        # are any cells more than one line?
        multiline = max(len(cell[0]) for cell in row for row in rows) > 1  # type: ignore

        out_lines: list[str] = []

        def do_bar(chars: str) -> None:
            line = chars[0]
            for i, w in enumerate(colwidths):
                line += chars[1] * (w + 2)
                if i == len(colwidths) - 1:
                    line += chars[3]
                else:
                    line += chars[2]
            out_lines.append(line)

        def do_row(row, sep: str, *, centre: bool = False, header: bool = False) -> None:
            # column names
            for n in range(max(len(cell[0]) for cell in row)):
                line = sep
                for i, (cell, t) in enumerate(row):
                    text = cell[n] if n < len(cell) else ""
                    text = " " + text + " "
                    lt = len(text)
                    # fudge things a little with this heuristic which
                    # works when there is extra space - the earlier textwrap
                    # doesn't know about different char widths
                    lt += sum(1 if unicodedata.east_asian_width(c) == "W" else 0 for c in text)
                    extra = " " * max(colwidths[i] + 2 - lt, 0)
                    if centre:
                        lpad = extra[:len(extra) // 2]
                        rpad = extra[len(extra) // 2:]
                    else:
                        lpad = ""
                        rpad = extra
                    if header:
                        text = colour_wrap(lpad + text + rpad, None, header=True)
                    else:
                        text = lpad + colour_wrap(text, t) + rpad
                    line += text + sep
                out_lines.append(line)

        do_bar("┌─┬┐" if use_unicode else "+-++")
        do_row([(c, None) for c in colnames], "│" if use_unicode else "|", centre=True, header=True)

        # rows
        if rows:
            for row in rows:
                if multiline:
                    do_bar("├─┼┤" if use_unicode else "+-++")
                do_row(row, "│" if use_unicode else "|")

        do_bar("└─┴┘" if use_unicode else "+-++")

        return "\n".join(out_lines) + "\n"

    format_query_table._format_table = _format_table  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    del _format_table

    class VTColumnAccess(enum.Enum):
        "How the column value is accessed from a row, for :meth:`make_virtual_module`"
        By_Index = enum.auto()
        "By number like with tuples and lists - eg :code:`row[3]`"
        By_Name = enum.auto()
        "By name like with dicts - eg :code:`row['quantity']`"
        By_Attr = enum.auto()
        "By attribute like with :mod:`dataclasses` - eg :code:`row.quantity`"

    def get_column_names(row: Any) -> tuple[Sequence[str], VTColumnAccess]:
        r"""
        Works out column names and access given an example row

        *row* can be an instance of a row, or the class used to make
        one (eg a :mod:`dataclass <dataclasses>`)

        .. list-table::
            :header-rows: 1

            * - Type
              - Access
              - Column names From
            * - :external:func:`dataclasses.is_dataclass`
              - :attr:`VTColumnAccess.By_Attr`
              - :func:`dataclasses.fields`
            * - :func:`isinstance <isinstance>`\(:class:`tuple`) and :func:`hasattr <hasattr>`\(:code:`"_fields"`) - eg :func:`~collections.namedtuple`
              - :attr:`VTColumnAccess.By_Index`
              - :code:`row._fields`
            * - :func:`hasattr <hasattr>`\(:code:`"__match_args__"`)
              - :attr:`VTColumnAccess.By_Attr`
              - :code:`row.__match_args__` (if not empty)
            * - :func:`isinstance <isinstance>`\(:class:`dict`)
              - :attr:`VTColumnAccess.By_Name`
              - :meth:`dict.keys`
            * - :func:`isinstance <isinstance>`\(:class:`tuple`\)
              - :attr:`VTColumnAccess.By_Index`
              - :code:`columnX` where *X* is zero up to :func:`len <len>`\(:code:`row`)

        Example usage:

        .. code::

            def method(arg1, arg2):
                yield {"fruit": "orange", "price": 17, "quantity": 2}

            example_row = next(method(0, 10))
            method.columns, method.column_access = apsw.ext.get_column_names(example_row)

        """
        if is_dataclass(row):
            return tuple(field.name for field in dataclasses.fields(row)), VTColumnAccess.By_Attr
        if isinstance(row, tuple) and hasattr(row, "_fields"):
            return row._fields, VTColumnAccess.By_Index
        if getattr(row, "__match_args__", None):
            return row.__match_args__, VTColumnAccess.By_Attr
        if isinstance(row, dict):
            return tuple(row.keys()), VTColumnAccess.By_Name
        if isinstance(row, tuple):
            return tuple(f"column{ x }" for x in range(len(row))), VTColumnAccess.By_Index
        raise TypeError(f"Can't figure out columns for { row }")

    def make_virtual_module(db: apsw.Connection,
                            name: str,
                            callable: Callable,
                            *,
                            eponymous: bool = True,
                            eponymous_only: bool = False,
                            repr_invalid: bool = False) -> None:
        """
        Registers a read-only virtual table module with *db* based on
        *callable*.  The *callable* must have an attribute named *columns*
        with a list of column names, and an attribute named *column_access*
        with a :class:`VTColumnAccess` saying how to access columns from a row.
        See :meth:`get_column_names` for easily figuring that out.

        The goal is to make it very easy to turn a Python function into a
        virtual table.  For example the following Python function::

          def gendata(start_id, end_id=1000, include_system=False):
              yield (10, "2020-10-21", "readme.txt)
              yield (11, "2019-05-12", "john.txt)

          gendata.columns = ("user_id", "start_date", "file_name")
          gendata.column_access = VTColumnAccess.By_Index

        Will generate a table declared like this, using `HIDDEN
        <https://sqlite.org/vtab.html#hidden_columns_in_virtual_tables>`__
        for parameters:

        .. code-block:: sql

            CREATE TABLE table_name(user_id,
                                    start_date,
                                    file_name,
                                    start_id HIDDEN,
                                    end_id HIDDEN,
                                    include_system HIDDEN);

        :func:`inspect.signature` is used to discover parameter names.

        Positional parameters to *callable* come from the table definition.

        .. code-block:: sql

          SELECT * from table_name(1, 100, 1);

        Keyword arguments come from WHERE clauses.

        .. code-block:: sql

          SELECT * from table_name(1) WHERE
                include_system=1;

        :func:`iter` is called on *callable* with each iteration expected
        to return the next row.  That means *callable* can return its data
        all at once (eg a list of rows), or *yield* them one row at a
        time.  The number of columns must always be the same, no matter
        what the parameter values.

        :param eponymous: Lets you use the *name* as a table name without
                 having to create a virtual table
        :param eponymous_only: Can only reference as a table name
        :param repr_invalid: If *True* then values that are not valid
           :class:`apsw.SQLiteValue` will be converted to a string using
           :func:`repr`

        See the :ref:`example <example_virtual_tables>`

        Advanced
        ++++++++

        The *callable* may also have an attribute named *primary_key*.
        By default the :func:`id` of each row is used as the primary key.
        If present then it must be a column number to use as the primary
        key.  The contents of that column must be unique for every row.

        If you specify a parameter to the table and in WHERE, or have
        non-equality for WHERE clauses of parameters then the query will
        fail with :class:`apsw.SQLError` and a message "no query solution"
        """

        class Module:

            def __init__(self, callable: Callable, columns: tuple[str], column_access: VTColumnAccess,
                         primary_key: int | None, repr_invalid: bool):
                self.columns = columns
                self.callable: Callable = callable
                if not isinstance(column_access, VTColumnAccess):
                    raise ValueError(f"Expected column_access to be { VTColumnAccess } not {column_access!r}")
                self.column_access = column_access
                self.parameters: list[str] = []
                # These are as representable as SQLiteValue and are not used
                # for the actual call.
                self.defaults: list[apsw.SQLiteValue] = []
                for p, v in inspect.signature(callable).parameters.items():
                    self.parameters.append(p)
                    default = None if v.default is inspect.Parameter.empty else v.default
                    try:
                        apsw.format_sql_value(default)
                    except TypeError:
                        default = repr(default)
                    self.defaults.append(default)

                both = set(self.columns) & set(self.parameters)
                if both:
                    raise ValueError(f"Same name in columns and in paramters: { both }")

                self.all_columns: tuple[str] = tuple(self.columns) + tuple(self.parameters)  # type: ignore[assignment]
                self.primary_key = primary_key
                if self.primary_key is not None and not (0 <= self.primary_key < len(self.columns)):
                    raise ValueError(f"{self.primary_key!r} should be None or a column number < { len(self.columns) }")
                self.repr_invalid = repr_invalid
                column_defs = ""
                for i, c in enumerate(self.columns):
                    if column_defs:
                        column_defs += ", "
                    column_defs += f"[{ c }]"
                    if self.primary_key == i:
                        column_defs += " PRIMARY KEY"
                for p in self.parameters:
                    column_defs += f",[{ p }] HIDDEN"

                self.schema = f"CREATE TABLE ignored({ column_defs })"
                if self.primary_key is not None:
                    self.schema += " WITHOUT rowid"

            def Create(self, db, modulename, dbname, tablename, *args: apsw.SQLiteValue) -> tuple[str, apsw.VTTable]:

                if len(args) > len(self.parameters):
                    raise ValueError(f"Too many parameters: parameters accepted are { ' '.join(self.parameters) }")

                param_values = dict(zip(self.parameters, args))

                return self.schema, self.Table(self, param_values)  # type: ignore[return-value]

            Connect = Create

            class Table:

                def __init__(self, module: Module, param_values: dict[str, apsw.SQLiteValue]):
                    self.module = module
                    self.param_values = param_values

                def BestIndexObject(self, o: apsw.IndexInfo) -> bool:
                    idx_str: list[str] = []
                    param_start = len(self.module.columns)
                    for c in range(o.nConstraint):
                        if o.get_aConstraint_iColumn(c) >= param_start:
                            if not o.get_aConstraint_usable(c):
                                continue
                            if o.get_aConstraint_op(c) != apsw.SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ:
                                return False
                            o.set_aConstraintUsage_argvIndex(c, len(idx_str) + 1)
                            o.set_aConstraintUsage_omit(c, True)
                            n = self.module.all_columns[o.get_aConstraint_iColumn(c)]
                            # a parameter could be a function parameter and where
                            #    generate_series(7) where start=8
                            # the order they appear in IndexInfo is random so we
                            # have to abort the query because a random one would
                            # prevail
                            if n in idx_str:
                                return False
                            idx_str.append(n)

                    o.idxStr = ",".join(idx_str)
                    # say there are a huge number of rows so the query planner avoids us
                    o.estimatedRows = 2147483647
                    return True

                def Open(self) -> Module.Cursor:
                    return self.module.Cursor(self.module, self.param_values)

                def Disconnect(self) -> None:
                    pass

                Destroy = Disconnect

            class Cursor:

                def __init__(self, module: Module, param_values: dict[str, apsw.SQLiteValue]):
                    self.module = module
                    self.param_values = param_values
                    self.iterating: Iterator[apsw.SQLiteValues] | None = None
                    self.current_row: Any = None
                    self.columns = module.columns
                    self.repr_invalid = module.repr_invalid
                    self.num_columns = len(self.columns)
                    self.access = self.module.column_access
                    col_func = f"_Column_{ self.access.name }"
                    f = getattr(self, col_func, self.Column)
                    if self.repr_invalid:
                        setattr(self, "Column", self._Column_repr_invalid)
                        setattr(self, "_Column_get", f)
                    else:
                        setattr(self, "Column", f)

                def Filter(self, idx_num: int, idx_str: str, args: tuple[apsw.SQLiteValue]) -> None:
                    params: dict[str, apsw.SQLiteValue] = self.param_values.copy()
                    params.update(zip(idx_str.split(","), args))
                    self.iterating = iter(self.module.callable(**params))
                    # proactively advance so we can tell if eof
                    self.Next()

                    self.hidden_values: list[apsw.SQLiteValue] = self.module.defaults[:]
                    for k, v in params.items():
                        self.hidden_values[self.module.parameters.index(k)] = v

                def Eof(self) -> bool:
                    return self.iterating is None

                def Close(self) -> None:
                    if self.iterating:
                        if hasattr(self.iterating, "close"):
                            self.iterating.close()
                        self.iterating = None

                def Column(self, which: int) -> apsw.SQLiteValue:
                    # This is the specification/documentation for the custom
                    # versions which should produce exactly the same output
                    if which >= self.num_columns:
                        return self.hidden_values[which - self.num_columns]
                    if self.access is VTColumnAccess.By_Index:
                        v = self.current_row[which]
                    elif self.access is VTColumnAccess.By_Name:
                        v = self.current_row[self.columns[which]]
                    elif self.access is VTColumnAccess.By_Attr:
                        v = getattr(self.current_row, self.columns[which])
                    if self.repr_invalid and v is not None and not isinstance(v, (int, float, str, bytes)):
                        v = repr(v)
                    return v  # type: ignore[no-any-return]

                def _Column_repr_invalid(self, which: int) -> apsw.SQLiteValue:
                    v = self._Column_get(which) # type: ignore[attr-defined]
                    return v if v is None or isinstance(v, (int, float, str, bytes)) else repr(v)

                def _Column_By_Attr(self, which: int) -> apsw.SQLiteValue:
                    return getattr(
                        self.current_row,
                        self.columns[which]) if which < self.num_columns else self.hidden_values[which - self.num_columns]

                def _Column_By_Name(self, which: int) -> apsw.SQLiteValue:
                    return self.current_row[self.columns[which]] if which < self.num_columns else self.hidden_values[
                        which - self.num_columns]

                def _Column_By_Index(self, which: int) -> apsw.SQLiteValue:
                    return self.current_row[which] if which < self.num_columns else self.hidden_values[which -
                                                                                                       self.num_columns]

                def Next(self) -> None:
                    try:
                        self.current_row = next(self.iterating)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
                    except StopIteration:
                        if hasattr(self.iterating, "close"):
                            self.iterating.close()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
                        self.iterating = None

                def Rowid(self):
                    if self.module.primary_key is None:
                        return id(self.current_row)
                    return self.Column(self.module.primary_key)

        mod = Module(
            callable,
            callable.columns,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
            callable.column_access,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
            getattr(callable, "primary_key", None),
            repr_invalid)

        # unregister any existing first
        db.createmodule(name, None)
        db.createmodule(
            name,
            mod,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
            use_bestindex_object=True,
            eponymous=eponymous,
            eponymous_only=eponymous_only,
            read_only=True)

    def generate_series_sqlite(start=None, stop=0xffffffff, step=1):
        """Behaves like SQLite's generate_series

        `SQLite doc <https://sqlite.org/series.html>`__.

        Only integers are supported.  If *step* is negative
        then values are generated from *stop* to *start*

        To use::

            apsw.ext.make_virtual_module(db,
                                         "generate_series",
                                         apsw.ext.generate_series_sqlite)

            db.execute("SELECT value FROM generate_series(1, 10))

        .. seealso::

            :meth:`generate_series`

        """
        if start is None:
            raise ValueError("You must specify a value for start")
        istart = int(start)
        istop = int(stop)
        istep = int(step)
        if istart != start or istop != stop or istep != step:
            raise TypeError("generate_series_sqlite only works with integers")
        if step == 0:
            step = 1
        if step > 0:
            while start <= stop:
                yield (start, )
                start += step
        elif step < 0:
            while stop >= start:
                yield (stop, )
                stop += step

    generate_series_sqlite.columns = ("value", )  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    generate_series_sqlite.column_access = VTColumnAccess.By_Index  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    generate_series_sqlite.primary_key = 0  # type: ignore[attr-defined]

    def generate_series(start, stop, step=None):
        """Behaves like Postgres and SQL Server

        `Postgres doc
        <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-srf.html>`__
        `SQL server doc
        <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/generate-series-transact-sql>`__

        Operates on floating point as well as integer.  If step is not
        specified then it is 1 if *stop* is greater than *start* and -1 if
        *stop* is less than *start*.

        To use::

            apsw.ext.make_virtual_module(db,
                                         "generate_series",
                                         apsw.ext.generate_series)

            db.execute("SELECT value FROM generate_series(1, 10))

        .. seealso::

            :meth:`generate_series`

        """
        if step is None:
            if stop > start:
                step = 1
            else:
                step = -1

        if step > 0:
            while start <= stop:
                yield (start, )
                start += step
        elif step < 0:
            while start >= stop:
                yield (start, )
                start += step
        else:
            raise ValueError("step of zero is not valid")

    generate_series.columns = ("value", )  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    generate_series.column_access = VTColumnAccess.By_Index  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    generate_series.primary_key = 0  # type: ignore[attr-defined]

    def query_info(db: apsw.Connection,
                   query: str,
                   bindings: apsw.Bindings | None = None,
                   *,
                   prepare_flags: int = 0,
                   actions: bool = False,
                   expanded_sql: bool = False,
                   explain: bool = False,
                   explain_query_plan: bool = False) -> QueryDetails:
        """Returns information about the query, but does not run it.

        Set the various parameters to `True` if you also want the
        actions, expanded_sql, explain, query_plan etc filled in.
        """
        res: dict[str, Any] = {"actions": None, "query_plan": None, "explain": None}

        def tracer(cursor: apsw.Cursor, first_query: str, bindings: apsw.Bindings | None):
            nonlocal res
            res.update({
                "first_query": first_query,
                "query": query,
                "bindings": bindings,
                "is_explain": cursor.is_explain,
                "is_readonly": cursor.is_readonly,
                "has_vdbe": cursor.has_vdbe,
                "description": cursor.getdescription(),
                "description_full": None,
            })
            if hasattr(cursor, "description_full"):
                res["description_full"] = cursor.description_full

            assert query == first_query or query.startswith(first_query)
            res["query_remaining"] = query[len(first_query):] if len(query) > len(first_query) else None
            res["expanded_sql"] = cursor.expanded_sql if expanded_sql else None
            return False

        actions_taken = []

        def auther(code, third, fourth, dbname, trigview):
            a = {"action": code, "action_name": apsw.mapping_authorizer_function[code]}
            if dbname:
                a["database_name"] = dbname
            if trigview:
                a["trigger_or_view"] = trigview

            # this block corresponds to the table at https://sqlite.org/c3ref/c_alter_table.html
            for op, thirdname, fourthname in (
                (apsw.SQLITE_CREATE_INDEX, "index_name", "table_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_CREATE_TABLE, "table_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_INDEX, "index_name", "table_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TABLE, "table_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TRIGGER, "trigger_name", "table_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_VIEW, "view_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_CREATE_TRIGGER, "trigger_name", "table_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_CREATE_VIEW, "view_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_DELETE, "table_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_DROP_INDEX, "index_name", "table_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_DROP_TABLE, "table_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_INDEX, "index_name", "table_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TABLE, "table_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TRIGGER, "trigger_name", "table_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_VIEW, "view_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_DROP_TRIGGER, "trigger_name", "table_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_DROP_VIEW, "view_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_INSERT, "table_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_PRAGMA, "pragma_name", "pragma_value"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_READ, "table_name", "column_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_SELECT, None, None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_TRANSACTION, "operation", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_UPDATE, "table_name", "column_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_ATTACH, "file_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_DETACH, "database_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_ALTER_TABLE, "database_name", "table_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_REINDEX, "index_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_ANALYZE, "table_name", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_CREATE_VTABLE, "table_name", "module_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_DROP_VTABLE, "table_name", "module_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_FUNCTION, None, "function_name"),
                (apsw.SQLITE_SAVEPOINT, "operation", None),
                (apsw.SQLITE_RECURSIVE, None, None),
            ):
                if code == op:
                    if thirdname is not None:
                        a[thirdname] = third
                    if fourthname is not None:
                        a[fourthname] = fourth
                    break
            else:
                raise ValueError(f"Unknown authorizer code { code }")
            actions_taken.append(QueryAction(**a))
            return apsw.SQLITE_OK

        cur = db.cursor()
        cur.exectrace = tracer
        if actions:
            orig_authorizer = db.authorizer
            db.authorizer = auther
        try:
            cur.execute(query, bindings, can_cache=False, prepare_flags=prepare_flags)
        except apsw.ExecTraceAbort:
            pass
        finally:
            if actions:
                db.authorizer = orig_authorizer
        cur.exectrace = None
        if actions:
            res["actions"] = actions_taken

        if explain and not res["is_explain"]:
            vdbe: list[VDBEInstruction] = []
            for row in cur.execute(res["first_query"], bindings, explain=1):
                vdbe.append(
                    VDBEInstruction(**dict((v[0][0], v[1]) for v in zip(cur.getdescription(), row) if v[1] is not None)))
            res["explain"] = vdbe

        if explain_query_plan and not res["is_explain"]:
            subn = "sub"
            byid: Any = {0: {"detail": "QUERY PLAN"}}

            for row in cur.execute(res["first_query"], bindings, explain=2):
                node = dict((v[0][0], v[1]) for v in zip(cur.getdescription(), row) if v[0][0] != "notused")
                assert len(node) == 3  # catch changes in returned format
                parent: list[str | dict[str, Any]] = byid[node["parent"]]
                if subn not in parent:
                    parent[subn] = [node]  # type: ignore[call-overload]
                else:
                    parent[subn].append(node)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
                byid[node["id"]] = node

            def flatten(node: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
                res = {"detail": node["detail"]}
                if subn in node:
                    res[subn] = [QueryPlan(**flatten(child)) for child in node[subn]]
                return res

            res["query_plan"] = QueryPlan(**flatten(byid[0]))

        return QueryDetails(**res)

    @dataclass
    class QueryDetails:
        "A :mod:`dataclass <dataclasses>` that provides detailed information about a query, returned by :func:`query_info`"
        query: str
        "Original query provided"
        bindings: apsw.Bindings | None
        "Bindings provided"
        first_query: str
        "The first statement present in query"
        query_remaining: str | None
        "Query text after the first one if multiple were in query, else None"
        is_explain: int
        ":attr:`Cursor.is_explain <apsw.Cursor.is_explain>`"
        is_readonly: bool
        ":attr:`Cursor.is_readonly <apsw.Cursor.is_readonly>`"
        has_vdbe: bool
        ":attr:`Cursor.has_vdbe <apsw.Cursor.has_vdbe>`"
        description: tuple[tuple[str, str], ...]
        ":meth:`Cursor.getdescription <apsw.Cursor.getdescription>`"
        description_full: tuple[tuple[str, str, str, str, str], ...] | None
        ":attr:`Cursor.description_full <apsw.Cursor.description_full>`"
        expanded_sql: str | None
        ":attr:`Cursor.expanded_sql <apsw.Cursor.expanded_sql>`"
        actions: list[QueryAction] | None
        """A list of the actions taken by the query, as discovered via
        :attr:`Connection.authorizer <apsw.Connection.authorizer>`"""
        explain: list[VDBEInstruction] | None
        """A list of instructions of the `internal code <https://sqlite.org/opcode.html>`__
        used by SQLite to execute the query"""
        query_plan: QueryPlan | None
        """The steps taken against tables and indices `described here <https://sqlite.org/eqp.html>`__"""

    @dataclass
    class QueryAction:
        """A :mod:`dataclass <dataclasses>` that provides information about one action taken by a query

        Depending on the action, only a subset of the fields will have non-None values"""
        action: int
        """`Authorizer code <https://sqlite.org/c3ref/c_alter_table.html>`__ (also present
        in :attr:`apsw.mapping_authorizer_function`)"""
        action_name: str
        """The string corresponding to the action.  For example `action` could be `21` in which
        case `action_name` will be `SQLITE_SELECT`"""

        column_name: str | None = None
        database_name: str | None = None
        "eg `main`, `temp`, the name in `ATTACH <https://sqlite.org/lang_attach.html>`__"
        file_name: str | None = None
        function_name: str | None = None
        module_name: str | None = None
        operation: str | None = None
        pragma_name: str | None = None
        pragma_value: str | None = None
        table_name: str | None = None
        trigger_name: str | None = None
        trigger_or_view: str | None = None
        """This action is happening due to a trigger or view, and not
        directly expressed in the query itself"""
        view_name: str | None = None

    @dataclass
    class QueryPlan:
        "A :mod:`dataclass <dataclasses>` for one step of a query plan"
        detail: str
        "Description of this step"
        sub: list[QueryPlan] | None = None
        "Steps that run within this one"

    @dataclass
    class VDBEInstruction:
        "A :mod:`dataclass <dataclasses>` representing one instruction and its parameters"
        addr: int
        "Address of this opcode.  It will be the target of goto, loops etc"
        opcode: str
        "The instruction"
        comment: str | None = None
        "Additional human readable information"
        p1: int | None = None
        "First opcode parameter"
        p2: int | None = None
        "Second opcode parameter"
        p3: int | None = None
        "Third opcode parameter"
        p4: int | None = None
        "Fourth opcode parameter"
        p5: int | None = None
        "Fifth opcode parameter"

    @dataclass
    class DatabaseFileInfo:
        """Information about the main database file returned by :meth:`dbinfo`

        See `file format description <https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat.html#the_database_header>`__"""
        "database filena name"
        filename: str
        "Header string"
        header: bytes
        "The database page size in bytes"
        page_size: int
        "File format write version. 1 for legacy; 2 for WAL"
        write_format: int
        "File format read version. 1 for legacy; 2 for WAL."
        read_format: int
        'Bytes of unused "reserved" space at the end of each page. Usually 0'
        reserved_bytes: int
        "File change counter"
        file_change_counter: int
        "Size of the database file in pages"
        page_count: int
        "Total number of freelist pages"
        freelist_pages: int
        "The schema cookie"
        schema_cookie: int
        "The schema format number. Supported schema formats are 1, 2, 3, and 4"
        schema_format: int
        "Default page cache size"
        default_cache_size: int
        "The page number of the largest root b-tree page when in auto-vacuum or incremental-vacuum modes, or zero otherwise"
        autovacuum_top_root: int
        "The database text encoding"
        text_encoding: str
        'The "user version" as read and set by the user_version pragma.'
        user_version: int
        "True (non-zero) for incremental-vacuum mode. False (zero) otherwise."
        incremental_vacuum: bool
        'The "Application ID" set by PRAGMA application_id'
        application_id: int
        "The version-valid-for number."
        version_valid_for: int
        "SQLite version that lost wrote"
        sqlite_version: int

    @dataclass
    class JournalFileInfo:
        """Information about the rollback journal returned by :meth:`dbinfo`

        See the `file format description <https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat2.html#the_rollback_journal>`__"""
        "journal file name"
        filename: str
        "Header string"
        header: bytes
        'The "Page Count" - The number of pages in the next segment of the journal, or -1 to mean all content to the end of the file'
        header_valid: bool
        "If the header is the expected bytes"
        page_count: int
        "A random nonce for the checksum"
        random_nonce: int
        "Initial size of the database in pages"
        initial_pages: int
        "Size of a disk sector assumed by the process that wrote this journal"
        sector_size: int
        "Size of pages in this journal"
        page_size: int

    @dataclass
    class WALFileInfo:
        """Information about the rollback journal returned by :meth:`dbinfo`

        See the `file format description <https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat2.html#wal_file_format>`__"""
        "WAL file name"
        filename: str
        "Magic number"
        magic_number: int
        "File format version. Currently 3007000"
        format_version: int
        "Database page size"
        page_size: int
        "Checkpoint sequence number"
        checkpoint_sequence_number: int
        "Salt-1: random integer incremented with each checkpoint"
        salt_1: int
        "Salt-2: a different random number for each checkpoint"
        salt_2: int
        "Checksum-1: First part of a checksum on the first 24 bytes of header"
        checksum_1: int
        "Checksum-2: Second part of the checksum on the first 24 bytes of header"
        checksum_2: int