Perl Programming Documentation
Download Perl
Explore

Manual

- Overview
- Tutorials
- FAQs
- History / Changes
- License

Reference

- Language
- Functions
- Operators
- Special Variables
- Pragmas
- Utilities
- Internals
- Platform Specific

Modules

- A • B • C • D • E
- F • G • H • I • L
- M • N • O • P • S
- T • U • X

Tools

- Preferences

# I18N::LangTags::List

Perl 5 version 26.0 documentation
Go to top
Show page index • Show recent pages
Recently read

# I18N::LangTags::List

- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS
- LIST OF LANGUAGES
- SEE ALSO
- COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
- AUTHOR

# NAME

I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages

# SYNOPSIS

      use I18N::LangTags::List;  print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ',      I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx') || 'unknown_language',      I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') || 'unknown_language',      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en') || 'unknown_language',      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') || 'unknown_language',    ), "?\n";

prints:

      Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English?

# DESCRIPTION

This module provides a function `I18N::LangTags::List::name( langtag )` that takes a language tag (see I18N::LangTags) and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or undef if it can't make sense of the tag.

The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported.

This module also provides a function `I18N::LangTags::List::is_decent( langtag )` that returns true iff the language tag is syntactically valid and is for general use (like "fr" or "fr-ca", below). That is, it returns false for tags that are syntactically invalid and for tags, like "aus", that are listed in brackets below. This function is not exported.

The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessible as %I18N::LangTags::List::Name, and it's the same as the list that follows in this documentation, which should be useful to you even if you don't use this module.

# ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS

Internet language tags, as defined in RFC 3066, are a formalism for denoting human languages. The two-letter ISO 639-1 language codes are well known (as "en" for English), as are their forms when qualified by a country code ("en-US"). Less well-known are the arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like "i-mingo"), and the recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter ISO-639-2 codes.

Remember these important facts:

- Language tags are not locale IDs. A locale ID is written with a "_" instead of a "-", (almost?) always matches `m/^\w\w_\w\w\b/`, and means something different than a language tag. A language tag denotes a language. A locale ID denotes a language as used in a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic location-specific information such as what currency is used there. Locales also often denote character set information, as in "en_US.ISO8859-1".

- Language tags are not for computer languages.

- "Dialect" is not a useful term, since there is no objective criterion for establishing when two language-forms are dialects of eachother, or are separate languages.

- Language tags are not case-sensitive. en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc., are all the same tag, and denote the same language.

- Not every language tag really refers to a single language. Some language tags refer to conditions: i-default (system-message text in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined language). Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as with cus "Cushitic (Other)" (i.e., a language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent sai for "South American Indian (Other)". Though useful in bibliography, SUCH TAGS ARE NOT FOR GENERAL USE. For further guidance, email me.

- Language tags are not country codes. In fact, they are often distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and ISO 3166 country code `.jp` for Japan.

# LIST OF LANGUAGES

The first part of each item is the language tag, between {...}. It is followed by an English name for the language or language-group. Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed.

This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language.

- {ab} : Abkhazian

  eq Abkhaz

- {ace} : Achinese
- {ach} : Acoli
- {ada} : Adangme
- {ady} : Adyghe

  eq Adygei

- {aa} : Afar
- {afh} : Afrihili

  (Artificial)

- {af} : Afrikaans
- [{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)]
- {ak} : Akan

  (Formerly "aka".)

- {akk} : Akkadian

  (Historical)

- {sq} : Albanian
- {ale} : Aleut
- [{alg} : Algonquian languages]

  NOT Algonquin!

- [{tut} : Altaic (Other)]
- {am} : Amharic

  NOT Aramaic!

- {i-ami} : Ami

  eq Amis. eq 'Amis. eq Pangca.

- [{apa} : Apache languages]
- {ar} : Arabic

  Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {ar-ae} UAE Arabic; {ar-bh} Bahrain Arabic; {ar-dz} Algerian Arabic; {ar-eg} Egyptian Arabic; {ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic; {ar-jo} Jordanian Arabic; {ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic; {ar-lb} Lebanese Arabic; {ar-ly} Libyan Arabic; {ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic; {ar-om} Omani Arabic; {ar-qa} Qatari Arabic; {ar-sa} Sauda Arabic; {ar-sy} Syrian Arabic; {ar-tn} Tunisian Arabic; {ar-ye} Yemen Arabic.

- {arc} : Aramaic

  NOT Amharic! NOT Samaritan Aramaic!

- {arp} : Arapaho
- {arn} : Araucanian
- {arw} : Arawak
- {hy} : Armenian
- {an} : Aragonese
- [{art} : Artificial (Other)]
- {ast} : Asturian

  eq Bable.

- {as} : Assamese
- [{ath} : Athapascan languages]

  eq Athabaskan. eq Athapaskan. eq Athabascan.

- [{aus} : Australian languages]
- [{map} : Austronesian (Other)]
- {av} : Avaric

  (Formerly "ava".)

- {ae} : Avestan

  eq Zend

- {awa} : Awadhi
- {ay} : Aymara
- {az} : Azerbaijani

  eq Azeri

  Notable forms: {az-Arab} Azerbaijani in Arabic script; {az-Cyrl} Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script; {az-Latn} Azerbaijani in Latin script.

- {ban} : Balinese
- [{bat} : Baltic (Other)]
- {bal} : Baluchi
- {bm} : Bambara

  (Formerly "bam".)

- [{bai} : Bamileke languages]
- {bad} : Banda
- [{bnt} : Bantu (Other)]
- {bas} : Basa
- {ba} : Bashkir
- {eu} : Basque
- {btk} : Batak (Indonesia)
- {bej} : Beja
- {be} : Belarusian

  eq Belarussian. eq Byelarussian. eq Belorussian. eq Byelorussian. eq White Russian. eq White Ruthenian. NOT Ruthenian!

- {bem} : Bemba
- {bn} : Bengali

  eq Bangla.

- [{ber} : Berber (Other)]
- {bho} : Bhojpuri
- {bh} : Bihari
- {bik} : Bikol
- {bin} : Bini
- {bi} : Bislama

  eq Bichelamar.

- {bs} : Bosnian
- {bra} : Braj
- {br} : Breton
- {bug} : Buginese
- {bg} : Bulgarian
- {i-bnn} : Bunun
- {bua} : Buriat
- {my} : Burmese
- {cad} : Caddo
- {car} : Carib
- {ca} : Catalan

  eq Catalán. eq Catalonian.

- [{cau} : Caucasian (Other)]
- {ceb} : Cebuano
- [{cel} : Celtic (Other)]

  Notable forms: {cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical)

- [{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)]
- {chg} : Chagatai

  (Historical?)

- [{cmc} : Chamic languages]
- {ch} : Chamorro
- {ce} : Chechen
- {chr} : Cherokee

  eq Tsalagi

- {chy} : Cheyenne
- {chb} : Chibcha

  (Historical) NOT Chibchan (which is a language family).

- {ny} : Chichewa

  eq Nyanja. eq Chinyanja.

- {zh} : Chinese

  Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {zh-Hans} Chinese, in simplified script; {zh-Hant} Chinese, in traditional script; {zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese; {zh-cn} PRC Chinese; {zh-sg} Singapore Chinese; {zh-mo} Macau Chinese; {zh-hk} Hong Kong Chinese; {zh-guoyu} Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu]; {zh-hakka} Hakka [formerly "i-hakka"]; {zh-min} Hokkien; {zh-min-nan} Southern Hokkien; {zh-wuu} Shanghaiese; {zh-xiang} Hunanese; {zh-gan} Gan; {zh-yue} Cantonese.

- {chn} : Chinook Jargon

  eq Chinook Wawa.

- {chp} : Chipewyan
- {cho} : Choctaw
- {cu} : Church Slavic

  eq Old Church Slavonic.

- {chk} : Chuukese

  eq Trukese. eq Chuuk. eq Truk. eq Ruk.

- {cv} : Chuvash
- {cop} : Coptic
- {kw} : Cornish
- {co} : Corsican

  eq Corse.

- {cr} : Cree

  NOT Creek! (Formerly "cre".)

- {mus} : Creek

  NOT Cree!

- [{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
- [{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
- [{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
- [{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
- {hr} : Croatian

  eq Croat.

- [{cus} : Cushitic (Other)]
- {cs} : Czech
- {dak} : Dakota

  eq Nakota. eq Latoka.

- {da} : Danish
- {dar} : Dargwa
- {day} : Dayak
- {i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language

  Defined in RFC 2277, this is for tagging text (which must include English text, and might/should include text in other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a context where language-negotiation wasn't possible -- in SMTP mail failure messages, for example.

- {del} : Delaware
- {din} : Dinka
- {dv} : Divehi

  eq Maldivian. (Formerly "div".)

- {doi} : Dogri

  NOT Dogrib!

- {dgr} : Dogrib

  NOT Dogri!

- [{dra} : Dravidian (Other)]
- {dua} : Duala
- {nl} : Dutch

  eq Netherlander. Notable forms: {nl-nl} Netherlands Dutch; {nl-be} Belgian Dutch.

- {dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350)

  (Historical)

- {dyu} : Dyula
- {dz} : Dzongkha
- {efi} : Efik
- {egy} : Ancient Egyptian

  (Historical)

- {eka} : Ekajuk
- {elx} : Elamite

  (Historical)

- {en} : English

  Notable forms: {en-au} Australian English; {en-bz} Belize English; {en-ca} Canadian English; {en-gb} UK English; {en-ie} Irish English; {en-jm} Jamaican English; {en-nz} New Zealand English; {en-ph} Philippine English; {en-tt} Trinidad English; {en-us} US English; {en-za} South African English; {en-zw} Zimbabwe English.

- {enm} : Old English (1100-1500)

  (Historical)

- {ang} : Old English (ca.450-1100)

  eq Anglo-Saxon. (Historical)

- {i-enochian} : Enochian (Artificial)
- {myv} : Erzya
- {eo} : Esperanto

  (Artificial)

- {et} : Estonian
- {ee} : Ewe

  (Formerly "ewe".)

- {ewo} : Ewondo
- {fan} : Fang
- {fat} : Fanti
- {fo} : Faroese
- {fj} : Fijian
- {fi} : Finnish
- [{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)]

  eq Finno-Ugric. NOT Ugaritic!

- {fon} : Fon
- {fr} : French

  Notable forms: {fr-fr} France French; {fr-be} Belgian French; {fr-ca} Canadian French; {fr-ch} Swiss French; {fr-lu} Luxembourg French; {fr-mc} Monaco French.

- {frm} : Middle French (ca.1400-1600)

  (Historical)

- {fro} : Old French (842-ca.1400)

  (Historical)

- {fy} : Frisian
- {fur} : Friulian
- {ff} : Fulah

  (Formerly "ful".)

- {gaa} : Ga
- {gd} : Scots Gaelic

  NOT Scots!

- {gl} : Gallegan

  eq Galician

- {lg} : Ganda

  (Formerly "lug".)

- {gay} : Gayo
- {gba} : Gbaya
- {gez} : Geez

  eq Ge'ez

- {ka} : Georgian
- {de} : German

  Notable forms: {de-at} Austrian German; {de-be} Belgian German; {de-ch} Swiss German; {de-de} Germany German; {de-li} Liechtenstein German; {de-lu} Luxembourg German.

- {gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050-1500)

  (Historical)

- {goh} : Old High German (ca.750-1050)

  (Historical)

- [{gem} : Germanic (Other)]
- {gil} : Gilbertese
- {gon} : Gondi
- {gor} : Gorontalo
- {got} : Gothic

  (Historical)

- {grb} : Grebo
- {grc} : Ancient Greek

  (Historical) (Until 15th century or so.)

- {el} : Modern Greek

  (Since 15th century or so.)

- {gn} : Guarani

  Guaraní

- {gu} : Gujarati
- {gwi} : Gwich'in

  eq Gwichin

- {hai} : Haida
- {ht} : Haitian

  eq Haitian Creole

- {ha} : Hausa
- {haw} : Hawaiian

  Hawai'ian

- {he} : Hebrew

  (Formerly "iw".)

- {hz} : Herero
- {hil} : Hiligaynon
- {him} : Himachali
- {hi} : Hindi
- {ho} : Hiri Motu
- {hit} : Hittite

  (Historical)

- {hmn} : Hmong
- {hu} : Hungarian
- {hup} : Hupa
- {iba} : Iban
- {is} : Icelandic
- {io} : Ido

  (Artificial)

- {ig} : Igbo

  (Formerly "ibo".)

- {ijo} : Ijo
- {ilo} : Iloko
- [{inc} : Indic (Other)]
- [{ine} : Indo-European (Other)]
- {id} : Indonesian

  (Formerly "in".)

- {inh} : Ingush
- {ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)

  (Artificial) NOT Interlingue!

- {ie} : Interlingue

  (Artificial) NOT Interlingua!

- {iu} : Inuktitut

  A subform of "Eskimo".

- {ik} : Inupiaq

  A subform of "Eskimo".

- [{ira} : Iranian (Other)]
- {ga} : Irish
- {mga} : Middle Irish (900-1200)

  (Historical)

- {sga} : Old Irish (to 900)

  (Historical)

- [{iro} : Iroquoian languages]
- {it} : Italian

  Notable forms: {it-it} Italy Italian; {it-ch} Swiss Italian.

- {ja} : Japanese

  (NOT "jp"!)

- {jv} : Javanese

  (Formerly "jw" because of a typo.)

- {jrb} : Judeo-Arabic
- {jpr} : Judeo-Persian
- {kbd} : Kabardian
- {kab} : Kabyle
- {kac} : Kachin
- {kl} : Kalaallisut

  eq Greenlandic "Eskimo"

- {xal} : Kalmyk
- {kam} : Kamba
- {kn} : Kannada

  eq Kanarese. NOT Canadian!

- {kr} : Kanuri

  (Formerly "kau".)

- {krc} : Karachay-Balkar
- {kaa} : Kara-Kalpak
- {kar} : Karen
- {ks} : Kashmiri
- {csb} : Kashubian

  eq Kashub

- {kaw} : Kawi
- {kk} : Kazakh
- {kha} : Khasi
- {km} : Khmer

  eq Cambodian. eq Kampuchean.

- [{khi} : Khoisan (Other)]
- {kho} : Khotanese
- {ki} : Kikuyu

  eq Gikuyu.

- {kmb} : Kimbundu
- {rw} : Kinyarwanda
- {ky} : Kirghiz
- {i-klingon} : Klingon
- {kv} : Komi
- {kg} : Kongo

  (Formerly "kon".)

- {kok} : Konkani
- {ko} : Korean
- {kos} : Kosraean
- {kpe} : Kpelle
- {kro} : Kru
- {kj} : Kuanyama
- {kum} : Kumyk
- {ku} : Kurdish
- {kru} : Kurukh
- {kut} : Kutenai
- {lad} : Ladino

  eq Judeo-Spanish. NOT Ladin (a minority language in Italy).

- {lah} : Lahnda

  NOT Lamba!

- {lam} : Lamba

  NOT Lahnda!

- {lo} : Lao

  eq Laotian.

- {la} : Latin

  (Historical) NOT Ladin! NOT Ladino!

- {lv} : Latvian

  eq Lettish.

- {lb} : Letzeburgesch

  eq Luxemburgian, eq Luxemburger. (Formerly "i-lux".)

- {lez} : Lezghian
- {li} : Limburgish

  eq Limburger, eq Limburgan. NOT Letzeburgesch!

- {ln} : Lingala
- {lt} : Lithuanian
- {nds} : Low German

  eq Low Saxon. eq Low German. eq Low Saxon.

- {art-lojban} : Lojban (Artificial)
- {loz} : Lozi
- {lu} : Luba-Katanga

  (Formerly "lub".)

- {lua} : Luba-Lulua
- {lui} : Luiseno

  eq Luiseño.

- {lun} : Lunda
- {luo} : Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)
- {lus} : Lushai
- {mk} : Macedonian

  eq the modern Slavic language spoken in what was Yugoslavia. NOT the form of Greek spoken in Greek Macedonia!

- {mad} : Madurese
- {mag} : Magahi
- {mai} : Maithili
- {mak} : Makasar
- {mg} : Malagasy
- {ms} : Malay

  NOT Malayalam!

- {ml} : Malayalam

  NOT Malay!

- {mt} : Maltese
- {mnc} : Manchu
- {mdr} : Mandar

  NOT Mandarin!

- {man} : Mandingo
- {mni} : Manipuri

  eq Meithei.

- [{mno} : Manobo languages]
- {gv} : Manx
- {mi} : Maori

  NOT Mari!

- {mr} : Marathi
- {chm} : Mari

  NOT Maori!

- {mh} : Marshall

  eq Marshallese.

- {mwr} : Marwari
- {mas} : Masai
- [{myn} : Mayan languages]
- {men} : Mende
- {mic} : Micmac
- {min} : Minangkabau
- {i-mingo} : Mingo

  eq the Irquoian language West Virginia Seneca. NOT New York Seneca!

- [{mis} : Miscellaneous languages]

  Don't use this.

- {moh} : Mohawk
- {mdf} : Moksha
- {mo} : Moldavian

  eq Moldovan.

- [{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)]
- {lol} : Mongo
- {mn} : Mongolian

  eq Mongol.

- {mos} : Mossi
- [{mul} : Multiple languages]

  Not for normal use.

- [{mun} : Munda languages]
- {nah} : Nahuatl
- {nap} : Neapolitan
- {na} : Nauru
- {nv} : Navajo

  eq Navaho. (Formerly "i-navajo".)

- {nd} : North Ndebele
- {nr} : South Ndebele
- {ng} : Ndonga
- {ne} : Nepali

  eq Nepalese. Notable forms: {ne-np} Nepal Nepali; {ne-in} India Nepali.

- {new} : Newari
- {nia} : Nias
- [{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)]
- [{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)]
- {niu} : Niuean
- {nog} : Nogai
- {non} : Old Norse

  (Historical)

- [{nai} : North American Indian]

  Do not use this.

- {no} : Norwegian

  Note the two following forms:

- {nb} : Norwegian Bokmal

  eq Bokmål, (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly "no-bok".)

- {nn} : Norwegian Nynorsk

  (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly "no-nyn".)

- [{nub} : Nubian languages]
- {nym} : Nyamwezi
- {nyn} : Nyankole
- {nyo} : Nyoro
- {nzi} : Nzima
- {oc} : Occitan (post 1500)

  eq Provençal, eq Provencal

- {oj} : Ojibwa

  eq Ojibwe. (Formerly "oji".)

- {or} : Oriya
- {om} : Oromo
- {osa} : Osage
- {os} : Ossetian; Ossetic
- [{oto} : Otomian languages]

  Group of languages collectively called "Otomí".

- {pal} : Pahlavi

  eq Pahlevi

- {i-pwn} : Paiwan

  eq Pariwan

- {pau} : Palauan
- {pi} : Pali

  (Historical?)

- {pam} : Pampanga
- {pag} : Pangasinan
- {pa} : Panjabi

  eq Punjabi

- {pap} : Papiamento

  eq Papiamentu.

- [{paa} : Papuan (Other)]
- {fa} : Persian

  eq Farsi. eq Iranian.

- {peo} : Old Persian (ca.600-400 B.C.)
- [{phi} : Philippine (Other)]
- {phn} : Phoenician

  (Historical)

- {pon} : Pohnpeian

  NOT Pompeiian!

- {pl} : Polish
- {pt} : Portuguese

  eq Portugese. Notable forms: {pt-pt} Portugal Portuguese; {pt-br} Brazilian Portuguese.

- [{pra} : Prakrit languages]
- {pro} : Old Provencal (to 1500)

  eq Old Provençal. (Historical.)

- {ps} : Pushto

  eq Pashto. eq Pushtu.

- {qu} : Quechua

  eq Quecha.

- {rm} : Raeto-Romance

  eq Romansh.

- {raj} : Rajasthani
- {rap} : Rapanui
- {rar} : Rarotongan
- [{qaa - qtz} : Reserved for local use.]
- [{roa} : Romance (Other)]

  NOT Romanian! NOT Romany! NOT Romansh!

- {ro} : Romanian

  eq Rumanian. NOT Romany!

- {rom} : Romany

  eq Rom. NOT Romanian!

- {rn} : Rundi
- {ru} : Russian

  NOT White Russian! NOT Rusyn!

- [{sal} : Salishan languages]

  Large language group.

- {sam} : Samaritan Aramaic

  NOT Aramaic!

- {se} : Northern Sami

  eq Lappish. eq Lapp. eq (Northern) Saami.

- {sma} : Southern Sami
- {smn} : Inari Sami
- {smj} : Lule Sami
- {sms} : Skolt Sami
- [{smi} : Sami languages (Other)]
- {sm} : Samoan
- {sad} : Sandawe
- {sg} : Sango
- {sa} : Sanskrit

  (Historical)

- {sat} : Santali
- {sc} : Sardinian

  eq Sard.

- {sas} : Sasak
- {sco} : Scots

  NOT Scots Gaelic!

- {sel} : Selkup
- [{sem} : Semitic (Other)]
- {sr} : Serbian

  eq Serb. NOT Sorbian.

  Notable forms: {sr-Cyrl} : Serbian in Cyrillic script; {sr-Latn} : Serbian in Latin script.

- {srr} : Serer
- {shn} : Shan
- {sn} : Shona
- {sid} : Sidamo
- {sgn-...} : Sign Languages

  Always use with a subtag. Notable forms: {sgn-gb} British Sign Language (BSL); {sgn-ie} Irish Sign Language (ESL); {sgn-ni} Nicaraguan Sign Language (ISN); {sgn-us} American Sign Language (ASL).

  (And so on with other country codes as the subtag.)

- {bla} : Siksika

  eq Blackfoot. eq Pikanii.

- {sd} : Sindhi
- {si} : Sinhalese

  eq Sinhala.

- [{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)]
- [{sio} : Siouan languages]
- {den} : Slave (Athapascan)

  ("Slavey" is a subform.)

- [{sla} : Slavic (Other)]
- {sk} : Slovak

  eq Slovakian.

- {sl} : Slovenian

  eq Slovene.

- {sog} : Sogdian
- {so} : Somali
- {son} : Songhai
- {snk} : Soninke
- {wen} : Sorbian languages

  eq Wendish. eq Sorb. eq Lusatian. eq Wend. NOT Venda! NOT Serbian!

- {nso} : Northern Sotho
- {st} : Southern Sotho

  eq Sutu. eq Sesotho.

- [{sai} : South American Indian (Other)]
- {es} : Spanish

  Notable forms: {es-ar} Argentine Spanish; {es-bo} Bolivian Spanish; {es-cl} Chilean Spanish; {es-co} Colombian Spanish; {es-do} Dominican Spanish; {es-ec} Ecuadorian Spanish; {es-es} Spain Spanish; {es-gt} Guatemalan Spanish; {es-hn} Honduran Spanish; {es-mx} Mexican Spanish; {es-pa} Panamanian Spanish; {es-pe} Peruvian Spanish; {es-pr} Puerto Rican Spanish; {es-py} Paraguay Spanish; {es-sv} Salvadoran Spanish; {es-us} US Spanish; {es-uy} Uruguayan Spanish; {es-ve} Venezuelan Spanish.

- {suk} : Sukuma
- {sux} : Sumerian

  (Historical)

- {su} : Sundanese
- {sus} : Susu
- {sw} : Swahili

  eq Kiswahili

- {ss} : Swati
- {sv} : Swedish

  Notable forms: {sv-se} Sweden Swedish; {sv-fi} Finland Swedish.

- {syr} : Syriac
- {tl} : Tagalog
- {ty} : Tahitian
- [{tai} : Tai (Other)]

  NOT Thai!

- {tg} : Tajik
- {tmh} : Tamashek
- {ta} : Tamil
- {i-tao} : Tao

  eq Yami.

- {tt} : Tatar
- {i-tay} : Tayal

  eq Atayal. eq Atayan.

- {te} : Telugu
- {ter} : Tereno
- {tet} : Tetum
- {th} : Thai

  NOT Tai!

- {bo} : Tibetan
- {tig} : Tigre
- {ti} : Tigrinya
- {tem} : Timne

  eq Themne. eq Timene.

- {tiv} : Tiv
- {tli} : Tlingit
- {tpi} : Tok Pisin
- {tkl} : Tokelau
- {tog} : Tonga (Nyasa)

  NOT Tsonga!

- {to} : Tonga (Tonga Islands)

  (Pronounced "Tong-a", not "Tong-ga")

  NOT Tsonga!

- {tsi} : Tsimshian

  eq Sm'algyax

- {ts} : Tsonga

  NOT Tonga!

- {i-tsu} : Tsou
- {tn} : Tswana

  Same as Setswana.

- {tum} : Tumbuka
- [{tup} : Tupi languages]
- {tr} : Turkish

  (Typically in Roman script)

- {ota} : Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)

  (Typically in Arabic script) (Historical)

- {crh} : Crimean Turkish

  eq Crimean Tatar

- {tk} : Turkmen

  eq Turkmeni.

- {tvl} : Tuvalu
- {tyv} : Tuvinian

  eq Tuvan. eq Tuvin.

- {tw} : Twi
- {udm} : Udmurt
- {uga} : Ugaritic

  NOT Ugric!

- {ug} : Uighur
- {uk} : Ukrainian
- {umb} : Umbundu
- {und} : Undetermined

  Not a tag for normal use.

- {ur} : Urdu
- {uz} : Uzbek

  eq Özbek

  Notable forms: {uz-Cyrl} Uzbek in Cyrillic script; {uz-Latn} Uzbek in Latin script.

- {vai} : Vai
- {ve} : Venda

  NOT Wendish! NOT Wend! NOT Avestan! (Formerly "ven".)

- {vi} : Vietnamese

  eq Viet.

- {vo} : Volapuk

  eq Volapük. (Artificial)

- {vot} : Votic

  eq Votian. eq Vod.

- [{wak} : Wakashan languages]
- {wa} : Walloon
- {wal} : Walamo

  eq Wolaytta.

- {war} : Waray

  Presumably the Philippine language Waray-Waray (Samareño), not the smaller Philippine language Waray Sorsogon, nor the extinct Australian language Waray.

- {was} : Washo

  eq Washoe

- {cy} : Welsh
- {wo} : Wolof
- {x-...} : Unregistered (Semi-Private Use)

  "x-" is a prefix for language tags that are not registered with ISO or IANA. Example, x-double-dutch

- {xh} : Xhosa
- {sah} : Yakut
- {yao} : Yao

  (The Yao in Malawi?)

- {yap} : Yapese

  eq Yap

- {ii} : Sichuan Yi
- {yi} : Yiddish

  Formerly "ji". Usually in Hebrew script.

  Notable forms: {yi-latn} Yiddish in Latin script

- {yo} : Yoruba
- [{ypk} : Yupik languages]

  Several "Eskimo" languages.

- {znd} : Zande
- [{zap} : Zapotec]

  (A group of languages.)

- {zen} : Zenaga

  NOT Zend.

- {za} : Zhuang
- {zu} : Zulu
- {zun} : Zuni

  eq Zuñi

# SEE ALSO

I18N::LangTags and its "See Also" section.

# COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER

Copyright (c) 2001+ Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved.

You can redistribute and/or modify this document under the same terms as Perl itself.

This document is provided in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of accuracy, authoritativeness, completeness, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose.

Email any corrections or questions to me.

# AUTHOR

Sean M. Burke, sburke@cpan.org

Page index

- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS
- LIST OF LANGUAGES
- SEE ALSO
- COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
- AUTHOR