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# Source code for astropy.units.quantity

    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    # Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see LICENSE.rst
    """
    This module defines the `Quantity` object, which represents a number with some
    associated units. `Quantity` objects support operations like ordinary numbers,
    but will deal with unit conversions internally.
    """

    # Standard library
    import re
    import numbers
    from fractions import Fraction
    import warnings

    import numpy as np

    # AstroPy
    from .core import (Unit, dimensionless_unscaled, get_current_unit_registry,
                       UnitBase, UnitsError, UnitConversionError, UnitTypeError)
    from .utils import is_effectively_unity
    from .format.latex import Latex
    from astropy.utils.compat import NUMPY_LT_1_14, NUMPY_LT_1_16, NUMPY_LT_1_17
    from astropy.utils.compat.misc import override__dir__
    from astropy.utils.exceptions import AstropyDeprecationWarning, AstropyWarning
    from astropy.utils.misc import isiterable, InheritDocstrings
    from astropy.utils.data_info import ParentDtypeInfo
    from astropy import config as _config
    from .quantity_helper import (converters_and_unit, can_have_arbitrary_unit,
                                  check_output)

    __all__ = ["Quantity", "SpecificTypeQuantity",
               "QuantityInfoBase", "QuantityInfo", "allclose", "isclose"]

    # We don't want to run doctests in the docstrings we inherit from Numpy
    __doctest_skip__ = ['Quantity.*']

    _UNIT_NOT_INITIALISED = "(Unit not initialised)"
    _UFUNCS_FILTER_WARNINGS = {np.arcsin, np.arccos, np.arccosh, np.arctanh}

    class Conf(_config.ConfigNamespace):
        """
        Configuration parameters for Quantity
        """
        latex_array_threshold = _config.ConfigItem(100,
            'The maximum size an array Quantity can be before its LaTeX '
            'representation for IPython gets "summarized" (meaning only the first '
            'and last few elements are shown with "..." between). Setting this to a '
            'negative number means that the value will instead be whatever numpy '
            'gets from get_printoptions.')

    conf = Conf()

    class QuantityIterator:
        """
        Flat iterator object to iterate over Quantities

        A `QuantityIterator` iterator is returned by ``q.flat`` for any Quantity
        ``q``.  It allows iterating over the array as if it were a 1-D array,
        either in a for-loop or by calling its `next` method.

        Iteration is done in C-contiguous style, with the last index varying the
        fastest. The iterator can also be indexed using basic slicing or
        advanced indexing.

        See Also
        --------
        Quantity.flatten : Returns a flattened copy of an array.

        Notes
        -----
        `QuantityIterator` is inspired by `~numpy.ma.core.MaskedIterator`.  It
        is not exported by the `~astropy.units` module.  Instead of
        instantiating a `QuantityIterator` directly, use `Quantity.flat`.
        """

        def __init__(self, q):
            self._quantity = q
            self._dataiter = q.view(np.ndarray).flat

        def __iter__(self):
            return self

        def __getitem__(self, indx):
            out = self._dataiter.__getitem__(indx)
            # For single elements, ndarray.flat.__getitem__ returns scalars; these
            # need a new view as a Quantity.
            if isinstance(out, type(self._quantity)):
                return out
            else:
                return self._quantity._new_view(out)

        def __setitem__(self, index, value):
            self._dataiter[index] = self._quantity._to_own_unit(value)

        def __next__(self):
            """
            Return the next value, or raise StopIteration.
            """
            out = next(self._dataiter)
            # ndarray.flat._dataiter returns scalars, so need a view as a Quantity.
            return self._quantity._new_view(out)

        next = __next__

    class QuantityInfoBase(ParentDtypeInfo):
        # This is on a base class rather than QuantityInfo directly, so that
        # it can be used for EarthLocationInfo yet make clear that that class
        # should not be considered a typical Quantity subclass by Table.
        attrs_from_parent = {'dtype', 'unit'}  # dtype and unit taken from parent
        _supports_indexing = True

        @staticmethod
        def default_format(val):
            return '{0.value:}'.format(val)

        @staticmethod
        def possible_string_format_functions(format_):
            """Iterate through possible string-derived format functions.

            A string can either be a format specifier for the format built-in,
            a new-style format string, or an old-style format string.

            This method is overridden in order to suppress printing the unit
            in each row since it is already at the top in the column header.
            """
            yield lambda format_, val: format(val.value, format_)
            yield lambda format_, val: format_.format(val.value)
            yield lambda format_, val: format_ % val.value

    class QuantityInfo(QuantityInfoBase):
        """
        Container for meta information like name, description, format.  This is
        required when the object is used as a mixin column within a table, but can
        be used as a general way to store meta information.
        """
        _represent_as_dict_attrs = ('value', 'unit')
        _construct_from_dict_args = ['value']
        _represent_as_dict_primary_data = 'value'

        def new_like(self, cols, length, metadata_conflicts='warn', name=None):
            """
            Return a new Quantity instance which is consistent with the
            input ``cols`` and has ``length`` rows.

            This is intended for creating an empty column object whose elements can
            be set in-place for table operations like join or vstack.

            Parameters
            ----------
            cols : list
                List of input columns
            length : int
                Length of the output column object
            metadata_conflicts : str ('warn'|'error'|'silent')
                How to handle metadata conflicts
            name : str
                Output column name

            Returns
            -------
            col : Quantity (or subclass)
                Empty instance of this class consistent with ``cols``

            """

            # Get merged info attributes like shape, dtype, format, description, etc.
            attrs = self.merge_cols_attributes(cols, metadata_conflicts, name,
                                               ('meta', 'format', 'description'))

            # Make an empty quantity using the unit of the last one.
            shape = (length,) + attrs.pop('shape')
            dtype = attrs.pop('dtype')
            # Use zeros so we do not get problems for Quantity subclasses such
            # as Longitude and Latitude, which cannot take arbitrary values.
            data = np.zeros(shape=shape, dtype=dtype)
            # Get arguments needed to reconstruct class
            map = {key: (data if key == 'value' else getattr(cols[-1], key))
                   for key in self._represent_as_dict_attrs}
            map['copy'] = False
            out = self._construct_from_dict(map)

            # Set remaining info attributes
            for attr, value in attrs.items():
                setattr(out.info, attr, value)

            return out

    class Quantity(np.ndarray, metaclass=InheritDocstrings):
        """A `~astropy.units.Quantity` represents a number with some associated unit.

        See also: http://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/units/quantity.html

        Parameters
        ----------
        value : number, `~numpy.ndarray`, `Quantity` object (sequence), str
            The numerical value of this quantity in the units given by unit.  If a
            `Quantity` or sequence of them (or any other valid object with a
            ``unit`` attribute), creates a new `Quantity` object, converting to
            `unit` units as needed.  If a string, it is converted to a number or
            `Quantity`, depending on whether a unit is present.

        unit : `~astropy.units.UnitBase` instance, str
            An object that represents the unit associated with the input value.
            Must be an `~astropy.units.UnitBase` object or a string parseable by
            the :mod:`~astropy.units` package.

        dtype : ~numpy.dtype, optional
            The dtype of the resulting Numpy array or scalar that will
            hold the value.  If not provided, it is determined from the input,
            except that any input that cannot represent float (integer and bool)
            is converted to float.

        copy : bool, optional
            If `True` (default), then the value is copied.  Otherwise, a copy will
            only be made if ``__array__`` returns a copy, if value is a nested
            sequence, or if a copy is needed to satisfy an explicitly given
            ``dtype``.  (The `False` option is intended mostly for internal use,
            to speed up initialization where a copy is known to have been made.
            Use with care.)

        order : {'C', 'F', 'A'}, optional
            Specify the order of the array.  As in `~numpy.array`.  This parameter
            is ignored if the input is a `Quantity` and ``copy=False``.

        subok : bool, optional
            If `False` (default), the returned array will be forced to be a
            `Quantity`.  Otherwise, `Quantity` subclasses will be passed through,
            or a subclass appropriate for the unit will be used (such as
            `~astropy.units.Dex` for ``u.dex(u.AA)``).

        ndmin : int, optional
            Specifies the minimum number of dimensions that the resulting array
            should have.  Ones will be pre-pended to the shape as needed to meet
            this requirement.  This parameter is ignored if the input is a
            `Quantity` and ``copy=False``.

        Raises
        ------
        TypeError
            If the value provided is not a Python numeric type.
        TypeError
            If the unit provided is not either a :class:`~astropy.units.Unit`
            object or a parseable string unit.

        Notes
        -----
        Quantities can also be created by multiplying a number or array with a
        :class:`~astropy.units.Unit`. See http://docs.astropy.org/en/latest/units/

        """
        # Need to set a class-level default for _equivalencies, or
        # Constants can not initialize properly
        _equivalencies = []

        # Default unit for initialization; can be overridden by subclasses,
        # possibly to `None` to indicate there is no default unit.
        _default_unit = dimensionless_unscaled

        # Ensures views have an undefined unit.
        _unit = None

        __array_priority__ = 10000

        def __new__(cls, value, unit=None, dtype=None, copy=True, order=None,
                    subok=False, ndmin=0):

            if unit is not None:
                # convert unit first, to avoid multiple string->unit conversions
                unit = Unit(unit)
                # if we allow subclasses, allow a class from the unit.
                if subok:
                    qcls = getattr(unit, '_quantity_class', cls)
                    if issubclass(qcls, cls):
                        cls = qcls

            # optimize speed for Quantity with no dtype given, copy=False
            if isinstance(value, Quantity):
                if unit is not None and unit is not value.unit:
                    value = value.to(unit)
                    # the above already makes a copy (with float dtype)
                    copy = False

                if type(value) is not cls and not (subok and
                                                   isinstance(value, cls)):
                    value = value.view(cls)

                if dtype is None:
                    if not copy:
                        return value

                    if not (np.can_cast(np.float32, value.dtype) or
                            value.dtype.fields):
                        dtype = float

                return np.array(value, dtype=dtype, copy=copy, order=order,
                                subok=True, ndmin=ndmin)

            # Maybe str, or list/tuple of Quantity? If so, this may set value_unit.
            # To ensure array remains fast, we short-circuit it.
            value_unit = None
            if not isinstance(value, np.ndarray):
                if isinstance(value, str):
                    # The first part of the regex string matches any integer/float;
                    # the second parts adds possible trailing .+-, which will break
                    # the float function below and ensure things like 1.2.3deg
                    # will not work.
                    pattern = (r'\s*[+-]?'
                               r'((\d+\.?\d*)|(\.\d+)|([nN][aA][nN])|'
                               r'([iI][nN][fF]([iI][nN][iI][tT][yY]){0,1}))'
                               r'([eE][+-]?\d+)?'
                               r'[.+-]?')

                    v = re.match(pattern, value)
                    unit_string = None
                    try:
                        value = float(v.group())

                    except Exception:
                        raise TypeError('Cannot parse "{0}" as a {1}. It does not '
                                        'start with a number.'
                                        .format(value, cls.__name__))

                    unit_string = v.string[v.end():].strip()
                    if unit_string:
                        value_unit = Unit(unit_string)
                        if unit is None:
                            unit = value_unit  # signal no conversion needed below.

                elif (isiterable(value) and len(value) > 0 and
                      all(isinstance(v, Quantity) for v in value)):
                    # Convert all quantities to the same unit.
                    if unit is None:
                        unit = value[0].unit
                    value = [q.to_value(unit) for q in value]
                    value_unit = unit  # signal below that conversion has been done

            if value_unit is None:
                # If the value has a `unit` attribute and if not None
                # (for Columns with uninitialized unit), treat it like a quantity.
                value_unit = getattr(value, 'unit', None)
                if value_unit is None:
                    # Default to dimensionless for no (initialized) unit attribute.
                    if unit is None:
                        unit = cls._default_unit
                    value_unit = unit  # signal below that no conversion is needed
                else:
                    try:
                        value_unit = Unit(value_unit)
                    except Exception as exc:
                        raise TypeError("The unit attribute {0!r} of the input could "
                                        "not be parsed as an astropy Unit, raising "
                                        "the following exception:\n{1}"
                                        .format(value.unit, exc))

                    if unit is None:
                        unit = value_unit
                    elif unit is not value_unit:
                        copy = False  # copy will be made in conversion at end

            value = np.array(value, dtype=dtype, copy=copy, order=order,
                             subok=False, ndmin=ndmin)

            # check that array contains numbers or long int objects
            if (value.dtype.kind in 'OSU' and
                not (value.dtype.kind == 'O' and
                     isinstance(value.item(() if value.ndim == 0 else 0),
                                numbers.Number))):
                raise TypeError("The value must be a valid Python or "
                                "Numpy numeric type.")

            # by default, cast any integer, boolean, etc., to float
            if dtype is None and (not (np.can_cast(np.float32, value.dtype)
                                       or value.dtype.fields)
                                  or value.dtype.kind == 'O'):
                value = value.astype(float)

            value = value.view(cls)
            value._set_unit(value_unit)
            if unit is value_unit:
                return value
            else:
                # here we had non-Quantity input that had a "unit" attribute
                # with a unit different from the desired one.  So, convert.
                return value.to(unit)

        def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
            # If we're a new object or viewing an ndarray, nothing has to be done.
            if obj is None or obj.__class__ is np.ndarray:
                return

            # If our unit is not set and obj has a valid one, use it.
            if self._unit is None:
                unit = getattr(obj, '_unit', None)
                if unit is not None:
                    self._set_unit(unit)

            # Copy info if the original had `info` defined.  Because of the way the
            # DataInfo works, `'info' in obj.__dict__` is False until the
            # `info` attribute is accessed or set.
            if 'info' in obj.__dict__:
                self.info = obj.info

        def __array_wrap__(self, obj, context=None):

            if context is None:
                # Methods like .squeeze() created a new `ndarray` and then call
                # __array_wrap__ to turn the array into self's subclass.
                return self._new_view(obj)

            raise NotImplementedError('__array_wrap__ should not be used '
                                      'with a context any more, since we require '
                                      'numpy >=1.13.  Please raise an issue on '
                                      'https://github.com/astropy/astropy')

        def __array_ufunc__(self, function, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
            """Wrap numpy ufuncs, taking care of units.

            Parameters
            ----------
            function : callable
                ufunc to wrap.
            method : str
                Ufunc method: ``__call__``, ``at``, ``reduce``, etc.
            inputs : tuple
                Input arrays.
            kwargs : keyword arguments
                As passed on, with ``out`` containing possible quantity output.

            Returns
            -------
            result : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
                Results of the ufunc, with the unit set properly.
            """
            # Determine required conversion functions -- to bring the unit of the
            # input to that expected (e.g., radian for np.sin), or to get
            # consistent units between two inputs (e.g., in np.add) --
            # and the unit of the result (or tuple of units for nout > 1).
            converters, unit = converters_and_unit(function, method, *inputs)

            out = kwargs.get('out', None)
            # Avoid loop back by turning any Quantity output into array views.
            if out is not None:
                # If pre-allocated output is used, check it is suitable.
                # This also returns array view, to ensure we don't loop back.
                if function.nout == 1:
                    out = out[0]
                out_array = check_output(out, unit, inputs, function=function)
                # Ensure output argument remains a tuple.
                kwargs['out'] = (out_array,) if function.nout == 1 else out_array

            # Same for inputs, but here also convert if necessary.
            arrays = []
            for input_, converter in zip(inputs, converters):
                input_ = getattr(input_, 'value', input_)
                arrays.append(converter(input_) if converter else input_)

            # Call our superclass's __array_ufunc__
            result = super().__array_ufunc__(function, method, *arrays, **kwargs)
            # If unit is None, a plain array is expected (e.g., comparisons), which
            # means we're done.
            # We're also done if the result was None (for method 'at') or
            # NotImplemented, which can happen if other inputs/outputs override
            # __array_ufunc__; hopefully, they can then deal with us.
            if unit is None or result is None or result is NotImplemented:
                return result

            return self._result_as_quantity(result, unit, out)

        def _result_as_quantity(self, result, unit, out):
            """Turn result into a quantity with the given unit.

            If no output is given, it will take a view of the array as a quantity,
            and set the unit.  If output is given, those should be quantity views
            of the result arrays, and the function will just set the unit.

            Parameters
            ----------
            result : `~numpy.ndarray` or tuple of `~numpy.ndarray`
                Array(s) which need to be turned into quantity.
            unit : `~astropy.units.Unit`
                Unit for the quantities to be returned (or `None` if the result
                should not be a quantity).  Should be tuple if result is a tuple.
            out : `~astropy.units.Quantity` or None
                Possible output quantity. Should be `None` or a tuple if result
                is a tuple.

            Returns
            -------
            out : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
               With units set.
            """
            if isinstance(result, tuple):
                if out is None:
                    out = (None,) * len(result)
                return tuple(self._result_as_quantity(result_, unit_, out_)
                             for (result_, unit_, out_) in
                             zip(result, unit, out))

            if out is None:
                # View the result array as a Quantity with the proper unit.
                return result if unit is None else self._new_view(result, unit)

            # For given output, just set the unit. We know the unit is not None and
            # the output is of the correct Quantity subclass, as it was passed
            # through check_output.
            out._set_unit(unit)
            return out

        def __quantity_subclass__(self, unit):
            """
            Overridden by subclasses to change what kind of view is
            created based on the output unit of an operation.

            Parameters
            ----------
            unit : UnitBase
                The unit for which the appropriate class should be returned

            Returns
            -------
            tuple :
                - `Quantity` subclass
                - bool: True if subclasses of the given class are ok
            """
            return Quantity, True

        def _new_view(self, obj=None, unit=None):
            """
            Create a Quantity view of some array-like input, and set the unit

            By default, return a view of ``obj`` of the same class as ``self`` and
            with the same unit.  Subclasses can override the type of class for a
            given unit using ``__quantity_subclass__``, and can ensure properties
            other than the unit are copied using ``__array_finalize__``.

            If the given unit defines a ``_quantity_class`` of which ``self``
            is not an instance, a view using this class is taken.

            Parameters
            ----------
            obj : ndarray or scalar, optional
                The array to create a view of.  If obj is a numpy or python scalar,
                it will be converted to an array scalar.  By default, ``self``
                is converted.

            unit : `UnitBase`, or anything convertible to a :class:`~astropy.units.Unit`, optional
                The unit of the resulting object.  It is used to select a
                subclass, and explicitly assigned to the view if given.
                If not given, the subclass and unit will be that of ``self``.

            Returns
            -------
            view : Quantity subclass
            """
            # Determine the unit and quantity subclass that we need for the view.
            if unit is None:
                unit = self.unit
                quantity_subclass = self.__class__
            elif unit is self.unit and self.__class__ is Quantity:
                # The second part is because we should not presume what other
                # classes want to do for the same unit.  E.g., Constant will
                # always want to fall back to Quantity, and relies on going
                # through `__quantity_subclass__`.
                quantity_subclass = Quantity
            else:
                unit = Unit(unit)
                quantity_subclass = getattr(unit, '_quantity_class', Quantity)
                if isinstance(self, quantity_subclass):
                    quantity_subclass, subok = self.__quantity_subclass__(unit)
                    if subok:
                        quantity_subclass = self.__class__

            # We only want to propagate information from ``self`` to our new view,
            # so obj should be a regular array.  By using ``np.array``, we also
            # convert python and numpy scalars, which cannot be viewed as arrays
            # and thus not as Quantity either, to zero-dimensional arrays.
            # (These are turned back into scalar in `.value`)
            # Note that for an ndarray input, the np.array call takes only double
            # ``obj.__class is np.ndarray``. So, not worth special-casing.
            if obj is None:
                obj = self.view(np.ndarray)
            else:
                obj = np.array(obj, copy=False)

            # Take the view, set the unit, and update possible other properties
            # such as ``info``, ``wrap_angle`` in `Longitude`, etc.
            view = obj.view(quantity_subclass)
            view._set_unit(unit)
            view.__array_finalize__(self)
            return view

        def _set_unit(self, unit):
            """Set the unit.

            This is used anywhere the unit is set or modified, i.e., in the
            initilizer, in ``__imul__`` and ``__itruediv__`` for in-place
            multiplication and division by another unit, as well as in
            ``__array_finalize__`` for wrapping up views.  For Quantity, it just
            sets the unit, but subclasses can override it to check that, e.g.,
            a unit is consistent.
            """
            if not isinstance(unit, UnitBase):
                # Trying to go through a string ensures that, e.g., Magnitudes with
                # dimensionless physical unit become Quantity with units of mag.
                unit = Unit(str(unit), parse_strict='silent')
                if not isinstance(unit, UnitBase):
                    raise UnitTypeError(
                        "{0} instances require {1} units, not {2} instances."
                        .format(type(self).__name__, UnitBase, type(unit)))

            self._unit = unit

        def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
            # If we don't define this, ``copy.deepcopy(quantity)`` will
            # return a bare Numpy array.
            return self.copy()

        def __reduce__(self):
            # patch to pickle Quantity objects (ndarray subclasses), see
            # http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg02446.html

            object_state = list(super().__reduce__())
            object_state[2] = (object_state[2], self.__dict__)
            return tuple(object_state)

        def __setstate__(self, state):
            # patch to unpickle Quantity objects (ndarray subclasses), see
            # http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg02446.html

            nd_state, own_state = state
            super().__setstate__(nd_state)
            self.__dict__.update(own_state)

        info = QuantityInfo()

        def _to_value(self, unit, equivalencies=[]):
            """Helper method for to and to_value."""
            if equivalencies == []:
                equivalencies = self._equivalencies
            return self.unit.to(unit, self.view(np.ndarray),
                                equivalencies=equivalencies)

        def to(self, unit, equivalencies=[]):
            """
            Return a new `~astropy.units.Quantity` object with the specified unit.

            Parameters
            ----------
            unit : `~astropy.units.UnitBase` instance, str
                An object that represents the unit to convert to. Must be
                an `~astropy.units.UnitBase` object or a string parseable
                by the `~astropy.units` package.

            equivalencies : list of equivalence pairs, optional
                A list of equivalence pairs to try if the units are not
                directly convertible.  See :ref:`unit_equivalencies`.
                If not provided or ``[]``, class default equivalencies will be used
                (none for `~astropy.units.Quantity`, but may be set for subclasses)
                If `None`, no equivalencies will be applied at all, not even any
                set globally or within a context.

            See also
            --------
            to_value : get the numerical value in a given unit.
            """
            # We don't use `to_value` below since we always want to make a copy
            # and don't want to slow down this method (esp. the scalar case).
            unit = Unit(unit)
            return self._new_view(self._to_value(unit, equivalencies), unit)

        def to_value(self, unit=None, equivalencies=[]):
            """
            The numerical value, possibly in a different unit.

            Parameters
            ----------
            unit : `~astropy.units.UnitBase` instance or str, optional
                The unit in which the value should be given. If not given or `None`,
                use the current unit.

            equivalencies : list of equivalence pairs, optional
                A list of equivalence pairs to try if the units are not directly
                convertible (see :ref:`unit_equivalencies`). If not provided or
                ``[]``, class default equivalencies will be used (none for
                `~astropy.units.Quantity`, but may be set for subclasses).
                If `None`, no equivalencies will be applied at all, not even any
                set globally or within a context.

            Returns
            -------
            value : `~numpy.ndarray` or scalar
                The value in the units specified. For arrays, this will be a view
                of the data if no unit conversion was necessary.

            See also
            --------
            to : Get a new instance in a different unit.
            """
            if unit is None or unit is self.unit:
                value = self.view(np.ndarray)
            else:
                unit = Unit(unit)
                # We want a view if the unit does not change.  One could check
                # with "==", but that calculates the scale that we need anyway.
                # TODO: would be better for `unit.to` to have an in-place flag.
                try:
                    scale = self.unit._to(unit)
                except Exception:
                    # Short-cut failed; try default (maybe equivalencies help).
                    value = self._to_value(unit, equivalencies)
                else:
                    value = self.view(np.ndarray)
                    if not is_effectively_unity(scale):
                        # not in-place!
                        value = value * scale

            return value if self.shape else (value[()] if self.dtype.fields
                                             else value.item())

        value = property(to_value,
                         doc="""The numerical value of this instance.

        See also
        --------
        to_value : Get the numerical value in a given unit.
        """)

        @property
        def unit(self):
            """
            A `~astropy.units.UnitBase` object representing the unit of this
            quantity.
            """

            return self._unit

        @property
        def equivalencies(self):
            """
            A list of equivalencies that will be applied by default during
            unit conversions.
            """

            return self._equivalencies

        @property
        def si(self):
            """
            Returns a copy of the current `Quantity` instance with SI units. The
            value of the resulting object will be scaled.
            """
            si_unit = self.unit.si
            return self._new_view(self.value * si_unit.scale,
                                  si_unit / si_unit.scale)

        @property
        def cgs(self):
            """
            Returns a copy of the current `Quantity` instance with CGS units. The
            value of the resulting object will be scaled.
            """
            cgs_unit = self.unit.cgs
            return self._new_view(self.value * cgs_unit.scale,
                                  cgs_unit / cgs_unit.scale)

        @property
        def isscalar(self):
            """
            True if the `value` of this quantity is a scalar, or False if it
            is an array-like object.

            .. note::
                This is subtly different from `numpy.isscalar` in that
                `numpy.isscalar` returns False for a zero-dimensional array
                (e.g. ``np.array(1)``), while this is True for quantities,
                since quantities cannot represent true numpy scalars.
            """
            return not self.shape

        # This flag controls whether convenience conversion members, such
        # as `q.m` equivalent to `q.to_value(u.m)` are available.  This is
        # not turned on on Quantity itself, but is on some subclasses of
        # Quantity, such as `astropy.coordinates.Angle`.
        _include_easy_conversion_members = False

        @override__dir__
        def __dir__(self):
            """
            Quantities are able to directly convert to other units that
            have the same physical type.  This function is implemented in
            order to make autocompletion still work correctly in IPython.
            """
            if not self._include_easy_conversion_members:
                return []
            extra_members = set()
            equivalencies = Unit._normalize_equivalencies(self.equivalencies)
            for equivalent in self.unit._get_units_with_same_physical_type(
                    equivalencies):
                extra_members.update(equivalent.names)
            return extra_members

        def __getattr__(self, attr):
            """
            Quantities are able to directly convert to other units that
            have the same physical type.
            """
            if not self._include_easy_conversion_members:
                raise AttributeError(
                    "'{0}' object has no '{1}' member".format(
                        self.__class__.__name__,
                        attr))

            def get_virtual_unit_attribute():
                registry = get_current_unit_registry().registry
                to_unit = registry.get(attr, None)
                if to_unit is None:
                    return None

                try:
                    return self.unit.to(
                        to_unit, self.value, equivalencies=self.equivalencies)
                except UnitsError:
                    return None

            value = get_virtual_unit_attribute()

            if value is None:
                raise AttributeError(
                    "{0} instance has no attribute '{1}'".format(
                        self.__class__.__name__, attr))
            else:
                return value

        # Equality needs to be handled explicitly as ndarray.__eq__ gives
        # DeprecationWarnings on any error, which is distracting.  On the other
        # hand, for structured arrays, the ufunc does not work, so we do use
        # __eq__ and live with the warnings.
        def __eq__(self, other):
            try:
                if self.dtype.kind == 'V':
                    return super().__eq__(other)
                else:
                    return np.equal(self, other)
            except UnitsError:
                return False
            except TypeError:
                return NotImplemented

        def __ne__(self, other):
            try:
                if self.dtype.kind == 'V':
                    return super().__ne__(other)
                else:
                    return np.not_equal(self, other)
            except UnitsError:
                return True
            except TypeError:
                return NotImplemented

        # Unit conversion operator (<<).
        def __lshift__(self, other):
            try:
                other = Unit(other, parse_strict='silent')
            except UnitTypeError:
                return NotImplemented

            return self.__class__(self, other, copy=False, subok=True)

        def __ilshift__(self, other):
            try:
                other = Unit(other, parse_strict='silent')
            except UnitTypeError:
                return NotImplemented

            try:
                factor = self.unit._to(other)
            except UnitConversionError:
                # Maybe via equivalencies?  Now we do make a temporary copy.
                try:
                    value = self._to_value(other)
                except UnitConversionError:
                    return NotImplemented

                self.view(np.ndarray)[...] = value

            else:
                self.view(np.ndarray)[...] *= factor

            self._set_unit(other)
            return self

        def __rlshift__(self, other):
            if not self.isscalar:
                return NotImplemented
            return Unit(self).__rlshift__(other)

        # Give warning for other >> self, since probably other << self was meant.
        def __rrshift__(self, other):
            warnings.warn(">> is not implemented. Did you mean to convert "
                          "something to this quantity as a unit using '<<'?",
                          AstropyWarning)
            return NotImplemented

        # Also define __rshift__ and __irshift__ so we override default ndarray
        # behaviour, but instead of emitting a warning here, let it be done by
        # other (which likely is a unit if this was a mistake).
        def __rshift__(self, other):
            return NotImplemented

        def __irshift__(self, other):
            return NotImplemented

        # Arithmetic operations
        def __mul__(self, other):
            """ Multiplication between `Quantity` objects and other objects."""

            if isinstance(other, (UnitBase, str)):
                try:
                    return self._new_view(self.copy(), other * self.unit)
                except UnitsError:  # let other try to deal with it
                    return NotImplemented

            return super().__mul__(other)

        def __imul__(self, other):
            """In-place multiplication between `Quantity` objects and others."""

            if isinstance(other, (UnitBase, str)):
                self._set_unit(other * self.unit)
                return self

            return super().__imul__(other)

        def __rmul__(self, other):
            """ Right Multiplication between `Quantity` objects and other
            objects.
            """

            return self.__mul__(other)

        def __truediv__(self, other):
            """ Division between `Quantity` objects and other objects."""

            if isinstance(other, (UnitBase, str)):
                try:
                    return self._new_view(self.copy(), self.unit / other)
                except UnitsError:  # let other try to deal with it
                    return NotImplemented

            return super().__truediv__(other)

        def __itruediv__(self, other):
            """Inplace division between `Quantity` objects and other objects."""

            if isinstance(other, (UnitBase, str)):
                self._set_unit(self.unit / other)
                return self

            return super().__itruediv__(other)

        def __rtruediv__(self, other):
            """ Right Division between `Quantity` objects and other objects."""

            if isinstance(other, (UnitBase, str)):
                return self._new_view(1. / self.value, other / self.unit)

            return super().__rtruediv__(other)

        def __div__(self, other):
            """ Division between `Quantity` objects. """
            return self.__truediv__(other)

        def __idiv__(self, other):
            """ Division between `Quantity` objects. """
            return self.__itruediv__(other)

        def __rdiv__(self, other):
            """ Division between `Quantity` objects. """
            return self.__rtruediv__(other)

        def __pow__(self, other):
            if isinstance(other, Fraction):
                # Avoid getting object arrays by raising the value to a Fraction.
                return self._new_view(self.value ** float(other),
                                      self.unit ** other)

            return super().__pow__(other)

        # For Py>=3.5
        if NUMPY_LT_1_16:
            def __matmul__(self, other):
                result_unit = self.unit * getattr(other, 'unit',
                                                  dimensionless_unscaled)
                result_array = np.matmul(self.value,
                                         getattr(other, 'value', other))
                return self._new_view(result_array, result_unit)

            def __rmatmul__(self, other):
                result_unit = self.unit * getattr(other, 'unit',
                                                  dimensionless_unscaled)
                result_array = np.matmul(getattr(other, 'value', other),
                                         self.value)
                return self._new_view(result_array, result_unit)

        # In numpy 1.13, 1.14, a np.positive ufunc exists, but ndarray.__pos__
        # does not go through it, so we define it, to allow subclasses to override
        # it inside __array_ufunc__. This can be removed if a solution to
        # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/9081 is merged.
        def __pos__(self):
            """Plus the quantity."""
            return np.positive(self)

        # other overrides of special functions
        def __hash__(self):
            return hash(self.value) ^ hash(self.unit)

        def __iter__(self):
            if self.isscalar:
                raise TypeError(
                    "'{cls}' object with a scalar value is not iterable"
                    .format(cls=self.__class__.__name__))

            # Otherwise return a generator
            def quantity_iter():
                for val in self.value:
                    yield self._new_view(val)

            return quantity_iter()

        def __getitem__(self, key):
            try:
                out = super().__getitem__(key)
            except IndexError:
                # We want zero-dimensional Quantity objects to behave like scalars,
                # so they should raise a TypeError rather than an IndexError.
                if self.isscalar:
                    raise TypeError(
                        "'{cls}' object with a scalar value does not support "
                        "indexing".format(cls=self.__class__.__name__))
                else:
                    raise
            # For single elements, ndarray.__getitem__ returns scalars; these
            # need a new view as a Quantity.
            if type(out) is not type(self):
                out = self._new_view(out)
            return out

        def __setitem__(self, i, value):
            # update indices in info if the info property has been accessed
            # (in which case 'info' in self.__dict__ is True; this is guaranteed
            # to be the case if we're part of a table).
            if not self.isscalar and 'info' in self.__dict__:
                self.info.adjust_indices(i, value, len(self))
            self.view(np.ndarray).__setitem__(i, self._to_own_unit(value))

        # __contains__ is OK

        def __bool__(self):
            """Quantities should always be treated as non-False; there is too much
            potential for ambiguity otherwise.
            """
            warnings.warn('The truth value of a Quantity is ambiguous. '
                          'In the future this will raise a ValueError.',
                          AstropyDeprecationWarning)
            return True

        def __len__(self):
            if self.isscalar:
                raise TypeError("'{cls}' object with a scalar value has no "
                                "len()".format(cls=self.__class__.__name__))
            else:
                return len(self.value)

        # Numerical types
        def __float__(self):
            try:
                return float(self.to_value(dimensionless_unscaled))
            except (UnitsError, TypeError):
                raise TypeError('only dimensionless scalar quantities can be '
                                'converted to Python scalars')

        def __int__(self):
            try:
                return int(self.to_value(dimensionless_unscaled))
            except (UnitsError, TypeError):
                raise TypeError('only dimensionless scalar quantities can be '
                                'converted to Python scalars')

        def __index__(self):
            # for indices, we do not want to mess around with scaling at all,
            # so unlike for float, int, we insist here on unscaled dimensionless
            try:
                assert self.unit.is_unity()
                return self.value.__index__()
            except Exception:
                raise TypeError('only integer dimensionless scalar quantities '
                                'can be converted to a Python index')

        # TODO: we may want to add a hook for dimensionless quantities?
        @property
        def _unitstr(self):
            if self.unit is None:
                unitstr = _UNIT_NOT_INITIALISED
            else:
                unitstr = str(self.unit)

            if unitstr:
                unitstr = ' ' + unitstr

            return unitstr

        def to_string(self, unit=None, precision=None, format=None, subfmt=None):
            """
            Generate a string representation of the quantity and its unit.

            The behavior of this function can be altered via the
            `numpy.set_printoptions` function and its various keywords.  The
            exception to this is the ``threshold`` keyword, which is controlled via
            the ``[units.quantity]`` configuration item ``latex_array_threshold``.
            This is treated separately because the numpy default of 1000 is too big
            for most browsers to handle.

            Parameters
            ----------
            unit : `~astropy.units.UnitBase`, optional
                Specifies the unit.  If not provided,
                the unit used to initialize the quantity will be used.

            precision : numeric, optional
                The level of decimal precision. If `None`, or not provided,
                it will be determined from NumPy print options.

            format : str, optional
                The format of the result. If not provided, an unadorned
                string is returned. Supported values are:

                - 'latex': Return a LaTeX-formatted string

            subfmt : str, optional
                Subformat of the result. For the moment,
                only used for format="latex". Supported values are:

                - 'inline': Use ``$ ... $`` as delimiters.

                - 'display': Use ``$\\displaystyle ... $`` as delimiters.

            Returns
            -------
            lstr
                A string with the contents of this Quantity
            """
            if unit is not None and unit != self.unit:
                return self.to(unit).to_string(
                    unit=None, precision=precision, format=format, subfmt=subfmt)

            formats = {
                None: None,
                "latex": {
                    None: ("$", "$"),
                    "inline": ("$", "$"),
                    "display": (r"$\displaystyle ", r"$"),
                },
            }

            if format not in formats:
                raise ValueError("Unknown format '{0}'".format(format))
            elif format is None:
                return '{0}{1:s}'.format(self.value, self._unitstr)

            # else, for the moment we assume format="latex"

            # need to do try/finally because "threshold" cannot be overridden
            # with array2string
            pops = np.get_printoptions()

            format_spec = '.{}g'.format(
                precision if precision is not None else pops['precision'])

            def float_formatter(value):
                return Latex.format_exponential_notation(value,
                                                         format_spec=format_spec)

            def complex_formatter(value):
                return '({0}{1}i)'.format(
                    Latex.format_exponential_notation(value.real,
                                                      format_spec=format_spec),
                    Latex.format_exponential_notation(value.imag,
                                                      format_spec='+' + format_spec))

            try:
                formatter = {'float_kind': float_formatter,
                             'complex_kind': complex_formatter}
                if conf.latex_array_threshold > -1:
                    np.set_printoptions(threshold=conf.latex_array_threshold,
                                        formatter=formatter)

                # the view is needed for the scalar case - value might be float
                if NUMPY_LT_1_14:   # style deprecated in 1.14
                    latex_value = np.array2string(
                        self.view(np.ndarray),
                        style=(float_formatter if self.dtype.kind == 'f'
                               else complex_formatter if self.dtype.kind == 'c'
                               else repr),
                        max_line_width=np.inf, separator=',~')
                else:
                    latex_value = np.array2string(
                        self.view(np.ndarray),
                        max_line_width=np.inf, separator=',~')

                latex_value = latex_value.replace('...', r'\dots')
            finally:
                np.set_printoptions(**pops)

            # Format unit
            # [1:-1] strips the '$' on either side needed for math mode
            latex_unit = (self.unit._repr_latex_()[1:-1]  # note this is unicode
                          if self.unit is not None
                          else _UNIT_NOT_INITIALISED)

            delimiter_left, delimiter_right = formats[format][subfmt]

            return r'{left}{0} \; {1}{right}'.format(latex_value, latex_unit,
                                                     left=delimiter_left,
                                                     right=delimiter_right)

        def __str__(self):
            return self.to_string()

        def __repr__(self):
            prefixstr = '<' + self.__class__.__name__ + ' '
            sep = ',' if NUMPY_LT_1_14 else ', '
            arrstr = np.array2string(self.view(np.ndarray), separator=sep,
                                     prefix=prefixstr)
            return '{0}{1}{2:s}>'.format(prefixstr, arrstr, self._unitstr)

        def _repr_latex_(self):
            """
            Generate a latex representation of the quantity and its unit.

            Returns
            -------
            lstr
                A LaTeX string with the contents of this Quantity
            """
            # NOTE: This should change to display format in a future release
            return self.to_string(format='latex', subfmt='inline')

        def __format__(self, format_spec):
            """
            Format quantities using the new-style python formatting codes
            as specifiers for the number.

            If the format specifier correctly applies itself to the value,
            then it is used to format only the value. If it cannot be
            applied to the value, then it is applied to the whole string.

            """
            try:
                value = format(self.value, format_spec)
                full_format_spec = "s"
            except ValueError:
                value = self.value
                full_format_spec = format_spec

            return format("{0}{1:s}".format(value, self._unitstr),
                          full_format_spec)

        def decompose(self, bases=[]):
            """
            Generates a new `Quantity` with the units
            decomposed. Decomposed units have only irreducible units in
            them (see `astropy.units.UnitBase.decompose`).

            Parameters
            ----------
            bases : sequence of UnitBase, optional
                The bases to decompose into.  When not provided,
                decomposes down to any irreducible units.  When provided,
                the decomposed result will only contain the given units.
                This will raises a `~astropy.units.UnitsError` if it's not possible
                to do so.

            Returns
            -------
            newq : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
                A new object equal to this quantity with units decomposed.
            """
            return self._decompose(False, bases=bases)

        def _decompose(self, allowscaledunits=False, bases=[]):
            """
            Generates a new `Quantity` with the units decomposed. Decomposed
            units have only irreducible units in them (see
            `astropy.units.UnitBase.decompose`).

            Parameters
            ----------
            allowscaledunits : bool
                If True, the resulting `Quantity` may have a scale factor
                associated with it.  If False, any scaling in the unit will
                be subsumed into the value of the resulting `Quantity`

            bases : sequence of UnitBase, optional
                The bases to decompose into.  When not provided,
                decomposes down to any irreducible units.  When provided,
                the decomposed result will only contain the given units.
                This will raises a `~astropy.units.UnitsError` if it's not possible
                to do so.

            Returns
            -------
            newq : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
                A new object equal to this quantity with units decomposed.

            """

            new_unit = self.unit.decompose(bases=bases)

            # Be careful here because self.value usually is a view of self;
            # be sure that the original value is not being modified.
            if not allowscaledunits and hasattr(new_unit, 'scale'):
                new_value = self.value * new_unit.scale
                new_unit = new_unit / new_unit.scale
                return self._new_view(new_value, new_unit)
            else:
                return self._new_view(self.copy(), new_unit)

        # These functions need to be overridden to take into account the units
        # Array conversion
        # http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/arrays.ndarray.html#array-conversion

        def item(self, *args):
            return self._new_view(super().item(*args))

        def tolist(self):
            raise NotImplementedError("cannot make a list of Quantities.  Get "
                                      "list of values with q.value.list()")

        def _to_own_unit(self, value, check_precision=True):
            try:
                _value = value.to_value(self.unit)
            except AttributeError:
                # We're not a Quantity, so let's try a more general conversion.
                # Plain arrays will be converted to dimensionless in the process,
                # but anything with a unit attribute will use that.
                as_quantity = Quantity(value)
                try:
                    _value = as_quantity.to_value(self.unit)
                except UnitsError:
                    # last chance: if this was not something with a unit
                    # and is all 0, inf, or nan, we treat it as arbitrary unit.
                    if (not hasattr(value, 'unit') and
                            can_have_arbitrary_unit(as_quantity.value)):
                        _value = as_quantity.value
                    else:
                        raise

            if check_precision:
                # If, e.g., we are casting double to float, we want to fail if
                # precision is lost, but let things pass if it works.
                _value = np.array(_value, copy=False)
                if not np.can_cast(_value.dtype, self.dtype):
                    self_dtype_array = np.array(_value, self.dtype)
                    if not np.all(np.logical_or(self_dtype_array == _value,
                                                np.isnan(_value))):
                        raise TypeError("cannot convert value type to array type "
                                        "without precision loss")
            return _value

        def itemset(self, *args):
            if len(args) == 0:
                raise ValueError("itemset must have at least one argument")

            self.view(np.ndarray).itemset(*(args[:-1] +
                                            (self._to_own_unit(args[-1]),)))

        def tostring(self, order='C'):
            raise NotImplementedError("cannot write Quantities to string.  Write "
                                      "array with q.value.tostring(...).")

        def tofile(self, fid, sep="", format="%s"):
            raise NotImplementedError("cannot write Quantities to file.  Write "
                                      "array with q.value.tofile(...)")

        def dump(self, file):
            raise NotImplementedError("cannot dump Quantities to file.  Write "
                                      "array with q.value.dump()")

        def dumps(self):
            raise NotImplementedError("cannot dump Quantities to string.  Write "
                                      "array with q.value.dumps()")

        # astype, byteswap, copy, view, getfield, setflags OK as is

        def fill(self, value):
            self.view(np.ndarray).fill(self._to_own_unit(value))

        # Shape manipulation: resize cannot be done (does not own data), but
        # shape, transpose, swapaxes, flatten, ravel, squeeze all OK.  Only
        # the flat iterator needs to be overwritten, otherwise single items are
        # returned as numbers.
        @property
        def flat(self):
            """A 1-D iterator over the Quantity array.

            This returns a ``QuantityIterator`` instance, which behaves the same
            as the `~numpy.flatiter` instance returned by `~numpy.ndarray.flat`,
            and is similar to, but not a subclass of, Python's built-in iterator
            object.
            """
            return QuantityIterator(self)

        @flat.setter
        def flat(self, value):
            y = self.ravel()
            y[:] = value

        # Item selection and manipulation
        # repeat, sort, compress, diagonal OK
        def take(self, indices, axis=None, out=None, mode='raise'):
            out = super().take(indices, axis=axis, out=out, mode=mode)
            # For single elements, ndarray.take returns scalars; these
            # need a new view as a Quantity.
            if type(out) is not type(self):
                out = self._new_view(out)
            return out

        def put(self, indices, values, mode='raise'):
            self.view(np.ndarray).put(indices, self._to_own_unit(values), mode)

        def choose(self, choices, out=None, mode='raise'):
            raise NotImplementedError("cannot choose based on quantity.  Choose "
                                      "using array with q.value.choose(...)")

        # ensure we do not return indices as quantities
        def argsort(self, axis=-1, kind='quicksort', order=None):
            return self.view(np.ndarray).argsort(axis=axis, kind=kind, order=order)

        def searchsorted(self, v, *args, **kwargs):
            return np.searchsorted(np.array(self),
                                   self._to_own_unit(v, check_precision=False),
                                   *args, **kwargs)  # avoid numpy 1.6 problem

        def argmax(self, axis=None, out=None):
            return self.view(np.ndarray).argmax(axis, out=out)

        def argmin(self, axis=None, out=None):
            return self.view(np.ndarray).argmin(axis, out=out)

        # Calculation -- override ndarray methods to take into account units.
        # We use the corresponding numpy functions to evaluate the results, since
        # the methods do not always allow calling with keyword arguments.
        # For instance, np.array([0.,2.]).clip(a_min=0., a_max=1.) gives
        # TypeError: 'a_max' is an invalid keyword argument for this function.
        def _wrap_function(self, function, *args, unit=None, out=None, **kwargs):
            """Wrap a numpy function that processes self, returning a Quantity.

            Parameters
            ----------
            function : callable
                Numpy function to wrap.
            args : positional arguments
                Any positional arguments to the function beyond the first argument
                (which will be set to ``self``).
            kwargs : keyword arguments
                Keyword arguments to the function.

            If present, the following arguments are treated specially:

            unit : `~astropy.units.Unit`
                Unit of the output result.  If not given, the unit of ``self``.
            out : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
                A Quantity instance in which to store the output.

            Notes
            -----
            Output should always be assigned via a keyword argument, otherwise
            no proper account of the unit is taken.

            Returns
            -------
            out : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
                Result of the function call, with the unit set properly.
            """
            if unit is None:
                unit = self.unit
            # Ensure we don't loop back by turning any Quantity into array views.
            args = (self.value,) + tuple((arg.value if isinstance(arg, Quantity)
                                          else arg) for arg in args)
            if out is not None:
                # If pre-allocated output is used, check it is suitable.
                # This also returns array view, to ensure we don't loop back.
                arrays = tuple(arg for arg in args if isinstance(arg, np.ndarray))
                kwargs['out'] = check_output(out, unit, arrays, function=function)
            # Apply the function and turn it back into a Quantity.
            result = function(*args, **kwargs)
            return self._result_as_quantity(result, unit, out)

        if NUMPY_LT_1_17:
            def clip(self, a_min, a_max, out=None):
                return self._wrap_function(np.clip, self._to_own_unit(a_min),
                                           self._to_own_unit(a_max), out=out)

        def trace(self, offset=0, axis1=0, axis2=1, dtype=None, out=None):
            return self._wrap_function(np.trace, offset, axis1, axis2, dtype,
                                       out=out)

        def var(self, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0):
            return self._wrap_function(np.var, axis, dtype,
                                       out=out, ddof=ddof, unit=self.unit**2)

        def std(self, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0):
            return self._wrap_function(np.std, axis, dtype, out=out, ddof=ddof)

        def mean(self, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
            return self._wrap_function(np.mean, axis, dtype, out=out)

        def round(self, decimals=0, out=None):
            return self._wrap_function(np.round, decimals, out=out)

        def dot(self, b, out=None):
            result_unit = self.unit * getattr(b, 'unit', dimensionless_unscaled)
            return self._wrap_function(np.dot, b, out=out, unit=result_unit)

        # Calculation: override methods that do not make sense.

        def all(self, axis=None, out=None):
            raise NotImplementedError("cannot evaluate truth value of quantities. "
                                      "Evaluate array with q.value.all(...)")

        def any(self, axis=None, out=None):
            raise NotImplementedError("cannot evaluate truth value of quantities. "
                                      "Evaluate array with q.value.any(...)")

        # Calculation: numpy functions that can be overridden with methods.

        def diff(self, n=1, axis=-1):
            return self._wrap_function(np.diff, n, axis)

        def ediff1d(self, to_end=None, to_begin=None):
            return self._wrap_function(np.ediff1d, to_end, to_begin)

        def nansum(self, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False):
            return self._wrap_function(np.nansum, axis,
                                       out=out, keepdims=keepdims)

        def insert(self, obj, values, axis=None):
            """
            Insert values along the given axis before the given indices and return
            a new `~astropy.units.Quantity` object.

            This is a thin wrapper around the `numpy.insert` function.

            Parameters
            ----------
            obj : int, slice or sequence of ints
                Object that defines the index or indices before which ``values`` is
                inserted.
            values : array-like
                Values to insert.  If the type of ``values`` is different
                from that of quantity, ``values`` is converted to the matching type.
                ``values`` should be shaped so that it can be broadcast appropriately
                The unit of ``values`` must be consistent with this quantity.
            axis : int, optional
                Axis along which to insert ``values``.  If ``axis`` is None then
                the quantity array is flattened before insertion.

            Returns
            -------
            out : `~astropy.units.Quantity`
                A copy of quantity with ``values`` inserted.  Note that the
                insertion does not occur in-place: a new quantity array is returned.

            Examples
            --------
            >>> import astropy.units as u
            >>> q = [1, 2] * u.m
            >>> q.insert(0, 50 * u.cm)
            <Quantity [ 0.5,  1.,  2.] m>

            >>> q = [[1, 2], [3, 4]] * u.m
            >>> q.insert(1, [10, 20] * u.m, axis=0)
            <Quantity [[  1.,  2.],
                       [ 10., 20.],
                       [  3.,  4.]] m>

            >>> q.insert(1, 10 * u.m, axis=1)
            <Quantity [[  1., 10.,  2.],
                       [  3., 10.,  4.]] m>

            """
            out_array = np.insert(self.value, obj, self._to_own_unit(values), axis)
            return self._new_view(out_array)

    class SpecificTypeQuantity(Quantity):
        """Superclass for Quantities of specific physical type.

        Subclasses of these work just like :class:`~astropy.units.Quantity`, except
        that they are for specific physical types (and may have methods that are
        only appropriate for that type).  Astropy examples are
        :class:`~astropy.coordinates.Angle` and
        :class:`~astropy.coordinates.Distance`

        At a minimum, subclasses should set ``_equivalent_unit`` to the unit
        associated with the physical type.
        """
        # The unit for the specific physical type.  Instances can only be created
        # with units that are equivalent to this.
        _equivalent_unit = None

        # The default unit used for views.  Even with `None`, views of arrays
        # without units are possible, but will have an uninitalized unit.
        _unit = None

        # Default unit for initialization through the constructor.
        _default_unit = None

        # ensure that we get precedence over our superclass.
        __array_priority__ = Quantity.__array_priority__ + 10

        def __quantity_subclass__(self, unit):
            if unit.is_equivalent(self._equivalent_unit):
                return type(self), True
            else:
                return super().__quantity_subclass__(unit)[0], False

        def _set_unit(self, unit):
            if unit is None or not unit.is_equivalent(self._equivalent_unit):
                raise UnitTypeError(
                    "{0} instances require units equivalent to '{1}'"
                    .format(type(self).__name__, self._equivalent_unit) +
                    (", but no unit was given." if unit is None else
                     ", so cannot set it to '{0}'.".format(unit)))

            super()._set_unit(unit)

    def isclose(a, b, rtol=1.e-5, atol=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Notes
        -----
        Returns True if two arrays are element-wise equal within a tolerance.

        This is a :class:`~astropy.units.Quantity`-aware version of
        :func:`numpy.isclose`.
        """
        return np.isclose(*_unquantify_allclose_arguments(a, b, rtol, atol),
                          **kwargs)

    def allclose(a, b, rtol=1.e-5, atol=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Notes
        -----
        Returns True if two arrays are element-wise equal within a tolerance.

        This is a :class:`~astropy.units.Quantity`-aware version of
        :func:`numpy.allclose`.
        """
        return np.allclose(*_unquantify_allclose_arguments(a, b, rtol, atol),
                           **kwargs)

    def _unquantify_allclose_arguments(actual, desired, rtol, atol):
        actual = Quantity(actual, subok=True, copy=False)

        desired = Quantity(desired, subok=True, copy=False)
        try:
            desired = desired.to(actual.unit)
        except UnitsError:
            raise UnitsError("Units for 'desired' ({0}) and 'actual' ({1}) "
                             "are not convertible"
                             .format(desired.unit, actual.unit))

        if atol is None:
            # by default, we assume an absolute tolerance of 0
            atol = Quantity(0)
        else:
            atol = Quantity(atol, subok=True, copy=False)
            try:
                atol = atol.to(actual.unit)
            except UnitsError:
                raise UnitsError("Units for 'atol' ({0}) and 'actual' ({1}) "
                                 "are not convertible"
                                 .format(atol.unit, actual.unit))

        rtol = Quantity(rtol, subok=True, copy=False)
        try:
            rtol = rtol.to(dimensionless_unscaled)
        except Exception:
            raise UnitsError("`rtol` should be dimensionless")

        return actual.value, desired.value, rtol.value, atol.value