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- PHP Manual
- Control Structures
- foreach

## foreach

(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7, PHP 8)

The `foreach` construct provides an easy way to iterate over arrays. `foreach` works only on arrays and objects, and will issue an error when you try to use it on a variable with a different data type or an uninitialized variable. There are two syntaxes:

    foreach (iterable_expression as $value)
        statement
    foreach (iterable_expression as $key => $value)
        statement

The first form traverses the iterable given by `iterable_expression`. On each iteration, the value of the current element is assigned to `$value`.

The second form will additionally assign the current element's key to the `$key` variable on each iteration.

Note that `foreach` does not modify the internal array pointer, which is used by functions such as current() and key().

It is possible to customize object iteration.

In order to be able to directly modify array elements within the loop precede `$value` with &. In that case the value will be assigned by reference.

    <?php
    $arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4);
    foreach ($arr as &$value) {
        $value = $value * 2;
    }
    // $arr is now array(2, 4, 6, 8)
    unset($value); // break the reference with the last element
    ?>

Warning

Reference of a `$value` and the last array element remain even after the `foreach` loop. It is recommended to destroy it by unset(). Otherwise you will experience the following behavior:

    <?php
    $arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4);
    foreach ($arr as &$value) {
        $value = $value * 2;
    }
    // $arr is now array(2, 4, 6, 8)

    // without an unset($value), $value is still a reference to the last item: $arr[3]

    foreach ($arr as $key => $value) {
        // $arr[3] will be updated with each value from $arr...
        echo "{$key} => {$value} ";
        print_r($arr);
    }
    // ...until ultimately the second-to-last value is copied onto the last value

    // output:
    // 0 => 2 Array ( [0] => 2, [1] => 4, [2] => 6, [3] => 2 )
    // 1 => 4 Array ( [0] => 2, [1] => 4, [2] => 6, [3] => 4 )
    // 2 => 6 Array ( [0] => 2, [1] => 4, [2] => 6, [3] => 6 )
    // 3 => 6 Array ( [0] => 2, [1] => 4, [2] => 6, [3] => 6 )
    ?>

It is possible to iterate a constant array's value by reference:

    <?php
    foreach (array(1, 2, 3, 4) as &$value) {
        $value = $value * 2;
    }
    ?>

> Note:

> `foreach` does not support the ability to suppress error messages using `@`.

Some more examples to demonstrate usage:

    <?php
    /* foreach example 1: value only */

    $a = array(1, 2, 3, 17);

    foreach ($a as $v) {
        echo "Current value of \$a: $v.\n";
    }

    /* foreach example 2: value (with its manual access notation printed for illustration) */

    $a = array(1, 2, 3, 17);

    $i = 0; /* for illustrative purposes only */

    foreach ($a as $v) {
        echo "\$a[$i] => $v.\n";
        $i++;
    }

    /* foreach example 3: key and value */

    $a = array(
        "one" => 1,
        "two" => 2,
        "three" => 3,
        "seventeen" => 17
    );

    foreach ($a as $k => $v) {
        echo "\$a[$k] => $v.\n";
    }

    /* foreach example 4: multi-dimensional arrays */
    $a = array();
    $a[0][0] = "a";
    $a[0][1] = "b";
    $a[1][0] = "y";
    $a[1][1] = "z";

    foreach ($a as $v1) {
        foreach ($v1 as $v2) {
            echo "$v2\n";
        }
    }

    /* foreach example 5: dynamic arrays */

    foreach (array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) as $v) {
        echo "$v\n";
    }
    ?>

### Unpacking nested arrays with list()

(PHP 5 >= 5.5.0, PHP 7, PHP 8)

It is possible to iterate over an array of arrays and unpack the nested array into loop variables by providing a list() as the value.

For example:

    <?php
    $array = [
        [1, 2],
        [3, 4],
    ];

    foreach ($array as list($a, $b)) {
        // $a contains the first element of the nested array,
        // and $b contains the second element.
        echo "A: $a; B: $b\n";
    }
    ?>

The above example will output:

    A: 1; B: 2
    A: 3; B: 4

You can provide fewer elements in the list() than there are in the nested array, in which case the leftover array values will be ignored:

    <?php
    $array = [
        [1, 2],
        [3, 4],
    ];

    foreach ($array as list($a)) {
        // Note that there is no $b here.
        echo "$a\n";
    }
    ?>

The above example will output:

    1
    3

A notice will be generated if there aren't enough array elements to fill the list():

    <?php
    $array = [
        [1, 2],
        [3, 4],
    ];

    foreach ($array as list($a, $b, $c)) {
        echo "A: $a; B: $b; C: $c\n";
    }
    ?>

The above example will output:

    Notice: Undefined offset: 2 in example.php on line 7
    A: 1; B: 2; C:

    Notice: Undefined offset: 2 in example.php on line 7
    A: 3; B: 4; C: