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# pandas.core.groupby.DataFrameGroupBy.apply

DataFrameGroupBy.apply(func, *args, include_groups=True, **kwargs)

  Apply function `func` group-wise and combine the results together.

  The function passed to `apply` must take a dataframe as its first argument and return a DataFrame, Series or scalar. `apply` will then take care of combining the results back together into a single dataframe or series. `apply` is therefore a highly flexible grouping method.

  While `apply` is a very flexible method, its downside is that using it can be quite a bit slower than using more specific methods like `agg` or `transform`. Pandas offers a wide range of method that will be much faster than using `apply` for their specific purposes, so try to use them before reaching for `apply`.

  Parameters:
    func callable

      A callable that takes a dataframe as its first argument, and returns a dataframe, a series or a scalar. In addition the callable may take positional and keyword arguments.

    include_groups bool, default True

      When True, will attempt to apply `func` to the groupings in the case that they are columns of the DataFrame. If this raises a TypeError, the result will be computed with the groupings excluded. When False, the groupings will be excluded when applying `func`.

      Added in version 2.2.0.

      Deprecated since version 2.2.0: Setting include_groups to True is deprecated. Only the value False will be allowed in a future version of pandas.

    args, kwargs tuple and dict

      Optional positional and keyword arguments to pass to `func`.

  Returns:
    Series or DataFrame

  See also

  `pipe`

    Apply function to the full GroupBy object instead of to each group.

  `aggregate`

    Apply aggregate function to the GroupBy object.

  `transform`

    Apply function column-by-column to the GroupBy object.

  `Series.apply`

    Apply a function to a Series.

  `DataFrame.apply`

    Apply a function to each row or column of a DataFrame.

  Notes

  Changed in version 1.3.0: The resulting dtype will reflect the return value of the passed `func`, see the examples below.

  Functions that mutate the passed object can produce unexpected behavior or errors and are not supported. See Mutating with User Defined Function (UDF) methods for more details.

  Examples

      >>> df = pd.DataFrame({'A': 'a a b'.split(),
      ...                    'B': [1, 2, 3],
      ...                    'C': [4, 6, 5]})
      >>> g1 = df.groupby('A', group_keys=False)
      >>> g2 = df.groupby('A', group_keys=True)

  Notice that `g1` and `g2` have two groups, `a` and `b`, and only differ in their `group_keys` argument. Calling apply in various ways, we can get different grouping results:

  Example 1: below the function passed to apply takes a DataFrame as its argument and returns a DataFrame. apply combines the result for each group together into a new DataFrame:

      >>> g1[['B', 'C']].apply(lambda x: x / x.sum())
                B    C
      0  0.333333  0.4
      1  0.666667  0.6
      2  1.000000  1.0

  In the above, the groups are not part of the index. We can have them included by using `g2` where `group_keys=True`:

      >>> g2[['B', 'C']].apply(lambda x: x / x.sum())
                  B    C
      A
      a 0  0.333333  0.4
        1  0.666667  0.6
      b 2  1.000000  1.0

  Example 2: The function passed to apply takes a DataFrame as its argument and returns a Series. apply combines the result for each group together into a new DataFrame.

  Changed in version 1.3.0: The resulting dtype will reflect the return value of the passed `func`.

      >>> g1[['B', 'C']].apply(lambda x: x.astype(float).max() - x.min())
           B    C
      A
      a  1.0  2.0
      b  0.0  0.0

      >>> g2[['B', 'C']].apply(lambda x: x.astype(float).max() - x.min())
           B    C
      A
      a  1.0  2.0
      b  0.0  0.0

  The `group_keys` argument has no effect here because the result is not like-indexed (i.e. a transform) when compared to the input.

  Example 3: The function passed to apply takes a DataFrame as its argument and returns a scalar. apply combines the result for each group together into a Series, including setting the index as appropriate:

      >>> g1.apply(lambda x: x.C.max() - x.B.min(), include_groups=False)
      A
      a    5
      b    2
      dtype: int64