# Text

Cairo has two sets of text rendering capabilities:

- The functions with text in their name form cairo’s toy text API. The toy API takes UTF-8 encoded text and is limited in its functionality to rendering simple left-to-right text with no advanced features. That means for example that most complex scripts like Hebrew, Arabic, and Indic scripts are out of question. No kerning or correct positioning of diacritical marks either. The font selection is pretty limited too and doesn’t handle the case that the selected font does not cover the characters in the text. This set of functions are really that, a toy text API, for testing and demonstration purposes. Any serious application should avoid them.
- The functions with glyphs in their name form cairo’s low-level text API. The low-level API relies on the user to convert text to a set of glyph indexes and positions. This is a very hard problem and is best handled by external libraries, like the pangocairo that is part of the Pango text layout and rendering library. Pango is available from http://www.pango.org/.

## class FontFace()

A cairo.FontFace specifies all aspects of a font other than the size or font matrix (a font matrix is used to distort a font by sheering it or scaling it unequally in the two directions). A FontFace can be set on a `Context` by using `Context.set_font_face()` the size and font matrix are set with `Context.set_font_size()` and `Context.set_font_matrix()`.

There are various types of FontFace, depending on the font backend they use.

class `cairo.``FontFace`

  Note

  This class cannot be instantiated directly, it is returned by `Context.get_font_face()`.

## class FreeTypeFontFace(`FontFace`)

FreeType Fonts - Font support for FreeType.

The FreeType font backend is primarily used to render text on GNU/Linux systems, but can be used on other platforms too.

> Note

> FreeType Fonts are not implemented in pycairo because there is no open source Python bindings to FreeType (and fontconfig) that provides a C API. This a possible project idea for anyone interested in adding FreeType support to pycairo.

## class ToyFontFace(`FontFace`)

The cairo.ToyFontFace class can be used instead of `Context.select_font_face()` to create a toy font independently of a context.

class `cairo.``ToyFontFace`(family[, slant[, weight]])

  Parameters:

  - family (text) – a font family name
  - slant (cairo.FontSlant) – the font slant of the font, defaults to `cairo.FontSlant.NORMAL`.
  - weight (cairo.FontWeight) – the font weight of the font, defaults to `cairo.FontWeight.NORMAL`.

  Returns: | a new ToyFontFace

  Creates a ToyFontFace from a triplet of family, slant, and weight. These font faces are used in implementation of the the “toy” font API.

  If family is the zero-length string “”, the platform-specific default family is assumed. The default family then can be queried using `get_family()`.

  The `Context.select_font_face()` method uses this to create font faces. See that function for limitations of toy font faces.

  New in version 1.8.4.

  `get_family`()

    Returns: | the family name of a toy font
    Return type: | str

    New in version 1.8.4.

  `get_slant`()

    Returns: | the font slant value
    Return type: | cairo.FontSlant

    New in version 1.8.4.

  `get_weight`()

    Returns: | the font weight value
    Return type: | cairo.FontWeight

    New in version 1.8.4.

## class UserFontFace(`FontFace`)

The user-font feature allows the cairo user to provide drawings for glyphs in a font. This is most useful in implementing fonts in non-standard formats, like SVG fonts and Flash fonts, but can also be used by games and other application to draw “funky” fonts.

> Note

> UserFontFace support has not (yet) been added to pycairo. If you need this feature in pycairo register your interest by sending a message to the cairo mailing list, or by opening a pycairo bug report.

## class ScaledFont()

A ScaledFont is a font scaled to a particular size and device resolution. A ScaledFont is most useful for low-level font usage where a library or application wants to cache a reference to a scaled font to speed up the computation of metrics.

There are various types of scaled fonts, depending on the font backend they use.

class `cairo.``ScaledFont`(font_face, font_matrix, ctm, options)

  Parameters:

  - font_face – a `FontFace` instance
  - font_matrix – font space to user space transformation `Matrix` for the font. In the simplest case of a N point font, this matrix is just a scale by N, but it can also be used to shear the font or stretch it unequally along the two axes. See `Context.set_font_matrix()`.
  - ctm – user to device transformation `Matrix` with which the font will be used.
  - options – a `FontOptions` instance to use when getting metrics for the font and rendering with it.

  Creates a ScaledFont object from a FontFace and matrices that describe the size of the font and the environment in which it will be used.

  `extents`()

    Returns: | (ascent, descent, height, max_x_advance, max_y_advance), a tuple of float values.

    Gets the metrics for a ScaledFont.

  `get_ctm`()

    Returns: | the CTM
    Return type: | cairo.Matrix

    Returns the CTM with which scaled_font was created into ctm. Note that the translation offsets (x0, y0) of the CTM are ignored by `ScaledFont()`. So, the matrix this function returns always has 0, 0 as x0, y0.

    New in version 1.12.0.

  `get_font_face`()

    Returns: | the `FontFace` that this ScaledFont was created for.

    New in version 1.2.

  `get_font_matrix`()

    Returns: | the matrix
    Return type: | cairo.Matrix

    Returns the font matrix with which scaled_font was created.

    New in version 1.12.0.

  `get_font_options`()

    Returns: | font options
    Return type: | cairo.FontOptions

    Returns the font options with which scaled_font was created.

    New in version 1.12.0.

  `get_scale_matrix`()

    Returns: | the scale `Matrix`

    The scale matrix is product of the font matrix and the ctm associated with the scaled font, and hence is the matrix mapping from font space to device space.

    New in version 1.8.

  `glyph_extents`(glyphs)

    Parameters: | glyphs – glyphs, a sequence of `Glyph`
    Return type: | TextExtents

    New in version 1.15.

    Gets the extents for a list of glyphs. The extents describe a user-space rectangle that encloses the “inked” portion of the glyphs, (as they would be drawn by `Context.show_glyphs()` if the cairo graphics state were set to the same font_face, font_matrix, ctm, and font_options as scaled_font ). Additionally, the x_advance and y_advance values indicate the amount by which the current point would be advanced by cairo_show_glyphs().

    Note that whitespace glyphs do not contribute to the size of the rectangle (extents.width and extents.height).

  `text_extents`(text)

    Parameters: | text (text) – text
    Return type: | TextExtents

    Gets the extents for a string of text. The extents describe a user-space rectangle that encloses the “inked” portion of the text drawn at the origin (0,0) (as it would be drawn by `Context.show_text()` if the cairo graphics state were set to the same font_face, font_matrix, ctm, and font_options as ScaledFont). Additionally, the x_advance and y_advance values indicate the amount by which the current point would be advanced by `Context.show_text()`.

    Note that whitespace characters do not directly contribute to the size of the rectangle (width and height). They do contribute indirectly by changing the position of non-whitespace characters. In particular, trailing whitespace characters are likely to not affect the size of the rectangle, though they will affect the x_advance and y_advance values.

    New in version 1.2.

  `text_to_glyphs`(x, y, utf8[, with_clusters=True])

    Parameters:

    - x (float) – X position to place first glyph
    - y (float) – Y position to place first glyph
    - utf8 (text) – a string of text
    - with_clusters (bool) – If `False` only the glyph list will computed and returned

    Returns: | a tuple of ([`Glyph`], [`TextCluster`], `TextClusterFlags`)
    Return type: | tuple
    Raises: | Error –

    New in version 1.15.

    Converts UTF-8 text to a list of glyphs, with cluster mapping, that can be used to render later.

    For details of how clusters, and cluster_flags map input UTF-8 text to the output glyphs see `Context.show_text_glyphs()`.

    The output values can be readily passed to `Context.show_text_glyphs()` `Context.show_glyphs()`, or related functions, assuming that the exact same scaled font is used for the operation.

## class FontOptions()

An opaque structure holding all options that are used when rendering fonts.

Individual features of a FontOptions can be set or accessed using functions named FontOptions.set_<feature_name> and FontOptions.get_<feature_name>, like `FontOptions.set_antialias()` and `FontOptions.get_antialias()`.

New features may be added to a FontOptions in the future. For this reason, `FontOptions.copy()`, `FontOptions.equal()`, `FontOptions.merge()`, and `FontOptions.hash()` should be used to copy, check for equality, merge, or compute a hash value of FontOptions objects.

class `cairo.``FontOptions`

  Returns: | a newly allocated FontOptions.

  Allocates a new FontOptions object with all options initialized to default values.

  Implements `__eq__` and `__ne__` using `equal()` since 1.12.0.

  `get_antialias`()

    Returns: | the antialias mode for the FontOptions object
    Return type: | cairo.Antialias

  `get_hint_metrics`()

    Returns: | the hint metrics mode for the FontOptions object
    Return type: | cairo.HintMetrics

  `get_hint_style`()

    Returns: | the hint style for the FontOptions object
    Return type: | cairo.HintStyle

  `get_subpixel_order`()

    Returns: | the subpixel order for the FontOptions object
    Return type: | cairo.SubpixelOrder

  `set_antialias`(antialias)

    Parameters: | antialias (cairo.Antialias) – the antialias mode

    This specifies the type of antialiasing to do when rendering text.

  `set_hint_metrics`(hint_metrics)

    Parameters: | hint_metrics (cairo.HintMetrics) – the hint metrics mode

    This controls whether metrics are quantized to integer values in device units.

  `set_hint_style`(hint_style)

    Parameters: | hint_style (cairo.HintStyle) – the hint style

    This controls whether to fit font outlines to the pixel grid, and if so, whether to optimize for fidelity or contrast.

  `set_subpixel_order`(subpixel_order)

    Parameters: | subpixel_order (cairo.SubpixelOrder) – the subpixel order

    The subpixel order specifies the order of color elements within each pixel on the display device when rendering with an antialiasing mode of `cairo.Antialias.SUBPIXEL`.

  `merge`(other)

    Parameters: | other (FontOptions) – another `FontOptions`

    Merges non-default options from other into options , replacing existing values. This operation can be thought of as somewhat similar to compositing other onto options with the operation of `Operator.OVER`.

    New in version 1.12.0.

  `copy`()

    Returns: | a new `FontOptions`

    Returns a new font options object copying the option values from original.

    New in version 1.12.0.

  `hash`()

    Returns: | the hash value for the font options object
    Return type: | int

    Compute a hash for the font options object; this value will be useful when storing an object containing a `FontOptions` in a hash table.

    New in version 1.12.0.

  `equal`(other)

    Parameters: | other (FontOptions) – another `FontOptions`
    Returns: | `True` if all fields of the two font options objects match. Note that this function will return `False` if either object is in error.
    Return type: | bool

    Compares two font options objects for equality.

    New in version 1.12.0.