# pandas.concat

pandas.concat(objs, axis=0, join='outer', ignore_index=False, keys=None, levels=None, names=None, verify_integrity=False, sort=False, copy=True)

  Concatenate pandas objects along a particular axis with optional set logic along the other axes.

  Can also add a layer of hierarchical indexing on the concatenation axis, which may be useful if the labels are the same (or overlapping) on the passed axis number.

  Parameters
    objs a sequence or mapping of Series or DataFrame objects

      If a mapping is passed, the sorted keys will be used as the keys argument, unless it is passed, in which case the values will be selected (see below). Any None objects will be dropped silently unless they are all None in which case a ValueError will be raised.

    axis{0/’index’, 1/’columns’}, default 0

      The axis to concatenate along.

    join{‘inner’, ‘outer’}, default ‘outer’

      How to handle indexes on other axis (or axes).

    ignore_index bool, default False

      If True, do not use the index values along the concatenation axis. The resulting axis will be labeled 0, …, n - 1. This is useful if you are concatenating objects where the concatenation axis does not have meaningful indexing information. Note the index values on the other axes are still respected in the join.

    keys sequence, default None

      If multiple levels passed, should contain tuples. Construct hierarchical index using the passed keys as the outermost level.

    levels list of sequences, default None

      Specific levels (unique values) to use for constructing a MultiIndex. Otherwise they will be inferred from the keys.

    names list, default None

      Names for the levels in the resulting hierarchical index.

    verify_integrity bool, default False

      Check whether the new concatenated axis contains duplicates. This can be very expensive relative to the actual data concatenation.

    sort bool, default False

      Sort non-concatenation axis if it is not already aligned when join is ‘outer’. This has no effect when `join='inner'`, which already preserves the order of the non-concatenation axis.

      Changed in version 1.0.0: Changed to not sort by default.

    copy bool, default True

      If False, do not copy data unnecessarily.

  Returns
    object, type of objs

      When concatenating all `Series` along the index (axis=0), a `Series` is returned. When `objs` contains at least one `DataFrame`, a `DataFrame` is returned. When concatenating along the columns (axis=1), a `DataFrame` is returned.

  See also

  `Series.append`

    Concatenate Series.

  `DataFrame.append`

    Concatenate DataFrames.

  `DataFrame.join`

    Join DataFrames using indexes.

  `DataFrame.merge`

    Merge DataFrames by indexes or columns.

  Notes

  The keys, levels, and names arguments are all optional.

  A walkthrough of how this method fits in with other tools for combining pandas objects can be found here.

  Examples

  Combine two `Series`.

      >>> s1 = pd.Series(['a', 'b'])
      >>> s2 = pd.Series(['c', 'd'])
      >>> pd.concat([s1, s2])
      0    a
      1    b
      0    c
      1    d
      dtype: object

  Clear the existing index and reset it in the result by setting the `ignore_index` option to `True`.

      >>> pd.concat([s1, s2], ignore_index=True)
      0    a
      1    b
      2    c
      3    d
      dtype: object

  Add a hierarchical index at the outermost level of the data with the `keys` option.

      >>> pd.concat([s1, s2], keys=['s1', 's2'])
      s1  0    a
          1    b
      s2  0    c
          1    d
      dtype: object

  Label the index keys you create with the `names` option.

      >>> pd.concat([s1, s2], keys=['s1', 's2'],
      ...           names=['Series name', 'Row ID'])
      Series name  Row ID
      s1           0         a
                   1         b
      s2           0         c
                   1         d
      dtype: object

  Combine two `DataFrame` objects with identical columns.

      >>> df1 = pd.DataFrame([['a', 1], ['b', 2]],
      ...                    columns=['letter', 'number'])
      >>> df1
        letter  number
      0      a       1
      1      b       2
      >>> df2 = pd.DataFrame([['c', 3], ['d', 4]],
      ...                    columns=['letter', 'number'])
      >>> df2
        letter  number
      0      c       3
      1      d       4
      >>> pd.concat([df1, df2])
        letter  number
      0      a       1
      1      b       2
      0      c       3
      1      d       4

  Combine `DataFrame` objects with overlapping columns and return everything. Columns outside the intersection will be filled with `NaN` values.

      >>> df3 = pd.DataFrame([['c', 3, 'cat'], ['d', 4, 'dog']],
      ...                    columns=['letter', 'number', 'animal'])
      >>> df3
        letter  number animal
      0      c       3    cat
      1      d       4    dog
      >>> pd.concat([df1, df3], sort=False)
        letter  number animal
      0      a       1    NaN
      1      b       2    NaN
      0      c       3    cat
      1      d       4    dog

  Combine `DataFrame` objects with overlapping columns and return only those that are shared by passing `inner` to the `join` keyword argument.

      >>> pd.concat([df1, df3], join="inner")
        letter  number
      0      a       1
      1      b       2
      0      c       3
      1      d       4

  Combine `DataFrame` objects horizontally along the x axis by passing in `axis=1`.

      >>> df4 = pd.DataFrame([['bird', 'polly'], ['monkey', 'george']],
      ...                    columns=['animal', 'name'])
      >>> pd.concat([df1, df4], axis=1)
        letter  number  animal    name
      0      a       1    bird   polly
      1      b       2  monkey  george

  Prevent the result from including duplicate index values with the `verify_integrity` option.

      >>> df5 = pd.DataFrame([1], index=['a'])
      >>> df5
         0
      a  1
      >>> df6 = pd.DataFrame([2], index=['a'])
      >>> df6
         0
      a  2
      >>> pd.concat([df5, df6], verify_integrity=True)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
          ...
      ValueError: Indexes have overlapping values: ['a']