# Source code for enum

    import sys
    import builtins as bltns
    from types import MappingProxyType, DynamicClassAttribute
    from operator import or_ as _or_
    from functools import reduce

    __all__ = [
            'EnumType', 'EnumMeta',
            'Enum', 'IntEnum', 'StrEnum', 'Flag', 'IntFlag', 'ReprEnum',
            'auto', 'unique', 'property', 'verify', 'member', 'nonmember',
            'FlagBoundary', 'STRICT', 'CONFORM', 'EJECT', 'KEEP',
            'global_flag_repr', 'global_enum_repr', 'global_str', 'global_enum',
            'EnumCheck', 'CONTINUOUS', 'NAMED_FLAGS', 'UNIQUE',
            'pickle_by_global_name', 'pickle_by_enum_name',
            ]

    # Dummy value for Enum and Flag as there are explicit checks for them
    # before they have been created.
    # This is also why there are checks in EnumType like `if Enum is not None`
    Enum = Flag = EJECT = _stdlib_enums = ReprEnum = None

    class nonmember(object):
        """
        Protects item from becoming an Enum member during class creation.
        """
        def __init__(self, value):
            self.value = value

    class member(object):
        """
        Forces item to become an Enum member during class creation.
        """
        def __init__(self, value):
            self.value = value

    def _is_descriptor(obj):
        """
        Returns True if obj is a descriptor, False otherwise.
        """
        return (
                hasattr(obj, '__get__') or
                hasattr(obj, '__set__') or
                hasattr(obj, '__delete__')
                )

    def _is_dunder(name):
        """
        Returns True if a __dunder__ name, False otherwise.
        """
        return (
                len(name) > 4 and
                name[:2] == name[-2:] == '__' and
                name[2] != '_' and
                name[-3] != '_'
                )

    def _is_sunder(name):
        """
        Returns True if a _sunder_ name, False otherwise.
        """
        return (
                len(name) > 2 and
                name[0] == name[-1] == '_' and
                name[1:2] != '_' and
                name[-2:-1] != '_'
                )

    def _is_internal_class(cls_name, obj):
        # do not use `re` as `re` imports `enum`
        if not isinstance(obj, type):
            return False
        qualname = getattr(obj, '__qualname__', '')
        s_pattern = cls_name + '.' + getattr(obj, '__name__', '')
        e_pattern = '.' + s_pattern
        return qualname == s_pattern or qualname.endswith(e_pattern)

    def _is_private(cls_name, name):
        # do not use `re` as `re` imports `enum`
        pattern = '_%s__' % (cls_name, )
        pat_len = len(pattern)
        if (
                len(name) > pat_len
                and name.startswith(pattern)
                and name[pat_len:pat_len+1] != ['_']
                and (name[-1] != '_' or name[-2] != '_')
            ):
            return True
        else:
            return False

    def _is_single_bit(num):
        """
        True if only one bit set in num (should be an int)
        """
        if num == 0:
            return False
        num &= num - 1
        return num == 0

    def _make_class_unpicklable(obj):
        """
        Make the given obj un-picklable.

        obj should be either a dictionary, or an Enum
        """
        def _break_on_call_reduce(self, proto):
            raise TypeError('%r cannot be pickled' % self)
        if isinstance(obj, dict):
            obj['__reduce_ex__'] = _break_on_call_reduce
            obj['__module__'] = '<unknown>'
        else:
            setattr(obj, '__reduce_ex__', _break_on_call_reduce)
            setattr(obj, '__module__', '<unknown>')

    def _iter_bits_lsb(num):
        # num must be a positive integer
        original = num
        if isinstance(num, Enum):
            num = num.value
        if num < 0:
            raise ValueError('%r is not a positive integer' % original)
        while num:
            b = num & (~num + 1)
            yield b
            num ^= b

    def show_flag_values(value):
        return list(_iter_bits_lsb(value))

    def bin(num, max_bits=None):
        """
        Like built-in bin(), except negative values are represented in
        twos-compliment, and the leading bit always indicates sign
        (0=positive, 1=negative).

        >>> bin(10)
        '0b0 1010'
        >>> bin(~10)   # ~10 is -11
        '0b1 0101'
        """

        ceiling = 2 ** (num).bit_length()
        if num >= 0:
            s = bltns.bin(num + ceiling).replace('1', '0', 1)
        else:
            s = bltns.bin(~num ^ (ceiling - 1) + ceiling)
        sign = s[:3]
        digits = s[3:]
        if max_bits is not None:
            if len(digits) < max_bits:
                digits = (sign[-1] * max_bits + digits)[-max_bits:]
        return "%s %s" % (sign, digits)

    def _dedent(text):
        """
        Like textwrap.dedent.  Rewritten because we cannot import textwrap.
        """
        lines = text.split('\n')
        blanks = 0
        for i, ch in enumerate(lines[0]):
            if ch != ' ':
                break
        for j, l in enumerate(lines):
            lines[j] = l[i:]
        return '\n'.join(lines)

    class _not_given:
        def __repr__(self):
            return('<not given>')
    _not_given = _not_given()

    class _auto_null:
        def __repr__(self):
            return '_auto_null'
    _auto_null = _auto_null()

    class auto:
        """
        Instances are replaced with an appropriate value in Enum class suites.
        """
        def __init__(self, value=_auto_null):
            self.value = value

        def __repr__(self):
            return "auto(%r)" % self.value

    class property(DynamicClassAttribute):
        """
        This is a descriptor, used to define attributes that act differently
        when accessed through an enum member and through an enum class.
        Instance access is the same as property(), but access to an attribute
        through the enum class will instead look in the class' _member_map_ for
        a corresponding enum member.
        """

        member = None
        _attr_type = None
        _cls_type = None

        def __get__(self, instance, ownerclass=None):
            if instance is None:
                if self.member is not None:
                    return self.member
                else:
                    raise AttributeError(
                            '%r has no attribute %r' % (ownerclass, self.name)
                            )
            if self.fget is not None:
                # use previous enum.property
                return self.fget(instance)
            elif self._attr_type == 'attr':
                # look up previous attibute
                return getattr(self._cls_type, self.name)
            elif self._attr_type == 'desc':
                # use previous descriptor
                return getattr(instance._value_, self.name)
            # look for a member by this name.
            try:
                return ownerclass._member_map_[self.name]
            except KeyError:
                raise AttributeError(
                        '%r has no attribute %r' % (ownerclass, self.name)
                        ) from None

        def __set__(self, instance, value):
            if self.fset is not None:
                return self.fset(instance, value)
            raise AttributeError(
                    "<enum %r> cannot set attribute %r" % (self.clsname, self.name)
                    )

        def __delete__(self, instance):
            if self.fdel is not None:
                return self.fdel(instance)
            raise AttributeError(
                    "<enum %r> cannot delete attribute %r" % (self.clsname, self.name)
                    )

        def __set_name__(self, ownerclass, name):
            self.name = name
            self.clsname = ownerclass.__name__

    class _proto_member:
        """
        intermediate step for enum members between class execution and final creation
        """

        def __init__(self, value):
            self.value = value

        def __set_name__(self, enum_class, member_name):
            """
            convert each quasi-member into an instance of the new enum class
            """
            # first step: remove ourself from enum_class
            delattr(enum_class, member_name)
            # second step: create member based on enum_class
            value = self.value
            if not isinstance(value, tuple):
                args = (value, )
            else:
                args = value
            if enum_class._member_type_ is tuple:   # special case for tuple enums
                args = (args, )     # wrap it one more time
            if not enum_class._use_args_:
                enum_member = enum_class._new_member_(enum_class)
            else:
                enum_member = enum_class._new_member_(enum_class, *args)
            if not hasattr(enum_member, '_value_'):
                if enum_class._member_type_ is object:
                    enum_member._value_ = value
                else:
                    try:
                        enum_member._value_ = enum_class._member_type_(*args)
                    except Exception as exc:
                        new_exc = TypeError(
                                '_value_ not set in __new__, unable to create it'
                                )
                        new_exc.__cause__ = exc
                        raise new_exc
            value = enum_member._value_
            enum_member._name_ = member_name
            enum_member.__objclass__ = enum_class
            enum_member.__init__(*args)
            enum_member._sort_order_ = len(enum_class._member_names_)

            if Flag is not None and issubclass(enum_class, Flag):
                if isinstance(value, int):
                    enum_class._flag_mask_ |= value
                    if _is_single_bit(value):
                        enum_class._singles_mask_ |= value
                enum_class._all_bits_ = 2 ** ((enum_class._flag_mask_).bit_length()) - 1

            # If another member with the same value was already defined, the
            # new member becomes an alias to the existing one.
            try:
                try:
                    # try to do a fast lookup to avoid the quadratic loop
                    enum_member = enum_class._value2member_map_[value]
                except TypeError:
                    for name, canonical_member in enum_class._member_map_.items():
                        if canonical_member._value_ == value:
                            enum_member = canonical_member
                            break
                    else:
                        raise KeyError
            except KeyError:
                # this could still be an alias if the value is multi-bit and the
                # class is a flag class
                if (
                        Flag is None
                        or not issubclass(enum_class, Flag)
                    ):
                    # no other instances found, record this member in _member_names_
                    enum_class._member_names_.append(member_name)
                elif (
                        Flag is not None
                        and issubclass(enum_class, Flag)
                        and isinstance(value, int)
                        and _is_single_bit(value)
                    ):
                    # no other instances found, record this member in _member_names_
                    enum_class._member_names_.append(member_name)
            # if necessary, get redirect in place and then add it to _member_map_
            found_descriptor = None
            descriptor_type = None
            class_type = None
            for base in enum_class.__mro__[1:]:
                attr = base.__dict__.get(member_name)
                if attr is not None:
                    if isinstance(attr, (property, DynamicClassAttribute)):
                        found_descriptor = attr
                        class_type = base
                        descriptor_type = 'enum'
                        break
                    elif _is_descriptor(attr):
                        found_descriptor = attr
                        descriptor_type = descriptor_type or 'desc'
                        class_type = class_type or base
                        continue
                    else:
                        descriptor_type = 'attr'
                        class_type = base
            if found_descriptor:
                redirect = property()
                redirect.member = enum_member
                redirect.__set_name__(enum_class, member_name)
                if descriptor_type in ('enum','desc'):
                    # earlier descriptor found; copy fget, fset, fdel to this one.
                    redirect.fget = getattr(found_descriptor, 'fget', None)
                    redirect._get = getattr(found_descriptor, '__get__', None)
                    redirect.fset = getattr(found_descriptor, 'fset', None)
                    redirect._set = getattr(found_descriptor, '__set__', None)
                    redirect.fdel = getattr(found_descriptor, 'fdel', None)
                    redirect._del = getattr(found_descriptor, '__delete__', None)
                redirect._attr_type = descriptor_type
                redirect._cls_type = class_type
                setattr(enum_class, member_name, redirect)
            else:
                setattr(enum_class, member_name, enum_member)
            # now add to _member_map_ (even aliases)
            enum_class._member_map_[member_name] = enum_member
            try:
                # This may fail if value is not hashable. We can't add the value
                # to the map, and by-value lookups for this value will be
                # linear.
                enum_class._value2member_map_.setdefault(value, enum_member)
            except TypeError:
                # keep track of the value in a list so containment checks are quick
                enum_class._unhashable_values_.append(value)

    class _EnumDict(dict):
        """
        Track enum member order and ensure member names are not reused.

        EnumType will use the names found in self._member_names as the
        enumeration member names.
        """
        def __init__(self):
            super().__init__()
            self._member_names = {} # use a dict to keep insertion order
            self._last_values = []
            self._ignore = []
            self._auto_called = False

        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
            """
            Changes anything not dundered or not a descriptor.

            If an enum member name is used twice, an error is raised; duplicate
            values are not checked for.

            Single underscore (sunder) names are reserved.
            """
            if _is_internal_class(self._cls_name, value):
                import warnings
                warnings.warn(
                        "In 3.13 classes created inside an enum will not become a member.  "
                        "Use the `member` decorator to keep the current behavior.",
                        DeprecationWarning,
                        stacklevel=2,
                        )
            if _is_private(self._cls_name, key):
                # also do nothing, name will be a normal attribute
                pass
            elif _is_sunder(key):
                if key not in (
                        '_order_',
                        '_generate_next_value_', '_numeric_repr_', '_missing_', '_ignore_',
                        '_iter_member_', '_iter_member_by_value_', '_iter_member_by_def_',
                        ):
                    raise ValueError(
                            '_sunder_ names, such as %r, are reserved for future Enum use'
                            % (key, )
                            )
                if key == '_generate_next_value_':
                    # check if members already defined as auto()
                    if self._auto_called:
                        raise TypeError("_generate_next_value_ must be defined before members")
                    _gnv = value.__func__ if isinstance(value, staticmethod) else value
                    setattr(self, '_generate_next_value', _gnv)
                elif key == '_ignore_':
                    if isinstance(value, str):
                        value = value.replace(',',' ').split()
                    else:
                        value = list(value)
                    self._ignore = value
                    already = set(value) & set(self._member_names)
                    if already:
                        raise ValueError(
                                '_ignore_ cannot specify already set names: %r'
                                % (already, )
                                )
            elif _is_dunder(key):
                if key == '__order__':
                    key = '_order_'
            elif key in self._member_names:
                # descriptor overwriting an enum?
                raise TypeError('%r already defined as %r' % (key, self[key]))
            elif key in self._ignore:
                pass
            elif isinstance(value, nonmember):
                # unwrap value here; it won't be processed by the below `else`
                value = value.value
            elif _is_descriptor(value):
                pass
            # TODO: uncomment next three lines in 3.13
            # elif _is_internal_class(self._cls_name, value):
            #     # do nothing, name will be a normal attribute
            #     pass
            else:
                if key in self:
                    # enum overwriting a descriptor?
                    raise TypeError('%r already defined as %r' % (key, self[key]))
                elif isinstance(value, member):
                    # unwrap value here -- it will become a member
                    value = value.value
                non_auto_store = True
                single = False
                if isinstance(value, auto):
                    single = True
                    value = (value, )
                if isinstance(value, tuple) and any(isinstance(v, auto) for v in value):
                    # insist on an actual tuple, no subclasses, in keeping with only supporting
                    # top-level auto() usage (not contained in any other data structure)
                    auto_valued = []
                    t = type(value)
                    for v in value:
                        if isinstance(v, auto):
                            non_auto_store = False
                            if v.value == _auto_null:
                                v.value = self._generate_next_value(
                                        key, 1, len(self._member_names), self._last_values[:],
                                        )
                                self._auto_called = True
                            v = v.value
                            self._last_values.append(v)
                        auto_valued.append(v)
                    if single:
                        value = auto_valued[0]
                    else:
                        try:
                            # accepts iterable as multiple arguments?
                            value = t(auto_valued)
                        except TypeError:
                            # then pass them in singlely
                            value = t(*auto_valued)
                self._member_names[key] = None
                if non_auto_store:
                    self._last_values.append(value)
            super().__setitem__(key, value)

        def update(self, members, **more_members):
            try:
                for name in members.keys():
                    self[name] = members[name]
            except AttributeError:
                for name, value in members:
                    self[name] = value
            for name, value in more_members.items():
                self[name] = value

    class EnumType(type):
        """
        Metaclass for Enum
        """

        @classmethod
        def __prepare__(metacls, cls, bases, **kwds):
            # check that previous enum members do not exist
            metacls._check_for_existing_members_(cls, bases)
            # create the namespace dict
            enum_dict = _EnumDict()
            enum_dict._cls_name = cls
            # inherit previous flags and _generate_next_value_ function
            member_type, first_enum = metacls._get_mixins_(cls, bases)
            if first_enum is not None:
                enum_dict['_generate_next_value_'] = getattr(
                        first_enum, '_generate_next_value_', None,
                        )
            return enum_dict

        def __new__(metacls, cls, bases, classdict, *, boundary=None, _simple=False, **kwds):
            # an Enum class is final once enumeration items have been defined; it
            # cannot be mixed with other types (int, float, etc.) if it has an
            # inherited __new__ unless a new __new__ is defined (or the resulting
            # class will fail).
            #
            if _simple:
                return super().__new__(metacls, cls, bases, classdict, **kwds)
            #
            # remove any keys listed in _ignore_
            classdict.setdefault('_ignore_', []).append('_ignore_')
            ignore = classdict['_ignore_']
            for key in ignore:
                classdict.pop(key, None)
            #
            # grab member names
            member_names = classdict._member_names
            #
            # check for illegal enum names (any others?)
            invalid_names = set(member_names) & {'mro', ''}
            if invalid_names:
                raise ValueError('invalid enum member name(s) %s'  % (
                        ','.join(repr(n) for n in invalid_names)
                        ))
            #
            # adjust the sunders
            _order_ = classdict.pop('_order_', None)
            _gnv = classdict.get('_generate_next_value_')
            if _gnv is not None and type(_gnv) is not staticmethod:
                _gnv = staticmethod(_gnv)
            # convert to normal dict
            classdict = dict(classdict.items())
            if _gnv is not None:
                classdict['_generate_next_value_'] = _gnv
            #
            # data type of member and the controlling Enum class
            member_type, first_enum = metacls._get_mixins_(cls, bases)
            __new__, save_new, use_args = metacls._find_new_(
                    classdict, member_type, first_enum,
                    )
            classdict['_new_member_'] = __new__
            classdict['_use_args_'] = use_args
            #
            # convert future enum members into temporary _proto_members
            for name in member_names:
                value = classdict[name]
                classdict[name] = _proto_member(value)
            #
            # house-keeping structures
            classdict['_member_names_'] = []
            classdict['_member_map_'] = {}
            classdict['_value2member_map_'] = {}
            classdict['_unhashable_values_'] = []
            classdict['_member_type_'] = member_type
            # now set the __repr__ for the value
            classdict['_value_repr_'] = metacls._find_data_repr_(cls, bases)
            #
            # Flag structures (will be removed if final class is not a Flag
            classdict['_boundary_'] = (
                    boundary
                    or getattr(first_enum, '_boundary_', None)
                    )
            classdict['_flag_mask_'] = 0
            classdict['_singles_mask_'] = 0
            classdict['_all_bits_'] = 0
            classdict['_inverted_'] = None
            try:
                exc = None
                enum_class = super().__new__(metacls, cls, bases, classdict, **kwds)
            except Exception as e:
                # since 3.12 the line "Error calling __set_name__ on '_proto_member' instance ..."
                # is tacked on to the error instead of raising a RuntimeError
                # recreate the exception to discard
                exc = type(e)(str(e))
                exc.__cause__ = e.__cause__
                exc.__context__ = e.__context__
                tb = e.__traceback__
            if exc is not None:
                raise exc.with_traceback(tb)
            #
            # update classdict with any changes made by __init_subclass__
            classdict.update(enum_class.__dict__)
            #
            # double check that repr and friends are not the mixin's or various
            # things break (such as pickle)
            # however, if the method is defined in the Enum itself, don't replace
            # it
            #
            # Also, special handling for ReprEnum
            if ReprEnum is not None and ReprEnum in bases:
                if member_type is object:
                    raise TypeError(
                            'ReprEnum subclasses must be mixed with a data type (i.e.'
                            ' int, str, float, etc.)'
                            )
                if '__format__' not in classdict:
                    enum_class.__format__ = member_type.__format__
                    classdict['__format__'] = enum_class.__format__
                if '__str__' not in classdict:
                    method = member_type.__str__
                    if method is object.__str__:
                        # if member_type does not define __str__, object.__str__ will use
                        # its __repr__ instead, so we'll also use its __repr__
                        method = member_type.__repr__
                    enum_class.__str__ = method
                    classdict['__str__'] = enum_class.__str__
            for name in ('__repr__', '__str__', '__format__', '__reduce_ex__'):
                if name not in classdict:
                    # check for mixin overrides before replacing
                    enum_method = getattr(first_enum, name)
                    found_method = getattr(enum_class, name)
                    object_method = getattr(object, name)
                    data_type_method = getattr(member_type, name)
                    if found_method in (data_type_method, object_method):
                        setattr(enum_class, name, enum_method)
            #
            # for Flag, add __or__, __and__, __xor__, and __invert__
            if Flag is not None and issubclass(enum_class, Flag):
                for name in (
                        '__or__', '__and__', '__xor__',
                        '__ror__', '__rand__', '__rxor__',
                        '__invert__'
                    ):
                    if name not in classdict:
                        enum_method = getattr(Flag, name)
                        setattr(enum_class, name, enum_method)
                        classdict[name] = enum_method
            #
            # replace any other __new__ with our own (as long as Enum is not None,
            # anyway) -- again, this is to support pickle
            if Enum is not None:
                # if the user defined their own __new__, save it before it gets
                # clobbered in case they subclass later
                if save_new:
                    enum_class.__new_member__ = __new__
                enum_class.__new__ = Enum.__new__
            #
            # py3 support for definition order (helps keep py2/py3 code in sync)
            #
            # _order_ checking is spread out into three/four steps
            # - if enum_class is a Flag:
            #   - remove any non-single-bit flags from _order_
            # - remove any aliases from _order_
            # - check that _order_ and _member_names_ match
            #
            # step 1: ensure we have a list
            if _order_ is not None:
                if isinstance(_order_, str):
                    _order_ = _order_.replace(',', ' ').split()
            #
            # remove Flag structures if final class is not a Flag
            if (
                    Flag is None and cls != 'Flag'
                    or Flag is not None and not issubclass(enum_class, Flag)
                ):
                delattr(enum_class, '_boundary_')
                delattr(enum_class, '_flag_mask_')
                delattr(enum_class, '_singles_mask_')
                delattr(enum_class, '_all_bits_')
                delattr(enum_class, '_inverted_')
            elif Flag is not None and issubclass(enum_class, Flag):
                # set correct __iter__
                member_list = [m._value_ for m in enum_class]
                if member_list != sorted(member_list):
                    enum_class._iter_member_ = enum_class._iter_member_by_def_
                if _order_:
                    # _order_ step 2: remove any items from _order_ that are not single-bit
                    _order_ = [
                            o
                            for o in _order_
                            if o not in enum_class._member_map_ or _is_single_bit(enum_class[o]._value_)
                            ]
            #
            if _order_:
                # _order_ step 3: remove aliases from _order_
                _order_ = [
                        o
                        for o in _order_
                        if (
                            o not in enum_class._member_map_
                            or
                            (o in enum_class._member_map_ and o in enum_class._member_names_)
                            )]
                # _order_ step 4: verify that _order_ and _member_names_ match
                if _order_ != enum_class._member_names_:
                    raise TypeError(
                            'member order does not match _order_:\n  %r\n  %r'
                            % (enum_class._member_names_, _order_)
                            )
            #
            return enum_class

        def __bool__(cls):
            """
            classes/types should always be True.
            """
            return True

        def __call__(cls, value, names=_not_given, *values, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None):
            """
            Either returns an existing member, or creates a new enum class.

            This method is used both when an enum class is given a value to match
            to an enumeration member (i.e. Color(3)) and for the functional API
            (i.e. Color = Enum('Color', names='RED GREEN BLUE')).

            The value lookup branch is chosen if the enum is final.

            When used for the functional API:

            `value` will be the name of the new class.

            `names` should be either a string of white-space/comma delimited names
            (values will start at `start`), or an iterator/mapping of name, value pairs.

            `module` should be set to the module this class is being created in;
            if it is not set, an attempt to find that module will be made, but if
            it fails the class will not be picklable.

            `qualname` should be set to the actual location this class can be found
            at in its module; by default it is set to the global scope.  If this is
            not correct, unpickling will fail in some circumstances.

            `type`, if set, will be mixed in as the first base class.
            """
            if cls._member_map_:
                # simple value lookup if members exist
                if names is not _not_given:
                    value = (value, names) + values
                return cls.__new__(cls, value)
            # otherwise, functional API: we're creating a new Enum type
            if names is _not_given and type is None:
                # no body? no data-type? possibly wrong usage
                raise TypeError(
                        f"{cls} has no members; specify `names=()` if you meant to create a new, empty, enum"
                        )
            return cls._create_(
                    class_name=value,
                    names=None if names is _not_given else names,
                    module=module,
                    qualname=qualname,
                    type=type,
                    start=start,
                    boundary=boundary,
                    )

        def __contains__(cls, value):
            """Return True if `value` is in `cls`.

            `value` is in `cls` if:
            1) `value` is a member of `cls`, or
            2) `value` is the value of one of the `cls`'s members.
            """
            if isinstance(value, cls):
                return True
            return value in cls._value2member_map_ or value in cls._unhashable_values_

        def __delattr__(cls, attr):
            # nicer error message when someone tries to delete an attribute
            # (see issue19025).
            if attr in cls._member_map_:
                raise AttributeError("%r cannot delete member %r." % (cls.__name__, attr))
            super().__delattr__(attr)

        def __dir__(cls):
            interesting = set([
                    '__class__', '__contains__', '__doc__', '__getitem__',
                    '__iter__', '__len__', '__members__', '__module__',
                    '__name__', '__qualname__',
                    ]
                    + cls._member_names_
                    )
            if cls._new_member_ is not object.__new__:
                interesting.add('__new__')
            if cls.__init_subclass__ is not object.__init_subclass__:
                interesting.add('__init_subclass__')
            if cls._member_type_ is object:
                return sorted(interesting)
            else:
                # return whatever mixed-in data type has
                return sorted(set(dir(cls._member_type_)) | interesting)

        def __getitem__(cls, name):
            """
            Return the member matching `name`.
            """
            return cls._member_map_[name]

        def __iter__(cls):
            """
            Return members in definition order.
            """
            return (cls._member_map_[name] for name in cls._member_names_)

        def __len__(cls):
            """
            Return the number of members (no aliases)
            """
            return len(cls._member_names_)

        @bltns.property
        def __members__(cls):
            """
            Returns a mapping of member name->value.

            This mapping lists all enum members, including aliases. Note that this
            is a read-only view of the internal mapping.
            """
            return MappingProxyType(cls._member_map_)

        def __repr__(cls):
            if Flag is not None and issubclass(cls, Flag):
                return "<flag %r>" % cls.__name__
            else:
                return "<enum %r>" % cls.__name__

        def __reversed__(cls):
            """
            Return members in reverse definition order.
            """
            return (cls._member_map_[name] for name in reversed(cls._member_names_))

        def __setattr__(cls, name, value):
            """
            Block attempts to reassign Enum members.

            A simple assignment to the class namespace only changes one of the
            several possible ways to get an Enum member from the Enum class,
            resulting in an inconsistent Enumeration.
            """
            member_map = cls.__dict__.get('_member_map_', {})
            if name in member_map:
                raise AttributeError('cannot reassign member %r' % (name, ))
            super().__setattr__(name, value)

        def _create_(cls, class_name, names, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None):
            """
            Convenience method to create a new Enum class.

            `names` can be:

            * A string containing member names, separated either with spaces or
              commas.  Values are incremented by 1 from `start`.
            * An iterable of member names.  Values are incremented by 1 from `start`.
            * An iterable of (member name, value) pairs.
            * A mapping of member name -> value pairs.
            """
            metacls = cls.__class__
            bases = (cls, ) if type is None else (type, cls)
            _, first_enum = cls._get_mixins_(class_name, bases)
            classdict = metacls.__prepare__(class_name, bases)

            # special processing needed for names?
            if isinstance(names, str):
                names = names.replace(',', ' ').split()
            if isinstance(names, (tuple, list)) and names and isinstance(names[0], str):
                original_names, names = names, []
                last_values = []
                for count, name in enumerate(original_names):
                    value = first_enum._generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values[:])
                    last_values.append(value)
                    names.append((name, value))
            if names is None:
                names = ()

            # Here, names is either an iterable of (name, value) or a mapping.
            for item in names:
                if isinstance(item, str):
                    member_name, member_value = item, names[item]
                else:
                    member_name, member_value = item
                classdict[member_name] = member_value

            if module is None:
                try:
                    module = sys._getframemodulename(2)
                except AttributeError:
                    # Fall back on _getframe if _getframemodulename is missing
                    try:
                        module = sys._getframe(2).f_globals['__name__']
                    except (AttributeError, ValueError, KeyError):
                        pass
            if module is None:
                _make_class_unpicklable(classdict)
            else:
                classdict['__module__'] = module
            if qualname is not None:
                classdict['__qualname__'] = qualname

            return metacls.__new__(metacls, class_name, bases, classdict, boundary=boundary)

        def _convert_(cls, name, module, filter, source=None, *, boundary=None, as_global=False):
            """
            Create a new Enum subclass that replaces a collection of global constants
            """
            # convert all constants from source (or module) that pass filter() to
            # a new Enum called name, and export the enum and its members back to
            # module;
            # also, replace the __reduce_ex__ method so unpickling works in
            # previous Python versions
            module_globals = sys.modules[module].__dict__
            if source:
                source = source.__dict__
            else:
                source = module_globals
            # _value2member_map_ is populated in the same order every time
            # for a consistent reverse mapping of number to name when there
            # are multiple names for the same number.
            members = [
                    (name, value)
                    for name, value in source.items()
                    if filter(name)]
            try:
                # sort by value
                members.sort(key=lambda t: (t[1], t[0]))
            except TypeError:
                # unless some values aren't comparable, in which case sort by name
                members.sort(key=lambda t: t[0])
            body = {t[0]: t[1] for t in members}
            body['__module__'] = module
            tmp_cls = type(name, (object, ), body)
            cls = _simple_enum(etype=cls, boundary=boundary or KEEP)(tmp_cls)
            if as_global:
                global_enum(cls)
            else:
                sys.modules[cls.__module__].__dict__.update(cls.__members__)
            module_globals[name] = cls
            return cls

        @classmethod
        def _check_for_existing_members_(mcls, class_name, bases):
            for chain in bases:
                for base in chain.__mro__:
                    if isinstance(base, EnumType) and base._member_names_:
                        raise TypeError(
                                "<enum %r> cannot extend %r"
                                % (class_name, base)
                                )

        @classmethod
        def _get_mixins_(mcls, class_name, bases):
            """
            Returns the type for creating enum members, and the first inherited
            enum class.

            bases: the tuple of bases that was given to __new__
            """
            if not bases:
                return object, Enum
            # ensure final parent class is an Enum derivative, find any concrete
            # data type, and check that Enum has no members
            first_enum = bases[-1]
            if not isinstance(first_enum, EnumType):
                raise TypeError("new enumerations should be created as "
                        "`EnumName([mixin_type, ...] [data_type,] enum_type)`")
            member_type = mcls._find_data_type_(class_name, bases) or object
            return member_type, first_enum

        @classmethod
        def _find_data_repr_(mcls, class_name, bases):
            for chain in bases:
                for base in chain.__mro__:
                    if base is object:
                        continue
                    elif isinstance(base, EnumType):
                        # if we hit an Enum, use it's _value_repr_
                        return base._value_repr_
                    elif '__repr__' in base.__dict__:
                        # this is our data repr
                        # double-check if a dataclass with a default __repr__
                        if (
                                '__dataclass_fields__' in base.__dict__
                                and '__dataclass_params__' in base.__dict__
                                and base.__dict__['__dataclass_params__'].repr
                            ):
                            return _dataclass_repr
                        else:
                            return base.__dict__['__repr__']
            return None

        @classmethod
        def _find_data_type_(mcls, class_name, bases):
            # a datatype has a __new__ method, or a __dataclass_fields__ attribute
            data_types = set()
            base_chain = set()
            for chain in bases:
                candidate = None
                for base in chain.__mro__:
                    base_chain.add(base)
                    if base is object:
                        continue
                    elif isinstance(base, EnumType):
                        if base._member_type_ is not object:
                            data_types.add(base._member_type_)
                            break
                    elif '__new__' in base.__dict__ or '__dataclass_fields__' in base.__dict__:
                        data_types.add(candidate or base)
                        break
                    else:
                        candidate = candidate or base
            if len(data_types) > 1:
                raise TypeError('too many data types for %r: %r' % (class_name, data_types))
            elif data_types:
                return data_types.pop()
            else:
                return None

        @classmethod
        def _find_new_(mcls, classdict, member_type, first_enum):
            """
            Returns the __new__ to be used for creating the enum members.

            classdict: the class dictionary given to __new__
            member_type: the data type whose __new__ will be used by default
            first_enum: enumeration to check for an overriding __new__
            """
            # now find the correct __new__, checking to see of one was defined
            # by the user; also check earlier enum classes in case a __new__ was
            # saved as __new_member__
            __new__ = classdict.get('__new__', None)

            # should __new__ be saved as __new_member__ later?
            save_new = first_enum is not None and __new__ is not None

            if __new__ is None:
                # check all possibles for __new_member__ before falling back to
                # __new__
                for method in ('__new_member__', '__new__'):
                    for possible in (member_type, first_enum):
                        target = getattr(possible, method, None)
                        if target not in {
                                None,
                                None.__new__,
                                object.__new__,
                                Enum.__new__,
                                }:
                            __new__ = target
                            break
                    if __new__ is not None:
                        break
                else:
                    __new__ = object.__new__

            # if a non-object.__new__ is used then whatever value/tuple was
            # assigned to the enum member name will be passed to __new__ and to the
            # new enum member's __init__
            if first_enum is None or __new__ in (Enum.__new__, object.__new__):
                use_args = False
            else:
                use_args = True
            return __new__, save_new, use_args
    EnumMeta = EnumType

    class Enum(metaclass=EnumType):
        """
        Create a collection of name/value pairs.

        Example enumeration:

        >>> class Color(Enum):
        ...     RED = 1
        ...     BLUE = 2
        ...     GREEN = 3

        Access them by:

        - attribute access:

          >>> Color.RED
          <Color.RED: 1>

        - value lookup:

          >>> Color(1)
          <Color.RED: 1>

        - name lookup:

          >>> Color['RED']
          <Color.RED: 1>

        Enumerations can be iterated over, and know how many members they have:

        >>> len(Color)
        3

        >>> list(Color)
        [<Color.RED: 1>, <Color.BLUE: 2>, <Color.GREEN: 3>]

        Methods can be added to enumerations, and members can have their own
        attributes -- see the documentation for details.
        """

        @classmethod
        def __signature__(cls):
            if cls._member_names_:
                return '(*values)'
            else:
                return '(new_class_name, /, names, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)'

        def __new__(cls, value):
            # all enum instances are actually created during class construction
            # without calling this method; this method is called by the metaclass'
            # __call__ (i.e. Color(3) ), and by pickle
            if type(value) is cls:
                # For lookups like Color(Color.RED)
                return value
            # by-value search for a matching enum member
            # see if it's in the reverse mapping (for hashable values)
            try:
                return cls._value2member_map_[value]
            except KeyError:
                # Not found, no need to do long O(n) search
                pass
            except TypeError:
                # not there, now do long search -- O(n) behavior
                for member in cls._member_map_.values():
                    if member._value_ == value:
                        return member
            # still not found -- verify that members exist, in-case somebody got here mistakenly
            # (such as via super when trying to override __new__)
            if not cls._member_map_:
                raise TypeError("%r has no members defined" % cls)
            #
            # still not found -- try _missing_ hook
            try:
                exc = None
                result = cls._missing_(value)
            except Exception as e:
                exc = e
                result = None
            try:
                if isinstance(result, cls):
                    return result
                elif (
                        Flag is not None and issubclass(cls, Flag)
                        and cls._boundary_ is EJECT and isinstance(result, int)
                    ):
                    return result
                else:
                    ve_exc = ValueError("%r is not a valid %s" % (value, cls.__qualname__))
                    if result is None and exc is None:
                        raise ve_exc
                    elif exc is None:
                        exc = TypeError(
                                'error in %s._missing_: returned %r instead of None or a valid member'
                                % (cls.__name__, result)
                                )
                    if not isinstance(exc, ValueError):
                        exc.__context__ = ve_exc
                    raise exc
            finally:
                # ensure all variables that could hold an exception are destroyed
                exc = None
                ve_exc = None

        def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
            pass

        @staticmethod
        def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values):
            """
            Generate the next value when not given.

            name: the name of the member
            start: the initial start value or None
            count: the number of existing members
            last_values: the list of values assigned
            """
            if not last_values:
                return start
            try:
                last = last_values[-1]
                last_values.sort()
                if last == last_values[-1]:
                    # no difference between old and new methods
                    return last + 1
                else:
                    # trigger old method (with warning)
                    raise TypeError
            except TypeError:
                import warnings
                warnings.warn(
                        "In 3.13 the default `auto()`/`_generate_next_value_` will require all values to be sortable and support adding +1\n"
                        "and the value returned will be the largest value in the enum incremented by 1",
                        DeprecationWarning,
                        stacklevel=3,
                        )
                for v in reversed(last_values):
                    try:
                        return v + 1
                    except TypeError:
                        pass
                return start

        @classmethod
        def _missing_(cls, value):
            return None

        def __repr__(self):
            v_repr = self.__class__._value_repr_ or repr
            return "<%s.%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._name_, v_repr(self._value_))

        def __str__(self):
            return "%s.%s" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._name_, )

        def __dir__(self):
            """
            Returns public methods and other interesting attributes.
            """
            interesting = set()
            if self.__class__._member_type_ is not object:
                interesting = set(object.__dir__(self))
            for name in getattr(self, '__dict__', []):
                if name[0] != '_' and name not in self._member_map_:
                    interesting.add(name)
            for cls in self.__class__.mro():
                for name, obj in cls.__dict__.items():
                    if name[0] == '_':
                        continue
                    if isinstance(obj, property):
                        # that's an enum.property
                        if obj.fget is not None or name not in self._member_map_:
                            interesting.add(name)
                        else:
                            # in case it was added by `dir(self)`
                            interesting.discard(name)
                    elif name not in self._member_map_:
                        interesting.add(name)
            names = sorted(
                    set(['__class__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__hash__', '__module__'])
                    | interesting
                    )
            return names

        def __format__(self, format_spec):
            return str.__format__(str(self), format_spec)

        def __hash__(self):
            return hash(self._name_)

        def __reduce_ex__(self, proto):
            return self.__class__, (self._value_, )

        def __deepcopy__(self,memo):
            return self

        def __copy__(self):
            return self

        # enum.property is used to provide access to the `name` and
        # `value` attributes of enum members while keeping some measure of
        # protection from modification, while still allowing for an enumeration
        # to have members named `name` and `value`.  This works because each
        # instance of enum.property saves its companion member, which it returns
        # on class lookup; on instance lookup it either executes a provided function
        # or raises an AttributeError.

        @property
        def name(self):
            """The name of the Enum member."""
            return self._name_

        @property
        def value(self):
            """The value of the Enum member."""
            return self._value_

    class ReprEnum(Enum):
        """
        Only changes the repr(), leaving str() and format() to the mixed-in type.
        """

    class IntEnum(int, ReprEnum):
        """
        Enum where members are also (and must be) ints
        """

    class StrEnum(str, ReprEnum):
        """
        Enum where members are also (and must be) strings
        """

        def __new__(cls, *values):
            "values must already be of type `str`"
            if len(values) > 3:
                raise TypeError('too many arguments for str(): %r' % (values, ))
            if len(values) == 1:
                # it must be a string
                if not isinstance(values[0], str):
                    raise TypeError('%r is not a string' % (values[0], ))
            if len(values) >= 2:
                # check that encoding argument is a string
                if not isinstance(values[1], str):
                    raise TypeError('encoding must be a string, not %r' % (values[1], ))
            if len(values) == 3:
                # check that errors argument is a string
                if not isinstance(values[2], str):
                    raise TypeError('errors must be a string, not %r' % (values[2]))
            value = str(*values)
            member = str.__new__(cls, value)
            member._value_ = value
            return member

        @staticmethod
        def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values):
            """
            Return the lower-cased version of the member name.
            """
            return name.lower()

    def pickle_by_global_name(self, proto):
        # should not be used with Flag-type enums
        return self.name
    _reduce_ex_by_global_name = pickle_by_global_name

    def pickle_by_enum_name(self, proto):
        # should not be used with Flag-type enums
        return getattr, (self.__class__, self._name_)

    class FlagBoundary(StrEnum):
        """
        control how out of range values are handled
        "strict" -> error is raised             [default for Flag]
        "conform" -> extra bits are discarded
        "eject" -> lose flag status
        "keep" -> keep flag status and all bits [default for IntFlag]
        """
        STRICT = auto()
        CONFORM = auto()
        EJECT = auto()
        KEEP = auto()
    STRICT, CONFORM, EJECT, KEEP = FlagBoundary

    class Flag(Enum, boundary=STRICT):
        """
        Support for flags
        """

        _numeric_repr_ = repr

        @staticmethod
        def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values):
            """
            Generate the next value when not given.

            name: the name of the member
            start: the initial start value or None
            count: the number of existing members
            last_values: the last value assigned or None
            """
            if not count:
                return start if start is not None else 1
            last_value = max(last_values)
            try:
                high_bit = _high_bit(last_value)
            except Exception:
                raise TypeError('invalid flag value %r' % last_value) from None
            return 2 ** (high_bit+1)

        @classmethod
        def _iter_member_by_value_(cls, value):
            """
            Extract all members from the value in definition (i.e. increasing value) order.
            """
            for val in _iter_bits_lsb(value & cls._flag_mask_):
                yield cls._value2member_map_.get(val)

        _iter_member_ = _iter_member_by_value_

        @classmethod
        def _iter_member_by_def_(cls, value):
            """
            Extract all members from the value in definition order.
            """
            yield from sorted(
                    cls._iter_member_by_value_(value),
                    key=lambda m: m._sort_order_,
                    )

        @classmethod
        def _missing_(cls, value):
            """
            Create a composite member containing all canonical members present in `value`.

            If non-member values are present, result depends on `_boundary_` setting.
            """
            if not isinstance(value, int):
                raise ValueError(
                        "%r is not a valid %s" % (value, cls.__qualname__)
                        )
            # check boundaries
            # - value must be in range (e.g. -16 <-> +15, i.e. ~15 <-> 15)
            # - value must not include any skipped flags (e.g. if bit 2 is not
            #   defined, then 0d10 is invalid)
            flag_mask = cls._flag_mask_
            singles_mask = cls._singles_mask_
            all_bits = cls._all_bits_
            neg_value = None
            if (
                    not ~all_bits <= value <= all_bits
                    or value & (all_bits ^ flag_mask)
                ):
                if cls._boundary_ is STRICT:
                    max_bits = max(value.bit_length(), flag_mask.bit_length())
                    raise ValueError(
                            "%r invalid value %r\n    given %s\n  allowed %s" % (
                                cls, value, bin(value, max_bits), bin(flag_mask, max_bits),
                                ))
                elif cls._boundary_ is CONFORM:
                    value = value & flag_mask
                elif cls._boundary_ is EJECT:
                    return value
                elif cls._boundary_ is KEEP:
                    if value < 0:
                        value = (
                                max(all_bits+1, 2**(value.bit_length()))
                                + value
                                )
                else:
                    raise ValueError(
                            '%r unknown flag boundary %r' % (cls, cls._boundary_, )
                            )
            if value < 0:
                neg_value = value
                value = all_bits + 1 + value
            # get members and unknown
            unknown = value & ~flag_mask
            aliases = value & ~singles_mask
            member_value = value & singles_mask
            if unknown and cls._boundary_ is not KEEP:
                raise ValueError(
                        '%s(%r) -->  unknown values %r [%s]'
                        % (cls.__name__, value, unknown, bin(unknown))
                        )
            # normal Flag?
            if cls._member_type_ is object:
                # construct a singleton enum pseudo-member
                pseudo_member = object.__new__(cls)
            else:
                pseudo_member = cls._member_type_.__new__(cls, value)
            if not hasattr(pseudo_member, '_value_'):
                pseudo_member._value_ = value
            if member_value or aliases:
                members = []
                combined_value = 0
                for m in cls._iter_member_(member_value):
                    members.append(m)
                    combined_value |= m._value_
                if aliases:
                    value = member_value | aliases
                    for n, pm in cls._member_map_.items():
                        if pm not in members and pm._value_ and pm._value_ & value == pm._value_:
                            members.append(pm)
                            combined_value |= pm._value_
                unknown = value ^ combined_value
                pseudo_member._name_ = '|'.join([m._name_ for m in members])
                if not combined_value:
                    pseudo_member._name_ = None
                elif unknown and cls._boundary_ is STRICT:
                    raise ValueError('%r: no members with value %r' % (cls, unknown))
                elif unknown:
                    pseudo_member._name_ += '|%s' % cls._numeric_repr_(unknown)
            else:
                pseudo_member._name_ = None
            # use setdefault in case another thread already created a composite
            # with this value
            # note: zero is a special case -- always add it
            pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.setdefault(value, pseudo_member)
            if neg_value is not None:
                cls._value2member_map_[neg_value] = pseudo_member
            return pseudo_member

        def __contains__(self, other):
            """
            Returns True if self has at least the same flags set as other.
            """
            if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
                raise TypeError(
                    "unsupported operand type(s) for 'in': %r and %r" % (
                        type(other).__qualname__, self.__class__.__qualname__))
            return other._value_ & self._value_ == other._value_

        def __iter__(self):
            """
            Returns flags in definition order.
            """
            yield from self._iter_member_(self._value_)

        def __len__(self):
            return self._value_.bit_count()

        def __repr__(self):
            cls_name = self.__class__.__name__
            v_repr = self.__class__._value_repr_ or repr
            if self._name_ is None:
                return "<%s: %s>" % (cls_name, v_repr(self._value_))
            else:
                return "<%s.%s: %s>" % (cls_name, self._name_, v_repr(self._value_))

        def __str__(self):
            cls_name = self.__class__.__name__
            if self._name_ is None:
                return '%s(%r)' % (cls_name, self._value_)
            else:
                return "%s.%s" % (cls_name, self._name_)

        def __bool__(self):
            return bool(self._value_)

        def _get_value(self, flag):
            if isinstance(flag, self.__class__):
                return flag._value_
            elif self._member_type_ is not object and isinstance(flag, self._member_type_):
                return flag
            return NotImplemented

        def __or__(self, other):
            other_value = self._get_value(other)
            if other_value is NotImplemented:
                return NotImplemented

            for flag in self, other:
                if self._get_value(flag) is None:
                    raise TypeError(f"'{flag}' cannot be combined with other flags with |")
            value = self._value_
            return self.__class__(value | other_value)

        def __and__(self, other):
            other_value = self._get_value(other)
            if other_value is NotImplemented:
                return NotImplemented

            for flag in self, other:
                if self._get_value(flag) is None:
                    raise TypeError(f"'{flag}' cannot be combined with other flags with &")
            value = self._value_
            return self.__class__(value & other_value)

        def __xor__(self, other):
            other_value = self._get_value(other)
            if other_value is NotImplemented:
                return NotImplemented

            for flag in self, other:
                if self._get_value(flag) is None:
                    raise TypeError(f"'{flag}' cannot be combined with other flags with ^")
            value = self._value_
            return self.__class__(value ^ other_value)

        def __invert__(self):
            if self._get_value(self) is None:
                raise TypeError(f"'{self}' cannot be inverted")

            if self._inverted_ is None:
                if self._boundary_ in (EJECT, KEEP):
                    self._inverted_ = self.__class__(~self._value_)
                else:
                    self._inverted_ = self.__class__(self._singles_mask_ & ~self._value_)
            return self._inverted_

        __rand__ = __and__
        __ror__ = __or__
        __rxor__ = __xor__

    class IntFlag(int, ReprEnum, Flag, boundary=KEEP):
        """
        Support for integer-based Flags
        """

    def _high_bit(value):
        """
        returns index of highest bit, or -1 if value is zero or negative
        """
        return value.bit_length() - 1

    def unique(enumeration):
        """
        Class decorator for enumerations ensuring unique member values.
        """
        duplicates = []
        for name, member in enumeration.__members__.items():
            if name != member.name:
                duplicates.append((name, member.name))
        if duplicates:
            alias_details = ', '.join(
                    ["%s -> %s" % (alias, name) for (alias, name) in duplicates])
            raise ValueError('duplicate values found in %r: %s' %
                    (enumeration, alias_details))
        return enumeration

    def _dataclass_repr(self):
        dcf = self.__dataclass_fields__
        return ', '.join(
                '%s=%r' % (k, getattr(self, k))
                for k in dcf.keys()
                if dcf[k].repr
                )

    def global_enum_repr(self):
        """
        use module.enum_name instead of class.enum_name

        the module is the last module in case of a multi-module name
        """
        module = self.__class__.__module__.split('.')[-1]
        return '%s.%s' % (module, self._name_)

    def global_flag_repr(self):
        """
        use module.flag_name instead of class.flag_name

        the module is the last module in case of a multi-module name
        """
        module = self.__class__.__module__.split('.')[-1]
        cls_name = self.__class__.__name__
        if self._name_ is None:
            return "%s.%s(%r)" % (module, cls_name, self._value_)
        if _is_single_bit(self._value_):
            return '%s.%s' % (module, self._name_)
        if self._boundary_ is not FlagBoundary.KEEP:
            return '|'.join(['%s.%s' % (module, name) for name in self.name.split('|')])
        else:
            name = []
            for n in self._name_.split('|'):
                if n[0].isdigit():
                    name.append(n)
                else:
                    name.append('%s.%s' % (module, n))
            return '|'.join(name)

    def global_str(self):
        """
        use enum_name instead of class.enum_name
        """
        if self._name_ is None:
            cls_name = self.__class__.__name__
            return "%s(%r)" % (cls_name, self._value_)
        else:
            return self._name_

    def global_enum(cls, update_str=False):
        """
        decorator that makes the repr() of an enum member reference its module
        instead of its class; also exports all members to the enum's module's
        global namespace
        """
        if issubclass(cls, Flag):
            cls.__repr__ = global_flag_repr
        else:
            cls.__repr__ = global_enum_repr
        if not issubclass(cls, ReprEnum) or update_str:
            cls.__str__ = global_str
        sys.modules[cls.__module__].__dict__.update(cls.__members__)
        return cls

    def _simple_enum(etype=Enum, *, boundary=None, use_args=None):
        """
        Class decorator that converts a normal class into an :class:`Enum`.  No
        safety checks are done, and some advanced behavior (such as
        :func:`__init_subclass__`) is not available.  Enum creation can be faster
        using :func:`simple_enum`.

            >>> from enum import Enum, _simple_enum
            >>> @_simple_enum(Enum)
            ... class Color:
            ...     RED = auto()
            ...     GREEN = auto()
            ...     BLUE = auto()
            >>> Color
            <enum 'Color'>
        """
        def convert_class(cls):
            nonlocal use_args
            cls_name = cls.__name__
            if use_args is None:
                use_args = etype._use_args_
            __new__ = cls.__dict__.get('__new__')
            if __new__ is not None:
                new_member = __new__.__func__
            else:
                new_member = etype._member_type_.__new__
            attrs = {}
            body = {}
            if __new__ is not None:
                body['__new_member__'] = new_member
            body['_new_member_'] = new_member
            body['_use_args_'] = use_args
            body['_generate_next_value_'] = gnv = etype._generate_next_value_
            body['_member_names_'] = member_names = []
            body['_member_map_'] = member_map = {}
            body['_value2member_map_'] = value2member_map = {}
            body['_unhashable_values_'] = []
            body['_member_type_'] = member_type = etype._member_type_
            body['_value_repr_'] = etype._value_repr_
            if issubclass(etype, Flag):
                body['_boundary_'] = boundary or etype._boundary_
                body['_flag_mask_'] = None
                body['_all_bits_'] = None
                body['_singles_mask_'] = None
                body['_inverted_'] = None
                body['__or__'] = Flag.__or__
                body['__xor__'] = Flag.__xor__
                body['__and__'] = Flag.__and__
                body['__ror__'] = Flag.__ror__
                body['__rxor__'] = Flag.__rxor__
                body['__rand__'] = Flag.__rand__
                body['__invert__'] = Flag.__invert__
            for name, obj in cls.__dict__.items():
                if name in ('__dict__', '__weakref__'):
                    continue
                if _is_dunder(name) or _is_private(cls_name, name) or _is_sunder(name) or _is_descriptor(obj):
                    body[name] = obj
                else:
                    attrs[name] = obj
            if cls.__dict__.get('__doc__') is None:
                body['__doc__'] = 'An enumeration.'
            #
            # double check that repr and friends are not the mixin's or various
            # things break (such as pickle)
            # however, if the method is defined in the Enum itself, don't replace
            # it
            enum_class = type(cls_name, (etype, ), body, boundary=boundary, _simple=True)
            for name in ('__repr__', '__str__', '__format__', '__reduce_ex__'):
                if name not in body:
                    # check for mixin overrides before replacing
                    enum_method = getattr(etype, name)
                    found_method = getattr(enum_class, name)
                    object_method = getattr(object, name)
                    data_type_method = getattr(member_type, name)
                    if found_method in (data_type_method, object_method):
                        setattr(enum_class, name, enum_method)
            gnv_last_values = []
            if issubclass(enum_class, Flag):
                # Flag / IntFlag
                single_bits = multi_bits = 0
                for name, value in attrs.items():
                    if isinstance(value, auto) and auto.value is _auto_null:
                        value = gnv(name, 1, len(member_names), gnv_last_values)
                    if value in value2member_map:
                        # an alias to an existing member
                        member = value2member_map[value]
                        redirect = property()
                        redirect.member = member
                        redirect.__set_name__(enum_class, name)
                        setattr(enum_class, name, redirect)
                        member_map[name] = member
                    else:
                        # create the member
                        if use_args:
                            if not isinstance(value, tuple):
                                value = (value, )
                            member = new_member(enum_class, *value)
                            value = value[0]
                        else:
                            member = new_member(enum_class)
                        if __new__ is None:
                            member._value_ = value
                        member._name_ = name
                        member.__objclass__ = enum_class
                        member.__init__(value)
                        redirect = property()
                        redirect.member = member
                        redirect.__set_name__(enum_class, name)
                        setattr(enum_class, name, redirect)
                        member_map[name] = member
                        member._sort_order_ = len(member_names)
                        value2member_map[value] = member
                        if _is_single_bit(value):
                            # not a multi-bit alias, record in _member_names_ and _flag_mask_
                            member_names.append(name)
                            single_bits |= value
                        else:
                            multi_bits |= value
                        gnv_last_values.append(value)
                enum_class._flag_mask_ = single_bits | multi_bits
                enum_class._singles_mask_ = single_bits
                enum_class._all_bits_ = 2 ** ((single_bits|multi_bits).bit_length()) - 1
                # set correct __iter__
                member_list = [m._value_ for m in enum_class]
                if member_list != sorted(member_list):
                    enum_class._iter_member_ = enum_class._iter_member_by_def_
            else:
                # Enum / IntEnum / StrEnum
                for name, value in attrs.items():
                    if isinstance(value, auto):
                        if value.value is _auto_null:
                            value.value = gnv(name, 1, len(member_names), gnv_last_values)
                        value = value.value
                    if value in value2member_map:
                        # an alias to an existing member
                        member = value2member_map[value]
                        redirect = property()
                        redirect.member = member
                        redirect.__set_name__(enum_class, name)
                        setattr(enum_class, name, redirect)
                        member_map[name] = member
                    else:
                        # create the member
                        if use_args:
                            if not isinstance(value, tuple):
                                value = (value, )
                            member = new_member(enum_class, *value)
                            value = value[0]
                        else:
                            member = new_member(enum_class)
                        if __new__ is None:
                            member._value_ = value
                        member._name_ = name
                        member.__objclass__ = enum_class
                        member.__init__(value)
                        member._sort_order_ = len(member_names)
                        redirect = property()
                        redirect.member = member
                        redirect.__set_name__(enum_class, name)
                        setattr(enum_class, name, redirect)
                        member_map[name] = member
                        value2member_map[value] = member
                        member_names.append(name)
                        gnv_last_values.append(value)
            if '__new__' in body:
                enum_class.__new_member__ = enum_class.__new__
            enum_class.__new__ = Enum.__new__
            return enum_class
        return convert_class

    @_simple_enum(StrEnum)
    class EnumCheck:
        """
        various conditions to check an enumeration for
        """
        CONTINUOUS = "no skipped integer values"
        NAMED_FLAGS = "multi-flag aliases may not contain unnamed flags"
        UNIQUE = "one name per value"
    CONTINUOUS, NAMED_FLAGS, UNIQUE = EnumCheck

    class verify:
        """
        Check an enumeration for various constraints. (see EnumCheck)
        """
        def __init__(self, *checks):
            self.checks = checks
        def __call__(self, enumeration):
            checks = self.checks
            cls_name = enumeration.__name__
            if Flag is not None and issubclass(enumeration, Flag):
                enum_type = 'flag'
            elif issubclass(enumeration, Enum):
                enum_type = 'enum'
            else:
                raise TypeError("the 'verify' decorator only works with Enum and Flag")
            for check in checks:
                if check is UNIQUE:
                    # check for duplicate names
                    duplicates = []
                    for name, member in enumeration.__members__.items():
                        if name != member.name:
                            duplicates.append((name, member.name))
                    if duplicates:
                        alias_details = ', '.join(
                                ["%s -> %s" % (alias, name) for (alias, name) in duplicates])
                        raise ValueError('aliases found in %r: %s' %
                                (enumeration, alias_details))
                elif check is CONTINUOUS:
                    values = set(e.value for e in enumeration)
                    if len(values) < 2:
                        continue
                    low, high = min(values), max(values)
                    missing = []
                    if enum_type == 'flag':
                        # check for powers of two
                        for i in range(_high_bit(low)+1, _high_bit(high)):
                            if 2**i not in values:
                                missing.append(2**i)
                    elif enum_type == 'enum':
                        # check for powers of one
                        for i in range(low+1, high):
                            if i not in values:
                                missing.append(i)
                    else:
                        raise Exception('verify: unknown type %r' % enum_type)
                    if missing:
                        raise ValueError(('invalid %s %r: missing values %s' % (
                                enum_type, cls_name, ', '.join((str(m) for m in missing)))
                                )[:256])
                                # limit max length to protect against DOS attacks
                elif check is NAMED_FLAGS:
                    # examine each alias and check for unnamed flags
                    member_names = enumeration._member_names_
                    member_values = [m.value for m in enumeration]
                    missing_names = []
                    missing_value = 0
                    for name, alias in enumeration._member_map_.items():
                        if name in member_names:
                            # not an alias
                            continue
                        if alias.value < 0:
                            # negative numbers are not checked
                            continue
                        values = list(_iter_bits_lsb(alias.value))
                        missed = [v for v in values if v not in member_values]
                        if missed:
                            missing_names.append(name)
                            missing_value |= reduce(_or_, missed)
                    if missing_names:
                        if len(missing_names) == 1:
                            alias = 'alias %s is missing' % missing_names[0]
                        else:
                            alias = 'aliases %s and %s are missing' % (
                                    ', '.join(missing_names[:-1]), missing_names[-1]
                                    )
                        if _is_single_bit(missing_value):
                            value = 'value 0x%x' % missing_value
                        else:
                            value = 'combined values of 0x%x' % missing_value
                        raise ValueError(
                                'invalid Flag %r: %s %s [use enum.show_flag_values(value) for details]'
                                % (cls_name, alias, value)
                                )
            return enumeration

    def _test_simple_enum(checked_enum, simple_enum):
        """
        A function that can be used to test an enum created with :func:`_simple_enum`
        against the version created by subclassing :class:`Enum`::

            >>> from enum import Enum, _simple_enum, _test_simple_enum
            >>> @_simple_enum(Enum)
            ... class Color:
            ...     RED = auto()
            ...     GREEN = auto()
            ...     BLUE = auto()
            >>> class CheckedColor(Enum):
            ...     RED = auto()
            ...     GREEN = auto()
            ...     BLUE = auto()
            >>> _test_simple_enum(CheckedColor, Color)

        If differences are found, a :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
        """
        failed = []
        if checked_enum.__dict__ != simple_enum.__dict__:
            checked_dict = checked_enum.__dict__
            checked_keys = list(checked_dict.keys())
            simple_dict = simple_enum.__dict__
            simple_keys = list(simple_dict.keys())
            member_names = set(
                    list(checked_enum._member_map_.keys())
                    + list(simple_enum._member_map_.keys())
                    )
            for key in set(checked_keys + simple_keys):
                if key in ('__module__', '_member_map_', '_value2member_map_', '__doc__'):
                    # keys known to be different, or very long
                    continue
                elif key in member_names:
                    # members are checked below
                    continue
                elif key not in simple_keys:
                    failed.append("missing key: %r" % (key, ))
                elif key not in checked_keys:
                    failed.append("extra key:   %r" % (key, ))
                else:
                    checked_value = checked_dict[key]
                    simple_value = simple_dict[key]
                    if callable(checked_value) or isinstance(checked_value, bltns.property):
                        continue
                    if key == '__doc__':
                        # remove all spaces/tabs
                        compressed_checked_value = checked_value.replace(' ','').replace('\t','')
                        compressed_simple_value = simple_value.replace(' ','').replace('\t','')
                        if compressed_checked_value != compressed_simple_value:
                            failed.append("%r:\n         %s\n         %s" % (
                                    key,
                                    "checked -> %r" % (checked_value, ),
                                    "simple  -> %r" % (simple_value, ),
                                    ))
                    elif checked_value != simple_value:
                        failed.append("%r:\n         %s\n         %s" % (
                                key,
                                "checked -> %r" % (checked_value, ),
                                "simple  -> %r" % (simple_value, ),
                                ))
            failed.sort()
            for name in member_names:
                failed_member = []
                if name not in simple_keys:
                    failed.append('missing member from simple enum: %r' % name)
                elif name not in checked_keys:
                    failed.append('extra member in simple enum: %r' % name)
                else:
                    checked_member_dict = checked_enum[name].__dict__
                    checked_member_keys = list(checked_member_dict.keys())
                    simple_member_dict = simple_enum[name].__dict__
                    simple_member_keys = list(simple_member_dict.keys())
                    for key in set(checked_member_keys + simple_member_keys):
                        if key in ('__module__', '__objclass__', '_inverted_'):
                            # keys known to be different or absent
                            continue
                        elif key not in simple_member_keys:
                            failed_member.append("missing key %r not in the simple enum member %r" % (key, name))
                        elif key not in checked_member_keys:
                            failed_member.append("extra key %r in simple enum member %r" % (key, name))
                        else:
                            checked_value = checked_member_dict[key]
                            simple_value = simple_member_dict[key]
                            if checked_value != simple_value:
                                failed_member.append("%r:\n         %s\n         %s" % (
                                        key,
                                        "checked member -> %r" % (checked_value, ),
                                        "simple member  -> %r" % (simple_value, ),
                                        ))
                if failed_member:
                    failed.append('%r member mismatch:\n      %s' % (
                            name, '\n      '.join(failed_member),
                            ))
            for method in (
                    '__str__', '__repr__', '__reduce_ex__', '__format__',
                    '__getnewargs_ex__', '__getnewargs__', '__reduce_ex__', '__reduce__'
                ):
                if method in simple_keys and method in checked_keys:
                    # cannot compare functions, and it exists in both, so we're good
                    continue
                elif method not in simple_keys and method not in checked_keys:
                    # method is inherited -- check it out
                    checked_method = getattr(checked_enum, method, None)
                    simple_method = getattr(simple_enum, method, None)
                    if hasattr(checked_method, '__func__'):
                        checked_method = checked_method.__func__
                        simple_method = simple_method.__func__
                    if checked_method != simple_method:
                        failed.append("%r:  %-30s %s" % (
                                method,
                                "checked -> %r" % (checked_method, ),
                                "simple -> %r" % (simple_method, ),
                                ))
                else:
                    # if the method existed in only one of the enums, it will have been caught
                    # in the first checks above
                    pass
        if failed:
            raise TypeError('enum mismatch:\n   %s' % '\n   '.join(failed))

    def _old_convert_(etype, name, module, filter, source=None, *, boundary=None):
        """
        Create a new Enum subclass that replaces a collection of global constants
        """
        # convert all constants from source (or module) that pass filter() to
        # a new Enum called name, and export the enum and its members back to
        # module;
        # also, replace the __reduce_ex__ method so unpickling works in
        # previous Python versions
        module_globals = sys.modules[module].__dict__
        if source:
            source = source.__dict__
        else:
            source = module_globals
        # _value2member_map_ is populated in the same order every time
        # for a consistent reverse mapping of number to name when there
        # are multiple names for the same number.
        members = [
                (name, value)
                for name, value in source.items()
                if filter(name)]
        try:
            # sort by value
            members.sort(key=lambda t: (t[1], t[0]))
        except TypeError:
            # unless some values aren't comparable, in which case sort by name
            members.sort(key=lambda t: t[0])
        cls = etype(name, members, module=module, boundary=boundary or KEEP)
        return cls

    _stdlib_enums = IntEnum, StrEnum, IntFlag