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# pandas.io.formats.style.Styler.to_latex

Styler.to_latex(buf=None, *, column_format=None, position=None, position_float=None, hrules=None, clines=None, label=None, caption=None, sparse_index=None, sparse_columns=None, multirow_align=None, multicol_align=None, siunitx=False, environment=None, encoding=None, convert_css=False)

  Write Styler to a file, buffer or string in LaTeX format.

  Added in version 1.3.0.

  Parameters:
    buf str, path object, file-like object, or None, default None

      String, path object (implementing `os.PathLike[str]`), or file-like object implementing a string `write()` function. If None, the result is returned as a string.

    column_format str, optional

      The LaTeX column specification placed in location:

      \begin{tabular}{<column_format>}

      Defaults to ‘l’ for index and non-numeric data columns, and, for numeric data columns, to ‘r’ by default, or ‘S’ if `siunitx` is `True`.

    position str, optional

      The LaTeX positional argument (e.g. ‘h!’) for tables, placed in location:

      `\\begin{table}[<position>]`.

    position_float{“centering”, “raggedleft”, “raggedright”}, optional

      The LaTeX float command placed in location:

      \begin{table}[<position>]

      \<position_float>

      Cannot be used if `environment` is “longtable”.

    hrules bool

      Set to True to add \toprule, \midrule and \bottomrule from the {booktabs} LaTeX package. Defaults to `pandas.options.styler.latex.hrules`, which is False.

      Changed in version 1.4.0.

    clines str, optional

      Use to control adding \cline commands for the index labels separation. Possible values are:

      > - None: no cline commands are added (default).

      > - “all;data”: a cline is added for every index value extending the width of the table, including data entries.

      > - “all;index”: as above with lines extending only the width of the index entries.

      > - “skip-last;data”: a cline is added for each index value except the last level (which is never sparsified), extending the widtn of the table.

      > - “skip-last;index”: as above with lines extending only the width of the index entries.

      Added in version 1.4.0.

    label str, optional

      The LaTeX label included as: \label{<label>}. This is used with \ref{<label>} in the main .tex file.

    caption str, tuple, optional

      If string, the LaTeX table caption included as: \caption{<caption>}. If tuple, i.e (“full caption”, “short caption”), the caption included as: \caption[<caption[1]>]{<caption[0]>}.

    sparse_index bool, optional

      Whether to sparsify the display of a hierarchical index. Setting to False will display each explicit level element in a hierarchical key for each row. Defaults to `pandas.options.styler.sparse.index`, which is True.

    sparse_columns bool, optional

      Whether to sparsify the display of a hierarchical index. Setting to False will display each explicit level element in a hierarchical key for each column. Defaults to `pandas.options.styler.sparse.columns`, which is True.

    multirow_align{“c”, “t”, “b”, “naive”}, optional

      If sparsifying hierarchical MultiIndexes whether to align text centrally, at the top or bottom using the multirow package. If not given defaults to `pandas.options.styler.latex.multirow_align`, which is “c”. If “naive” is given renders without multirow.

      Changed in version 1.4.0.

    multicol_align{“r”, “c”, “l”, “naive-l”, “naive-r”}, optional

      If sparsifying hierarchical MultiIndex columns whether to align text at the left, centrally, or at the right. If not given defaults to `pandas.options.styler.latex.multicol_align`, which is “r”. If a naive option is given renders without multicol. Pipe decorators can also be added to non-naive values to draw vertical rules, e.g. “|r” will draw a rule on the left side of right aligned merged cells.

      Changed in version 1.4.0.

    siunitx bool, default False

      Set to `True` to structure LaTeX compatible with the {siunitx} package.

    environment str, optional

      If given, the environment that will replace ‘table’ in `\\begin{table}`. If ‘longtable’ is specified then a more suitable template is rendered. If not given defaults to `pandas.options.styler.latex.environment`, which is None.

      Added in version 1.4.0.

    encoding str, optional

      Character encoding setting. Defaults to `pandas.options.styler.render.encoding`, which is “utf-8”.

    convert_css bool, default False

      Convert simple cell-styles from CSS to LaTeX format. Any CSS not found in conversion table is dropped. A style can be forced by adding option –latex. See notes.

  Returns:
    str or None

      If buf is None, returns the result as a string. Otherwise returns None.

  See also

  `Styler.format`

    Format the text display value of cells.

  Notes

  Latex Packages

  For the following features we recommend the following LaTeX inclusions:

  Feature | Inclusion
  --- | ---
  sparse columns | none: included within default {tabular} environment
  sparse rows | \usepackage{multirow}
  hrules | \usepackage{booktabs}
  colors | \usepackage[table]{xcolor}
  siunitx | \usepackage{siunitx}
  bold (with siunitx) | \usepackage{etoolbox} \robustify\bfseries \sisetup{detect-all = true} (within {document})
  italic (with siunitx) | \usepackage{etoolbox} \robustify\itshape \sisetup{detect-all = true} (within {document})
  environment | \usepackage{longtable} if arg is “longtable” | or any other relevant environment package
  hyperlinks | \usepackage{hyperref}

  Cell Styles

  LaTeX styling can only be rendered if the accompanying styling functions have been constructed with appropriate LaTeX commands. All styling functionality is built around the concept of a CSS `(<attribute>, <value>)` pair (see Table Visualization), and this should be replaced by a LaTeX `(<command>, <options>)` approach. Each cell will be styled individually using nested LaTeX commands with their accompanied options.

  For example the following code will highlight and bold a cell in HTML-CSS:

      >>> df = pd.DataFrame([[1,2], [3,4]])
      >>> s = df.style.highlight_max(axis=None,
      ...                            props='background-color:red; font-weight:bold;')
      >>> s.to_html()

  The equivalent using LaTeX only commands is the following:

      >>> s = df.style.highlight_max(axis=None,
      ...                            props='cellcolor:{red}; bfseries: ;')
      >>> s.to_latex()

  Internally these structured LaTeX `(<command>, <options>)` pairs are translated to the `display_value` with the default structure: `\<command><options> <display_value>`. Where there are multiple commands the latter is nested recursively, so that the above example highlighted cell is rendered as `\cellcolor{red} \bfseries 4`.

  Occasionally this format does not suit the applied command, or combination of LaTeX packages that is in use, so additional flags can be added to the `<options>`, within the tuple, to result in different positions of required braces (the default being the same as `--nowrap`):

  Tuple Format | Output Structure
  --- | ---
  (<command>,<options>) | \<command><options> <display_value>
  (<command>,<options> `--nowrap`) | \<command><options> <display_value>
  (<command>,<options> `--rwrap`) | \<command><options>{<display_value>}
  (<command>,<options> `--wrap`) | {\<command><options> <display_value>}
  (<command>,<options> `--lwrap`) | {\<command><options>} <display_value>
  (<command>,<options> `--dwrap`) | {\<command><options>}{<display_value>}

  For example the textbf command for font-weight should always be used with –rwrap so `('textbf', '--rwrap')` will render a working cell, wrapped with braces, as `\textbf{<display_value>}`.

  A more comprehensive example is as follows:

      >>> df = pd.DataFrame([[1, 2.2, "dogs"], [3, 4.4, "cats"], [2, 6.6, "cows"]],
      ...                   index=["ix1", "ix2", "ix3"],
      ...                   columns=["Integers", "Floats", "Strings"])
      >>> s = df.style.highlight_max(
      ...     props='cellcolor:[HTML]{FFFF00}; color:{red};'
      ...           'textit:--rwrap; textbf:--rwrap;'
      ... )
      >>> s.to_latex()

  Table Styles

  Internally Styler uses its `table_styles` object to parse the `column_format`, `position`, `position_float`, and `label` input arguments. These arguments are added to table styles in the format:

      set_table_styles([
          {"selector": "column_format", "props": f":{column_format};"},
          {"selector": "position", "props": f":{position};"},
          {"selector": "position_float", "props": f":{position_float};"},
          {"selector": "label", "props": f":{{{label.replace(':','§')}}};"}
      ], overwrite=False)

  Exception is made for the `hrules` argument which, in fact, controls all three commands: `toprule`, `bottomrule` and `midrule` simultaneously. Instead of setting `hrules` to `True`, it is also possible to set each individual rule definition, by manually setting the `table_styles`, for example below we set a regular `toprule`, set an `hline` for `bottomrule` and exclude the `midrule`:

      set_table_styles([
          {'selector': 'toprule', 'props': ':toprule;'},
          {'selector': 'bottomrule', 'props': ':hline;'},
      ], overwrite=False)

  If other `commands` are added to table styles they will be detected, and positioned immediately above the ‘\begin{tabular}’ command. For example to add odd and even row coloring, from the {colortbl} package, in format `\rowcolors{1}{pink}{red}`, use:

      set_table_styles([
          {'selector': 'rowcolors', 'props': ':{1}{pink}{red};'}
      ], overwrite=False)

  A more comprehensive example using these arguments is as follows:

      >>> df.columns = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([
      ...     ("Numeric", "Integers"),
      ...     ("Numeric", "Floats"),
      ...     ("Non-Numeric", "Strings")
      ... ])
      >>> df.index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([
      ...     ("L0", "ix1"), ("L0", "ix2"), ("L1", "ix3")
      ... ])
      >>> s = df.style.highlight_max(
      ...     props='cellcolor:[HTML]{FFFF00}; color:{red}; itshape:; bfseries:;'
      ... )
      >>> s.to_latex(
      ...     column_format="rrrrr", position="h", position_float="centering",
      ...     hrules=True, label="table:5", caption="Styled LaTeX Table",
      ...     multirow_align="t", multicol_align="r"
      ... )

  Formatting

  To format values `Styler.format()` should be used prior to calling Styler.to_latex, as well as other methods such as `Styler.hide()` for example:

      >>> s.clear()
      >>> s.table_styles = []
      >>> s.caption = None
      >>> s.format({
      ...    ("Numeric", "Integers"): '\${}',
      ...    ("Numeric", "Floats"): '{:.3f}',
      ...    ("Non-Numeric", "Strings"): str.upper
      ... })
                      Numeric      Non-Numeric
                Integers   Floats    Strings
      L0    ix1       $1   2.200      DOGS
            ix2       $3   4.400      CATS
      L1    ix3       $2   6.600      COWS

      >>> s.to_latex()
      \begin{tabular}{llrrl}
      {} & {} & \multicolumn{2}{r}{Numeric} & {Non-Numeric} \\
      {} & {} & {Integers} & {Floats} & {Strings} \\
      \multirow[c]{2}{*}{L0} & ix1 & \\$1 & 2.200 & DOGS \\
       & ix2 & \$3 & 4.400 & CATS \\
      L1 & ix3 & \$2 & 6.600 & COWS \\
      \end{tabular}

  CSS Conversion

  This method can convert a Styler constructured with HTML-CSS to LaTeX using the following limited conversions.

  CSS Attribute | CSS value | LaTeX Command | LaTeX Options
  --- | --- | --- | ---
  font-weight | bold bolder | bfseries bfseries |
  font-style | italic oblique | itshape slshape |
  background-color | red #fe01ea #f0e rgb(128,255,0) rgba(128,0,0,0.5) rgb(25%,255,50%) | cellcolor | {red}–lwrap [HTML]{FE01EA}–lwrap [HTML]{FF00EE}–lwrap [rgb]{0.5,1,0}–lwrap [rgb]{0.5,0,0}–lwrap [rgb]{0.25,1,0.5}–lwrap
  color | red #fe01ea #f0e rgb(128,255,0) rgba(128,0,0,0.5) rgb(25%,255,50%) | color | {red} [HTML]{FE01EA} [HTML]{FF00EE} [rgb]{0.5,1,0} [rgb]{0.5,0,0} [rgb]{0.25,1,0.5}

  It is also possible to add user-defined LaTeX only styles to a HTML-CSS Styler using the `--latex` flag, and to add LaTeX parsing options that the converter will detect within a CSS-comment.

      >>> df = pd.DataFrame([[1]])
      >>> df.style.set_properties(
      ...     **{"font-weight": "bold /* --dwrap */", "Huge": "--latex--rwrap"}
      ... ).to_latex(convert_css=True)
      \begin{tabular}{lr}
      {} & {0} \\
      0 & {\bfseries}{\Huge{1}} \\
      \end{tabular}

  Examples

  Below we give a complete step by step example adding some advanced features and noting some common gotchas.

  First we create the DataFrame and Styler as usual, including MultiIndex rows and columns, which allow for more advanced formatting options:

      >>> cidx = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays([
      ...     ["Equity", "Equity", "Equity", "Equity",
      ...      "Stats", "Stats", "Stats", "Stats", "Rating"],
      ...     ["Energy", "Energy", "Consumer", "Consumer", "", "", "", "", ""],
      ...     ["BP", "Shell", "H&M", "Unilever",
      ...      "Std Dev", "Variance", "52w High", "52w Low", ""]
      ... ])
      >>> iidx = pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays([
      ...     ["Equity", "Equity", "Equity", "Equity"],
      ...     ["Energy", "Energy", "Consumer", "Consumer"],
      ...     ["BP", "Shell", "H&M", "Unilever"]
      ... ])
      >>> styler = pd.DataFrame([
      ...     [1, 0.8, 0.66, 0.72, 32.1678, 32.1678**2, 335.12, 240.89, "Buy"],
      ...     [0.8, 1.0, 0.69, 0.79, 1.876, 1.876**2, 14.12, 19.78, "Hold"],
      ...     [0.66, 0.69, 1.0, 0.86, 7, 7**2, 210.9, 140.6, "Buy"],
      ...     [0.72, 0.79, 0.86, 1.0, 213.76, 213.76**2, 2807, 3678, "Sell"],
      ... ], columns=cidx, index=iidx).style

  Second we will format the display and, since our table is quite wide, will hide the repeated level-0 of the index:

      >>> (styler.format(subset="Equity", precision=2)
      ...       .format(subset="Stats", precision=1, thousands=",")
      ...       .format(subset="Rating", formatter=str.upper)
      ...       .format_index(escape="latex", axis=1)
      ...       .format_index(escape="latex", axis=0)
      ...       .hide(level=0, axis=0))

  Note that one of the string entries of the index and column headers is “H&M”. Without applying the escape=”latex” option to the format_index method the resultant LaTeX will fail to render, and the error returned is quite difficult to debug. Using the appropriate escape the “&” is converted to “\&”.

  Thirdly we will apply some (CSS-HTML) styles to our object. We will use a builtin method and also define our own method to highlight the stock recommendation:

      >>> def rating_color(v):
      ...     if v == "Buy": color = "#33ff85"
      ...     elif v == "Sell": color = "#ff5933"
      ...     else: color = "#ffdd33"
      ...     return f"color: {color}; font-weight: bold;"
      >>> (styler.background_gradient(cmap="inferno", subset="Equity", vmin=0, vmax=1)
      ...       .map(rating_color, subset="Rating"))

  All the above styles will work with HTML (see below) and LaTeX upon conversion:

  However, we finally want to add one LaTeX only style (from the {graphicx} package), that is not easy to convert from CSS and pandas does not support it. Notice the –latex flag used here, as well as –rwrap to ensure this is formatted correctly and not ignored upon conversion.

      >>> styler.map_index(
      ...     lambda v: "rotatebox:{45}--rwrap--latex;", level=2, axis=1
      ... )

  Finally we render our LaTeX adding in other options as required:

      >>> styler.to_latex(
      ...     caption="Selected stock correlation and simple statistics.",
      ...     clines="skip-last;data",
      ...     convert_css=True,
      ...     position_float="centering",
      ...     multicol_align="|c|",
      ...     hrules=True,
      ... )
      \begin{table}
      \centering
      \caption{Selected stock correlation and simple statistics.}
      \begin{tabular}{llrrrrrrrrl}
      \toprule
       &  & \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{Equity} & \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{Stats} & Rating \\
       &  & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Energy} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Consumer} &
      \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{} &  \\
       &  & \rotatebox{45}{BP} & \rotatebox{45}{Shell} & \rotatebox{45}{H\&M} &
      \rotatebox{45}{Unilever} & \rotatebox{45}{Std Dev} & \rotatebox{45}{Variance} &
      \rotatebox{45}{52w High} & \rotatebox{45}{52w Low} & \rotatebox{45}{} \\
      \midrule
      \multirow[c]{2}{*}{Energy} & BP & {\cellcolor[HTML]{FCFFA4}}
      \color[HTML]{000000} 1.00 & {\cellcolor[HTML]{FCA50A}} \color[HTML]{000000}
      0.80 & {\cellcolor[HTML]{EB6628}} \color[HTML]{F1F1F1} 0.66 &
      {\cellcolor[HTML]{F68013}} \color[HTML]{F1F1F1} 0.72 & 32.2 & 1,034.8 & 335.1
      & 240.9 & \color[HTML]{33FF85} \bfseries BUY \\
       & Shell & {\cellcolor[HTML]{FCA50A}} \color[HTML]{000000} 0.80 &
      {\cellcolor[HTML]{FCFFA4}} \color[HTML]{000000} 1.00 &
      {\cellcolor[HTML]{F1731D}} \color[HTML]{F1F1F1} 0.69 &
      {\cellcolor[HTML]{FCA108}} \color[HTML]{000000} 0.79 & 1.9 & 3.5 & 14.1 &
      19.8 & \color[HTML]{FFDD33} \bfseries HOLD \\
      \cline{1-11}
      \multirow[c]{2}{*}{Consumer} & H\&M & {\cellcolor[HTML]{EB6628}}
      \color[HTML]{F1F1F1} 0.66 & {\cellcolor[HTML]{F1731D}} \color[HTML]{F1F1F1}
      0.69 & {\cellcolor[HTML]{FCFFA4}} \color[HTML]{000000} 1.00 &
      {\cellcolor[HTML]{FAC42A}} \color[HTML]{000000} 0.86 & 7.0 & 49.0 & 210.9 &
      140.6 & \color[HTML]{33FF85} \bfseries BUY \\
       & Unilever & {\cellcolor[HTML]{F68013}} \color[HTML]{F1F1F1} 0.72 &
      {\cellcolor[HTML]{FCA108}} \color[HTML]{000000} 0.79 &
      {\cellcolor[HTML]{FAC42A}} \color[HTML]{000000} 0.86 &
      {\cellcolor[HTML]{FCFFA4}} \color[HTML]{000000} 1.00 & 213.8 & 45,693.3 &
      2,807.0 & 3,678.0 & \color[HTML]{FF5933} \bfseries SELL \\
      \cline{1-11}
      \bottomrule
      \end{tabular}
      \end{table}