os | index /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/os.py Module Docs

`OS routines for Mac, NT, or Posix depending on what system we're on.
This exports:
- all functions from posix, nt, os2, or ce, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.
- os.path is one of the modules posixpath, or ntpath
- os.name is 'posix', 'nt', 'os2', 'ce' or 'riscos'
- os.curdir is a string representing the current directory ('.' or ':')
- os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory ('..' or '::')
- os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or ':' or '\\')
- os.extsep is the extension separator ('.' or '/')
- os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')
- os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc
- os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')
- os.defpath is the default search path for executables
- os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)
Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being
portable between different platforms. Of course, they must then
only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink
and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path
(e.g., split and join).`

Modules

``

UserDict copy_reg | errno posixpath | sys |

Classes

``

__builtin__.object
  posix.stat_result
  posix.statvfs_result
exceptions.EnvironmentError(exceptions.StandardError)
  exceptions.OSError

error = class OSError(EnvironmentError)
`` | `OS system call failed.`

Method resolution order:
  OSError
  EnvironmentError
  StandardError
  Exception
  BaseException
  __builtin__.object

Methods defined here:

__init__(...)
  `x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature`

Data and other attributes defined here:

__new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x10011afc0>
  `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`

Methods inherited from EnvironmentError:

__reduce__(...)

__str__(...)
  `x.__str__() <==> str(x)`

Data descriptors inherited from EnvironmentError:

errno
  `exception errno`

filename
  `exception filename`

strerror
  `exception strerror`

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__delattr__(...)
  `x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name`

__getattribute__(...)
  `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name`

__getitem__(...)
  `x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]`

__getslice__(...)
  `x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
  Use of negative indices is not supported.`

__repr__(...)
  `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)`

__setattr__(...)
  `x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value`

__setstate__(...)

__unicode__(...)

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__dict__

args

message

class stat_result(__builtin__.object)
`` | `stat_result: Result from stat or lstat. This object may be accessed either as a tuple of (mode, ino, dev, nlink, uid, gid, size, atime, mtime, ctime) or via the attributes st_mode, st_ino, st_dev, st_nlink, st_uid, and so on. Posix/windows: If your platform supports st_blksize, st_blocks, st_rdev, or st_flags, they are available as attributes only. See os.stat for more information.`

Methods defined here:

__add__(...)
  `x.__add__(y) <==> x+y`

__contains__(...)
  `x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x`

__eq__(...)
  `x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y`

__ge__(...)
  `x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y`

__getitem__(...)
  `x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]`

__getslice__(...)
  `x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
  Use of negative indices is not supported.`

__gt__(...)
  `x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y`

__hash__(...)
  `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)`

__le__(...)
  `x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y`

__len__(...)
  `x.__len__() <==> len(x)`

__lt__(...)
  `x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y`

__mul__(...)
  `x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n`

__ne__(...)
  `x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y`

__reduce__(...)

__repr__(...)
  `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)`

__rmul__(...)
  `x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x`

Data descriptors defined here:

st_atime
  `time of last access`

st_birthtime
  `time of creation`

st_blksize
  `blocksize for filesystem I/O`

st_blocks
  `number of blocks allocated`

st_ctime
  `time of last change`

st_dev
  `device`

st_flags
  `user defined flags for file`

st_gen
  `generation number`

st_gid
  `group ID of owner`

st_ino
  `inode`

st_mode
  `protection bits`

st_mtime
  `time of last modification`

st_nlink
  `number of hard links`

st_rdev
  `device type (if inode device)`

st_size
  `total size, in bytes`

st_uid
  `user ID of owner`

Data and other attributes defined here:

__new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x1001579c0>
  `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`

n_fields = 19

n_sequence_fields = 10

n_unnamed_fields = 3

class statvfs_result(__builtin__.object)
`` | `statvfs_result: Result from statvfs or fstatvfs. This object may be accessed either as a tuple of (bsize, frsize, blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree, favail, flag, namemax), or via the attributes f_bsize, f_frsize, f_blocks, f_bfree, and so on. See os.statvfs for more information.`

Methods defined here:

__add__(...)
  `x.__add__(y) <==> x+y`

__contains__(...)
  `x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x`

__eq__(...)
  `x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y`

__ge__(...)
  `x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y`

__getitem__(...)
  `x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]`

__getslice__(...)
  `x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
  Use of negative indices is not supported.`

__gt__(...)
  `x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y`

__hash__(...)
  `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)`

__le__(...)
  `x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y`

__len__(...)
  `x.__len__() <==> len(x)`

__lt__(...)
  `x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y`

__mul__(...)
  `x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n`

__ne__(...)
  `x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y`

__reduce__(...)

__repr__(...)
  `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)`

__rmul__(...)
  `x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x`

Data descriptors defined here:

f_bavail

f_bfree

f_blocks

f_bsize

f_favail

f_ffree

f_files

f_flag

f_frsize

f_namemax

Data and other attributes defined here:

__new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x100157b60>
  `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`

n_fields = 10

n_sequence_fields = 10

n_unnamed_fields = 0

Functions

``

WCOREDUMP(...)
  `WCOREDUMP(status) -> bool
  Return True if the process returning 'status' was dumped to a core file.`

WEXITSTATUS(...)
  `WEXITSTATUS(status) -> integer
  Return the process return code from 'status'.`

WIFCONTINUED(...)
  `WIFCONTINUED(status) -> bool
  Return True if the process returning 'status' was continued from a
  job control stop.`

WIFEXITED(...)
  `WIFEXITED(status) -> bool
  Return true if the process returning 'status' exited using the exit()
  system call.`

WIFSIGNALED(...)
  `WIFSIGNALED(status) -> bool
  Return True if the process returning 'status' was terminated by a signal.`

WIFSTOPPED(...)
  `WIFSTOPPED(status) -> bool
  Return True if the process returning 'status' was stopped.`

WSTOPSIG(...)
  `WSTOPSIG(status) -> integer
  Return the signal that stopped the process that provided
  the 'status' value.`

WTERMSIG(...)
  `WTERMSIG(status) -> integer
  Return the signal that terminated the process that provided the 'status'
  value.`

abort(...)
  `abort() -> does not return!
  Abort the interpreter immediately. This 'dumps core' or otherwise fails
  in the hardest way possible on the hosting operating system.`

access(...)
  `access(path, mode) -> True if granted, False otherwise
  Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path. Note that most
  operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this routine can
  be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user has the
  specified access to the path. The mode argument can be F_OK to test
  existence, or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK.`

chdir(...)
  `chdir(path)
  Change the current working directory to the specified path.`

chflags(...)
  `chflags(path, flags)
  Set file flags.`

chmod(...)
  `chmod(path, mode)
  Change the access permissions of a file.`

chown(...)
  `chown(path, uid, gid)
  Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.`

chroot(...)
  `chroot(path)
  Change root directory to path.`

close(...)
  `close(fd)
  Close a file descriptor (for low level IO).`

closerange(...)
  `closerange(fd_low, fd_high)
  Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors.`

confstr(...)
  `confstr(name) -> string
  Return a string-valued system configuration variable.`

ctermid(...)
  `ctermid() -> string
  Return the name of the controlling terminal for this process.`

dup(...)
  `dup(fd) -> fd2
  Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.`

dup2(...)
  `dup2(old_fd, new_fd)
  Duplicate file descriptor.`

execl(file, *args)
  `execl(file, *args)
  Execute the executable file with argument list args, replacing the
  current process.`

execle(file, *args)
  `execle(file, *args, env)
  Execute the executable file with argument list args and
  environment env, replacing the current process.`

execlp(file, *args)
  `execlp(file, *args)
  Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
  with argument list args, replacing the current process.`

execlpe(file, *args)
  `execlpe(file, *args, env)
  Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
  with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current
  process.`

execv(...)
  `execv(path, args)
  Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
  path: path of executable file
  args: tuple or list of strings`

execve(...)
  `execve(path, args, env)
  Execute a path with arguments and environment, replacing current process.
  path: path of executable file
  args: tuple or list of arguments
  env: dictionary of strings mapping to strings`

execvp(file, args)
  `execp(file, args)
  Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
  with argument list args, replacing the current process.
  args may be a list or tuple of strings.`

execvpe(file, args, env)
  `execvpe(file, args, env)
  Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
  with argument list args and environment env , replacing the
  current process.
  args may be a list or tuple of strings.`

fchdir(...)
  `fchdir(fildes)
  Change to the directory of the given file descriptor. fildes must be
  opened on a directory, not a file.`

fchmod(...)
  `fchmod(fd, mode)
  Change the access permissions of the file given by file
  descriptor fd.`

fchown(...)
  `fchown(fd, uid, gid)
  Change the owner and group id of the file given by file descriptor
  fd to the numeric uid and gid.`

fdopen(...)
  `fdopen(fd [, mode='r' [, bufsize]]) -> file_object
  Return an open file object connected to a file descriptor.`

fork(...)
  `fork() -> pid
  Fork a child process.
  Return 0 to child process and PID of child to parent process.`

forkpty(...)
  `forkpty() -> (pid, master_fd)
  Fork a new process with a new pseudo-terminal as controlling tty.
  Like fork(), return 0 as pid to child process, and PID of child to parent.
  To both, return fd of newly opened pseudo-terminal.`

fpathconf(...)
  `fpathconf(fd, name) -> integer
  Return the configuration limit name for the file descriptor fd.
  If there is no limit, return -1.`

fstat(...)
  `fstat(fd) -> stat result
  Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor.`

fstatvfs(...)
  `fstatvfs(fd) -> statvfs result
  Perform an fstatvfs system call on the given fd.`

fsync(...)
  `fsync(fildes)
  force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.`

ftruncate(...)
  `ftruncate(fd, length)
  Truncate a file to a specified length.`

getcwd(...)
  `getcwd() -> path
  Return a string representing the current working directory.`

getcwdu(...)
  `getcwdu() -> path
  Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.`

getegid(...)
  `getegid() -> egid
  Return the current process's effective group id.`

getenv(key, default=None)
  `Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist.
  The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.`

geteuid(...)
  `geteuid() -> euid
  Return the current process's effective user id.`

getgid(...)
  `getgid() -> gid
  Return the current process's group id.`

getgroups(...)
  `getgroups() -> list of group IDs
  Return list of supplemental group IDs for the process.`

getloadavg(...)
  `getloadavg() -> (float, float, float)
  Return the number of processes in the system run queue averaged over
  the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes or raises OSError if the load average
  was unobtainable`

getlogin(...)
  `getlogin() -> string
  Return the actual login name.`

getpgid(...)
  `getpgid(pid) -> pgid
  Call the system call getpgid().`

getpgrp(...)
  `getpgrp() -> pgrp
  Return the current process group id.`

getpid(...)
  `getpid() -> pid
  Return the current process id`

getppid(...)
  `getppid() -> ppid
  Return the parent's process id.`

getsid(...)
  `getsid(pid) -> sid
  Call the system call getsid().`

getuid(...)
  `getuid() -> uid
  Return the current process's user id.`

isatty(...)
  `isatty(fd) -> bool
  Return True if the file descriptor 'fd' is an open file descriptor
  connected to the slave end of a terminal.`

kill(...)
  `kill(pid, sig)
  Kill a process with a signal.`

killpg(...)
  `killpg(pgid, sig)
  Kill a process group with a signal.`

lchflags(...)
  `lchflags(path, flags)
  Set file flags.
  This function will not follow symbolic links.`

lchmod(...)
  `lchmod(path, mode)
  Change the access permissions of a file. If path is a symlink, this
  affects the link itself rather than the target.`

lchown(...)
  `lchown(path, uid, gid)
  Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.
  This function will not follow symbolic links.`

link(...)
  `link(src, dst)
  Create a hard link to a file.`

listdir(...)
  `listdir(path) -> list_of_strings
  Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory.
  path: path of directory to list
  The list is in arbitrary order. It does not include the special
  entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.`

lseek(...)
  `lseek(fd, pos, how) -> newpos
  Set the current position of a file descriptor.`

lstat(...)
  `lstat(path) -> stat result
  Like stat(path), but do not follow symbolic links.`

major(...)
  `major(device) -> major number
  Extracts a device major number from a raw device number.`

makedev(...)
  `makedev(major, minor) -> device number
  Composes a raw device number from the major and minor device numbers.`

makedirs(name, mode=511)
  `makedirs(path [, mode=0777])
  Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones.
  Works like mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not
  just the rightmost) will be created if it does not exist. This is
  recursive.`

minor(...)
  `minor(device) -> minor number
  Extracts a device minor number from a raw device number.`

mkdir(...)
  `mkdir(path [, mode=0777])
  Create a directory.`

mkfifo(...)
  `mkfifo(filename [, mode=0666])
  Create a FIFO (a POSIX named pipe).`

mknod(...)
  `mknod(filename [, mode=0600, device])
  Create a filesystem node (file, device special file or named pipe)
  named filename. mode specifies both the permissions to use and the
  type of node to be created, being combined (bitwise OR) with one of
  S_IFREG, S_IFCHR, S_IFBLK, and S_IFIFO. For S_IFCHR and S_IFBLK,
  device defines the newly created device special file (probably using
  os.makedev()), otherwise it is ignored.`

nice(...)
  `nice(inc) -> new_priority
  Decrease the priority of process by inc and return the new priority.`

open(...)
  `open(filename, flag [, mode=0777]) -> fd
  Open a file (for low level IO).`

openpty(...)
  `openpty() -> (master_fd, slave_fd)
  Open a pseudo-terminal, returning open fd's for both master and slave end.`

pathconf(...)
  `pathconf(path, name) -> integer
  Return the configuration limit name for the file or directory path.
  If there is no limit, return -1.`

pipe(...)
  `pipe() -> (read_end, write_end)
  Create a pipe.`

popen(...)
  `popen(command [, mode='r' [, bufsize]]) -> pipe
  Open a pipe to/from a command returning a file object.`

popen2(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1)
  `Execute the shell command 'cmd' in a sub-process. On UNIX, 'cmd'
  may be a sequence, in which case arguments will be passed directly to
  the program without shell intervention (as with os.spawnv()). If 'cmd'
  is a string it will be passed to the shell (as with os.system()). If
  'bufsize' is specified, it sets the buffer size for the I/O pipes. The
  file objects (child_stdin, child_stdout) are returned.`

popen3(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1)
  `Execute the shell command 'cmd' in a sub-process. On UNIX, 'cmd'
  may be a sequence, in which case arguments will be passed directly to
  the program without shell intervention (as with os.spawnv()). If 'cmd'
  is a string it will be passed to the shell (as with os.system()). If
  'bufsize' is specified, it sets the buffer size for the I/O pipes. The
  file objects (child_stdin, child_stdout, child_stderr) are returned.`

popen4(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1)
  `Execute the shell command 'cmd' in a sub-process. On UNIX, 'cmd'
  may be a sequence, in which case arguments will be passed directly to
  the program without shell intervention (as with os.spawnv()). If 'cmd'
  is a string it will be passed to the shell (as with os.system()). If
  'bufsize' is specified, it sets the buffer size for the I/O pipes. The
  file objects (child_stdin, child_stdout_stderr) are returned.`

putenv(...)
  `putenv(key, value)
  Change or add an environment variable.`

read(...)
  `read(fd, buffersize) -> string
  Read a file descriptor.`

readlink(...)
  `readlink(path) -> path
  Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.`

remove(...)
  `remove(path)
  Remove a file (same as unlink(path)).`

removedirs(name)
  `removedirs(path)
  Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and all empty intermediate
  ones. Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is
  successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path
  segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is
  consumed or an error occurs. Errors during this latter phase are
  ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.`

rename(...)
  `rename(old, new)
  Rename a file or directory.`

renames(old, new)
  `renames(old, new)
  Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left
  empty. Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate
  directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted
  first. After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost
  path segments of the old name will be pruned way until either the
  whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found.
  Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made
  if you lack permissions needed to unlink the leaf directory or
  file.`

rmdir(...)
  `rmdir(path)
  Remove a directory.`

setegid(...)
  `setegid(gid)
  Set the current process's effective group id.`

seteuid(...)
  `seteuid(uid)
  Set the current process's effective user id.`

setgid(...)
  `setgid(gid)
  Set the current process's group id.`

setgroups(...)
  `setgroups(list)
  Set the groups of the current process to list.`

setpgid(...)
  `setpgid(pid, pgrp)
  Call the system call setpgid().`

setpgrp(...)
  `setpgrp()
  Make this process a session leader.`

setregid(...)
  `setregid(rgid, egid)
  Set the current process's real and effective group ids.`

setreuid(...)
  `setreuid(ruid, euid)
  Set the current process's real and effective user ids.`

setsid(...)
  `setsid()
  Call the system call setsid().`

setuid(...)
  `setuid(uid)
  Set the current process's user id.`

spawnl(mode, file, *args)
  `spawnl(mode, file, *args) -> integer
  Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.
  If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
  If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
  otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.`

spawnle(mode, file, *args)
  `spawnle(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer
  Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the
  supplied environment.
  If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
  If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
  otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.`

spawnlp(mode, file, *args)
  `spawnlp(mode, file, *args) -> integer
  Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from
  args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.
  If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
  If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
  otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.`

spawnlpe(mode, file, *args)
  `spawnlpe(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer
  Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from
  args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.
  If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
  If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
  otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.`

spawnv(mode, file, args)
  `spawnv(mode, file, args) -> integer
  Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.
  If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
  If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
  otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.`

spawnve(mode, file, args, env)
  `spawnve(mode, file, args, env) -> integer
  Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the
  specified environment.
  If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
  If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
  otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.`

spawnvp(mode, file, args)
  `spawnvp(mode, file, args) -> integer
  Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from
  args in a subprocess.
  If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
  If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
  otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.`

spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env)
  `spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env) -> integer
  Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from
  args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.
  If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
  If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
  otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.`

stat(...)
  `stat(path) -> stat result
  Perform a stat system call on the given path.`

stat_float_times(...)
  `stat_float_times([newval]) -> oldval
  Determine whether os.[lf]stat represents time stamps as float objects.
  If newval is True, future calls to stat() return floats, if it is False,
  future calls return ints.
  If newval is omitted, return the current setting.`

statvfs(...)
  `statvfs(path) -> statvfs result
  Perform a statvfs system call on the given path.`

strerror(...)
  `strerror(code) -> string
  Translate an error code to a message string.`

symlink(...)
  `symlink(src, dst)
  Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.`

sysconf(...)
  `sysconf(name) -> integer
  Return an integer-valued system configuration variable.`

system(...)
  `system(command) -> exit_status
  Execute the command (a string) in a subshell.`

tcgetpgrp(...)
  `tcgetpgrp(fd) -> pgid
  Return the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.`

tcsetpgrp(...)
  `tcsetpgrp(fd, pgid)
  Set the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.`

tempnam(...)
  `tempnam([dir[, prefix]]) -> string
  Return a unique name for a temporary file.
  The directory and a prefix may be specified as strings; they may be omitted
  or None if not needed.`

times(...)
  `times() -> (utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)
  Return a tuple of floating point numbers indicating process times.`

tmpfile(...)
  `tmpfile() -> file object
  Create a temporary file with no directory entries.`

tmpnam(...)
  `tmpnam() -> string
  Return a unique name for a temporary file.`

ttyname(...)
  `ttyname(fd) -> string
  Return the name of the terminal device connected to 'fd'.`

umask(...)
  `umask(new_mask) -> old_mask
  Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.`

uname(...)
  `uname() -> (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine)
  Return a tuple identifying the current operating system.`

unlink(...)
  `unlink(path)
  Remove a file (same as remove(path)).`

unsetenv(...)
  `unsetenv(key)
  Delete an environment variable.`

utime(...)
  `utime(path, (atime, mtime))
  utime(path, None)
  Set the access and modified time of the file to the given values. If the
  second form is used, set the access and modified times to the current time.`

wait(...)
  `wait() -> (pid, status)
  Wait for completion of a child process.`

wait3(...)
  `wait3(options) -> (pid, status, rusage)
  Wait for completion of a child process.`

wait4(...)
  `wait4(pid, options) -> (pid, status, rusage)
  Wait for completion of a given child process.`

waitpid(...)
  `waitpid(pid, options) -> (pid, status)
  Wait for completion of a given child process.`

walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False)
  `Directory tree generator.
  For each directory in the directory tree rooted at top (including top
  itself, but excluding '.' and '..'), yields a 3-tuple
  dirpath, dirnames, filenames
  dirpath is a string, the path to the directory. dirnames is a list of
  the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (excluding '.' and '..').
  filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath.
  Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components.
  To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in
  dirpath, do os.path.join(dirpath, name).
  If optional arg 'topdown' is true or not specified, the triple for a
  directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories
  (directories are generated top down). If topdown is false, the triple
  for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its
  subdirectories (directories are generated bottom up).
  When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place
  (e.g., via del or slice assignment), and walk will only recurse into the
  subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames; this can be used to prune
  the search, or to impose a specific order of visiting. Modifying
  dirnames when topdown is false is ineffective, since the directories in
  dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames itself is
  generated.
  By default errors from the os.listdir() call are ignored. If
  optional arg 'onerror' is specified, it should be a function; it
  will be called with one argument, an os.error instance. It can
  report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception
  to abort the walk. Note that the filename is available as the
  filename attribute of the exception object.
  By default, os.walk does not follow symbolic links to subdirectories on
  systems that support them. In order to get this functionality, set the
  optional argument 'followlinks' to true.
  Caution: if you pass a relative pathname for top, don't change the
  current working directory between resumptions of walk. walk never
  changes the current directory, and assumes that the client doesn't
  either.
  Example:
  import os
  from os.path import join, getsize
  for root, dirs, files in os.walk('python/Lib/email'):
  print root, "consumes",
  print sum([getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files]),
  print "bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files"
  if 'CVS' in dirs:
  dirs.remove('CVS') # don't visit CVS directories`

write(...)
  `write(fd, string) -> byteswritten
  Write a string to a file descriptor.`

Data

``

EX_CANTCREAT = 73
EX_CONFIG = 78
EX_DATAERR = 65
EX_IOERR = 74
EX_NOHOST = 68
EX_NOINPUT = 66
EX_NOPERM = 77
EX_NOUSER = 67
EX_OK = 0
EX_OSERR = 71
EX_OSFILE = 72
EX_PROTOCOL = 76
EX_SOFTWARE = 70
EX_TEMPFAIL = 75
EX_UNAVAILABLE = 69
EX_USAGE = 64
F_OK = 0
NGROUPS_MAX = 16
O_APPEND = 8
O_ASYNC = 64
O_CREAT = 512
O_DIRECTORY = 1048576
O_DSYNC = 4194304
O_EXCL = 2048
O_EXLOCK = 32
O_NDELAY = 4
O_NOCTTY = 131072
O_NOFOLLOW = 256
O_NONBLOCK = 4
O_RDONLY = 0
O_RDWR = 2
O_SHLOCK = 16
O_SYNC = 128
O_TRUNC = 1024
O_WRONLY = 1
R_OK = 4
SEEK_CUR = 1
SEEK_END = 2
SEEK_SET = 0
TMP_MAX = 308915776
WCONTINUED = 16
WNOHANG = 1
WUNTRACED = 2
W_OK = 2
X_OK = 1
__all__ = ['altsep', 'curdir', 'pardir', 'sep', 'extsep', 'pathsep', 'linesep', 'defpath', 'name', 'path', 'devnull', 'SEEK_SET', 'SEEK_CUR', 'SEEK_END', 'EX_CANTCREAT', 'EX_CONFIG', 'EX_DATAERR', 'EX_IOERR', 'EX_NOHOST', 'EX_NOINPUT', ...]
altsep = None
confstr_names = {'CS_DARWIN_USER_CACHE_DIR': 65538, 'CS_DARWIN_USER_DIR': 65536, 'CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR': 65537, 'CS_PATH': 1, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS': 20, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS': 21, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS': 22, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS': 23, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS': 24, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS': 25, ...}
curdir = '.'
defpath = ':/bin:/usr/bin'
devnull = '/dev/null'
environ = {'INTEL_LICENSE_FILE': '/opt/intel/composerxe-20...ECTION': '130.20.175.149 28405 130.20.172.25 22'}
extsep = '.'
linesep = '\n'
name = 'posix'
pardir = '..'
pathconf_names = {'PC_ASYNC_IO': 17, 'PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED': 7, 'PC_FILESIZEBITS': 18, 'PC_LINK_MAX': 1, 'PC_MAX_CANON': 2, 'PC_MAX_INPUT': 3, 'PC_NAME_MAX': 4, 'PC_NO_TRUNC': 8, 'PC_PATH_MAX': 5, 'PC_PIPE_BUF': 6, ...}
pathsep = ':'
sep = '/'
sysconf_names = {'SC_2_CHAR_TERM': 20, 'SC_2_C_BIND': 18, 'SC_2_C_DEV': 19, 'SC_2_FORT_DEV': 21, 'SC_2_FORT_RUN': 22, 'SC_2_LOCALEDEF': 23, 'SC_2_SW_DEV': 24, 'SC_2_UPE': 25, 'SC_2_VERSION': 17, 'SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX': 42, ...}