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# Source code for urllib.parse

    """Parse (absolute and relative) URLs.

    urlparse module is based upon the following RFC specifications.

    RFC 3986 (STD66): "Uniform Resource Identifiers" by T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding
    and L.  Masinter, January 2005.

    RFC 2732 : "Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's by R.Hinden, B.Carpenter
    and L.Masinter, December 1999.

    RFC 2396:  "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)": Generic Syntax by T.
    Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, and L. Masinter, August 1998.

    RFC 2368: "The mailto URL scheme", by P.Hoffman , L Masinter, J. Zawinski, July 1998.

    RFC 1808: "Relative Uniform Resource Locators", by R. Fielding, UC Irvine, June
    1995.

    RFC 1738: "Uniform Resource Locators (URL)" by T. Berners-Lee, L. Masinter, M.
    McCahill, December 1994

    RFC 3986 is considered the current standard and any future changes to
    urlparse module should conform with it.  The urlparse module is
    currently not entirely compliant with this RFC due to defacto
    scenarios for parsing, and for backward compatibility purposes, some
    parsing quirks from older RFCs are retained. The testcases in
    test_urlparse.py provides a good indicator of parsing behavior.

    The WHATWG URL Parser spec should also be considered.  We are not compliant with
    it either due to existing user code API behavior expectations (Hyrum's Law).
    It serves as a useful guide when making changes.
    """

    from collections import namedtuple
    import functools
    import math
    import re
    import types
    import warnings
    import ipaddress

    __all__ = ["urlparse", "urlunparse", "urljoin", "urldefrag",
               "urlsplit", "urlunsplit", "urlencode", "parse_qs",
               "parse_qsl", "quote", "quote_plus", "quote_from_bytes",
               "unquote", "unquote_plus", "unquote_to_bytes",
               "DefragResult", "ParseResult", "SplitResult",
               "DefragResultBytes", "ParseResultBytes", "SplitResultBytes"]

    # A classification of schemes.
    # The empty string classifies URLs with no scheme specified,
    # being the default value returned by “urlsplit” and “urlparse”.

    uses_relative = ['', 'ftp', 'http', 'gopher', 'nntp', 'imap',
                     'wais', 'file', 'https', 'shttp', 'mms',
                     'prospero', 'rtsp', 'rtsps', 'rtspu', 'sftp',
                     'svn', 'svn+ssh', 'ws', 'wss']

    uses_netloc = ['', 'ftp', 'http', 'gopher', 'nntp', 'telnet',
                   'imap', 'wais', 'file', 'mms', 'https', 'shttp',
                   'snews', 'prospero', 'rtsp', 'rtsps', 'rtspu', 'rsync',
                   'svn', 'svn+ssh', 'sftp', 'nfs', 'git', 'git+ssh',
                   'ws', 'wss', 'itms-services']

    uses_params = ['', 'ftp', 'hdl', 'prospero', 'http', 'imap',
                   'https', 'shttp', 'rtsp', 'rtsps', 'rtspu', 'sip',
                   'sips', 'mms', 'sftp', 'tel']

    # These are not actually used anymore, but should stay for backwards
    # compatibility.  (They are undocumented, but have a public-looking name.)

    non_hierarchical = ['gopher', 'hdl', 'mailto', 'news',
                        'telnet', 'wais', 'imap', 'snews', 'sip', 'sips']

    uses_query = ['', 'http', 'wais', 'imap', 'https', 'shttp', 'mms',
                  'gopher', 'rtsp', 'rtsps', 'rtspu', 'sip', 'sips']

    uses_fragment = ['', 'ftp', 'hdl', 'http', 'gopher', 'news',
                     'nntp', 'wais', 'https', 'shttp', 'snews',
                     'file', 'prospero']

    # Characters valid in scheme names
    scheme_chars = ('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
                    'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
                    '0123456789'
                    '+-.')

    # Leading and trailing C0 control and space to be stripped per WHATWG spec.
    # == "".join([chr(i) for i in range(0, 0x20 + 1)])
    _WHATWG_C0_CONTROL_OR_SPACE = '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f '

    # Unsafe bytes to be removed per WHATWG spec
    _UNSAFE_URL_BYTES_TO_REMOVE = ['\t', '\r', '\n']

    def clear_cache():
        """Clear internal performance caches. Undocumented; some tests want it."""
        urlsplit.cache_clear()
        _byte_quoter_factory.cache_clear()

    # Helpers for bytes handling
    # For 3.2, we deliberately require applications that
    # handle improperly quoted URLs to do their own
    # decoding and encoding. If valid use cases are
    # presented, we may relax this by using latin-1
    # decoding internally for 3.3
    _implicit_encoding = 'ascii'
    _implicit_errors = 'strict'

    def _noop(obj):
        return obj

    def _encode_result(obj, encoding=_implicit_encoding,
                            errors=_implicit_errors):
        return obj.encode(encoding, errors)

    def _decode_args(args, encoding=_implicit_encoding,
                           errors=_implicit_errors):
        return tuple(x.decode(encoding, errors) if x else '' for x in args)

    def _coerce_args(*args):
        # Invokes decode if necessary to create str args
        # and returns the coerced inputs along with
        # an appropriate result coercion function
        #   - noop for str inputs
        #   - encoding function otherwise
        str_input = isinstance(args[0], str)
        for arg in args[1:]:
            # We special-case the empty string to support the
            # "scheme=''" default argument to some functions
            if arg and isinstance(arg, str) != str_input:
                raise TypeError("Cannot mix str and non-str arguments")
        if str_input:
            return args + (_noop,)
        return _decode_args(args) + (_encode_result,)

    # Result objects are more helpful than simple tuples
    class _ResultMixinStr(object):
        """Standard approach to encoding parsed results from str to bytes"""
        __slots__ = ()

        def encode(self, encoding='ascii', errors='strict'):
            return self._encoded_counterpart(*(x.encode(encoding, errors) for x in self))

    class _ResultMixinBytes(object):
        """Standard approach to decoding parsed results from bytes to str"""
        __slots__ = ()

        def decode(self, encoding='ascii', errors='strict'):
            return self._decoded_counterpart(*(x.decode(encoding, errors) for x in self))

    class _NetlocResultMixinBase(object):
        """Shared methods for the parsed result objects containing a netloc element"""
        __slots__ = ()

        @property
        def username(self):
            return self._userinfo[0]

        @property
        def password(self):
            return self._userinfo[1]

        @property
        def hostname(self):
            hostname = self._hostinfo[0]
            if not hostname:
                return None
            # Scoped IPv6 address may have zone info, which must not be lowercased
            # like http://[fe80::822a:a8ff:fe49:470c%tESt]:1234/keys
            separator = '%' if isinstance(hostname, str) else b'%'
            hostname, percent, zone = hostname.partition(separator)
            return hostname.lower() + percent + zone

        @property
        def port(self):
            port = self._hostinfo[1]
            if port is not None:
                if port.isdigit() and port.isascii():
                    port = int(port)
                else:
                    raise ValueError(f"Port could not be cast to integer value as {port!r}")
                if not (0 <= port <= 65535):
                    raise ValueError("Port out of range 0-65535")
            return port

        __class_getitem__ = classmethod(types.GenericAlias)

    class _NetlocResultMixinStr(_NetlocResultMixinBase, _ResultMixinStr):
        __slots__ = ()

        @property
        def _userinfo(self):
            netloc = self.netloc
            userinfo, have_info, hostinfo = netloc.rpartition('@')
            if have_info:
                username, have_password, password = userinfo.partition(':')
                if not have_password:
                    password = None
            else:
                username = password = None
            return username, password

        @property
        def _hostinfo(self):
            netloc = self.netloc
            _, _, hostinfo = netloc.rpartition('@')
            _, have_open_br, bracketed = hostinfo.partition('[')
            if have_open_br:
                hostname, _, port = bracketed.partition(']')
                _, _, port = port.partition(':')
            else:
                hostname, _, port = hostinfo.partition(':')
            if not port:
                port = None
            return hostname, port

    class _NetlocResultMixinBytes(_NetlocResultMixinBase, _ResultMixinBytes):
        __slots__ = ()

        @property
        def _userinfo(self):
            netloc = self.netloc
            userinfo, have_info, hostinfo = netloc.rpartition(b'@')
            if have_info:
                username, have_password, password = userinfo.partition(b':')
                if not have_password:
                    password = None
            else:
                username = password = None
            return username, password

        @property
        def _hostinfo(self):
            netloc = self.netloc
            _, _, hostinfo = netloc.rpartition(b'@')
            _, have_open_br, bracketed = hostinfo.partition(b'[')
            if have_open_br:
                hostname, _, port = bracketed.partition(b']')
                _, _, port = port.partition(b':')
            else:
                hostname, _, port = hostinfo.partition(b':')
            if not port:
                port = None
            return hostname, port

    _DefragResultBase = namedtuple('DefragResult', 'url fragment')
    _SplitResultBase = namedtuple(
        'SplitResult', 'scheme netloc path query fragment')
    _ParseResultBase = namedtuple(
        'ParseResult', 'scheme netloc path params query fragment')

    _DefragResultBase.__doc__ = """
    DefragResult(url, fragment)

    A 2-tuple that contains the url without fragment identifier and the fragment
    identifier as a separate argument.
    """

    _DefragResultBase.url.__doc__ = """The URL with no fragment identifier."""

    _DefragResultBase.fragment.__doc__ = """
    Fragment identifier separated from URL, that allows indirect identification of a
    secondary resource by reference to a primary resource and additional identifying
    information.
    """

    _SplitResultBase.__doc__ = """
    SplitResult(scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment)

    A 5-tuple that contains the different components of a URL. Similar to
    ParseResult, but does not split params.
    """

    _SplitResultBase.scheme.__doc__ = """Specifies URL scheme for the request."""

    _SplitResultBase.netloc.__doc__ = """
    Network location where the request is made to.
    """

    _SplitResultBase.path.__doc__ = """
    The hierarchical path, such as the path to a file to download.
    """

    _SplitResultBase.query.__doc__ = """
    The query component, that contains non-hierarchical data, that along with data
    in path component, identifies a resource in the scope of URI's scheme and
    network location.
    """

    _SplitResultBase.fragment.__doc__ = """
    Fragment identifier, that allows indirect identification of a secondary resource
    by reference to a primary resource and additional identifying information.
    """

    _ParseResultBase.__doc__ = """
    ParseResult(scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment)

    A 6-tuple that contains components of a parsed URL.
    """

    _ParseResultBase.scheme.__doc__ = _SplitResultBase.scheme.__doc__
    _ParseResultBase.netloc.__doc__ = _SplitResultBase.netloc.__doc__
    _ParseResultBase.path.__doc__ = _SplitResultBase.path.__doc__
    _ParseResultBase.params.__doc__ = """
    Parameters for last path element used to dereference the URI in order to provide
    access to perform some operation on the resource.
    """

    _ParseResultBase.query.__doc__ = _SplitResultBase.query.__doc__
    _ParseResultBase.fragment.__doc__ = _SplitResultBase.fragment.__doc__

    # For backwards compatibility, alias _NetlocResultMixinStr
    # ResultBase is no longer part of the documented API, but it is
    # retained since deprecating it isn't worth the hassle
    ResultBase = _NetlocResultMixinStr

    # Structured result objects for string data

    class DefragResult(_DefragResultBase, _ResultMixinStr):
        __slots__ = ()
        def geturl(self):
            if self.fragment:
                return self.url + '#' + self.fragment
            else:
                return self.url

    class SplitResult(_SplitResultBase, _NetlocResultMixinStr):
        __slots__ = ()
        def geturl(self):
            return urlunsplit(self)

    class ParseResult(_ParseResultBase, _NetlocResultMixinStr):
        __slots__ = ()
        def geturl(self):
            return urlunparse(self)

    # Structured result objects for bytes data

    class DefragResultBytes(_DefragResultBase, _ResultMixinBytes):
        __slots__ = ()
        def geturl(self):
            if self.fragment:
                return self.url + b'#' + self.fragment
            else:
                return self.url

    class SplitResultBytes(_SplitResultBase, _NetlocResultMixinBytes):
        __slots__ = ()
        def geturl(self):
            return urlunsplit(self)

    class ParseResultBytes(_ParseResultBase, _NetlocResultMixinBytes):
        __slots__ = ()
        def geturl(self):
            return urlunparse(self)

    # Set up the encode/decode result pairs
    def _fix_result_transcoding():
        _result_pairs = (
            (DefragResult, DefragResultBytes),
            (SplitResult, SplitResultBytes),
            (ParseResult, ParseResultBytes),
        )
        for _decoded, _encoded in _result_pairs:
            _decoded._encoded_counterpart = _encoded
            _encoded._decoded_counterpart = _decoded

    _fix_result_transcoding()
    del _fix_result_transcoding

    def urlparse(url, scheme='', allow_fragments=True):
        """Parse a URL into 6 components:
        <scheme>://<netloc>/<path>;<params>?<query>#<fragment>

        The result is a named 6-tuple with fields corresponding to the
        above. It is either a ParseResult or ParseResultBytes object,
        depending on the type of the url parameter.

        The username, password, hostname, and port sub-components of netloc
        can also be accessed as attributes of the returned object.

        The scheme argument provides the default value of the scheme
        component when no scheme is found in url.

        If allow_fragments is False, no attempt is made to separate the
        fragment component from the previous component, which can be either
        path or query.

        Note that % escapes are not expanded.
        """
        url, scheme, _coerce_result = _coerce_args(url, scheme)
        splitresult = urlsplit(url, scheme, allow_fragments)
        scheme, netloc, url, query, fragment = splitresult
        if scheme in uses_params and ';' in url:
            url, params = _splitparams(url)
        else:
            params = ''
        result = ParseResult(scheme, netloc, url, params, query, fragment)
        return _coerce_result(result)

    def _splitparams(url):
        if '/'  in url:
            i = url.find(';', url.rfind('/'))
            if i < 0:
                return url, ''
        else:
            i = url.find(';')
        return url[:i], url[i+1:]

    def _splitnetloc(url, start=0):
        delim = len(url)   # position of end of domain part of url, default is end
        for c in '/?#':    # look for delimiters; the order is NOT important
            wdelim = url.find(c, start)        # find first of this delim
            if wdelim >= 0:                    # if found
                delim = min(delim, wdelim)     # use earliest delim position
        return url[start:delim], url[delim:]   # return (domain, rest)

    def _checknetloc(netloc):
        if not netloc or netloc.isascii():
            return
        # looking for characters like \u2100 that expand to 'a/c'
        # IDNA uses NFKC equivalence, so normalize for this check
        import unicodedata
        n = netloc.replace('@', '')   # ignore characters already included
        n = n.replace(':', '')        # but not the surrounding text
        n = n.replace('#', '')
        n = n.replace('?', '')
        netloc2 = unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', n)
        if n == netloc2:
            return
        for c in '/?#@:':
            if c in netloc2:
                raise ValueError("netloc '" + netloc + "' contains invalid " +
                                 "characters under NFKC normalization")

    def _check_bracketed_netloc(netloc):
        # Note that this function must mirror the splitting
        # done in NetlocResultMixins._hostinfo().
        hostname_and_port = netloc.rpartition('@')[2]
        before_bracket, have_open_br, bracketed = hostname_and_port.partition('[')
        if have_open_br:
            # No data is allowed before a bracket.
            if before_bracket:
                raise ValueError("Invalid IPv6 URL")
            hostname, _, port = bracketed.partition(']')
            # No data is allowed after the bracket but before the port delimiter.
            if port and not port.startswith(":"):
                raise ValueError("Invalid IPv6 URL")
        else:
            hostname, _, port = hostname_and_port.partition(':')
        _check_bracketed_host(hostname)

    # Valid bracketed hosts are defined in
    # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986#page-49 and https://url.spec.whatwg.org/
    def _check_bracketed_host(hostname):
        if hostname.startswith('v'):
            if not re.match(r"\Av[a-fA-F0-9]+\..+\Z", hostname):
                raise ValueError(f"IPvFuture address is invalid")
        else:
            ip = ipaddress.ip_address(hostname) # Throws Value Error if not IPv6 or IPv4
            if isinstance(ip, ipaddress.IPv4Address):
                raise ValueError(f"An IPv4 address cannot be in brackets")

    # typed=True avoids BytesWarnings being emitted during cache key
    # comparison since this API supports both bytes and str input.

    @functools.lru_cache(typed=True)
    def urlsplit(url, scheme='', allow_fragments=True):
        """Parse a URL into 5 components:
        <scheme>://<netloc>/<path>?<query>#<fragment>

        The result is a named 5-tuple with fields corresponding to the
        above. It is either a SplitResult or SplitResultBytes object,
        depending on the type of the url parameter.

        The username, password, hostname, and port sub-components of netloc
        can also be accessed as attributes of the returned object.

        The scheme argument provides the default value of the scheme
        component when no scheme is found in url.

        If allow_fragments is False, no attempt is made to separate the
        fragment component from the previous component, which can be either
        path or query.

        Note that % escapes are not expanded.
        """

        url, scheme, _coerce_result = _coerce_args(url, scheme)
        # Only lstrip url as some applications rely on preserving trailing space.
        # (https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-basic-url-parser would strip both)
        url = url.lstrip(_WHATWG_C0_CONTROL_OR_SPACE)
        scheme = scheme.strip(_WHATWG_C0_CONTROL_OR_SPACE)

        for b in _UNSAFE_URL_BYTES_TO_REMOVE:
            url = url.replace(b, "")
            scheme = scheme.replace(b, "")

        allow_fragments = bool(allow_fragments)
        netloc = query = fragment = ''
        i = url.find(':')
        if i > 0 and url[0].isascii() and url[0].isalpha():
            for c in url[:i]:
                if c not in scheme_chars:
                    break
            else:
                scheme, url = url[:i].lower(), url[i+1:]
        if url[:2] == '//':
            netloc, url = _splitnetloc(url, 2)
            if (('[' in netloc and ']' not in netloc) or
                    (']' in netloc and '[' not in netloc)):
                raise ValueError("Invalid IPv6 URL")
            if '[' in netloc and ']' in netloc:
                _check_bracketed_netloc(netloc)
        if allow_fragments and '#' in url:
            url, fragment = url.split('#', 1)
        if '?' in url:
            url, query = url.split('?', 1)
        _checknetloc(netloc)
        v = SplitResult(scheme, netloc, url, query, fragment)
        return _coerce_result(v)

    def urlunparse(components):
        """Put a parsed URL back together again.  This may result in a
        slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed
        originally had redundant delimiters, e.g. a ? with an empty query
        (the draft states that these are equivalent)."""
        scheme, netloc, url, params, query, fragment, _coerce_result = (
                                                      _coerce_args(*components))
        if params:
            url = "%s;%s" % (url, params)
        return _coerce_result(urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, url, query, fragment)))

    def urlunsplit(components):
        """Combine the elements of a tuple as returned by urlsplit() into a
        complete URL as a string. The data argument can be any five-item iterable.
        This may result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that
        was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ? with an
        empty query; the RFC states that these are equivalent)."""
        scheme, netloc, url, query, fragment, _coerce_result = (
                                              _coerce_args(*components))
        if netloc:
            if url and url[:1] != '/': url = '/' + url
            url = '//' + netloc + url
        elif url[:2] == '//':
            url = '//' + url
        elif scheme and scheme in uses_netloc and (not url or url[:1] == '/'):
            url = '//' + url
        if scheme:
            url = scheme + ':' + url
        if query:
            url = url + '?' + query
        if fragment:
            url = url + '#' + fragment
        return _coerce_result(url)

    def urljoin(base, url, allow_fragments=True):
        """Join a base URL and a possibly relative URL to form an absolute
        interpretation of the latter."""
        if not base:
            return url
        if not url:
            return base

        base, url, _coerce_result = _coerce_args(base, url)
        bscheme, bnetloc, bpath, bparams, bquery, bfragment = \
                urlparse(base, '', allow_fragments)
        scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = \
                urlparse(url, bscheme, allow_fragments)

        if scheme != bscheme or scheme not in uses_relative:
            return _coerce_result(url)
        if scheme in uses_netloc:
            if netloc:
                return _coerce_result(urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path,
                                                  params, query, fragment)))
            netloc = bnetloc

        if not path and not params:
            path = bpath
            params = bparams
            if not query:
                query = bquery
            return _coerce_result(urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path,
                                              params, query, fragment)))

        base_parts = bpath.split('/')
        if base_parts[-1] != '':
            # the last item is not a directory, so will not be taken into account
            # in resolving the relative path
            del base_parts[-1]

        # for rfc3986, ignore all base path should the first character be root.
        if path[:1] == '/':
            segments = path.split('/')
        else:
            segments = base_parts + path.split('/')
            # filter out elements that would cause redundant slashes on re-joining
            # the resolved_path
            segments[1:-1] = filter(None, segments[1:-1])

        resolved_path = []

        for seg in segments:
            if seg == '..':
                try:
                    resolved_path.pop()
                except IndexError:
                    # ignore any .. segments that would otherwise cause an IndexError
                    # when popped from resolved_path if resolving for rfc3986
                    pass
            elif seg == '.':
                continue
            else:
                resolved_path.append(seg)

        if segments[-1] in ('.', '..'):
            # do some post-processing here. if the last segment was a relative dir,
            # then we need to append the trailing '/'
            resolved_path.append('')

        return _coerce_result(urlunparse((scheme, netloc, '/'.join(
            resolved_path) or '/', params, query, fragment)))

    def urldefrag(url):
        """Removes any existing fragment from URL.

        Returns a tuple of the defragmented URL and the fragment.  If
        the URL contained no fragments, the second element is the
        empty string.
        """
        url, _coerce_result = _coerce_args(url)
        if '#' in url:
            s, n, p, a, q, frag = urlparse(url)
            defrag = urlunparse((s, n, p, a, q, ''))
        else:
            frag = ''
            defrag = url
        return _coerce_result(DefragResult(defrag, frag))

    _hexdig = '0123456789ABCDEFabcdef'
    _hextobyte = None

    def unquote_to_bytes(string):
        """unquote_to_bytes('abc%20def') -> b'abc def'."""
        return bytes(_unquote_impl(string))

    def _unquote_impl(string: bytes | bytearray | str) -> bytes | bytearray:
        # Note: strings are encoded as UTF-8. This is only an issue if it contains
        # unescaped non-ASCII characters, which URIs should not.
        if not string:
            # Is it a string-like object?
            string.split
            return b''
        if isinstance(string, str):
            string = string.encode('utf-8')
        bits = string.split(b'%')
        if len(bits) == 1:
            return string
        res = bytearray(bits[0])
        append = res.extend
        # Delay the initialization of the table to not waste memory
        # if the function is never called
        global _hextobyte
        if _hextobyte is None:
            _hextobyte = {(a + b).encode(): bytes.fromhex(a + b)
                          for a in _hexdig for b in _hexdig}
        for item in bits[1:]:
            try:
                append(_hextobyte[item[:2]])
                append(item[2:])
            except KeyError:
                append(b'%')
                append(item)
        return res

    _asciire = re.compile('([\x00-\x7f]+)')

    def _generate_unquoted_parts(string, encoding, errors):
        previous_match_end = 0
        for ascii_match in _asciire.finditer(string):
            start, end = ascii_match.span()
            yield string[previous_match_end:start]  # Non-ASCII
            # The ascii_match[1] group == string[start:end].
            yield _unquote_impl(ascii_match[1]).decode(encoding, errors)
            previous_match_end = end
        yield string[previous_match_end:]  # Non-ASCII tail

    def unquote(string, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):
        """Replace %xx escapes by their single-character equivalent. The optional
        encoding and errors parameters specify how to decode percent-encoded
        sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the bytes.decode()
        method.
        By default, percent-encoded sequences are decoded with UTF-8, and invalid
        sequences are replaced by a placeholder character.

        unquote('abc%20def') -> 'abc def'.
        """
        if isinstance(string, bytes):
            return _unquote_impl(string).decode(encoding, errors)
        if '%' not in string:
            # Is it a string-like object?
            string.split
            return string
        if encoding is None:
            encoding = 'utf-8'
        if errors is None:
            errors = 'replace'
        return ''.join(_generate_unquoted_parts(string, encoding, errors))

    def parse_qs(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False,
                 encoding='utf-8', errors='replace', max_num_fields=None, separator='&'):
        """Parse a query given as a string argument.

            Arguments:

            qs: percent-encoded query string to be parsed

            keep_blank_values: flag indicating whether blank values in
                percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings.
                A true value indicates that blanks should be retained as
                blank strings.  The default false value indicates that
                blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
                not included.

            strict_parsing: flag indicating what to do with parsing errors.
                If false (the default), errors are silently ignored.
                If true, errors raise a ValueError exception.

            encoding and errors: specify how to decode percent-encoded sequences
                into Unicode characters, as accepted by the bytes.decode() method.

            max_num_fields: int. If set, then throws a ValueError if there
                are more than n fields read by parse_qsl().

            separator: str. The symbol to use for separating the query arguments.
                Defaults to &.

            Returns a dictionary.
        """
        parsed_result = {}
        pairs = parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values, strict_parsing,
                          encoding=encoding, errors=errors,
                          max_num_fields=max_num_fields, separator=separator)
        for name, value in pairs:
            if name in parsed_result:
                parsed_result[name].append(value)
            else:
                parsed_result[name] = [value]
        return parsed_result

    def parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False,
                  encoding='utf-8', errors='replace', max_num_fields=None, separator='&'):
        """Parse a query given as a string argument.

            Arguments:

            qs: percent-encoded query string to be parsed

            keep_blank_values: flag indicating whether blank values in
                percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings.
                A true value indicates that blanks should be retained as blank
                strings.  The default false value indicates that blank values
                are to be ignored and treated as if they were  not included.

            strict_parsing: flag indicating what to do with parsing errors. If
                false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true,
                errors raise a ValueError exception.

            encoding and errors: specify how to decode percent-encoded sequences
                into Unicode characters, as accepted by the bytes.decode() method.

            max_num_fields: int. If set, then throws a ValueError
                if there are more than n fields read by parse_qsl().

            separator: str. The symbol to use for separating the query arguments.
                Defaults to &.

            Returns a list, as G-d intended.
        """

        if not separator or not isinstance(separator, (str, bytes)):
            raise ValueError("Separator must be of type string or bytes.")
        if isinstance(qs, str):
            if not isinstance(separator, str):
                separator = str(separator, 'ascii')
            eq = '='
            def _unquote(s):
                return unquote_plus(s, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
        else:
            if not qs:
                return []
            # Use memoryview() to reject integers and iterables,
            # acceptable by the bytes constructor.
            qs = bytes(memoryview(qs))
            if isinstance(separator, str):
                separator = bytes(separator, 'ascii')
            eq = b'='
            def _unquote(s):
                return unquote_to_bytes(s.replace(b'+', b' '))

        if not qs:
            return []

        # If max_num_fields is defined then check that the number of fields
        # is less than max_num_fields. This prevents a memory exhaustion DOS
        # attack via post bodies with many fields.
        if max_num_fields is not None:
            num_fields = 1 + qs.count(separator)
            if max_num_fields < num_fields:
                raise ValueError('Max number of fields exceeded')

        r = []
        for name_value in qs.split(separator):
            if name_value or strict_parsing:
                name, has_eq, value = name_value.partition(eq)
                if not has_eq and strict_parsing:
                    raise ValueError("bad query field: %r" % (name_value,))
                if value or keep_blank_values:
                    name = _unquote(name)
                    value = _unquote(value)
                    r.append((name, value))
        return r

    def unquote_plus(string, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):
        """Like unquote(), but also replace plus signs by spaces, as required for
        unquoting HTML form values.

        unquote_plus('%7e/abc+def') -> '~/abc def'
        """
        string = string.replace('+', ' ')
        return unquote(string, encoding, errors)

    _ALWAYS_SAFE = frozenset(b'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
                             b'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
                             b'0123456789'
                             b'_.-~')
    _ALWAYS_SAFE_BYTES = bytes(_ALWAYS_SAFE)

    def __getattr__(name):
        if name == 'Quoter':
            warnings.warn('Deprecated in 3.11. '
                          'urllib.parse.Quoter will be removed in Python 3.14. '
                          'It was not intended to be a public API.',
                          DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
            return _Quoter
        raise AttributeError(f'module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}')

    class _Quoter(dict):
        """A mapping from bytes numbers (in range(0,256)) to strings.

        String values are percent-encoded byte values, unless the key < 128, and
        in either of the specified safe set, or the always safe set.
        """
        # Keeps a cache internally, via __missing__, for efficiency (lookups
        # of cached keys don't call Python code at all).
        def __init__(self, safe):
            """safe: bytes object."""
            self.safe = _ALWAYS_SAFE.union(safe)

        def __repr__(self):
            return f"<Quoter {dict(self)!r}>"

        def __missing__(self, b):
            # Handle a cache miss. Store quoted string in cache and return.
            res = chr(b) if b in self.safe else '%{:02X}'.format(b)
            self[b] = res
            return res

    def quote(string, safe='/', encoding=None, errors=None):
        """quote('abc def') -> 'abc%20def'

        Each part of a URL, e.g. the path info, the query, etc., has a
        different set of reserved characters that must be quoted. The
        quote function offers a cautious (not minimal) way to quote a
        string for most of these parts.

        RFC 3986 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax lists
        the following (un)reserved characters.

        unreserved    = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
        reserved      = gen-delims / sub-delims
        gen-delims    = ":" / "/" / "?" / "#" / "[" / "]" / "@"
        sub-delims    = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")"
                      / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="

        Each of the reserved characters is reserved in some component of a URL,
        but not necessarily in all of them.

        The quote function %-escapes all characters that are neither in the
        unreserved chars ("always safe") nor the additional chars set via the
        safe arg.

        The default for the safe arg is '/'. The character is reserved, but in
        typical usage the quote function is being called on a path where the
        existing slash characters are to be preserved.

        Python 3.7 updates from using RFC 2396 to RFC 3986 to quote URL strings.
        Now, "~" is included in the set of unreserved characters.

        string and safe may be either str or bytes objects. encoding and errors
        must not be specified if string is a bytes object.

        The optional encoding and errors parameters specify how to deal with
        non-ASCII characters, as accepted by the str.encode method.
        By default, encoding='utf-8' (characters are encoded with UTF-8), and
        errors='strict' (unsupported characters raise a UnicodeEncodeError).
        """
        if isinstance(string, str):
            if not string:
                return string
            if encoding is None:
                encoding = 'utf-8'
            if errors is None:
                errors = 'strict'
            string = string.encode(encoding, errors)
        else:
            if encoding is not None:
                raise TypeError("quote() doesn't support 'encoding' for bytes")
            if errors is not None:
                raise TypeError("quote() doesn't support 'errors' for bytes")
        return quote_from_bytes(string, safe)

    def quote_plus(string, safe='', encoding=None, errors=None):
        """Like quote(), but also replace ' ' with '+', as required for quoting
        HTML form values. Plus signs in the original string are escaped unless
        they are included in safe. It also does not have safe default to '/'.
        """
        # Check if ' ' in string, where string may either be a str or bytes.  If
        # there are no spaces, the regular quote will produce the right answer.
        if ((isinstance(string, str) and ' ' not in string) or
            (isinstance(string, bytes) and b' ' not in string)):
            return quote(string, safe, encoding, errors)
        if isinstance(safe, str):
            space = ' '
        else:
            space = b' '
        string = quote(string, safe + space, encoding, errors)
        return string.replace(' ', '+')

    # Expectation: A typical program is unlikely to create more than 5 of these.
    @functools.lru_cache
    def _byte_quoter_factory(safe):
        return _Quoter(safe).__getitem__

    def quote_from_bytes(bs, safe='/'):
        """Like quote(), but accepts a bytes object rather than a str, and does
        not perform string-to-bytes encoding.  It always returns an ASCII string.
        quote_from_bytes(b'abc def\x3f') -> 'abc%20def%3f'
        """
        if not isinstance(bs, (bytes, bytearray)):
            raise TypeError("quote_from_bytes() expected bytes")
        if not bs:
            return ''
        if isinstance(safe, str):
            # Normalize 'safe' by converting to bytes and removing non-ASCII chars
            safe = safe.encode('ascii', 'ignore')
        else:
            # List comprehensions are faster than generator expressions.
            safe = bytes([c for c in safe if c < 128])
        if not bs.rstrip(_ALWAYS_SAFE_BYTES + safe):
            return bs.decode()
        quoter = _byte_quoter_factory(safe)
        if (bs_len := len(bs)) < 200_000:
            return ''.join(map(quoter, bs))
        else:
            # This saves memory - https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/95865
            chunk_size = math.isqrt(bs_len)
            chunks = [''.join(map(quoter, bs[i:i+chunk_size]))
                      for i in range(0, bs_len, chunk_size)]
            return ''.join(chunks)

    def urlencode(query, doseq=False, safe='', encoding=None, errors=None,
                  quote_via=quote_plus):
        """Encode a dict or sequence of two-element tuples into a URL query string.

        If any values in the query arg are sequences and doseq is true, each
        sequence element is converted to a separate parameter.

        If the query arg is a sequence of two-element tuples, the order of the
        parameters in the output will match the order of parameters in the
        input.

        The components of a query arg may each be either a string or a bytes type.

        The safe, encoding, and errors parameters are passed down to the function
        specified by quote_via (encoding and errors only if a component is a str).
        """

        if hasattr(query, "items"):
            query = query.items()
        else:
            # It's a bother at times that strings and string-like objects are
            # sequences.
            try:
                # non-sequence items should not work with len()
                # non-empty strings will fail this
                if len(query) and not isinstance(query[0], tuple):
                    raise TypeError
                # Zero-length sequences of all types will get here and succeed,
                # but that's a minor nit.  Since the original implementation
                # allowed empty dicts that type of behavior probably should be
                # preserved for consistency
            except TypeError as err:
                raise TypeError("not a valid non-string sequence "
                                "or mapping object") from err

        l = []
        if not doseq:
            for k, v in query:
                if isinstance(k, bytes):
                    k = quote_via(k, safe)
                else:
                    k = quote_via(str(k), safe, encoding, errors)

                if isinstance(v, bytes):
                    v = quote_via(v, safe)
                else:
                    v = quote_via(str(v), safe, encoding, errors)
                l.append(k + '=' + v)
        else:
            for k, v in query:
                if isinstance(k, bytes):
                    k = quote_via(k, safe)
                else:
                    k = quote_via(str(k), safe, encoding, errors)

                if isinstance(v, bytes):
                    v = quote_via(v, safe)
                    l.append(k + '=' + v)
                elif isinstance(v, str):
                    v = quote_via(v, safe, encoding, errors)
                    l.append(k + '=' + v)
                else:
                    try:
                        # Is this a sufficient test for sequence-ness?
                        x = len(v)
                    except TypeError:
                        # not a sequence
                        v = quote_via(str(v), safe, encoding, errors)
                        l.append(k + '=' + v)
                    else:
                        # loop over the sequence
                        for elt in v:
                            if isinstance(elt, bytes):
                                elt = quote_via(elt, safe)
                            else:
                                elt = quote_via(str(elt), safe, encoding, errors)
                            l.append(k + '=' + elt)
        return '&'.join(l)

    def to_bytes(url):
        warnings.warn("urllib.parse.to_bytes() is deprecated as of 3.8",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
        return _to_bytes(url)

    def _to_bytes(url):
        """to_bytes(u"URL") --> 'URL'."""
        # Most URL schemes require ASCII. If that changes, the conversion
        # can be relaxed.
        # XXX get rid of to_bytes()
        if isinstance(url, str):
            try:
                url = url.encode("ASCII").decode()
            except UnicodeError:
                raise UnicodeError("URL " + repr(url) +
                                   " contains non-ASCII characters")
        return url

    def unwrap(url):
        """Transform a string like '<URL:scheme://host/path>' into 'scheme://host/path'.

        The string is returned unchanged if it's not a wrapped URL.
        """
        url = str(url).strip()
        if url[:1] == '<' and url[-1:] == '>':
            url = url[1:-1].strip()
        if url[:4] == 'URL:':
            url = url[4:].strip()
        return url

    def splittype(url):
        warnings.warn("urllib.parse.splittype() is deprecated as of 3.8, "
                      "use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
        return _splittype(url)

    _typeprog = None
    def _splittype(url):
        """splittype('type:opaquestring') --> 'type', 'opaquestring'."""
        global _typeprog
        if _typeprog is None:
            _typeprog = re.compile('([^/:]+):(.*)', re.DOTALL)

        match = _typeprog.match(url)
        if match:
            scheme, data = match.groups()
            return scheme.lower(), data
        return None, url

    def splithost(url):
        warnings.warn("urllib.parse.splithost() is deprecated as of 3.8, "
                      "use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
        return _splithost(url)

    _hostprog = None
    def _splithost(url):
        """splithost('//host[:port]/path') --> 'host[:port]', '/path'."""
        global _hostprog
        if _hostprog is None:
            _hostprog = re.compile('//([^/#?]*)(.*)', re.DOTALL)

        match = _hostprog.match(url)
        if match:
            host_port, path = match.groups()
            if path and path[0] != '/':
                path = '/' + path
            return host_port, path
        return None, url

    def splituser(host):
        warnings.warn("urllib.parse.splituser() is deprecated as of 3.8, "
                      "use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
        return _splituser(host)

    def _splituser(host):
        """splituser('user[:passwd]@host[:port]') --> 'user[:passwd]', 'host[:port]'."""
        user, delim, host = host.rpartition('@')
        return (user if delim else None), host

    def splitpasswd(user):
        warnings.warn("urllib.parse.splitpasswd() is deprecated as of 3.8, "
                      "use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
        return _splitpasswd(user)

    def _splitpasswd(user):
        """splitpasswd('user:passwd') -> 'user', 'passwd'."""
        user, delim, passwd = user.partition(':')
        return user, (passwd if delim else None)

    def splitport(host):
        warnings.warn("urllib.parse.splitport() is deprecated as of 3.8, "
                      "use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
        return _splitport(host)

    # splittag('/path#tag') --> '/path', 'tag'
    _portprog = None
    def _splitport(host):
        """splitport('host:port') --> 'host', 'port'."""
        global _portprog
        if _portprog is None:
            _portprog = re.compile('(.*):([0-9]*)', re.DOTALL)

        match = _portprog.fullmatch(host)
        if match:
            host, port = match.groups()
            if port:
                return host, port
        return host, None

    def splitnport(host, defport=-1):
        warnings.warn("urllib.parse.splitnport() is deprecated as of 3.8, "
                      "use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
        return _splitnport(host, defport)

    def _splitnport(host, defport=-1):
        """Split host and port, returning numeric port.
        Return given default port if no ':' found; defaults to -1.
        Return numerical port if a valid number is found after ':'.
        Return None if ':' but not a valid number."""
        host, delim, port = host.rpartition(':')
        if not delim:
            host = port
        elif port:
            if port.isdigit() and port.isascii():
                nport = int(port)
            else:
                nport = None
            return host, nport
        return host, defport

    def splitquery(url):
        warnings.warn("urllib.parse.splitquery() is deprecated as of 3.8, "
                      "use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
        return _splitquery(url)

    def _splitquery(url):
        """splitquery('/path?query') --> '/path', 'query'."""
        path, delim, query = url.rpartition('?')
        if delim:
            return path, query
        return url, None

    def splittag(url):
        warnings.warn("urllib.parse.splittag() is deprecated as of 3.8, "
                      "use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
        return _splittag(url)

    def _splittag(url):
        """splittag('/path#tag') --> '/path', 'tag'."""
        path, delim, tag = url.rpartition('#')
        if delim:
            return path, tag
        return url, None

    def splitattr(url):
        warnings.warn("urllib.parse.splitattr() is deprecated as of 3.8, "
                      "use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
        return _splitattr(url)

    def _splitattr(url):
        """splitattr('/path;attr1=value1;attr2=value2;...') ->
            '/path', ['attr1=value1', 'attr2=value2', ...]."""
        words = url.split(';')
        return words[0], words[1:]

    def splitvalue(attr):
        warnings.warn("urllib.parse.splitvalue() is deprecated as of 3.8, "
                      "use urllib.parse.parse_qsl() instead",
                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
        return _splitvalue(attr)

    def _splitvalue(attr):
        """splitvalue('attr=value') --> 'attr', 'value'."""
        attr, delim, value = attr.partition('=')
        return attr, (value if delim else None)