pgBackRest User Guide
Debian & Ubuntu / PostgreSQL 9.4
1
Introduction
This user guide is intended to be followed sequentially from beginning to end — each section depends on the last. For example, the Backup section relies on setup that is performed in the Quick Start section. Once pgBackRest is up and running then skipping around is possible but following the user guide in order is recommended the first time through.
Although the examples are targeted at Debian/Ubuntu and PostgreSQL 9.4, it should be fairly easy to apply this guide to any Unix distribution and PostgreSQL version. Note that only 64-bit distributions are currently supported due to 64-bit operations in the Perl code. The only OS-specific commands are those to create, start, stop, and drop PostgreSQL clusters. The pgBackRest commands will be the same on any Unix system though the locations to install Perl libraries and executables may vary.
Configuration information and documentation for PostgreSQL can be found in the PostgreSQL Manual.
A somewhat novel approach is taken to documentation in this user guide. Each command is run on a virtual machine when the documentation is built from the XML source. This means you can have a high confidence that the commands work correctly in the order presented. Output is captured and displayed below the command when appropriate. If the output is not included it is because it was deemed not relevant or was considered a distraction from the narrative.
All commands are intended to be run as an unprivileged user that has sudo privileges for both the root and postgres users. It's also possible to run the commands directly as their respective users without modification and in that case the sudo commands can be stripped off.
2
Concepts
The following concepts are defined as they are relevant to pgBackRest, PostgreSQL, and this user guide.
2.1
Backup
A backup is a consistent copy of a database cluster that can be restored to recover from a hardware failure, to perform Point-In-Time Recovery, or to bring up a new standby.
Full Backup: pgBackRest copies the entire contents of the database cluster to the backup server. The first backup of the database cluster is always a Full Backup. pgBackRest is always able to restore a full backup directly. The full backup does not depend on any files outside of the full backup for consistency.
Differential Backup: pgBackRest copies only those database cluster files that have changed since the last full backup. pgBackRest restores a differential backup by copying all of the files in the chosen differential backup and the appropriate unchanged files from the previous full backup. The advantage of a differential backup is that it requires less disk space than a full backup, however, the differential backup and the full backup must both be valid to restore the differential backup.
Incremental Backup: pgBackRest copies only those database cluster files that have changed since the last backup (which can be another incremental backup, a differential backup, or a full backup). As an incremental backup only includes those files changed since the prior backup, they are generally much smaller than full or differential backups. As with the differential backup, the incremental backup depends on other backups to be valid to restore the incremental backup. Since the incremental backup includes only those files since the last backup, all prior incremental backups back to the prior differential, the prior differential backup, and the prior full backup must all be valid to perform a restore of the incremental backup. If no differential backup exists then all prior incremental backups back to the prior full backup, which must exist, and the full backup itself must be valid to restore the incremental backup.
2.2
Restore
A restore is the act of copying a backup to a system where it will be started as a live database cluster. A restore requires the backup files and one or more WAL segments in order to work correctly.
2.3
Write Ahead Log (WAL)
WAL is the mechanism that PostgreSQL uses to ensure that no committed changes are lost. Transactions are written sequentially to the WAL and a transaction is considered to be committed when those writes are flushed to disk. Afterwards, a background process writes the changes into the main database cluster files (also known as the heap). In the event of a crash, the WAL is replayed to make the database consistent.
WAL is conceptually infinite but in practice is broken up into individual 16MB files called segments. WAL segments follow the naming convention 0000000100000A1E000000FE where the first 8 hexadecimal digits represent the timeline and the next 16 digits are the logical sequence number (LSN).
3
Installation
A new host named db-primary is created to contain the demo cluster and run pgBackRest examples.
If pgBackRest has been installed before it's best to be sure that no prior copies of it are still installed. Depending on how old the version of pgBackRest is it may have been installed in a few different locations. The following commands will remove all prior versions of pgBackRest.
db-primary ⇒ Remove prior pgBackRest installations

    sudo rm -f /usr/bin/pgbackrest

    sudo rm -f /usr/bin/pg_backrest

    sudo rm -rf /usr/lib/perl5/BackRest

    sudo rm -rf /usr/share/perl5/BackRest

    sudo rm -rf /usr/lib/perl5/pgBackRest

    sudo rm -rf /usr/share/perl5/pgBackRest

pgBackRest is written in Perl which is included with Debian/Ubuntu by default. Some additional modules must also be installed but they are available as standard packages.
db-primary ⇒ Install required Perl packages

    sudo apt-get install libdbd-pg-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libxml-libxml-perl

Debian/Ubuntu packages for pgBackRest are available at apt.postgresql.org. If they are not provided for your distribution/version it is easy to download the source and install manually.
db-primary ⇒ Download version 1.25 of pgBackRest

    sudo wget -q -O - \
           https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest/archive/release/1.25.tar.gz | \
           sudo tar zx -C /root

db-primary ⇒ Install pgBackRest

    sudo cp -r /root/pgbackrest-release-1.25/lib/pgBackRest \
           /usr/share/perl5

    sudo find /usr/share/perl5/pgBackRest -type f -exec chmod 644 {} +

    sudo find /usr/share/perl5/pgBackRest -type d -exec chmod 755 {} +

    sudo cp /root/pgbackrest-release-1.25/bin/pgbackrest /usr/bin/pgbackrest

    sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/pgbackrest

    sudo mkdir -m 770 /var/log/pgbackrest

    sudo chown postgres:postgres /var/log/pgbackrest

    sudo touch /etc/pgbackrest.conf

    sudo chmod 640 /etc/pgbackrest.conf

    sudo chown postgres:postgres /etc/pgbackrest.conf

pgBackRest should now be properly installed but it is best to check. If any dependencies were missed then you will get an error when running pgBackRest from the command line.
db-primary ⇒ Make sure the installation worked

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest

    pgBackRest 1.25 - General help

    Usage:
        pgbackrest [options] [command]

    Commands:
        archive-get     Get a WAL segment from the archive.
        archive-push    Push a WAL segment to the archive.
        backup          Backup a database cluster.
        check           Check the configuration.
        expire          Expire backups that exceed retention.
        help            Get help.
        info            Retrieve information about backups.
        restore         Restore a database cluster.
        stanza-create   Create the required stanza data.
        stanza-upgrade  Upgrade a stanza.
        start           Allow pgBackRest processes to run.
        stop            Stop pgBackRest processes from running.
        version         Get version.

    Use 'pgbackrest help [command]' for more information.

4
Quick Start
The Quick Start section will cover basic configuration of pgBackRest and PostgreSQL and introduce the backup, restore, and info commands.
4.1
Setup Demo Cluster
Creating the demo cluster is optional but is strongly recommended, especially for new users, since the example commands in the user guide reference the demo cluster; the examples assume the demo cluster is running on the default port (i.e. 5432). The cluster will not be started until a later section because there is still some configuration to do.
db-primary ⇒ Create the demo cluster

    sudo -u postgres /usr/lib/postgresql/9.4/bin/initdb \
           -D /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo -k -A peer

    sudo pg_createcluster 9.4 demo

    Configuring already existing cluster (configuration: /etc/postgresql/9.4/demo, data: /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo, owner: 5000:5000)
    Ver Cluster Port Status Owner    Data directory               Log file
    9.4 demo    5432 down   postgres /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-9.4-demo.log

By default PostgreSQL will only accept local connections. The examples in this guide will require connections from other servers so listen_addresses is configured to listen on all interfaces. This may not be appropriate for secure installations.
db-primary:/etc/postgresql/9.4/demo/postgresql.conf ⇒ Set listen_addresses
listen_addresses = '*'
For demonstration purposes the log_line_prefix setting will be minimally configured. This keeps the log output as brief as possible to better illustrate important information.
db-primary:/etc/postgresql/9.4/demo/postgresql.conf ⇒ Set log_line_prefix
listen_addresses = '*'
log_line_prefix = ''
4.2
Configure Cluster Stanza
A stanza is the configuration for a PostgreSQL database cluster that defines where it is located, how it will be backed up, archiving options, etc. Most db servers will only have one Postgres database cluster and therefore one stanza, whereas backup servers will have a stanza for every database cluster that needs to be backed up.
It is tempting to name the stanza after the primary cluster but a better name describes the databases contained in the cluster. Because the stanza name will be used for the primary and all replicas it is more appropriate to choose a name that describes the actual function of the cluster, such as app or dw, rather than the local cluster name, such as main or prod.
The name 'demo' describes the purpose of this cluster accurately so that will also make a good stanza name.
pgBackRest needs to know where the base data directory for the PostgreSQL cluster is located. The path can be requested from PostgreSQL directly but in a recovery scenario the PostgreSQL process will not be available. During backups the value supplied to pgBackRest will be compared against the path that PostgreSQL is running on and they must be equal or the backup will return an error. Make sure that db-path is exactly equal to data_directory in postgresql.conf.
By default Debian/Ubuntu stores clusters in /var/lib/postgresql/[version]/[cluster] so it is easy to determine the correct path for the data directory.
When creating the /etc/pgbackrest.conf file, the database owner (usually postgres) must be granted read privileges.
db-primary:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure the PostgreSQL cluster data directory
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
pgBackRest configuration files follow the Windows INI convention. Sections are denoted by text in brackets and key/value pairs are contained in each section. Lines beginning with # are ignored and can be used as comments.
4.3
Create the Repository
The repository is where pgBackRest stores backup and archives WAL segments.
If you are new to backup then it will be difficult to estimate in advance how much space you'll need. The best thing to do is take some backups then record the size of different types of backups (full/incr/diff) and measure the amount of WAL generated per day. This will give you a general idea of how much space you'll need, though of course requirements will likely change over time as your database evolves.
For this demonstration the repository will be stored on the same host as the PostgreSQL server. This is the simplest configuration and is useful in cases where traditional backup software is employed to backup the database host.
db-primary ⇒ Create the pgBackRest repository

    sudo mkdir /var/lib/pgbackrest

    sudo chmod 750 /var/lib/pgbackrest

    sudo chown postgres:postgres /var/lib/pgbackrest

The repository path must be configured so pgBackRest knows where to find it.
db-primary:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure the pgBackRest repository path
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
[global]
repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest
4.4
Configure Archiving
Backing up a running PostgreSQL cluster requires WAL archiving to be enabled. Note that at least one WAL segment will be created during the backup process even if no explicit writes are made to the cluster.
db-primary:/etc/postgresql/9.4/demo/postgresql.conf ⇒ Configure archive settings
archive_command = 'pgbackrest --stanza=demo archive-push %p'
archive_mode = on
listen_addresses = '*'
log_line_prefix = ''
max_wal_senders = 3
wal_level = hot_standby
The wal_level setting must be set to archive at a minimum but hot_standby and logical also work fine for backups. Setting wal_level to hot_standy and increasing max_wal_senders is a good idea even if you do not currently run a hot standby as this will allow them to be added later without restarting the primary cluster.
The PostgreSQL cluster must be restarted after making these changes and before performing a backup.
db-primary ⇒ Restart the demo cluster

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo restart

When archiving a WAL segment is expected to take more than 60 seconds (the default) then the archive-timeout option should be increased.
4.5
Configure Retention
pgBackRest expires backups based on retention options.
db-primary:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure retention to 2 full backups
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
[global]
repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest
retention-full=2
More information about retention can be found in the Retention section.
4.6
Create the Stanza
The stanza-create command must be run on the host where the repository is located to initialize the stanza. It is recommended that the check command be run after stanza-create to ensure archiving and backups are properly configured.
db-primary ⇒ Create the stanza and check the configuration

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --log-level-console=info stanza-create

    P00   INFO: stanza-create command begin 1.25: --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-console=info --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --stanza=demo

    P00   INFO: stanza-create command end: completed successfully

4.7
Check the Configuration
The check command validates that pgBackRest and the archive_command setting are configured correctly for archiving and backups. It detects misconfigurations, particularly in archiving, that result in incomplete backups because required WAL segments did not reach the archive. The command can be run on the database or the backup host. The command may also be run on the standby host, however, since pg_switch_xlog()/pg_switch_wal() cannot be performed on the standby, the command will only test the repository configuration.
Note that pg_create_restore_point('pgBackRest Archive Check') and pg_switch_xlog()/pg_switch_wal() are called to force PostgreSQL to archive a WAL segment. Restore points are only supported in PostgreSQL >= 9.1 so for older versions the check command may fail if there has been no write activity since the last log rotation, therefore it is recommended that activity be generated by the user if there have been no writes since the last WAL switch before running the check command.
db-primary ⇒ Check the configuration

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --log-level-console=info check

    P00   INFO: check command begin 1.25: --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-console=info --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --stanza=demo

    P00   INFO: WAL segment 000000010000000000000001 successfully stored in the archive at '/var/lib/pgbackrest/archive/demo/9.4-1/0000000100000000/000000010000000000000001-38ee5d4413032f5a894f47b8c0d2488f218ca33b.gz'

    P00   INFO: check command end: completed successfully

4.8
Perform a Backup
To perform a backup of the PostgreSQL cluster run pgBackRest with the backup command.
db-primary ⇒ Backup the demo cluster

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo \
           --log-level-console=info backup

    P00   INFO: backup command begin 1.25: --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-console=info --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --retention-full=2 --stanza=demo

    P00   WARN: no prior backup exists, incr backup has been changed to full

    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_start_backup() with label "pgBackRest backup started at 2017-10-24 19:19:07": backup begins after the next regular checkpoint completes
    P00   INFO: backup start archive = 000000010000000000000002, lsn = 0/2000028
           [filtered 754 lines of output]
    P01   INFO: backup file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/1/11895 (0B, 100%)
    P01   INFO: backup file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/1/11885 (0B, 100%)

    P00   INFO: full backup size = 19.2MB

    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_stop_backup() and wait for all WAL segments to archive
    P00   INFO: backup stop archive = 000000010000000000000002, lsn = 0/20000F0
           [filtered 4 lines of output]

By default pgBackRest will attempt to perform an incremental backup. However, an incremental backup must be based on a full backup and since no full backup existed pgBackRest ran a full backup instead.
The type option can be used to specify a full or differential backup.
db-primary ⇒ Differential backup of the demo cluster

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=diff \
           --log-level-console=info backup

           [filtered 4 lines of output]
    P01   INFO: backup file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/global/pg_control (8KB, 97%) checksum 9889667f1df8ced44eff8a06023f0e2a89be555b
    P01   INFO: backup file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/backup_label (236B, 100%) checksum 66c27a3f518396b1506db0a27a413985853f6a94

    P00   INFO: diff backup size = 8.2KB

    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_stop_backup() and wait for all WAL segments to archive
    P00   INFO: backup stop archive = 000000010000000000000003, lsn = 0/30000F0
           [filtered 4 lines of output]

This time there was no warning because a full backup already existed. While incremental backups can be based on a full or differential backup, differential backups must be based on a full backup. A full backup can be performed by running the backup command with --type=full.
More information about the backup command can be found in the Backup section.
4.9
Schedule a Backup
Backups can be scheduled with utilities such as cron.
In the following example, two cron jobs are configured to run; full backups are scheduled for 6:30 AM every Sunday with differential backups scheduled for 6:30 AM Monday through Saturday. If this crontab is installed for the first time mid-week, then pgBackRest will run a full backup the first time the differential job is executed, followed the next day by a differential backup.

    #m h   dom mon dow   command
    30 06  *   *   0     pgbackrest --type=full --stanza=demo backup
    30 06  *   *   1-6   pgbackrest --type=diff --stanza=demo backup

Once backups are scheduled it's important to configure retention so backups are expired on a regular schedule, see Retention.
4.10
Backup Information
Use the info command to get information about backups.
db-primary ⇒ Get info for the demo cluster

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest info

    stanza: demo
        status: ok

        db (current)
            wal archive min/max (9.4-1): 000000010000000000000002 / 000000010000000000000003

            full backup: 20171024-191907F

                timestamp start/stop: 2017-10-24 19:19:07 / 2017-10-24 19:19:12
                wal start/stop: 000000010000000000000002 / 000000010000000000000002
                database size: 19.2MB, backup size: 19.2MB
                repository size: 2.2MB, repository backup size: 2.2MB

            diff backup: 20171024-191907F_20171024-191912D

                timestamp start/stop: 2017-10-24 19:19:12 / 2017-10-24 19:19:16
                wal start/stop: 000000010000000000000003 / 000000010000000000000003
                database size: 19.2MB, backup size: 8.2KB
                repository size: 2.2MB, repository backup size: 346B
                backup reference list: 20171024-191907F

Each stanza has a separate section and it is possible to limit output to a single stanza with the --stanza option. The stanza 'status' gives a brief indication of the stanza's health. If this is 'ok' then pgBackRest is functioning normally. The 'wal archive min/max' shows the minimum and maximum WAL currently stored in the archive. Note that there may be gaps due to archive retention policies or other reasons.
The backups are displayed oldest to newest. The oldest backup will always be a full backup (indicated by an F at the end of the label) but the newest backup can be full, differential (ends with D), or incremental (ends with I).
The 'timestamp start/stop' defines the time period when the backup ran. The 'timestamp stop' can be used to determine the backup to use when performing Point-In-Time Recovery. More information about Point-In-Time Recovery can be found in the Point-In-Time Recovery section.
The 'wal start/stop' defines the WAL range that is required to make the database consistent when restoring. The backup command will ensure that this WAL range is in the archive before completing.
The 'database size' is the full uncompressed size of the database while 'backup size' is the amount of data actually backed up (these will be the same for full backups). The 'repository size' includes all the files from this backup and any referenced backups that are required to restore the database while 'repository backup size' includes only the files in this backup (these will also be the same for full backups). Repository sizes reflect compressed file sizes if compression is enabled in pgBackRest or the filesystem.
The 'backup reference list' contains the additional backups that are required to restore this backup.
4.11
Restore a Backup
Backups can protect you from a number of disaster scenarios, the most common of which are hardware failure and data corruption. The easiest way to simulate data corruption is to remove an important PostgreSQL cluster file.
db-primary ⇒ Stop the demo cluster and delete the pg_control file

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo stop

    sudo -u postgres rm /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/global/pg_control

Starting the cluster without this important file will result in an error.
db-primary ⇒ Attempt to start the corrupted demo cluster

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo start

    The PostgreSQL server failed to start. Please check the log output:

    postgres: could not find the database system

    Expected to find it in the directory "/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo",
    but could not open file "/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/global/pg_control": No such file or directory

To restore a backup of the PostgreSQL cluster run pgBackRest with the restore command. The cluster needs to be stopped (in this case it is already stopped) and all files must be removed from the PostgreSQL data directory.
db-primary ⇒ Remove old files from demo cluster

    sudo -u postgres find /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo -mindepth 1 -delete

db-primary ⇒ Restore the demo cluster and start PostgreSQL

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo restore

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo start

This time the cluster started successfully since the restore replaced the missing pg_control file.
More information about the restore command can be found in the Restore section.
5
Backup
The Backup section introduces additional backup command features.
5.1
Fast Start Option
By default pgBackRest will wait for the next regularly scheduled checkpoint before starting a backup. Depending on the checkpoint_timeout and checkpoint_segments settings in PostgreSQL it may be quite some time before a checkpoint completes and the backup can begin.
db-primary ⇒ Incremental backup of the demo cluster with the regularly scheduled checkpoint

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=incr \
           --log-level-console=info backup

    P00   INFO: backup command begin 1.25: --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-console=info --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --retention-full=2 --stanza=demo --type=incr
    P00   INFO: last backup label = 20171024-191907F_20171024-191912D, version = 1.25

    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_start_backup() with label "pgBackRest backup started at 2017-10-24 19:19:28": backup begins after the next regular checkpoint completes

    P00   INFO: backup start archive = 000000020000000000000006, lsn = 0/6000028
    P01   INFO: backup file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/pg_multixact/offsets/0000 (8KB, 33%) checksum 0631457264ff7f8d5fb1edc2c0211992a67c73e6
           [filtered 10 lines of output]

When --start-fast is passed on the command-line or start-fast=y is set in /etc/pgbackrest.conf an immediate checkpoint is requested and the backup will start more quickly. This is convenient for testing and for ad-hoc backups. For instance, if a backup is being taken at the beginning of a release window it makes no sense to wait for a checkpoint. Since regularly scheduled backups generally only happen once per day it is unlikely that enabling the start-fast in /etc/pgbackrest.conf will negatively affect performance, however for high-volume transactional systems you may want to pass --start-fast on the command-line instead. Alternately, it is possible to override the setting in the configuration file by passing --no-start-fast on the command-line.
db-primary:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Enable the start-fast option
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
[global]
repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest
retention-full=2
start-fast=y
db-primary ⇒ Incremental backup of the demo cluster with an immediate checkpoint

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=incr \
           --log-level-console=info backup

    P00   INFO: backup command begin 1.25: --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-console=info --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --retention-full=2 --stanza=demo --start-fast --type=incr
    P00   INFO: last backup label = 20171024-191907F_20171024-191928I, version = 1.25

    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_start_backup() with label "pgBackRest backup started at 2017-10-24 19:19:32": backup begins after the requested immediate checkpoint completes

    P00   INFO: backup start archive = 000000020000000000000007, lsn = 0/7000028
    P01   INFO: backup file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/global/pg_control (8KB, 97%) checksum b0c9634c4630b2609979a510ec357158d248ca54
           [filtered 8 lines of output]

5.2
Automatic Stop Option
Sometimes pgBackRest will exit unexpectedly and the backup in progress on the PostgreSQL cluster will not be properly stopped. pgBackRest exits as quickly as possible when an error occurs so that the cause can be reported accurately and is not masked by another problem that might happen during a more extensive cleanup.
Here an error is intentionally caused by removing repository permissions.
db-primary ⇒ Revoke write privileges in the pgBackRest repository and attempt a backup

    sudo chmod 550 /var/lib/pgbackrest/backup/demo/

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=incr \
           --log-level-console=info backup

           [filtered 2 lines of output]
    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_start_backup() with label "pgBackRest backup started at 2017-10-24 19:19:36": backup begins after the requested immediate checkpoint completes
    P00   INFO: backup start archive = 000000020000000000000008, lsn = 0/8000028

    P00  ERROR: [047]: unable to create path '/var/lib/pgbackrest/backup/demo/20171024-191907F_20171024-191936I': Permission denied

    P00   INFO: backup command end: aborted with exception [047]

Even when the permissions are fixed pgBackRest will still be unable to perform a backup because the PostgreSQL cluster is stuck in backup mode.
db-primary ⇒ Restore write privileges in the pgBackRest repository and attempt a backup

    sudo chmod 750 /var/lib/pgbackrest/backup/demo/

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=incr \
           --log-level-console=info backup

    P00   INFO: backup command begin 1.25: --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-console=info --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --retention-full=2 --stanza=demo --start-fast --type=incr
    P00   INFO: last backup label = 20171024-191907F_20171024-191932I, version = 1.25
    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_start_backup() with label "pgBackRest backup started at 2017-10-24 19:19:38": backup begins after the requested immediate checkpoint completes

    P00  ERROR: [057]: ERROR:  a backup is already in progress

                HINT:  Run pg_stop_backup() and try again.:
                select to_char(current_timestamp, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.US TZ'), pg_xlogfile_name(lsn), lsn::text from pg_start_backup('pgBackRest backup started at 2017-10-24 19:19:38', true) as lsn

Enabling the stop-auto option allows pgBackRest to stop the current backup if it detects that no other pgBackRest backup process is running.
db-primary:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Enable the stop-auto option
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
[global]
repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest
retention-full=2
start-fast=y
stop-auto=y
Now pgBackRest will stop the old backup and start a new one so the process completes successfully.
db-primary ⇒ Perform an incremental backup

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=incr \
           --log-level-console=info backup

    P00   INFO: backup command begin 1.25: --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-console=info --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --retention-full=2 --stanza=demo --start-fast --stop-auto --type=incr
    P00   INFO: last backup label = 20171024-191907F_20171024-191932I, version = 1.25

    P00   WARN: the cluster is already in backup mode but no pgBackRest backup process is running. pg_stop_backup() will be called so a new backup can be started.

    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_stop_backup() and wait for all WAL segments to archive

    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_start_backup() with label "pgBackRest backup started at 2017-10-24 19:19:40": backup begins after the requested immediate checkpoint completes

    P00   INFO: backup start archive = 000000020000000000000009, lsn = 0/9000028
    P01   INFO: backup file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/global/pg_control (8KB, 97%) checksum 3709f62348368907f32ee17f96aece9ef0a7ddf2
           [filtered 8 lines of output]

Although useful this feature may not be appropriate when another third-party backup solution is being used to take online backups as pgBackRest will not recognize that the other software is running and may terminate a backup started by that software. However, it would be unusual to run more than one third-party backup solution at the same time so this is not likely to be a problem.
Note that pg_dump and pg_base_backup do not take online backups so are not affected. It is safe to run them in conjunction with pgBackRest.
5.3
Archive Timeout
During an online backup, pgBackRest waits for WAL segments that are required to make the backup consistent to be archived. This wait time is governed by the archive-timeout option which defaults to 60 seconds. If archiving an individual segment is known to take longer, then this option should be increased.
6
Retention
Generally it is best to retain as many backups as possible to provide a greater window for Point-in-Time Recovery, but practical concerns such as disk space must also be considered. Retention options remove older backups once they are no longer needed.
6.1
Full Backup Retention
Set retention-full to the number of full backups required. New backups must be completed before expiration will occur — that means if retention-full=2 then there will be three full backups stored before the oldest one is expired.
db-primary:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure retention-full
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
[global]
repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest
retention-full=2
start-fast=y
stop-auto=y
Backup retention-full=2 but currently there is only one full backup so the next full backup to run will not expire any full backups.
db-primary ⇒ Perform a full backup

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=full \
           --log-level-console=detail backup

           [filtered 763 lines of output]
    P00   INFO: backup command end: completed successfully
    P00   INFO: expire command begin 1.25: --log-level-console=detail --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --retention-archive=2 --retention-full=2 --stanza=demo

    P00 DETAIL: archive retention on backup 20171024-191907F, archiveId = 9.4-1, start = 000000010000000000000002

    P00 DETAIL: no archive to remove, archiveId = 9.4-1
    P00   INFO: expire command end: completed successfully

Archive is expired because WAL segments were generated before the oldest backup. These are not useful for recovery — only WAL segments generated after a backup can be used to recover that backup.
db-primary ⇒ Perform a full backup

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=full \
           --log-level-console=info backup

           [filtered 763 lines of output]
    P00   INFO: backup command end: completed successfully
    P00   INFO: expire command begin 1.25: --log-level-console=info --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --retention-archive=2 --retention-full=2 --stanza=demo

    P00   INFO: expire full backup set: 20171024-191907F, 20171024-191907F_20171024-191912D, 20171024-191907F_20171024-191928I, 20171024-191907F_20171024-191932I, 20171024-191907F_20171024-191940I

    P00   INFO: remove expired backup 20171024-191907F_20171024-191940I
    P00   INFO: remove expired backup 20171024-191907F_20171024-191932I
           [filtered 3 lines of output]

The 20171024-191907F full backup is expired and archive retention is based on the 20171024-191945F which is now the oldest full backup.
6.2
Differential Backup Retention
Set retention-diff to the number of differential backups required. Differentials only rely on the prior full backup so it is possible to create a rolling set of differentials for the last day or more. This allows quick restores to recent points-in-time but reduces overall space consumption.
db-primary:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure retention-diff
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
[global]
repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest
retention-diff=1
retention-full=2
start-fast=y
stop-auto=y
Backup retention-diff=1 so two differentials will need to be performed before one is expired. An incremental backup is added to demonstrate incremental expiration. Incremental backups cannot be expired independently — they are always expired with their related full or differential backup.
db-primary ⇒ Perform differential and incremental backups

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=diff backup

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=incr backup

Now performing a differential backup will expire the previous differential and incremental backups leaving only one differential backup.
db-primary ⇒ Perform a differential backup

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=diff \
           --log-level-console=info backup

           [filtered 10 lines of output]
    P00   INFO: backup command end: completed successfully
    P00   INFO: expire command begin 1.25: --log-level-console=info --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --retention-archive=2 --retention-diff=1 --retention-full=2 --stanza=demo

    P00   INFO: expire diff backup set: 20171024-191950F_20171024-191958D, 20171024-191950F_20171024-192002I

    P00   INFO: remove expired backup 20171024-191950F_20171024-192002I
    P00   INFO: remove expired backup 20171024-191950F_20171024-191958D

6.3
Archive Retention
Although pgBackRest automatically removes archived WAL segments when expiring backups (the default expires WAL for full backups based on the retention-full option), it may be useful to expire archive more aggressively to save disk space. Note that full backups are treated as differential backups for the purpose of differential archive retention.
Expiring archive will never remove WAL segments that are required to make a backup consistent. However, since Point-in-Time-Recovery (PITR) only works on a continuous WAL stream, care should be taken when aggressively expiring archive outside of the normal backup expiration process.
db-primary:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure retention-diff
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
[global]
repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest
retention-diff=2
retention-full=2
start-fast=y
stop-auto=y
db-primary ⇒ Perform differential backup

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=diff \
           --log-level-console=info backup

           [filtered 7 lines of output]
    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_stop_backup() and wait for all WAL segments to archive
    P00   INFO: backup stop archive = 000000020000000000000012, lsn = 0/120000F0

    P00   INFO: new backup label = 20171024-191950F_20171024-192011D

    P00   INFO: backup command end: completed successfully
    P00   INFO: expire command begin 1.25: --log-level-console=info --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --retention-archive=2 --retention-diff=2 --retention-full=2 --stanza=demo

db-primary ⇒ Expire archive

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --log-level-console=detail \
           --retention-archive-type=diff --retention-archive=1 expire

    P00   INFO: expire command begin 1.25: --log-level-console=detail --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --retention-archive=1 --retention-archive-type=diff --retention-diff=2 --retention-full=2 --stanza=demo
    P00 DETAIL: archive retention on backup 20171024-191945F, archiveId = 9.4-1, start = 00000002000000000000000A, stop = 00000002000000000000000A
    P00 DETAIL: archive retention on backup 20171024-191950F, archiveId = 9.4-1, start = 00000002000000000000000B, stop = 00000002000000000000000B

    P00 DETAIL: archive retention on backup 20171024-191950F_20171024-192006D, archiveId = 9.4-1, start = 00000002000000000000000E, stop = 00000002000000000000000E

    P00 DETAIL: archive retention on backup 20171024-191950F_20171024-192011D, archiveId = 9.4-1, start = 000000020000000000000012

    P00 DETAIL: remove archive: archiveId = 9.4-1, start = 00000002000000000000000C, stop = 00000002000000000000000D
    P00 DETAIL: remove archive: archiveId = 9.4-1, start = 00000002000000000000000F, stop = 000000020000000000000011

    P00   INFO: expire command end: completed successfully

The 20171024-191950F_20171024-192006D differential backup has archived WAL segments that must be retained to make the older backups consistent even though they cannot be played any further forward with PITR. WAL segments generated after 20171024-191950F_20171024-192006D but before 20171024-191950F_20171024-192011D are removed. WAL segments generated after the new backup 20171024-191950F_20171024-192011D remain and can be used for PITR.
Since full backups are considered differential backups for the purpose of differential archive retention, if a full backup is now performed with the same settings, only the archive for that full backup is retained for PITR.
7
Restore
The Restore section introduces additional restore command features.
7.1
Delta Option
Restore a Backup in Quick Start required the database cluster directory to be cleaned before the restore could be performed. The delta option allows pgBackRest to automatically determine which files in the database cluster directory can be preserved and which ones need to be restored from the backup — it also removes files not present in the backup manifest so it will dispose of divergent changes. This is accomplished by calculating a SHA-1 cryptographic hash for each file in the database cluster directory. If the SHA-1 hash does not match the hash stored in the backup then that file will be restored. This operation is very efficient when combined with the process-max option. Since the PostgreSQL server is shut down during the restore, a larger number of processes can be used than might be desirable during a backup when the PostgreSQL server is running.
db-primary ⇒ Stop the demo cluster, perform delta restore

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo stop

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --delta \
           --log-level-console=detail restore

           [filtered 692 lines of output]
    P01 DETAIL: restore file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/12134/PG_VERSION - exists and matches backup (4B, 99%) checksum 8dbabb96e032b8d9f1993c0e4b9141e71ade01a1
    P01 DETAIL: restore file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/1/PG_VERSION - exists and matches backup (4B, 99%) checksum 8dbabb96e032b8d9f1993c0e4b9141e71ade01a1

    P01 DETAIL: restore file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/PG_VERSION - exists and matches backup (4B, 100%) checksum 8dbabb96e032b8d9f1993c0e4b9141e71ade01a1

    P01 DETAIL: restore file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/global/12086 - exists and is zero size (0B, 100%)
    P01 DETAIL: restore file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/global/12038 - exists and is zero size (0B, 100%)
           [filtered 83 lines of output]
    P01 DETAIL: restore file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/1/11885 - exists and is zero size (0B, 100%)
    P00   INFO: write /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/recovery.conf

    P00   INFO: restore global/pg_control (performed last to ensure aborted restores cannot be started)

    P00   INFO: restore command end: completed successfully

db-primary ⇒ Restart PostgreSQL

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo start

7.2
Restore Selected Databases
There may be cases where it is desirable to selectively restore specific databases from a cluster backup. This could be done for performance reasons or to move selected databases to a machine that does not have enough space to restore the entire cluster backup.
To demonstrate this feature two databases are created: test1 and test2. A fresh backup is run so pgBackRest is aware of the new databases.
db-primary ⇒ Create two test databases and perform a backup

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "create database test1;"

    CREATE DATABASE

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "create database test2;"

    CREATE DATABASE

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=incr backup

Each test database will be seeded with tables and data to demonstrate that recovery works with selective restore.
db-primary ⇒ Create a test table in each database

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "create table test1_table (id int); \
           insert into test1_table (id) values (1);" test1

    INSERT 0 1

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "create table test2_table (id int); \
           insert into test2_table (id) values (2);" test2

    INSERT 0 1

One of the main reasons to use selective restore is to save space. The size of the test1 database is shown here so it can be compared with the disk utilization after a selective restore.
db-primary ⇒ Show space used by test1 database

    sudo -u postgres du -sh /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/16384

    6.4M	/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/16384

Stop the cluster and restore only the test2 database. Built-in databases (template0, template1, and postgres) are always restored.
db-primary ⇒ Restore from last backup including only the test2 database

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo stop

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --delta \
           --db-include=test2 restore

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo start

Once recovery is complete the test2 database will contain all previously created tables and data.
db-primary ⇒ Demonstrate that the test2 database was recovered

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "select * from test2_table;" test2

     id
    ----
      2
    (1 row)

The test1 database, despite successful recovery, is not accessible. This is because the entire database was restored as sparse, zeroed files. PostgreSQL can successfully apply WAL on the zeroed files but the database as a whole will not be valid because key files contain no data. This is purposeful to prevent the database from being accidentally used when it might contain partial data that was applied during WAL replay.
db-primary ⇒ Attempting to connect to the test1 database will produce an error

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "select * from test1_table;" test1

    psql: FATAL:  relation mapping file "base/16384/pg_filenode.map" contains invalid data

Since the test1 database is restored with sparse, zeroed files it will only require as much space as the amount of WAL that is written during recovery. While the amount of WAL generated during a backup and applied during recovery can be significant it will generally be a small fraction of the total database size, especially for large databases where this feature is most likely to be useful.
It is clear that the test1 database uses far less disk space during the selective restore than it would have if the entire database had been restored.
db-primary ⇒ Show space used by test1 database after recovery

    sudo -u postgres du -sh /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/16384

    152K	/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/16384

At this point the only action that can be taken on the invalid test1 database is drop database. pgBackRest does not automatically drop the database since this cannot be done until recovery is complete and the cluster is accessible.
db-primary ⇒ Drop the test1 database

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "drop database test1;"

    DROP DATABASE

Now that the invalid test1 database has been dropped only the test2 and built-in databases remain.
db-primary ⇒ List remaining databases

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "select oid, datname from pg_database order by oid;"

      oid  |  datname
    -------+-----------
         1 | template1
     12134 | template0
     12139 | postgres

     16385 | test2

    (4 rows)

8
Point-in-Time Recovery
Restore a Backup in Quick Start performed default recovery, which is to play all the way to the end of the WAL stream. In the case of a hardware failure this is usually the best choice but for data corruption scenarios (whether machine or human in origin) Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR) is often more appropriate.
Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR) allows the WAL to be played from the last backup to a specified time, transaction id, or recovery point. For common recovery scenarios time-based recovery is arguably the most useful. A typical recovery scenario is to restore a table that was accidentally dropped or data that was accidentally deleted. Recovering a dropped table is more dramatic so that's the example given here but deleted data would be recovered in exactly the same way.
db-primary ⇒ Backup the demo cluster and create a table with very important data

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=diff backup

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "begin; \
           create table important_table (message text); \
           insert into important_table values ('Important Data'); \
           commit; \
           select * from important_table;"

        message
    ----------------

     Important Data

    (1 row)

It is important to represent the time as reckoned by PostgreSQL and to include timezone offsets. This reduces the possibility of unintended timezone conversions and an unexpected recovery result.
db-primary ⇒ Get the time from PostgreSQL

    sudo -u postgres psql -Atc "select current_timestamp"

    2017-10-24 19:20:44.447612+00

Now that the time has been recorded the table is dropped. In practice finding the exact time that the table was dropped is a lot harder than in this example. It may not be possible to find the exact time, but some forensic work should be able to get you close.
db-primary ⇒ Drop the important table

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "begin; \
           drop table important_table; \
           commit; \
           select * from important_table;"

    ERROR:  relation "important_table" does not exist

    LINE 1: ...le important_table;     commit;     select * from important_...
                                                                 ^

Now the restore can be performed with time-based recovery to bring back the missing table.
db-primary ⇒ Stop PostgreSQL, restore the demo cluster to 2017-10-24 19:20:44.447612+00, and display recovery.conf

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo stop

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --delta \
           --type=time "--target=2017-10-24 19:20:44.447612+00" restore

    sudo -u postgres cat /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/recovery.conf

    restore_command = '/usr/bin/pgbackrest --stanza=demo archive-get %f "%p"'

    recovery_target_time = '2017-10-24 19:20:44.447612+00'

The recovery.conf file has been automatically generated by pgBackRest so PostgreSQL can be started immediately. Once PostgreSQL has finished recovery the table will exist again and can be queried.
db-primary ⇒ Start PostgreSQL and check that the important table exists

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo start

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "select * from important_table"

        message
    ----------------

     Important Data

    (1 row)

The PostgreSQL log also contains valuable information. It will indicate the time and transaction where the recovery stopped and also give the time of the last transaction to be applied.
db-primary ⇒ Examine the PostgreSQL log output

    sudo -u postgres cat /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-9.4-demo.log

    LOG:  database system was interrupted; last known up at 2017-10-24 19:20:40 UTC

    LOG:  starting point-in-time recovery to 2017-10-24 19:20:44.447612+00

    LOG:  restored log file "00000004.history" from archive
    LOG:  restored log file "000000040000000000000017" from archive
           [filtered 2 lines of output]
    LOG:  incomplete startup packet
    LOG:  restored log file "000000040000000000000018" from archive

    LOG:  recovery stopping before commit of transaction 686, time 2017-10-24 19:20:44.564025+00

    LOG:  redo done at 0/180157F0

    LOG:  last completed transaction was at log time 2017-10-24 19:20:44.345821+00

    LOG:  selected new timeline ID: 5
    LOG:  restored log file "00000004.history" from archive
           [filtered 4 lines of output]

This example was rigged to give the correct result. If a backup after the required time is chosen then PostgreSQL will not be able to recover the lost table. PostgreSQL can only play forward, not backward. To demonstrate this the important table must be dropped (again).
db-primary ⇒ Drop the important table (again)

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "begin; \
           drop table important_table; \
           commit; \
           select * from important_table;"

    ERROR:  relation "important_table" does not exist

    LINE 1: ...le important_table;     commit;     select * from important_...
                                                                 ^

Now take a new backup and attempt recovery from the new backup.
db-primary ⇒ Perform a backup then attempt recovery from that backup

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=incr backup

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo stop

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --delta \
           --type=time "--target=2017-10-24 19:20:44.447612+00" restore

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo start

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "select * from important_table"

    ERROR:  relation "important_table" does not exist

    LINE 1: select * from important_table
                          ^

Looking at the log output it's not obvious that recovery failed to restore the table. The key is to look for the presence of the recovery stopping before... and last completed transaction... log messages. If they are not present then the recovery to the specified point-in-time was not successful.
db-primary ⇒ Examine the PostgreSQL log output to discover the recovery was not successful

    sudo -u postgres cat /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-9.4-demo.log

    LOG:  database system was interrupted; last known up at 2017-10-24 19:20:53 UTC

    LOG:  starting point-in-time recovery to 2017-10-24 19:20:44.447612+00

    LOG:  restored log file "00000005.history" from archive
    LOG:  restored log file "000000050000000000000019" from archive
    LOG:  redo starts at 0/19000028

    LOG:  consistent recovery state reached at 0/190000F0

    LOG:  redo done at 0/190000F0
    LOG:  incomplete startup packet
           [filtered 8 lines of output]

Using an earlier backup will allow PostgreSQL to play forward to the correct time. The info command can be used to find the next to last backup.
db-primary ⇒ Get backup info for the demo cluster

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest info

    stanza: demo
        status: ok

        db (current)
            wal archive min/max (9.4-1): 00000002000000000000000A / 000000050000000000000019

            full backup: 20171024-191945F
                timestamp start/stop: 2017-10-24 19:19:45 / 2017-10-24 19:19:49
                wal start/stop: 00000002000000000000000A / 00000002000000000000000A
                database size: 19.2MB, backup size: 19.2MB
                repository size: 2.2MB, repository backup size: 2.2MB

            full backup: 20171024-191950F
                timestamp start/stop: 2017-10-24 19:19:50 / 2017-10-24 19:19:56
                wal start/stop: 00000002000000000000000B / 00000002000000000000000B
                database size: 19.2MB, backup size: 19.2MB
                repository size: 2.2MB, repository backup size: 2.2MB

            diff backup: 20171024-191950F_20171024-192011D
                timestamp start/stop: 2017-10-24 19:20:11 / 2017-10-24 19:20:14
                wal start/stop: 000000020000000000000012 / 000000020000000000000012
                database size: 19.2MB, backup size: 8.2KB
                repository size: 2.2MB, repository backup size: 345B
                backup reference list: 20171024-191950F

            incr backup: 20171024-191950F_20171024-192024I
                timestamp start/stop: 2017-10-24 19:20:24 / 2017-10-24 19:20:28
                wal start/stop: 000000030000000000000014 / 000000030000000000000014
                database size: 31.7MB, backup size: 12.5MB
                repository size: 3.7MB, repository backup size: 1.5MB
                backup reference list: 20171024-191950F

            diff backup: 20171024-191950F_20171024-192039D

                timestamp start/stop: 2017-10-24 19:20:39 / 2017-10-24 19:20:43
                wal start/stop: 000000040000000000000017 / 000000040000000000000017
                database size: 25.5MB, backup size: 6.3MB
                repository size: 3MB, repository backup size: 765.2KB
                backup reference list: 20171024-191950F

            incr backup: 20171024-191950F_20171024-192052I
                timestamp start/stop: 2017-10-24 19:20:52 / 2017-10-24 19:20:56
                wal start/stop: 000000050000000000000019 / 000000050000000000000019
                database size: 25.5MB, backup size: 1.7MB
                repository size: 2.9MB, repository backup size: 200.3KB

                backup reference list: 20171024-191950F, 20171024-191950F_20171024-192039D

The default behavior for restore is to use the last backup but an earlier backup can be specified with the --set option.
db-primary ⇒ Stop PostgreSQL, restore from the selected backup, and start PostgreSQL

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo stop

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --delta \
           --type=time "--target=2017-10-24 19:20:44.447612+00" \
           --set=20171024-191950F_20171024-192039D restore

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo start

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "select * from important_table"

        message
    ----------------

     Important Data

    (1 row)

Now the the log output will contain the expected recovery stopping before... and last completed transaction... messages showing that the recovery was successful.
db-primary ⇒ Examine the PostgreSQL log output for log messages indicating success

    sudo -u postgres cat /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-9.4-demo.log

    LOG:  database system was interrupted; last known up at 2017-10-24 19:20:40 UTC

    LOG:  starting point-in-time recovery to 2017-10-24 19:20:44.447612+00

    LOG:  restored log file "00000004.history" from archive
    LOG:  restored log file "000000040000000000000017" from archive
           [filtered 2 lines of output]
    LOG:  incomplete startup packet
    LOG:  restored log file "000000040000000000000018" from archive

    LOG:  recovery stopping before commit of transaction 686, time 2017-10-24 19:20:44.564025+00

    LOG:  redo done at 0/180157F0

    LOG:  last completed transaction was at log time 2017-10-24 19:20:44.345821+00

    LOG:  restored log file "00000005.history" from archive
    LOG:  restored log file "00000006.history" from archive
           [filtered 7 lines of output]

9
S3 Support
pgBackRest supports storing repositories in Amazon S3.
db-primary:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure S3
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
[global]
process-max=4
repo-path=/
repo-s3-bucket=demo-bucket
repo-s3-endpoint=s3.amazonaws.com
repo-s3-key=accessKey1
repo-s3-key-secret=verySecretKey1
repo-s3-region=us-east-1
repo-type=s3
retention-diff=2
retention-full=2
start-fast=y
stop-auto=y
Commands are run exactly as if the repository were stored on a local disk.
db-primary ⇒ Create the stanza

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --log-level-console=info stanza-create

    P00   INFO: stanza-create command begin 1.25: --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-console=info --no-log-timestamp --repo-path=/ --repo-s3-bucket=demo-bucket --repo-s3-endpoint=s3.amazonaws.com --repo-s3-key=<redacted> --repo-s3-key-secret=<redacted> --repo-s3-region=us-east-1 --no-repo-s3-verify-ssl --repo-type=s3 --stanza=demo

    P00   INFO: stanza-create command end: completed successfully

File creation time in S3 is relatively slow so commands benefit by increasing process-max to parallelize file creation.
db-primary ⇒ Backup the demo cluster

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo \
           --log-level-console=info backup

    P00   INFO: backup command begin 1.25: --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-console=info --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --process-max=4 --repo-path=/ --repo-s3-bucket=demo-bucket --repo-s3-endpoint=s3.amazonaws.com --repo-s3-key=<redacted> --repo-s3-key-secret=<redacted> --repo-s3-region=us-east-1 --no-repo-s3-verify-ssl --repo-type=s3 --retention-diff=2 --retention-full=2 --stanza=demo --start-fast --stop-auto

    P00   WARN: no prior backup exists, incr backup has been changed to full

    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_start_backup() with label "pgBackRest backup started at 2017-10-24 19:21:16": backup begins after the requested immediate checkpoint completes
    P00   INFO: backup start archive = 000000070000000000000019, lsn = 0/19000028
           [filtered 995 lines of output]
    P02   INFO: backup file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/1/11885 (0B, 100%)
    P04   INFO: backup file /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/1/11895 (0B, 100%)

    P00   INFO: full backup size = 25.5MB

    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_stop_backup() and wait for all WAL segments to archive
    P00   INFO: backup stop archive = 000000070000000000000019, lsn = 0/19000128
           [filtered 4 lines of output]

10
Dedicated Backup Host
The configuration described in Quickstart is suitable for simple installations but for enterprise configurations it is more typical to have a dedicated backup host. This separates the backups and WAL archive from the database server so database host failures have less impact. It is still a good idea to employ traditional backup software to backup the backup host.
10.1
Installation
A new host named backup is created to store the cluster backups.
The backrest user is created to own the pgBackRest repository. Any user can own the repository but it is best not to use postgres (if it exists) to avoid confusion.
backup ⇒ Create backrest

    sudo adduser --disabled-password --gecos "" backrest

pgBackRest is written in Perl which is included with Debian/Ubuntu by default. Some additional modules must also be installed but they are available as standard packages.
backup ⇒ Install required Perl packages

    sudo apt-get install libdbd-pg-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libxml-libxml-perl

Debian/Ubuntu packages for pgBackRest are available at apt.postgresql.org. If they are not provided for your distribution/version it is easy to download the source and install manually.
backup ⇒ Download version 1.25 of pgBackRest

    sudo wget -q -O - \
           https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest/archive/release/1.25.tar.gz | \
           sudo tar zx -C /root

backup ⇒ Install pgBackRest

    sudo cp -r /root/pgbackrest-release-1.25/lib/pgBackRest \
           /usr/share/perl5

    sudo find /usr/share/perl5/pgBackRest -type f -exec chmod 644 {} +

    sudo find /usr/share/perl5/pgBackRest -type d -exec chmod 755 {} +

    sudo cp /root/pgbackrest-release-1.25/bin/pgbackrest /usr/bin/pgbackrest

    sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/pgbackrest

    sudo mkdir -m 770 /var/log/pgbackrest

    sudo chown backrest:backrest /var/log/pgbackrest

    sudo touch /etc/pgbackrest.conf

    sudo chmod 640 /etc/pgbackrest.conf

    sudo chown backrest:backrest /etc/pgbackrest.conf

backup ⇒ Create the pgBackRest repository

    sudo mkdir /var/lib/pgbackrest

    sudo chmod 750 /var/lib/pgbackrest

    sudo chown backrest:backrest /var/lib/pgbackrest

10.2
Setup Trusted SSH
pgBackRest requires trusted (no password) SSH to enable communication between the hosts.
backup ⇒ Create backup host key pair

    sudo -u backrest mkdir -m 750 /home/backrest/.ssh

    sudo -u backrest ssh-keygen -f /home/backrest/.ssh/id_rsa -t rsa -b 4096 -N ""

db-primary ⇒ Create db-primary host key pair

    sudo -u postgres mkdir -m 750 -p /home/postgres/.ssh

    sudo -u postgres ssh-keygen -f /home/postgres/.ssh/id_rsa -t rsa -b 4096 -N ""

Exchange keys between backup and db-primary.
backup ⇒ Copy db-primary public key to backup

    sudo ssh root@db-primary cat /home/postgres/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | \
           sudo -u backrest tee -a /home/backrest/.ssh/authorized_keys

db-primary ⇒ Copy backup public key to db-primary

    sudo ssh root@backup cat /home/backrest/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | \
           sudo -u postgres tee -a /home/postgres/.ssh/authorized_keys

Test that connections can be made from backup to db-primary and vice versa.
backup ⇒ Test connection from backup to db-primary

    sudo -u backrest ssh postgres@db-primary

db-primary ⇒ Test connection from db-primary to backup

    sudo -u postgres ssh backrest@backup

10.3
Configuration
The backup host must be configured with the db-primary host/user and database path. The primary will be configured as db1 to allow a standby to be added later.
backup:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure db1-host/db1-user and db1-path
[demo]
db1-host=db-primary
db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
db1-user=postgres
[global]
repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest
retention-full=2
start-fast=y
The database host must be configured with the backup host/user. The default for the backup-user option is backrest. If the postgres user does restores on the backup host it is best not to also allow the postgres user to perform backups. However, the postgres user can read the repository directly if it is in the same group as the backrest user.
db-primary:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure backup-host/backup-user
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
[global]
backup-host=backup
backup-user=backrest
log-level-file=detail
The repository directory will also be removed from the database host. It will not be used anymore so leaving it around may be confusing later on.
db-primary ⇒ Remove repository now that it will be located on the backup host server

    sudo find /var/lib/pgbackrest -delete

Commands are run the same as on a single host configuration except that some commands such as backup and expire are run from the backup host instead of the database host.
Create the stanza in the new repository.
backup ⇒ Create the stanza

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest --stanza=demo stanza-create

Check that the configuration is correct on both the database and backup hosts. More information about the check command can be found in Check the Configuration.
db-primary ⇒ Check the configuration

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo check

backup ⇒ Check the configuration

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest --stanza=demo check

10.4
Perform a Backup
To perform a backup of the PostgreSQL cluster run pgBackRest with the backup command on the backup host.
backup ⇒ Backup the demo cluster

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest --stanza=demo backup

    P00   WARN: no prior backup exists, incr backup has been changed to full

Since a new repository was created on the backup host the warning about the incremental backup changing to a full backup was emitted.
10.5
Restore a Backup
To perform a restore of the PostgreSQL cluster run pgBackRest with the restore command on the database host.
db-primary ⇒ Stop the demo cluster, restore, and restart PostgreSQL

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo stop

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --delta restore

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo start

A new backup must be performed due to the timeline switch.
backup ⇒ Backup the demo cluster

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest --stanza=demo backup

10.6
Asynchronous Archiving
The archive-async option offloads WAL archiving to a separate process (or processes) to improve throughput. It works by looking ahead to see which WAL segments are ready to be archived beyond the request that PostgreSQL is currently making via the archive_command. WAL segments are transferred to the archive directly from the pg_xlog/pg_wal directory and success is only returned by the archive_command when the WAL segment has been safely stored in the archive.
The spool directory is created to hold the current status of WAL archiving. Status files written into the spool directory are typically zero length and should consume a minimal amount of space (a few MB at most) and very little IO. All the information in this directory can be recreated so it is not necessary to preserve the spool directory if the cluster is moved to new hardware.
NOTE: In the original implementation of asynchronous archiving, WAL segments were copied to the spool directory before compression and transfer. The new implementation copies WAL directly from the pg_xlog directory. If asynchronous archiving was utilized in v1.12 or prior, read the v1.13 release notes carefully before upgrading.
db-primary ⇒ Create the spool directory

    sudo mkdir -m 750 /var/spool/pgbackrest

    sudo chown postgres:postgres /var/spool/pgbackrest

The spool path must be configured and asynchronous archiving enabled. Asynchronous archiving automatically confers some benefit by reducing the number of ssh connections made to the backup server, but setting process-max can drastically improve performance. Be sure not to set process-max so high that it affects normal database operations.
db-primary:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure the spool path and asynchronous archiving
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
[global]
archive-async=y
backup-host=backup
backup-user=backrest
log-level-file=detail
spool-path=/var/spool/pgbackrest
[global:archive-push]
process-max=2
The archive-async.log file can be used to monitor the activity of the asynchronous process. A good way to test this is to quickly push a number of WAL segments.
db-primary ⇒ Test parallel asynchronous archiving

    sudo -u postgres psql -c " \
           select pg_create_restore_point('test async push'); select pg_switch_xlog(); \
           select pg_create_restore_point('test async push'); select pg_switch_xlog(); \
           select pg_create_restore_point('test async push'); select pg_switch_xlog(); \
           select pg_create_restore_point('test async push'); select pg_switch_xlog(); \
           select pg_create_restore_point('test async push'); select pg_switch_xlog();"

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --log-level-console=info check

    P00   INFO: check command begin 1.25: --backup-host=backup --backup-user=backrest --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-console=info --log-level-file=detail --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --stanza=demo

    P00   INFO: WAL segment 000000080000000000000025 successfully stored in the archive at '/var/lib/pgbackrest/archive/demo/9.4-1/0000000800000000/000000080000000000000025-0a3223b94bde1ee28dca9c1c7ad2f7a5f7c8459b.gz'

    P00   INFO: check command end: completed successfully

Now the log file will contain parallel, asynchronous activity.
db-primary ⇒ Check results in the log

    sudo -u postgres cat /var/log/pgbackrest/demo-archive-async.log

    -------------------PROCESS START-------------------
    P00   INFO: archive-push command begin 1.25: --archive-async --backup-host=backup --backup-user=backrest --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-file=detail --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --process-max=2 --spool-path=/var/spool/pgbackrest --stanza=demo

    P00   INFO: push 2 WAL file(s) to archive: 000000080000000000000020...000000080000000000000021
    P02 DETAIL: pushed WAL file 000000080000000000000021 to archive
    P01 DETAIL: pushed WAL file 000000080000000000000020 to archive

    P00   INFO: archive-push command end: completed successfully

    -------------------PROCESS START-------------------
    P00   INFO: archive-push command begin 1.25: --archive-async --backup-host=backup --backup-user=backrest --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-file=detail --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --process-max=2 --spool-path=/var/spool/pgbackrest --stanza=demo

    P00   INFO: push 4 WAL file(s) to archive: 000000080000000000000022...000000080000000000000025
    P01 DETAIL: pushed WAL file 000000080000000000000022 to archive
    P02 DETAIL: pushed WAL file 000000080000000000000023 to archive
    P02 DETAIL: pushed WAL file 000000080000000000000025 to archive
    P01 DETAIL: pushed WAL file 000000080000000000000024 to archive

    P00   INFO: archive-push command end: completed successfully

11
Parallel Backup / Restore
pgBackRest offers parallel processing to improve performance of compression and transfer. The number of processes to be used for this feature is set using the --process-max option.
backup ⇒ Check the number of CPUs

    sudo lscpu

    Architecture:          x86_64
    CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
    Byte Order:            Little Endian

    CPU(s):                8

    On-line CPU(s) list:   0-7
    Thread(s) per core:    1
           [filtered 17 lines of output]

It is usually best not to use more than 25% of the available CPUs for the backup command. Backups don't have to run that fast as long as they are performed regularly and the backup process should not impact database performance, if at all possible.
The restore command can and should use all available CPUs because during a restore the PostgreSQL cluster is shut down and there is generally no other important work being done on the host. If the host contains multiple clusters then that should be considered when setting restore parallelism.
backup ⇒ Perform a backup with single process

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=full backup

backup:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure pgBackRest to use multiple backup processes
[demo]
db1-host=db-primary
db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
db1-user=postgres
[global]
process-max=3
repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest
retention-full=2
start-fast=y
backup ⇒ Perform a backup with multiple processes

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=full backup

backup ⇒ Get backup info for the demo cluster

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest info

    stanza: demo
        status: ok

        db (current)
            wal archive min/max (9.4-1): 000000080000000000000026 / 000000080000000000000027

            full backup: 20171024-192224F

                timestamp start/stop: 2017-10-24 19:22:24 / 2017-10-24 19:22:31

                wal start/stop: 000000080000000000000026 / 000000080000000000000026
                database size: 25.5MB, backup size: 25.5MB
                repository size: 3MB, repository backup size: 3MB

            full backup: 20171024-192233F

                timestamp start/stop: 2017-10-24 19:22:33 / 2017-10-24 19:22:39

                wal start/stop: 000000080000000000000027 / 000000080000000000000027
                database size: 25.5MB, backup size: 25.5MB
                repository size: 3MB, repository backup size: 3MB

The performance of the last backup should be improved by using multiple processes. For very small backups the difference may not be very apparent, but as the size of the database increases so will time savings.
12
Starting and Stopping
Sometimes it is useful to prevent pgBackRest from running on a system. For example, when failing over from a primary to a standby it's best to prevent pgBackRest from running on the old primary in case PostgreSQL gets restarted or can't be completely killed. This will also prevent pgBackRest from running on cron.
db-primary ⇒ Stop the pgBackRest services

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest stop

New pgBackRest processes will no longer run.
backup ⇒ Attempt a backup

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest --stanza=demo backup

    P00  ERROR: [062]: raised from remote process on 'db-primary': stop file exists for all stanzas

Specify the --force option to terminate any pgBackRest process that are currently running. If pgBackRest is already stopped then stopping again will generate a warning.
db-primary ⇒ Stop the pgBackRest services again

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest stop

    P00   WARN: stop file already exists for all stanzas

Start pgBackRest processes again with the start command.
db-primary ⇒ Start the pgBackRest services

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest start

It is also possible to stop pgBackRest for a single stanza.
db-primary ⇒ Stop pgBackRest services for the demo stanza

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo stop

New pgBackRest processes for the specified stanza will no longer run.
backup ⇒ Attempt a backup

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest --stanza=demo backup

    P00  ERROR: [062]: raised from remote process on 'db-primary': stop file exists for stanza demo

The stanza must also be specified when starting the pgBackRest processes for a single stanza.
db-primary ⇒ Start the pgBackRest services for the demo stanza

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo start

13
Replication
Replication allows multiple copies of a PostgreSQL cluster (called standbys) to be created from a single primary. The standbys are useful for balancing reads and to provide redundancy in case the primary host fails.
13.1
Installation
A new host named db-standby is created to run the standby.
pgBackRest is written in Perl which is included with Debian/Ubuntu by default. Some additional modules must also be installed but they are available as standard packages.
db-standby ⇒ Install required Perl packages

    sudo apt-get install libdbd-pg-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libxml-libxml-perl

Debian/Ubuntu packages for pgBackRest are available at apt.postgresql.org. If they are not provided for your distribution/version it is easy to download the source and install manually.
db-standby ⇒ Download version 1.25 of pgBackRest

    sudo wget -q -O - \
           https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest/archive/release/1.25.tar.gz | \
           sudo tar zx -C /root

db-standby ⇒ Install pgBackRest

    sudo cp -r /root/pgbackrest-release-1.25/lib/pgBackRest \
           /usr/share/perl5

    sudo find /usr/share/perl5/pgBackRest -type f -exec chmod 644 {} +

    sudo find /usr/share/perl5/pgBackRest -type d -exec chmod 755 {} +

    sudo cp /root/pgbackrest-release-1.25/bin/pgbackrest /usr/bin/pgbackrest

    sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/pgbackrest

    sudo mkdir -m 770 /var/log/pgbackrest

    sudo chown postgres:postgres /var/log/pgbackrest

    sudo touch /etc/pgbackrest.conf

    sudo chmod 640 /etc/pgbackrest.conf

    sudo chown postgres:postgres /etc/pgbackrest.conf

The demo cluster must be created even though it will be overwritten later.
db-standby ⇒ Create demo cluster

    sudo pg_createcluster 9.4 demo

13.2
Setup Trusted SSH
pgBackRest requires trusted (no password) SSH to enable communication between the hosts.
db-standby ⇒ Create db-standby host key pair

    sudo -u postgres mkdir -m 750 -p /home/postgres/.ssh

    sudo -u postgres ssh-keygen -f /home/postgres/.ssh/id_rsa -t rsa -b 4096 -N ""

Exchange keys between backup and db-standby.
backup ⇒ Copy db-standby public key to backup

    sudo ssh root@db-standby cat /home/postgres/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | \
           sudo -u backrest tee -a /home/backrest/.ssh/authorized_keys

db-standby ⇒ Copy backup public key to db-standby

    sudo ssh root@backup cat /home/backrest/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | \
           sudo -u postgres tee -a /home/postgres/.ssh/authorized_keys

Test that connections can be made from backup to db-standby and vice versa.
backup ⇒ Test connection from backup to db-standby

    sudo -u backrest ssh postgres@db-standby

db-standby ⇒ Test connection from db-standby to backup

    sudo -u postgres ssh backrest@backup

13.3
Hot Standby
A hot standby performs replication using the WAL archive and allows read-only queries.
pgBackRest configuration is very similar to db-primary except that the standby_mode setting will be enabled to keep the cluster in recovery mode when the end of the WAL stream has been reached.
db-standby:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure pgBackRest on the standby
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
recovery-option=standby_mode=on
[global]
backup-host=backup
Now the standby can be created with the restore command.
db-standby ⇒ Restore the demo standby cluster

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --delta restore

    sudo -u postgres cat /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/recovery.conf

    standby_mode = 'on'
    restore_command = '/usr/bin/pgbackrest --stanza=demo archive-get %f "%p"'

Note that the standby_mode setting has been written into the recovery.conf file. Configuring recovery settings in pgBackRest means that the recovery.conf file does not need to be stored elsewhere since it will be properly recreated with each restore. The --type=preserve option can be used with the restore to leave the existing recovery.conf file in place if that behavior is preferred.
The hot_standby setting must be enabled before starting PostgreSQL to allow read-only connections on db-standby. Otherwise, connection attempts will be refused.
db-standby:/etc/postgresql/9.4/demo/postgresql.conf ⇒ Enable hot_standby
hot_standby = on
log_filename = 'postgresql.log'
log_line_prefix = ''
db-standby ⇒ Start PostgreSQL

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo start

The PostgreSQL log gives valuable information about the recovery. Note especially that the cluster has entered standby mode and is ready to accept read-only connections.
db-standby ⇒ Examine the PostgreSQL log output for log messages indicating success

    sudo -u postgres cat /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-9.4-demo.log

    LOG:  could not bind IPv6 socket: Cannot assign requested address
    HINT:  Is another postmaster already running on port 5432? If not, wait a few seconds and retry.
    LOG:  database system was interrupted; last known up at 2017-10-24 19:22:34 UTC

    LOG:  entering standby mode

    LOG:  restored log file "00000008.history" from archive
    LOG:  incomplete startup packet
    LOG:  restored log file "000000080000000000000027" from archive
    LOG:  redo starts at 0/27000028
    LOG:  consistent recovery state reached at 0/270000F0

    LOG:  database system is ready to accept read only connections

An easy way to test that replication is properly configured is to create a table on db-primary.
db-primary ⇒ Create a new table on the primary

    sudo -u postgres psql -c " \
           begin; \
           create table replicated_table (message text); \
           insert into replicated_table values ('Important Data'); \
           commit; \
           select * from replicated_table";

        message
    ----------------

     Important Data

    (1 row)

And then query the same table on db-standby.
db-standby ⇒ Query new table on the standby

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "select * from replicated_table;"

    ERROR:  relation "replicated_table" does not exist

    LINE 1: select * from replicated_table;
                          ^

So, what went wrong? Since PostgreSQL is pulling WAL segments from the archive to perform replication, changes won't be seen on the standby until the WAL segment that contains those changes is pushed from db-primary.
This can be done manually by calling pg_switch_xlog() which pushes the current WAL segment to the archive (a new WAL segment is created to contain further changes).
db-primary ⇒ Call pg_switch_xlog()

    sudo -u postgres psql -c "select *, current_timestamp from pg_switch_xlog()";

     pg_switch_xlog |              now
    ----------------+-------------------------------
     0/280199E0     | 2017-10-24 19:23:01.609059+00
    (1 row)

Now after a short delay the table will appear on db-standby.
db-standby ⇒ Now the new table exists on the standby (may require a few retries)

    sudo -u postgres psql -c " \
           select *, current_timestamp from replicated_table"

        message     |              now
    ----------------+-------------------------------

     Important Data | 2017-10-24 19:23:04.147521+00

    (1 row)

Check the standby configuration for access to the repository.
db-standby ⇒ Check the configuration

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --log-level-console=info check

    P00   INFO: check command begin 1.25: --backup-host=backup --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo --log-level-console=info --log-level-stderr=off --no-log-timestamp --stanza=demo

    P00   INFO: switch xlog cannot be performed on the standby, all other checks passed successfully

    P00   INFO: check command end: completed successfully

13.4
Streaming Replication
Instead of relying solely on the WAL archive, streaming replication makes a direct connection to the primary and applies changes as soon as they are made on the primary. This results in much less lag between the primary and standby.
Streaming replication requires a user with the replication privilege.
db-primary ⇒ Create replication user

    sudo -u postgres psql -c " \
           create user replicator password 'jw8s0F4' replication";

    CREATE ROLE

The pg_hba.conf file must be updated to allow the standby to connect as the replication user. Be sure to replace the IP address below with the actual IP address of your db-primary. A reload will be required after modifying the pg_hba.conf file.
db-primary ⇒ Create pg_hba.conf entry for replication user

    sudo -u postgres sh -c 'echo \
           "host    replication     replicator      172.17.0.5/32           md5" \
           >> /etc/postgresql/9.4/demo/pg_hba.conf'

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo reload

The standby needs to know how to contact the primary so the primary_conninfo setting will be configured in pgBackRest.
db-standby:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Set primary_conninfo
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
recovery-option=standby_mode=on
recovery-option=primary_conninfo=host=172.17.0.3 port=5432 user=replicator
[global]
backup-host=backup
It is possible to configure a password in the primary_conninfo setting but using a .pgpass file is more flexible and secure.
db-standby ⇒ Configure the replication password in the .pgpass file.

    sudo -u postgres sh -c 'echo \
           "172.17.0.3:*:replication:replicator:jw8s0F4" \
           >> /home/postgres/.pgpass'

    sudo -u postgres chmod 600 /home/postgres/.pgpass

Now the standby can be created with the restore command.
db-standby ⇒ Stop PostgreSQL and restore the demo standby cluster

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo stop

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --delta restore

    sudo -u postgres cat /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/recovery.conf

    primary_conninfo = 'host=172.17.0.3 port=5432 user=replicator'
    standby_mode = 'on'
    restore_command = '/usr/bin/pgbackrest --stanza=demo archive-get %f "%p"'

db-standby ⇒ Start PostgreSQL

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo start

The PostgreSQL log will confirm that streaming replication has started.
db-standby ⇒ Examine the PostgreSQL log output for log messages indicating success

    sudo -u postgres cat /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-9.4-demo.log

           [filtered 9 lines of output]
    LOG:  database system is ready to accept read only connections
    LOG:  restored log file "000000080000000000000028" from archive

    LOG:  started streaming WAL from primary at 0/29000000 on timeline 8

Now when a table is created on db-primary it will appear on db-standby quickly and without the need to call pg_switch_xlog().
db-primary ⇒ Create a new table on the primary

    sudo -u postgres psql -c " \
           begin; \
           create table stream_table (message text); \
           insert into stream_table values ('Important Data'); \
           commit; \
           select *, current_timestamp from stream_table";

        message     |              now
    ----------------+-------------------------------

     Important Data | 2017-10-24 19:23:14.108827+00

    (1 row)

db-standby ⇒ Query table on the standby

    sudo -u postgres psql -c " \
           select *, current_timestamp from stream_table"

        message     |              now
    ----------------+-------------------------------

     Important Data | 2017-10-24 19:23:14.304605+00

    (1 row)

14
Backup from a Standby
pgBackRest can perform backups on a standby instead of the primary. Standby backups require the db-standby host to be configured and the backup-standby option enabled. If more than one standby is configured then the first running standby found will be used for the backup.
backup:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Configure db2-host/db2-user and db2-path
[demo]
db1-host=db-primary
db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
db1-user=postgres
db2-host=db-standby
db2-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo
db2-user=postgres
[global]
backup-standby=y
process-max=3
repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest
retention-full=2
start-fast=y
Both the primary and standby databases are required to perform the backup, though the vast majority of the files will be copied from the standby to reduce load on the primary. The database hosts can be configured in any order. pgBackRest will automatically determine which is the primary and which is the standby.
backup ⇒ Backup the demo cluster from db-standby

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest --stanza=demo --log-level-console=detail backup

           [filtered 2 lines of output]
    P00   INFO: execute exclusive pg_start_backup() with label "pgBackRest backup started at 2017-10-24 19:23:15": backup begins after the requested immediate checkpoint completes
    P00   INFO: backup start archive = 00000008000000000000002A, lsn = 0/2A0000C8

    P00   INFO: wait for replay on the standby to reach 0/2A0000C8
    P00   INFO: replay on the standby reached 0/2A000168

    P02   INFO: backup file db-standby:/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/12139/12007 (392KB, 20%) checksum ab24248d1d73b7a40f1bffb35237bed8b74bc615
    P02   INFO: backup file db-standby:/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/12139/12010 (232KB, 32%) checksum c020c4f632a4ddaaf1d9d8d235881242b73fd3b7
           [filtered 8 lines of output]
    P02   INFO: backup file db-standby:/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/12139/11879 (32KB, 60%) checksum 559eb4e977757fa0dbf73ef8b3331543f6e37e6c
    P02   INFO: backup file db-standby:/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/12139/11925 (24KB, 61%) checksum f33c65db3b9f645c9474a46b7974635c732bda74

    P01   INFO: backup file db-primary:/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/global/pg_control (8KB, 61%) checksum 8fdad2c792672c0b8ec7e7f3403a701d454de21f

    P02   INFO: backup file db-standby:/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/12139/11900_fsm (24KB, 63%) checksum 8b316da15b1300a0b78d7e40c17ab8f85ac42141

    P01   INFO: backup file db-primary:/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/backup_label (238B, 63%) checksum 19e67d8c5c49be00b2612f2824c77d643023f0e3

    P02   INFO: backup file db-standby:/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/global/11884 (16KB, 64%) checksum ecb3237f7dafa47921b27e1c969b9a90c93419ae
    P04   INFO: backup file db-standby:/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo/base/12139/12009 (240KB, 76%) checksum 6ec1e90c70ed6d285ccfebb402d5e0a2e6e42e2d
           [filtered 22 lines of output]

This incremental backup shows that most of the files are copied from the db-standby host and only a few are copied from the db-primary host.
pgBackRest creates a standby backup that is identical to a backup performed on the primary. It does this by starting/stopping the backup on the db-primary host, copying only files that are replicated from the db-standby host, then copying the remaining few files from the db-primary host. This means that logs and statistics from the primary database will be included in the backup.
15
Upgrading PostgreSQL
Immediately after upgrading PostgreSQL to a newer major version, the db-path for all pgBackRest configurations must be set to the new database location and the stanza-upgrade run on the backup host. If the database is offline use the --no-online option.
The following instructions are not meant to be a comprehensive guide for upgrading PostgreSQL, rather they will outline the general process for upgrading a primary and standby with the intent of demonstrating the steps required to reconfigure pgBackRest. It is recommended that a backup be taken prior to upgrading.
db-primary ⇒ Install new PostgreSQL version

    sudo apt-get install postgresql-9.5

Create the new cluster. If the PostgreSQL install creates a default cluster, then remove it to avoid confusion.
db-primary ⇒ Drop default cluster and create the new demo cluster

    sudo pg_dropcluster 9.5 main

    sudo -u postgres /usr/lib/postgresql/9.5/bin/initdb \
           -D /var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo -k -A peer

    sudo pg_createcluster 9.5 demo

    Configuring already existing cluster (configuration: /etc/postgresql/9.5/demo, data: /var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo, owner: 5000:5000)
    Ver Cluster Port Status Owner    Data directory               Log file
    9.5 demo    5433 down   postgres /var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-9.5-demo.log

Stop the old cluster on the standby since it will be restored from the newly upgraded cluster to ensure the database system id is identical on both the primary and standby.
db-standby ⇒ Stop old cluster and drop default cluster if created

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo stop

    sudo apt-get install postgresql-9.5

    sudo pg_dropcluster 9.5 main

Stop the old cluster on the primary and perform the upgrade.
db-primary ⇒ Stop old cluster and perform the upgrade

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.4 demo stop

    sudo -u postgres sh -c 'cd /var/lib/postgresql && \
           /usr/lib/postgresql/9.5/bin/pg_upgrade \
           --old-bindir=/usr/lib/postgresql/9.4/bin \
           --new-bindir=/usr/lib/postgresql/9.5/bin \
           --old-datadir=/var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo \
           --new-datadir=/var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo \
           --old-options=" -c config_file=/etc/postgresql/9.4/demo/postgresql.conf" \
           --new-options=" -c config_file=/etc/postgresql/9.5/demo/postgresql.conf"'

           [filtered 68 lines of output]
    Creating script to delete old cluster                       ok

    Upgrade Complete

    ----------------
    Optimizer statistics are not transferred by pg_upgrade so,
           [filtered 4 lines of output]

Configure the new cluster settings and port.
db-primary:/etc/postgresql/9.5/demo/postgresql.conf ⇒ Configure PostgreSQL
archive_command = 'pgbackrest --stanza=demo archive-push %p'
archive_mode = on
listen_addresses = '*'
log_line_prefix = ''
max_wal_senders = 3
port = 5432
wal_level = hot_standby
Update the pgBackRest configuration on all systems to point to the new cluster.
db-primary:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Upgrade the db-path
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo
[global]
archive-async=y
backup-host=backup
backup-user=backrest
log-level-file=detail
spool-path=/var/spool/pgbackrest
[global:archive-push]
process-max=2
db-standby:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Upgrade the db-path
[demo]
db-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo
recovery-option=standby_mode=on
recovery-option=primary_conninfo=host=172.17.0.3 port=5432 user=replicator
[global]
backup-host=backup
backup:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Upgrade db1-path and db2-path, disable backup from standby
[demo]
db1-host=db-primary
db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo
db1-user=postgres
db2-host=db-standby
db2-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo
db2-user=postgres
[global]
backup-standby=n
process-max=3
repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest
retention-full=2
start-fast=y
db-primary ⇒ Copy hba configuration

    sudo cp /etc/postgresql/9.4/demo/pg_hba.conf \
           /etc/postgresql/9.5/demo/pg_hba.conf

Before starting the new cluster, the stanza-upgrade command must be run on the server where the pgBackRest repository is located.
backup ⇒ Upgrade the stanza

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest --stanza=demo --no-online \
           --log-level-console=info stanza-upgrade

    P00   INFO: stanza-upgrade command begin 1.25: --no-backup-standby --db1-host=db-primary --db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo --db1-user=postgres --db2-host=db-standby --db2-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo --db2-user=postgres --log-level-console=info --no-log-timestamp --no-online --repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest --stanza=demo

    P00   INFO: stanza-upgrade command end: completed successfully

Start the new cluster and confirm it is successfully installed.
db-primary ⇒ Start new cluster

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.5 demo start

Test configuration using the check command. The warning on the backup host regarding the standby being down is expected and can be ignored.
db-primary ⇒ Check configuration

    sudo -u postgres pg_lsclusters

    Ver Cluster Port Status Owner    Data directory               Log file
    9.4 demo    5432 down   postgres /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/demo /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-9.4-demo.log
    9.5 demo    5432 online postgres /var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-9.5-demo.log

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo check

backup ⇒ Check configuration

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest --stanza=demo check

    P00   WARN: [056]: raised from remote process on 'db-standby': could not connect to server: No such file or directory
                	Is the server running locally and accepting
                	connections on Unix domain socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"?

Remove the old cluster.
db-primary ⇒ Remove old cluster

    sudo pg_dropcluster 9.4 demo

Run a full backup on the new cluster and then restore the standby from the backup. The backup type will automatically be changed to full if incr or diff is requested.
backup ⇒ Run a full backup

    sudo -u backrest pgbackrest --stanza=demo --type=full backup

Install the new PostgreSQL binaries on the standby and create the cluster.
db-standby ⇒ Remove old cluster and initialize new one

    sudo pg_dropcluster 9.4 demo

    sudo -u postgres /usr/lib/postgresql/9.5/bin/initdb \
           -D /var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo -k -A peer

    sudo pg_createcluster 9.5 demo

    Configuring already existing cluster (configuration: /etc/postgresql/9.5/demo, data: /var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo, owner: 5000:5000)
    Ver Cluster Port Status Owner    Data directory               Log file
    9.5 demo    5432 down   postgres /var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-9.5-demo.log

db-standby ⇒ Restore the demo standby cluster

    sudo -u postgres pgbackrest --stanza=demo --delta restore

db-standby:/etc/postgresql/9.5/demo/postgresql.conf ⇒ Configure PostgreSQL
hot_standby = on
db-standby ⇒ Start PostgreSQL

    sudo pg_ctlcluster 9.5 demo start

Backup from standby can be enabled now that the standby is restored.
backup:/etc/pgbackrest.conf ⇒ Reenable backup from standby
[demo]
db1-host=db-primary
db1-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo
db1-user=postgres
db2-host=db-standby
db2-path=/var/lib/postgresql/9.5/demo
db2-user=postgres
[global]
backup-standby=y
process-max=3
repo-path=/var/lib/pgbackrest
retention-full=2
start-fast=y