# Source code for tables.array

    """Here is defined the Array class."""

    from __future__ import annotations

    import sys
    import operator
    from typing import Any, Union, TYPE_CHECKING

    import numpy as np
    import numpy.typing as npt

    from . import hdf5extension
    from .leaf import Leaf
    from .utils import (
        is_idx,
        convert_to_np_atom2,
        SizeType,
        lazyattr,
        byteorders,
        quantize,
    )
    from .flavor import flavor_of, array_as_internal, internal_to_flavor
    from .filters import Filters

    if TYPE_CHECKING:
        from .atom import Atom, EnumAtom
        from .group import Group
        from .misc.enum import Enum

    # default version for ARRAY objects
    # obversion = "1.0"    # initial version
    # obversion = "2.0"    # Added an optional EXTDIM attribute
    # obversion = "2.1"    # Added support for complex datatypes
    # obversion = "2.2"    # This adds support for time datatypes.
    # obversion = "2.3"    # This adds support for enumerated datatypes.
    obversion = "2.4"  # Numeric and numarray flavors are gone.

    SelectionType = Union[int, slice, list[Union[int, slice]], npt.ArrayLike]

    class Array(hdf5extension.Array, Leaf):
        """This class represents homogeneous datasets in an HDF5 file.

        This class provides methods to write or read data to or from array objects
        in the file. This class does not allow you neither to enlarge nor compress
        the datasets on disk; use the EArray class (see :ref:`EArrayClassDescr`) if
        you want enlargeable dataset support or compression features, or CArray
        (see :ref:`CArrayClassDescr`) if you just want compression.

        An interesting property of the Array class is that it remembers the
        *flavor* of the object that has been saved so that if you saved, for
        example, a list, you will get a list during readings afterwards; if you
        saved a NumPy array, you will get a NumPy object, and so forth.

        Note that this class inherits all the public attributes and methods that
        Leaf (see :ref:`LeafClassDescr`) already provides. However, as Array
        instances have no internal I/O buffers, it is not necessary to use the
        flush() method they inherit from Leaf in order to save their internal state
        to disk.  When a writing method call returns, all the data is already on
        disk.

        Parameters
        ----------
        parentnode
            The parent :class:`Group` object.

            .. versionchanged:: 3.0
               Renamed from *parentNode* to *parentnode*

        name : str
            The name of this node in its parent group.
        obj
            The array or scalar to be saved.  Accepted types are NumPy
            arrays and scalars as well as native Python sequences and
            scalars, provided that values are regular (i.e. they are not
            like ``[[1,2],2]``) and homogeneous (i.e. all the elements are
            of the same type).

            .. versionchanged:: 3.0
               Renamed from *object* into *obj*.
        title
            A description for this node (it sets the ``TITLE`` HDF5 attribute on
            disk).
        byteorder
            The byteorder of the data *on disk*, specified as 'little' or 'big'.
            If this is not specified, the byteorder is that of the given `object`.
        track_times
            Whether time data associated with the leaf are recorded (object
            access time, raw data modification time, metadata change time, object
            birth time); default True.  Semantics of these times depend on their
            implementation in the HDF5 library: refer to documentation of the
            H5O_info_t data structure.  As of HDF5 1.8.15, only ctime (metadata
            change time) is implemented.

            .. versionadded:: 3.4.3

        """

        # Class identifier.
        _c_classid = "ARRAY"

        @lazyattr
        def dtype(self) -> np.dtype:
            """Numpy ``dtype`` most closely matching the one of the array."""
            return self.atom.dtype

        @property
        def nrows(self) -> int:
            """Return the number of rows in the array."""
            if self.shape == ():
                return SizeType(1)  # scalar case
            else:
                return self.shape[self.maindim]

        @property
        def rowsize(self) -> int:
            """Size of the rows in bytes in dimensions orthogonal to *maindim*."""
            maindim = self.maindim
            rowsize = self.atom.size
            for i, dim in enumerate(self.shape):
                if i != maindim:
                    rowsize *= dim
            return rowsize

        @property
        def size_in_memory(self) -> int:
            """Size of the array's data in bytes when fully loaded in memory."""
            return self.nrows * self.rowsize

        def __init__(
            self,
            parentnode: Group,
            name: str,
            obj: npt.ArrayLike | None = None,
            title: str = "",
            byteorder: str | None = None,
            _log: bool = True,
            _atom: Atom | EnumAtom | None = None,
            track_times: bool = True,
        ) -> None:

            self._v_version: str | None = None
            """The object version of this array."""
            self._v_new = new = obj is not None
            """Is this the first time the node has been created?"""
            self._v_new_title = title
            """New title for this node."""
            self._obj = obj
            """The object to be stored in the array.  It can be any of numpy,
            list, tuple, string, integer of floating point types, provided
            that they are regular (i.e. they are not like ``[[1, 2], 2]``).

            .. versionchanged:: 3.0
               Renamed form *_object* into *_obj*.

            """

            self._v_convert = True
            """Whether the ``Array`` object must be converted or not."""

            # Miscellaneous iteration rubbish.
            self._start: int | None = None
            """Starting row for the current iteration."""
            self._stop: int | None = None
            """Stopping row for the current iteration."""
            self._step: int | None = None
            """Step size for the current iteration."""
            self._nrowsread: int | None = None
            """Number of rows read up to the current state of iteration."""
            self._startb: int | None = None
            """Starting row for current buffer."""
            self._stopb: int | None = None
            """Stopping row for current buffer. """
            self._row: int | None = None
            """Current row in iterators (sentinel)."""
            self._init = False
            """Whether we are in the middle of an iteration or not (sentinel)."""
            self.listarr: npt.ArrayLike | None = None
            """Current buffer in iterators."""

            # Documented (*public*) attributes.
            self.atom = _atom
            """An Atom (see :ref:`AtomClassDescr`) instance representing the *type*
            and *shape* of the atomic objects to be saved.
            """
            self.shape: list[int] | None = None
            """The shape of the stored array."""
            self.nrow: int | None = None
            """On iterators, this is the index of the current row."""
            self.extdim = -1  # ordinary arrays are not enlargeable
            """The index of the enlargeable dimension."""

            # Ordinary arrays have no filters: leaf is created with default ones.
            super().__init__(
                parentnode, name, new, Filters(), byteorder, _log, track_times
            )

        def _g_create(self) -> int:
            """Save a new array in file."""
            self._v_version = obversion
            try:
                # `Leaf._g_post_init_hook()` should be setting the flavor on disk.
                self._flavor = flavor = flavor_of(self._obj)
                nparr = array_as_internal(self._obj, flavor)
            except Exception:  # XXX
                # Problems converting data. Close the node and re-raise exception.
                self.close(flush=0)
                raise

            # Raise an error in case of unsupported object
            if nparr.dtype.kind in ["V", "U", "O"]:  # in void, unicode, object
                raise TypeError(
                    "Array objects cannot currently deal with void, "
                    "unicode or object arrays"
                )

            # Decrease the number of references to the object
            self._obj = None

            # Fix the byteorder of data
            nparr = self._g_fix_byteorder_data(nparr, nparr.dtype.byteorder)

            # Create the array on-disk
            try:
                # ``self._v_objectid`` needs to be set because would be
                # needed for setting attributes in some descendants later
                # on
                (self._v_objectid, self.shape, self.atom) = self._create_array(
                    nparr, self._v_new_title, self.atom
                )
            except Exception:  # XXX
                # Problems creating the Array on disk. Close node and re-raise.
                self.close(flush=0)
                raise

            # Compute the optimal buffer size
            self.nrowsinbuf = self._calc_nrowsinbuf()
            # Arrays don't have chunkshapes (so, set it to None)
            self._v_chunkshape = None

            return self._v_objectid

        def _g_open(self) -> int:
            """Get the metadata info for an array in file."""
            (oid, self.atom, self.shape, self._v_chunkshape) = self._open_array()

            self.nrowsinbuf = self._calc_nrowsinbuf()

            return oid

        def get_enum(self) -> Enum:
            """Get the enumerated type associated with this array.

            If this array is of an enumerated type, the corresponding Enum instance
            (see :ref:`EnumClassDescr`) is returned. If it is not of an enumerated
            type, a TypeError is raised.

            """
            if self.atom.kind != "enum":
                raise TypeError(
                    "array ``%s`` is not of an enumerated type" % self._v_pathname
                )

            return self.atom.enum

        def iterrows(
            self,
            start: int | None = None,
            stop: int | None = None,
            step: int | None = None,
        ) -> tuple | Array:
            """Iterate over the rows of the array.

            This method returns an iterator yielding an object of the current
            flavor for each selected row in the array.  The returned rows are taken
            from the *main dimension*.

            If a range is not supplied, *all the rows* in the array are iterated
            upon - you can also use the :meth:`Array.__iter__` special method for
            that purpose.  If you only want to iterate over a given *range of rows*
            in the array, you may use the start, stop and step parameters.

            Examples
            --------
            ::

                result = [row for row in arrayInstance.iterrows(step=4)]

            .. versionchanged:: 3.0
               If the *start* parameter is provided and *stop* is None then the
               array is iterated from *start* to the last line.
               In PyTables < 3.0 only one element was returned.

            """
            try:
                (self._start, self._stop, self._step) = self._process_range(
                    start, stop, step
                )
            except IndexError:
                # If problems with indexes, silently return the null tuple
                return ()
            self._init_loop()
            return self

        def __iter__(self) -> Array:
            """Iterate over the rows of the array.

            This is equivalent to calling :meth:`Array.iterrows` with default
            arguments, i.e. it iterates over *all the rows* in the array.

            Examples
            --------
            ::

                result = [row[2] for row in array]

            Which is equivalent to::

                result = [row[2] for row in array.iterrows()]

            """
            if not self._init:
                # If the iterator is called directly, assign default variables
                self._start = 0
                self._stop = self.nrows
                self._step = 1
                # and initialize the loop
                self._init_loop()
            return self

        def _init_loop(self) -> None:
            """Initialize the __iter__ iterator."""
            self._nrowsread = self._start
            self._startb = self._start
            self._row = -1  # Sentinel
            self._init = True  # Sentinel
            self.nrow = SizeType(self._start - self._step)  # row number

        def __next__(self) -> Any:
            """Get the next element of the array during an iteration.

            The element is returned as an object of the current flavor.

            """
            # this could probably be sped up for long iterations by reusing the
            # listarr buffer
            if self._nrowsread >= self._stop:
                self._init = False
                self.listarr = None  # fixes issue #308
                raise StopIteration  # end of iteration
            else:
                # Read a chunk of rows
                if self._row + 1 >= self.nrowsinbuf or self._row < 0:
                    self._stopb = self._startb + self._step * self.nrowsinbuf
                    # Protection for reading more elements than needed
                    if self._stopb > self._stop:
                        self._stopb = self._stop
                    listarr = self._read(self._startb, self._stopb, self._step)
                    # Swap the axes to easy the return of elements
                    if self.extdim > 0:
                        listarr = listarr.swapaxes(self.extdim, 0)
                    self.listarr = internal_to_flavor(listarr, self.flavor)
                    self._row = -1
                    self._startb = self._stopb
                self._row += 1
                self.nrow += self._step
                self._nrowsread += self._step
                # Fixes bug #968132
                # if self.listarr.shape:
                if self.shape:
                    return self.listarr[self._row]
                else:
                    return self.listarr  # Scalar case

        def _interpret_indexing(
            self,
            keys: SelectionType,
        ) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray, list[int]]:
            """Implement the common part of `__getitem__` and `__setitem__`."""
            maxlen = len(self.shape)
            shape = (maxlen,)
            startl = np.empty(shape=shape, dtype=SizeType)
            stopl = np.empty(shape=shape, dtype=SizeType)
            stepl = np.empty(shape=shape, dtype=SizeType)
            stop_none = np.zeros(shape=shape, dtype=SizeType)
            if not isinstance(keys, tuple):
                keys = (keys,)
            nkeys = len(keys)
            dim = 0
            # Here is some problem when dealing with [...,...] params
            # but this is a bit weird way to pass parameters anyway
            for key in keys:
                ellipsis = 0  # Sentinel
                if isinstance(key, type(Ellipsis)):
                    ellipsis = 1
                    for diml in range(dim, len(self.shape) - (nkeys - dim) + 1):
                        startl[dim] = 0
                        stopl[dim] = self.shape[diml]
                        stepl[dim] = 1
                        dim += 1
                elif dim >= maxlen:
                    raise IndexError(
                        "Too many indices for object '%s'" % self._v_pathname
                    )
                elif is_idx(key):
                    key = operator.index(key)

                    # Protection for index out of range
                    if key >= self.shape[dim]:
                        raise IndexError("Index out of range")
                    if key < 0:
                        # To support negative values (Fixes bug #968149)
                        key += self.shape[dim]
                    start, stop, step = self._process_range(
                        key, key + 1, 1, dim=dim
                    )
                    stop_none[dim] = 1
                elif isinstance(key, slice):
                    start, stop, step = self._process_range(
                        key.start, key.stop, key.step, dim=dim
                    )
                else:
                    raise TypeError("Non-valid index or slice: %s" % key)
                if not ellipsis:
                    startl[dim] = start
                    stopl[dim] = stop
                    stepl[dim] = step
                    dim += 1

            # Complete the other dimensions, if needed
            if dim < len(self.shape):
                for diml in range(dim, len(self.shape)):
                    startl[dim] = 0
                    stopl[dim] = self.shape[diml]
                    stepl[dim] = 1
                    dim += 1

            # Compute the shape for the container properly. Fixes #1288792
            shape = []
            for dim in range(len(self.shape)):
                new_dim = len(range(startl[dim], stopl[dim], stepl[dim]))
                if not (new_dim == 1 and stop_none[dim]):
                    shape.append(new_dim)

            return startl, stopl, stepl, shape

        def _fancy_selection(self, args: list[int | list[int]]) -> tuple[
            list[tuple[int, int, int, int, str]],
            tuple[int, np.ndarray] | None,
            tuple[int, ...],
        ]:
            """Perform a NumPy-style fancy selection in `self`.

            Implements advanced NumPy-style selection operations in
            addition to the standard slice-and-int behavior.

            Indexing arguments may be ints, slices or lists of indices.

            Note: This is a backport from the h5py project.

            """
            # Internal functions

            def validate_number(num: int, length: int) -> None:
                """Validate a list member for the given axis length."""
                try:
                    num = int(num)
                except TypeError:
                    raise TypeError("Illegal index: %r" % num)
                if num > length - 1:
                    raise IndexError("Index out of bounds: %d" % num)

            def expand_ellipsis(
                args: tuple[int | list[int], ...], rank: int
            ) -> list:
                """Expand ellipsis objects and fill in missing axes."""
                n_el = sum(1 for arg in args if arg is Ellipsis)
                if n_el > 1:
                    raise IndexError("Only one ellipsis may be used.")
                elif n_el == 0 and len(args) != rank:
                    args = args + (Ellipsis,)

                final_args = []
                n_args = len(args)
                for idx, arg in enumerate(args):
                    if arg is Ellipsis:
                        final_args.extend((slice(None),) * (rank - n_args + 1))
                    else:
                        final_args.append(arg)

                if len(final_args) > rank:
                    raise IndexError("Too many indices.")

                return final_args

            def translate_slice(exp: slice, length: int) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
                """Given a slice object, return a 3-tuple (start, count, step).

                This is for use with the hyperslab selection routines.

                """
                start, stop, step = exp.start, exp.stop, exp.step
                if start is None:
                    start = 0
                else:
                    start = int(start)
                if stop is None:
                    stop = length
                else:
                    stop = int(stop)
                if step is None:
                    step = 1
                else:
                    step = int(step)

                if step < 1:
                    raise IndexError("Step must be >= 1 (got %d)" % step)
                if stop == start:
                    raise IndexError("Zero-length selections are not allowed")
                if stop < start:
                    raise IndexError("Reverse-order selections are not allowed")
                if start < 0:
                    start = length + start
                if stop < 0:
                    stop = length + stop

                if not 0 <= start <= (length - 1):
                    raise IndexError(
                        "Start index %s out of range (0-%d)" % (start, length - 1)
                    )
                if not 1 <= stop <= length:
                    raise IndexError(
                        "Stop index %s out of range (1-%d)" % (stop, length)
                    )

                count = (stop - start) // step
                if (stop - start) % step != 0:
                    count += 1

                if start + count > length:
                    raise IndexError(
                        f"Selection out of bounds ({start + count}; "
                        f"axis has {length})"
                    )

                return start, count, step

            # Main code for _fancy_selection
            mshape = []
            selection = []

            if not isinstance(args, tuple):
                args = (args,)

            args = expand_ellipsis(args, len(self.shape))

            list_seen = False
            reorder = None
            for idx, (exp, length) in enumerate(zip(args, self.shape)):
                if isinstance(exp, slice):
                    start, count, step = translate_slice(exp, length)
                    selection.append((start, count, step, idx, "AND"))
                    mshape.append(count)
                else:
                    try:
                        exp = list(exp)
                    except TypeError:
                        exp = [exp]  # Handle scalar index as a list of length 1
                        mshape.append(0)  # Keep track of scalar index for NumPy
                    else:
                        mshape.append(len(exp))
                    if len(exp) == 0:
                        raise IndexError(
                            f"Empty selections are not allowed (axis {idx})"
                        )
                    elif len(exp) > 1:
                        if list_seen:
                            raise IndexError("Only one selection list is allowed")
                        else:
                            list_seen = True
                    else:
                        if not isinstance(exp[0], (int, np.integer)) or (
                            isinstance(exp[0], np.ndarray)
                            and not np.issubdtype(exp[0].dtype, np.integer)
                        ):
                            raise TypeError("Only integer coordinates allowed.")

                    nexp = np.asarray(exp, dtype="i8")
                    # Convert negative values
                    nexp = np.where(nexp < 0, length + nexp, nexp)
                    # Check whether the list is ordered or not
                    # (only one unordered list is allowed)
                    if len(nexp) != len(np.unique(nexp)):
                        raise IndexError(
                            "Selection lists cannot have repeated values. "
                            "To see how to handle this, please see "
                            "https://github.com/PyTables/PyTables/issues/1149"
                        )
                    neworder = nexp.argsort()
                    if (
                        neworder.shape != (len(exp),)
                        or np.sum(np.abs(neworder - np.arange(len(exp)))) != 0
                    ):
                        if reorder is not None:
                            raise IndexError(
                                "Only one selection list can be unordered"
                            )
                        corrected_idx = sum(1 for x in mshape if x != 0) - 1
                        reorder = (corrected_idx, neworder)
                        nexp = nexp[neworder]
                    for select_idx in range(len(nexp) + 1):
                        # This crazy piece of code performs a list selection
                        # using HDF5 hyperslabs.
                        # For each index, perform a "NOTB" selection on every
                        # portion of *this axis* which falls *outside* the list
                        # selection.  For this to work, the input array MUST be
                        # monotonically increasing.
                        if select_idx < len(nexp):
                            validate_number(nexp[select_idx], length)
                        if select_idx == 0:
                            start = 0
                            count = nexp[0]
                        elif select_idx == len(nexp):
                            start = nexp[-1] + 1
                            count = length - start
                        else:
                            start = nexp[select_idx - 1] + 1
                            count = nexp[select_idx] - start
                        if count > 0:
                            selection.append((start, count, 1, idx, "NOTB"))

            mshape = tuple(x for x in mshape if x != 0)
            return selection, reorder, mshape

        def __getitem__(self, key: SelectionType) -> list | np.ndarray:
            """Get a row, a range of rows or a slice from the array.

            The set of tokens allowed for the key is the same as that for extended
            slicing in Python (including the Ellipsis or ... token).  The result is
            an object of the current flavor; its shape depends on the kind of slice
            used as key and the shape of the array itself.

            Furthermore, NumPy-style fancy indexing, where a list of indices in a
            certain axis is specified, is also supported.  Note that only one list
            per selection is supported right now.  Finally, NumPy-style point and
            boolean selections are supported as well.

            Examples
            --------
            ::

                array1 = array[4]                       # simple selection
                array2 = array[4:1000:2]                # slice selection
                array3 = array[1, ..., ::2, 1:4, 4:]    # general slice selection
                array4 = array[1, [1,5,10], ..., -1]    # fancy selection
                array5 = array[np.where(array[:] > 4)]  # point selection
                array6 = array[array[:] > 4]            # boolean selection

            """
            self._g_check_open()

            try:
                # First, try with a regular selection
                startl, stopl, stepl, shape = self._interpret_indexing(key)
                arr = self._read_slice(startl, stopl, stepl, shape)
            except TypeError:
                # Then, try with a point-wise selection
                try:
                    coords = self._point_selection(key)
                    arr = self._read_coords(coords)
                except TypeError:
                    # Finally, try with a fancy selection
                    selection, reorder, shape = self._fancy_selection(key)
                    arr = self._read_selection(selection, reorder, shape)

            if self.flavor == "numpy" or not self._v_convert:
                return arr

            return internal_to_flavor(arr, self.flavor)

        def __setitem__(self, key: SelectionType, value: Any) -> None:
            """Set a row, a range of rows or a slice in the array.

            It takes different actions depending on the type of the key parameter:
            if it is an integer, the corresponding array row is set to value (the
            value is broadcast when needed).  If key is a slice, the row slice
            determined by it is set to value (as usual, if the slice to be updated
            exceeds the actual shape of the array, only the values in the existing
            range are updated).

            If value is a multidimensional object, then its shape must be
            compatible with the shape determined by key, otherwise, a ValueError
            will be raised.

            Furthermore, NumPy-style fancy indexing, where a list of indices in a
            certain axis is specified, is also supported.  Note that only one list
            per selection is supported right now.  Finally, NumPy-style point and
            boolean selections are supported as well.

            Examples
            --------
            ::

                a1[0] = 333        # assign an integer to an Integer Array row
                a2[0] = 'b'        # assign a string to a string Array row
                a3[1:4] = 5        # broadcast 5 to slice 1:4
                a4[1:4:2] = 'xXx'  # broadcast 'xXx' to slice 1:4:2

                # General slice update (a5.shape = (4,3,2,8,5,10).
                a5[1, ..., ::2, 1:4, 4:] = numpy.arange(1728, shape=(4,3,2,4,3,6))
                a6[1, [1,5,10], ..., -1] = arr    # fancy selection
                a7[np.where(a6[:] > 4)] = 4       # point selection + broadcast
                a8[arr > 4] = arr2                # boolean selection

            """
            self._g_check_open()

            # Create an array compliant with the specified slice
            nparr = convert_to_np_atom2(value, self.atom)
            if nparr.size == 0:
                return

            # truncate data if least_significant_digit filter is set
            # TODO: add the least_significant_digit attribute to the array on disk
            if (
                self.filters.least_significant_digit is not None
                and not np.issubdtype(nparr.dtype, np.signedinteger)
            ):
                nparr = quantize(nparr, self.filters.least_significant_digit)

            try:
                startl, stopl, stepl, shape = self._interpret_indexing(key)
                self._write_slice(startl, stopl, stepl, shape, nparr)
            except TypeError:
                # Then, try with a point-wise selection
                try:
                    coords = self._point_selection(key)
                    self._write_coords(coords, nparr)
                except TypeError:
                    selection, reorder, shape = self._fancy_selection(key)
                    self._write_selection(selection, reorder, shape, nparr)

        def _check_shape(
            self, nparr: np.ndarray, slice_shape: tuple[int, ...]
        ) -> np.ndarray:
            """Test that nparr shape is consistent with underlying object.

            If not, try creating a new nparr object, using broadcasting if
            necessary.

            """
            if nparr.shape != (slice_shape + self.atom.dtype.shape):
                # Create an array compliant with the specified shape
                narr = np.empty(shape=slice_shape, dtype=self.atom.dtype)

                # Assign the value to it. It will raise a ValueError exception
                # if the objects cannot be broadcast to a single shape.
                narr[...] = nparr
                return narr
            else:
                return nparr

        def _read_slice(
            self,
            startl: np.ndarray,
            stopl: np.ndarray,
            stepl: np.ndarray,
            shape: list[int],
        ) -> np.ndarray:
            """Read a slice based on `startl`, `stopl` and `stepl`."""
            nparr = np.empty(dtype=self.atom.dtype, shape=shape)
            # Protection against reading empty arrays
            if 0 not in shape:
                # Arrays that have non-zero dimensionality
                self._g_read_slice(startl, stopl, stepl, nparr)
            # For zero-shaped arrays, return the scalar
            if nparr.shape == ():
                nparr = nparr[()]
            return nparr

        def _read_coords(self, coords: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
            """Read a set of points defined by `coords`."""
            nparr = np.empty(dtype=self.atom.dtype, shape=len(coords))
            if len(coords) > 0:
                self._g_read_coords(coords, nparr)
            # For zero-shaped arrays, return the scalar
            if nparr.shape == ():
                nparr = nparr[()]
            return nparr

        def _read_selection(
            self,
            selection: list[tuple[int, int, int, int, str]],
            reorder: tuple[int, npt.ArrayLike] | None,
            shape: tuple[int, ...],
        ) -> np.ndarray:
            """Read a `selection`.

            Reorder if necessary.

            """
            # Create the container for the slice
            nparr = np.empty(dtype=self.atom.dtype, shape=shape)
            # Arrays that have non-zero dimensionality
            self._g_read_selection(selection, nparr)
            # For zero-shaped arrays, return the scalar
            if nparr.shape == ():
                nparr = nparr[()]
            elif reorder is not None:
                # We need to reorder the array
                idx, neworder = reorder
                k = [slice(None)] * len(shape)
                k[idx] = neworder.argsort()
                # Apparently, a copy is not needed here, but doing it
                # for symmetry with the `_write_selection()` method.
                nparr = nparr[tuple(k)].copy()
            return nparr

        def _write_slice(
            self,
            startl: np.ndarray,
            stopl: np.ndarray,
            stepl: np.ndarray,
            shape: list[int],
            nparr: np.ndarray,
        ) -> None:
            """Write `nparr` in a slice based on `startl`, `stopl` and `stepl`."""
            nparr = self._check_shape(nparr, tuple(shape))
            countl = ((stopl - startl - 1) // stepl) + 1
            self._g_write_slice(startl, stepl, countl, nparr)

        def _write_coords(self, coords: np.ndarray, nparr: np.ndarray) -> None:
            """Write `nparr` values in points defined by `coords` coordinates."""
            if len(coords) > 0:
                nparr = self._check_shape(nparr, (len(coords),))
                self._g_write_coords(coords, nparr)

        def _write_selection(
            self,
            selection: list[tuple[int, int, int, int, str]],
            reorder: tuple[int, npt.ArrayLike] | None,
            shape: tuple[int, ...],
            nparr: np.ndarray,
        ) -> None:
            """Write `nparr` in `selection`.

            Reorder if necessary.

            """
            nparr = self._check_shape(nparr, tuple(shape))
            # Check whether we should reorder the array
            if reorder is not None:
                idx, neworder = reorder
                k = [slice(None)] * len(shape)
                k[idx] = neworder
                # For a reason a don't understand well, we need a copy of
                # the reordered array
                nparr = nparr[tuple(k)].copy()
            self._g_write_selection(selection, nparr)

        def _read(
            self, start: int, stop: int, step: int, out: np.ndarray | None = None
        ) -> np.ndarray:
            """Read the array from disk without slice or flavor processing."""
            nrowstoread = len(range(start, stop, step))
            shape = list(self.shape)
            if shape:
                shape[self.maindim] = nrowstoread
            if out is None:
                arr = np.empty(dtype=self.atom.dtype, shape=shape)
            else:
                bytes_required = self.rowsize * nrowstoread
                # if buffer is too small, it will segfault
                if bytes_required != out.nbytes:
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"output array size invalid, got {out.nbytes}"
                        f" bytes, need {bytes_required} bytes"
                    )
                if not out.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]:
                    raise ValueError("output array not C contiguous")
                arr = out
            # Protection against reading empty arrays
            if 0 not in shape:
                # Arrays that have non-zero dimensionality
                self._read_array(start, stop, step, arr)
            # data is always read in the system byteorder
            # if the out array's byteorder is different, do a byteswap
            if (
                out is not None
                and byteorders[arr.dtype.byteorder] != sys.byteorder
            ):
                arr.byteswap(True)
            return arr

        def read(
            self,
            start: int | None = None,
            stop: int | None = None,
            step: int | None = None,
            out: np.ndarray | None = None,
        ) -> np.ndarray:
            """Get data in the array as an object of the current flavor.

            The start, stop and step parameters can be used to select only a
            *range of rows* in the array.  Their meanings are the same as in
            the built-in range() Python function, except that negative values
            of step are not allowed yet. Moreover, if only start is specified,
            then stop will be set to start + 1. If you do not specify neither
            start nor stop, then *all the rows* in the array are selected.

            The out parameter may be used to specify a NumPy array to receive
            the output data.  Note that the array must have the same size as
            the data selected with the other parameters.  Note that the array's
            datatype is not checked and no type casting is performed, so if it
            does not match the datatype on disk, the output will not be correct.
            Also, this parameter is only valid when the array's flavor is set
            to 'numpy'.  Otherwise, a TypeError will be raised.

            When data is read from disk in NumPy format, the output will be
            in the current system's byteorder, regardless of how it is stored
            on disk.
            The exception is when an output buffer is supplied, in which case
            the output will be in the byteorder of that output buffer.

            .. versionchanged:: 3.0
               Added the *out* parameter.

            """
            self._g_check_open()
            if out is not None and self.flavor != "numpy":
                msg = (
                    f"Optional 'out' argument may only be supplied if array "
                    f"flavor is 'numpy', currently is {self.flavor}"
                )
                raise TypeError(msg)
            (start, stop, step) = self._process_range_read(start, stop, step)
            arr = self._read(start, stop, step, out)
            return internal_to_flavor(arr, self.flavor)

        def _g_copy_with_stats(
            self,
            group: Group,
            name: str,
            start: int,
            stop: int,
            step: int,
            title: str,
            filters: Filters,
            chunkshape: tuple[int, ...],
            _log: bool,
            **kwargs,
        ) -> tuple[Array, int]:
            """Private part of Leaf.copy() for each kind of leaf."""
            # Compute the correct indices.
            (start, stop, step) = self._process_range_read(start, stop, step)
            # Get the slice of the array
            # (non-buffered version)
            if self.shape:
                arr = self[start:stop:step]
            else:
                arr = self[()]
            # Build the new Array object.  Use the _atom reserved keyword
            # just in case the array is being copied from a native HDF5
            # with atomic types different from scalars.
            # For details, see #275 of trac.
            object_ = Array(
                group, name, arr, title=title, _log=_log, _atom=self.atom
            )
            nbytes = np.prod(self.shape, dtype=SizeType) * self.atom.size

            return (object_, nbytes)

        def __repr__(self) -> str:
            """Provide more metainfo in addition to standard __str__."""
            return f"""{self}
      atom := {self.atom!r}
      maindim := {self.maindim!r}
      flavor := {self.flavor!r}
      byteorder := {self.byteorder!r}
      chunkshape := {self.chunkshape!r}"""

    class ImageArray(Array):
        """Array containing an image.

        This class has no additional behaviour or functionality compared to
        that of an ordinary array.  It simply enables the user to open an
        ``IMAGE`` HDF5 node as a normal `Array` node in PyTables.

        """

        # Class identifier.
        _c_classid = "IMAGE"